WO2021124849A1 - 固体電解質及び全固体電池 - Google Patents
固体電解質及び全固体電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021124849A1 WO2021124849A1 PCT/JP2020/044467 JP2020044467W WO2021124849A1 WO 2021124849 A1 WO2021124849 A1 WO 2021124849A1 JP 2020044467 W JP2020044467 W JP 2020044467W WO 2021124849 A1 WO2021124849 A1 WO 2021124849A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to solid electrolytes and all-solid-state batteries.
- the present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-227467 filed in Japan on December 17, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Phosphoric acid compounds having a Nasicon-type crystal structure are widely used (Patent Documents 1 to 4).
- Phosphoric acid compounds having a pearcon-type crystal structure are generally represented by LiM 2 (PO 4 ) 3.
- M is a tetravalent metal.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 a portion of the chemical formula Li 1 + X M y (PO 4) 3 (P, Si, may be substituted with at least one selected from the group consisting of B and V, M is A solid electrolyte material containing at least one of elements that become monovalent to tetravalent cations and represented by ⁇ 0.200 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.900, 2.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.200) is described. ing.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a novel solid electrolyte having improved ionic conductivity and an all-solid-state battery using the novel solid electrolyte which exhibits excellent cycle characteristics.
- the present inventors have determined PO.
- the present invention has been completed by finding that the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte can be further improved by setting the composition ratio of 4 in the range of 2.600 or more and 2.800 or less. That is, the present invention provides the following means for solving the above problems.
- the solid electrolyte according to the first aspect comprises a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- M represents at least one element having a valence of monovalent to tetravalent
- x represents a number satisfying 0.800 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.900
- z represents a number satisfying 0.800 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.900. 2.
- M is Na, K, Ag, Au, Ba, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Sc, Y, V, Nb, Ta, Ru, Even a configuration containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ir, Al, Ga, In, Mo, W, Tc, Re, Os, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Si, and Sn. Good.
- M may be configured to contain at least one element having a tetravalent valence.
- the general formula (1) may be represented by the following general formula (2).
- Li x M'y M " 2-y (PO 4 ) z ... (2) M'is Na, K, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Rh, Ir, Ti, and M "represents a tetravalent value.
- x represents a number satisfying 0.800 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.900
- y represents a number satisfying 0.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.999
- z Represents a number satisfying 2.600 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.800.
- M "in the general formula (2) is a configuration representing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Si, and Sn. You may.
- the all-solid-state battery according to the second aspect is bonded to the solid electrolyte layer containing the solid electrolyte of the above aspect, the positive electrode bonded to one surface of the solid electrolyte layer, and the other surface of the solid electrolyte. It is provided with a negative electrode.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional schematic view of a main part of the all-solid-state battery according to the first embodiment.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 has a laminate 4.
- the laminate 4 has a plurality of positive electrode layers 1, a plurality of negative electrode layers 2, and a solid electrolyte layer 3 located between the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2.
- the positive electrode layer 1 is an example of the first electrode layer
- the negative electrode layer 2 is an example of the second electrode layer.
- One of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer functions as a positive electrode, and the other functions as a negative electrode.
- the positive and negative of the electrode layer changes depending on which polarity is connected to the external terminal.
- the positive electrode layer 1 is connected to the positive electrode external terminal 5, and the negative electrode layer 2 is connected to the negative electrode external terminal 6, respectively.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 are electrical contacts with the outside.
- the laminate 4 has a plurality of positive electrode layers 1, a plurality of negative electrode layers 2, a plurality of solid electrolyte layers 3, and a plurality of side margin layers 7.
- a solid electrolyte layer 3 is located between each of the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2.
- a side margin layer 7 having substantially the same thickness as the positive electrode layer 1 is formed at one end of the positive electrode layer 1 which is not connected to the positive electrode external terminal 5.
- a side margin layer 7 having substantially the same thickness as the negative electrode layer 2 is formed at one end of the negative electrode layer 2 that is not connected to the negative electrode external terminal 6.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 is charged and discharged by exchanging lithium ions between the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 via the solid electrolyte layer 3.
- Solid electrolyte layer contains a solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte is composed of a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- the solid electrolyte may contain anion pores.
- x represents a number satisfying 0.800 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.900.
- z represents a number satisfying 2.600 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.800.
- z is preferably a number satisfying 2.650 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.800.
- the x and the z are calculated assuming that the composition ratio of M is 2.
- M represents at least one element having a valence of monovalent to tetravalent.
- M is Na (sodium), K (potassium, Ag (silver), Au (gold), Ba (barium), Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel).
- M is an element having a tetravalent valence. It is more preferable that it contains only or contains an element having a valence of monovalent to trivalent and an element having a valence of tetravalent.
- M contains only an element having a tetravalent valence, it is preferable that M contains Ti alone or at least one of Zr, Hf, Ge, Si, and Sn and Ti.
- M contains an element having a valence of monovalent to trivalent and an element having a valence of tetravalence, it is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (2).
- x and z are the same as in the case of the general formula (1).
- y represents a number satisfying 0.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.999.
- y is preferably a number satisfying 0.100 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.300.
- the x and the z are calculated assuming that the sum of the composition ratios of M'and M'is 2.
- M' is Na, K, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co.
- Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Rh, Ir, Ti represents at least one element selected from the group.
- M represents at least one element having a tetravalent valence.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Si, Sn. It is preferably a seed element.
- the solid electrolyte preferably has a pear-con type crystal structure.
- Phosphoric acid compounds having a pearcon-type crystal structure are generally represented by LiM 2 (PO 4 ) 3.
- the composition ratio of PO 4 is preferably 2.600 or more and 2.800 or less. The reason why the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is improved is not always clear, but it is less than the composition-stoichiometric composition of the anion PO 4 , and the formation of lattice defects causes cations (particularly Li ions) to be generated in the crystal. This is thought to be because it is easier to move.
- a part of P of PO 4 is tetrahedral with oxygen such as Si (silicon), B (boron), Mo (molybdenum), S (sulfur), W (tungsten), V (vanadium). It may be replaced with an element forming a structure.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte is not particularly limited.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte is, for example, spherical, ellipsoidal, needle-like, plate-like, scaly, tubular, wire-like, rod-like, or amorphous.
- the average particle size (D50) of the solid electrolyte is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, and may be 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 9 ⁇ m or less. D50 is the diameter of the particles whose integrated value in the distribution curve obtained by the particle size distribution measurement is 50%.
- the particle size distribution of the particles is measured by, for example, a particle size distribution measuring device using a laser diffraction / scattering method (microtrack method).
- solid electrolyte for example, a powder of a carbonic acid-containing phosphate (solid electrolyte precursor) containing Li represented by the following formula (3) and an element represented by M is prepared, and then the solid electrolyte precursor is prepared. It can be produced by heating the powder of the above to remove carbonate ions.
- M, x and z are the same as in the case of the general formula (1). That is, in the general formula (3), x represents a number satisfying 0.800 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.900. z represents a number satisfying 2.600 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.800. z is preferably a number satisfying 2.650 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.800. The x and the z are calculated assuming that the composition ratio of M is 2.
- the solid electrolyte precursor can be synthesized by the liquid phase method. Specifically, it can be manufactured as follows. First, the Li source, the M source, the PO 4 source, and the CO 3 source are weighed so as to have the desired composition. Next, the M source is dissolved in an organic solvent, a Li source, a PO 4 source, and a CO 3 source are added thereto, and the mixture is stirred and mixed to prepare a sol of a solid electrolyte precursor. The obtained sol is dried to obtain a gel. The obtained gel is dried and, if necessary, pulverized to obtain a powder of a solid electrolyte precursor.
- the materials used as the Li source, M source, PO 4 source and CO 3 source are not particularly limited.
- the Li source and the M source carbonates, nitrates, oxides, hydroxides, chlorides, phosphates and the like can be used. Carbonates also act as a CO 3 source, and phosphates also act as a PO 4 source.
- the PO 4 source phosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and the like can be used.
- the CO 3 source it is possible to use ethylene carbonate, lithium carbonate, and the like ammonium bicarbonate.
- the heating temperature for removing carbonate ions from the solid electrolyte precursor powder is not particularly limited as long as it is 300 ° C. or higher, but the temperature is equal to or lower than the sintering temperature of the solid electrolyte precursor powder, particularly less than 600 ° C.
- the temperature is preferred.
- the atmosphere at the time of heating is not particularly limited, and may be an atmospheric atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, an argon atmosphere, or an oxygen atmosphere.
- the solid electrolyte precursor after removing carbonate ions is preferably calcined at a temperature of 600 ° C. or higher and 1500 ° C. or lower in order to improve crystallinity.
- the atmosphere at the time of firing is not particularly limited as long as it is a carbon dioxide gas atmosphere, and can be an air atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, an argon atmosphere, or an oxygen atmosphere. Anion vacancies are formed in the solid electrolyte precursor from which carbonate ions have been removed.
- Positive electrode layer and negative electrode layer A plurality of positive electrode layers 1 and a plurality of negative electrode layers 2 are provided in, for example, the laminated body 4.
- the positive electrode layer 1 is bonded to one main surface of the solid electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode layer 2 is bonded to the other surface of the solid electrolyte layer 3.
- the positive electrode layer 1 has a positive electrode current collector layer 1A and a positive electrode active material layer 1B.
- the negative electrode layer 2 has a negative electrode current collector layer 2A and a negative electrode active material layer 2B.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A contain a conductive material.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A preferably contain 50% or more of a conductive material.
- conductive materials include silver, palladium, gold, platinum, aluminum, copper, nickel, carbon and the like.
- copper does not easily react with the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the solid electrolyte.
- the conductive material is not limited to this as long as it does not decompose within the operating voltage range of the battery. Further, the substances constituting the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A may be the same or different.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A may contain a positive electrode active material described later.
- the negative electrode current collector layer 2A may contain a negative electrode active material described later.
- the content ratio of the active material contained in each current collector layer is not particularly limited as long as it functions as a current collector.
- the volume ratio of the conductive material and the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode current collector layer 1A is, for example, in the range of 90:10 to 70:30.
- the volume ratio of the conductive material to the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode current collector layer 2A is, for example, in the range of 90:10 to 70:30.
- the adhesion between the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A Adhesion with the negative electrode active material layer 2B is improved.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B is formed on one side or both sides of the positive electrode current collector layer 1A.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B may not be present on the surface of the positive electrode current collector layer 1A on the side where the opposing negative electrode layer 2 does not exist.
- the negative electrode active material layer 2B is formed on one side or both sides of the negative electrode current collector layer 2A.
- the negative electrode active material layer 2B may not be present on the surface of the negative electrode current collector layer 2A on the side where the opposing positive electrode layer 1 does not exist.
- the positive electrode layer 1 or the negative electrode layer 2 located at the uppermost layer or the lowermost layer of the laminated body 4 does not have to have the positive electrode active material layer 1B or the negative electrode active material layer 2B on one side.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B contain at least a compound capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions as the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material as the active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B may contain a conductive auxiliary agent, an ion-inducing auxiliary agent, a binder and the like in addition to the active material. It is preferable that the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material can efficiently insert and desorb lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are, for example, a transition metal oxide and a transition metal composite oxide.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material of the present embodiment preferably contain a phosphoric acid compound as a main component, and for example, lithium vanadium phosphate (LiVOPO 4 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 4 (VO)). ) (PO 4 ) 2 ), Lithium vanadium pyrophosphate (Li 2 VOP 2 O 7 , Li 2 VP 2 O 7 ), and Li 9 V 3 (P 2 O 7 ) 3 (PO 4 ) 2.
- the number is preferably plural, and particularly preferably one or both of LiVOPO 4 and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3.
- the main component in the present embodiment means that the ratio of the phosphoric acid compound is larger than 50 parts by mass when the total amount of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer is 100 parts by mass. Point to.
- the proportion of the phosphoric acid compound is preferably 80 parts by weight or more.
- Li VOPO 4 and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 preferably have a lithium deficiency, such as Li x VOPO 4 (0.94 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.98) and Li x V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (2). It is more preferable if 8.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.95).
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include Li metal, Li—Al alloy, Li—In alloy, carbon, silicon (Si), silicon oxide (SiO x ), lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), and oxidation. Titanium (TiO 2 ) can be used.
- the active materials constituting the positive electrode active material layer 1B or the negative electrode active material layer 2B are determined.
- a compound showing a more noble potential can be used as the positive electrode active material
- a compound showing a lower potential can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the same material may be used as the active material constituting the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B.
- a non-polar all-solid-state battery can be obtained, and it is not necessary to specify the direction when mounting the battery on the circuit board. The mountability can be facilitated.
- Examples of the conductive auxiliary agent include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene and activated carbon, and metal materials such as gold, silver, palladium, platinum, copper and tin.
- a solid electrolyte As the derivatizing agent, for example, a solid electrolyte can be used.
- the solid electrolyte for example, the same material as the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer 3 can be used.
- an organic binder or an inorganic binder can be used.
- the organic binder include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylate (PAA), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI) and the like.
- the inorganic binder include lithium halide, silicate-based compounds, phosphate-based compounds, and low-melting glass.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 for example, a material having excellent conductivity is used.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 are, for example, any one of silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, copper, tin, and nickel.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 may be a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 may have a protective layer on the outer periphery that electrically, physically, and chemically protects the laminate 4 and the terminals.
- the protective layer is preferably made of, for example, an environmentally safe material having excellent insulation, durability and moisture resistance.
- the protective layer is, for example, glass, ceramics, a thermosetting resin, or a photocurable resin. Only one kind of protective layer material may be used, or a plurality of protective layer materials may be used in combination.
- the protective layer may be a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the protective layer is preferably an organic-inorganic hybrid in which a thermosetting resin and ceramic powder are mixed.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 may be manufactured by a co-fired method or a sequential firing method.
- the co-fired method is a method in which the materials forming each layer are laminated and then fired all at once.
- the sequential firing method is a method in which each layer is fired each time it is laminated.
- the co-fired method has a simpler work process than the sequential firing method.
- the laminated body 4 produced by the co-fired method is denser than the laminated body 4 produced by the sequential firing method.
- a case where the co-fired method is used will be described as an example.
- a paste for each layer constituting the laminated body 4 is prepared.
- the materials to be the positive electrode current collector layer 1A, the positive electrode active material layer 1B, the solid electrolyte layer 3, the negative electrode active material layer 2B, the negative electrode current collector layer 2A, and the side margin layer 7 are each pasted.
- the method of pasting is not particularly limited.
- a paste is obtained by mixing powders of each material with a vehicle.
- Vehicle is a general term for media in the liquid phase.
- the vehicle contains a solvent and a binder.
- the positive electrode active material layer unit can be produced by the following procedure. First, a paste for a solid electrolyte layer is formed on a PET film in the form of a sheet by the doctor blade method, and dried to form a solid electrolyte green sheet. Next, a paste for the positive electrode active material layer is screen-printed on a part of the obtained solid electrolyte green sheet and dried to form the positive electrode active material layer.
- the paste for the positive electrode current collector layer is screen-printed on the obtained positive electrode active material layer and dried to form the positive electrode current collector layer. Then, the paste for the positive electrode active material layer is screen-printed again on the obtained positive electrode current collector layer and dried to form the positive electrode active material layer. As described above, the positive electrode layer is formed on a part of the solid electrolyte layer. Next, the side margin layer paste is screen-printed on the solid electrolyte layer on which the positive electrode layer is not formed, and dried to form the side margin layer. Then, the positive electrode unit is manufactured by peeling off the PET film. In the positive electrode unit, a positive electrode layer 1 (positive electrode active material layer 1B / positive electrode current collector layer 1A / positive electrode active material layer 1B) and a side margin layer 7 are formed on the solid electrolyte layer 3.
- the side margin layer 7 eliminates a step between the solid electrolyte layer 3 and the positive electrode layer 1 and a step between the solid electrolyte layer 3 and the negative electrode layer 2 on the end face where the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 do not extend. Is.
- the side margin layer 7 may be formed separately as described above. Further, instead of forming the solid electrolyte layer separately, the side margin layer 7 may be provided in the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 due to the deformation of the solid electrolyte layer 3 during lamination.
- a negative electrode layer 2 (negative electrode active material layer 2B / negative electrode current collector layer 2A / negative electrode active material layer 2B) and a side margin layer 7 are formed on the solid electrolyte layer 3.
- the positive electrode unit and the negative electrode unit are laminated. Offsets are made so that one ends of the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer do not face each other, and the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer are laminated so as to form a comb shape via the solid electrolyte layer.
- a laminated substrate including a plurality of positive electrode layers 1, a plurality of negative electrode layers 2, and a solid electrolyte layer 3 located between the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 is produced.
- the laminated substrate may be provided with outer layers on both main surfaces of the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer of the laminated substrate.
- the same material as the solid electrolyte can be used for the outer layer, and it can be formed by laminating a solid electrolyte green sheet.
- the plurality of positive electrode layers 1 connected to the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the plurality of negative electrode layers 2 connected to the negative electrode external terminal 6 are connected in parallel. This is useful when manufacturing a parallel type all-solid-state battery 10.
- the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer may be laminated without offset so that one ends of the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer face each other.
- the produced laminated substrates are collectively crimped. Crimping is performed while heating at a low temperature.
- the heating temperature is, for example, 40 to 95 ° C.
- the produced laminate is cut into chips using a dicing device, then debindered as necessary, and then fired to produce an all-solid-state battery laminate.
- the laminate 4 of the all-solid-state battery of the present embodiment can be obtained.
- Sintering is performed, for example, by heating in a temperature range of 600 ° C. or higher and 1500 ° C. or lower in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the firing time is, for example, 0.1 to 3 hours.
- the debinder treatment may be performed as a step separate from the firing step.
- the debinder treatment is performed, for example, in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature in the range of 300 ° C. to 800 ° C. for 0.1 to 10 hours. If it is a reducing atmosphere, firing may be performed in, for example, an argon atmosphere or a nitrogen-hydrogen mixed atmosphere instead of the nitrogen atmosphere.
- the laminate 4 may be placed in a cylindrical container together with an abrasive such as alumina and barrel-polished.
- the corners of the laminate 4 are chamfered by polishing. Polishing may be performed by sandblasting or the like.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 are attached to the laminate 4.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 are formed so as to be in electrical contact with the positive electrode current collector layer 1A or the negative electrode current collector layer 2A, respectively.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 is connected to the positive electrode current collector layer 1A exposed from the side surface of the laminated body 4
- the negative electrode external terminal 6 is connected to the negative electrode current collector layer 2A exposed from the side surface of the laminated body 4.
- the positive electrode external terminal 5 and the negative electrode external terminal 6 can be manufactured by, for example, a sputtering method, a dipping method, a spray coating method, or the like.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer 3 of the all-solid-state cell 10 according to this embodiment is made of a compound represented by the above general formula (1), often the proportion of PO 4 sites for M, ion Improves conductivity. Since the all-solid-state battery 10 according to the present embodiment has improved ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte layer 3, it is excellent in electrical characteristics such as cycle characteristics.
- Example 1 (Preparation of solid electrolyte) As starting materials, LiNO 3 ⁇ H 2 O (lithium nitrate monohydrate), AlCl 3 (aluminum chloride), TiCl 4 (titanium chloride), H 3 PO 4 (85% phosphoric acid), NH 4 HCO 3 (carbonate) (Aluminum hydrogen hydrogen) was prepared.
- the weighed AlCl 3 and TiCl 4 were added to a mixed solvent of ethanol and ion-exchanged water, and the mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes. Further, LiNO 3 ⁇ H 2 O, H 3 PO 4 and NH 4 HCO 3 were added, and the mixture was further stirred for 2 hours. After stirring, the solution of the obtained sol was transferred to suction filtration to remove the mixed solvent, and the mixture was dried at 30 ° C. to obtain a gel. The obtained gel was aged at 100 ° C. for 6 hours to obtain a precursor of a solid electrolyte. The obtained precursor was heated at 300 ° C.
- the precursor from which carbonate ions had been removed was calcined at 700 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to prepare a calcined product of a solid electrolyte. Then, the calcined product was crushed to obtain a calcined powder.
- Examples 2 to 6, Comparative Examples 1 to 4 LiNO 3 ⁇ H 2 O, AlCl 3 , TiCl 4 , H 3 PO 4 and NH 4 HCO 3 so that the ratio of Li, Al, Ti, PO 4 and CO 3 becomes the composition ratio shown in Table 1 below.
- a solid electrolyte sintered body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was mixed with.
- composition The solid electrolyte sintered body was dissolved with nitric acid, and the concentrations of Li, Al, Ti, and P in the obtained solution were measured by ICP emission spectroscopic analysis. Then, the composition ratios of Li, Al, Ti, and PO 4 were calculated from the obtained concentrations of each element. In calculating the composition ratio, in the general formula (2) Li x M'y M " 2-y (PO 4 ) z , the x and the z are the sum of the composition ratios of M'and M'. Calculated by converting as 2. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
- the ion conductivity of each test piece housed in the set of jigs for measuring the ion conductivity was measured by the electrochemical impedance measurement method using a potentiostat equipped with a frequency response analyzer. The measurement was performed under the conditions of a frequency range of 7 MHz to 0.1 Hz, an amplitude of 10 mV, and a temperature of 30 ° C. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
- the all-solid-state battery was manufactured by the following procedure. A paste containing each material was prepared to form a positive electrode current collector layer, a positive electrode active material layer, a solid electrolyte layer, a negative electrode active material layer, a negative electrode current collector layer, and a side margin layer. Next, a sheet for the solid electrolyte layer was prepared, and an electrode layer and a side margin layer were formed on the sheet for the solid electrolyte layer to prepare an electrode unit. Then, the all-solid-state battery of the present embodiment was manufactured by alternately stacking the electrode units.
- the manufacturing method will be described in more detail step by step, with Example 1 as a representative.
- Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 prepared by the following method was used.
- a method for producing the powder Li 2 CO 3 and V 2 O 5 and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 are used as starting materials, wet-mixed with a ball mill for 16 hours, dehydrated and dried, and then the obtained powder is prepared at 700 ° C. It was calcined in a nitrogen-hydrogen mixed gas for 2 hours. The calcined product was wet-pulverized with a ball mill and then dehydrated and dried to obtain a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material calcined powder. As a result of measuring the composition of the prepared calcined powder with an X-ray diffractometer, it was confirmed that it was Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3.
- paste for positive electrode active material layer and paste for negative electrode active material layer For both the positive electrode active material layer paste and the negative electrode active material layer paste, 100 parts of the calcined powder of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 was added with 15 parts of ethyl cellulose as a binder and 65 parts of dihydroterpineol as a solvent. A paste for the positive electrode active material layer and a paste for the negative electrode active material layer were prepared by mixing and dispersing.
- thermosetting type paste for external terminals was prepared by mixing and dispersing silver powder, an epoxy resin, and a solvent.
- a sheet of the solid electrolyte layer paste was formed on a PET film by the doctor blade method to obtain a solid electrolyte layer sheet having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m.
- the paste for the positive electrode active material layer was screen-printed on the above-mentioned sheet for the solid electrolyte layer to form a positive electrode active material layer having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m, and dried at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the paste for the positive electrode current collector layer was screen-printed on the positive electrode active material layer to form a positive electrode current collector layer having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m, which was dried at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the positive electrode active material layer paste is screen-printed on the positive electrode current collector layer to re-form the positive electrode active material layer having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m, and dried at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a solid electrolyte layer sheet.
- a positive electrode layer was prepared.
- the side margin layer paste is screen-printed in the region of the solid electrolyte layer sheet on which the positive electrode layer is not formed to form a side margin layer having a height substantially the same plane as the positive electrode layer, and the temperature is 80 ° C.
- a positive electrode unit was prepared by drying in the above for 10 minutes.
- the negative electrode unit As for the negative electrode unit, the negative electrode unit was manufactured in the same manner as the positive electrode unit.
- the positive electrode unit and the negative electrode unit are peeled off from the PET film, one end of the positive electrode layer and one end of the negative electrode layer are offset and laminated so as not to coincide with each other, and one solid electrolyte layer sandwiched between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer is formed. Then, a laminated substrate was produced by laminating so that the solid electrolyte layer became 50 layers. Next, a plurality of solid electrolyte layer sheets were laminated as outer layers on both main surfaces of the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer of the laminated substrate, and an outer layer of 500 ⁇ m was provided. This was thermocompression-bonded by a die press and then cut to prepare an unfired all-solid-state battery laminate.
- the laminate was debuy and fired to obtain a laminate of an all-solid-state battery.
- the temperature was raised to a firing temperature of 850 ° C. at a heating rate of 200 ° C./hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, held at that temperature for 2 hours, and taken out after natural cooling.
- thermosetting was performed at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a pair of external terminals.
- the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state batteries produced in this example and the comparative example were evaluated under the charge / discharge conditions shown below.
- the C (sea) rate notation will be used hereafter.
- the C rate is expressed as nC (or current value [A]) (n is a numerical value), and means a current capable of charging / discharging a nominal capacitance ( ⁇ Ah) at 1 / n (h).
- 1C means a charge / discharge current capable of charging the nominal capacity in 1h
- 2C means a charge / discharge current capable of charging the nominal capacity in 0.5h.
- the current of 0.2C is 20 ⁇ A
- the current of 1C is 100 ⁇ A.
- the charge / discharge cycle test conditions include constant current charging (CC charging) at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the battery voltage reaches 1.6 V in an environment of 25 ° C., and then a constant current of 0.2 C rate.
- the battery was discharged until the battery voltage reached 0 V (CC discharge).
- the charging and discharging were regarded as one cycle, and the discharge capacity retention rate after repeating this up to 500 cycles was evaluated as the charge / discharge cycle characteristic.
- the solid electrolyte sintered product of Comparative Example 3 the composition ratio of Comparative Example 2, and PO 4 in the composition ratio of PO 4 was 2.900 is 2.850
- the comparative example 1 of the solid electrolyte sintered body Although the ionic conductivity was improved in the same manner as in the above, the improvement in ionic conductivity was slight as compared with Examples 1 to 6. It is considered that this is because the generation of lattice defects was not sufficient.
- the solid electrolyte sintered body of Comparative Example 4 having a composition ratio of PO 4 of 2.580 had a lower ionic conductivity as compared with Examples 1 to 6. It is considered that this is because the generation of lattice defects has increased too much.
- the solid electrolyte sintered body has anionic pores and is electrically neutral.
- Examples 7 to 10 LiNO 3 ⁇ H 2 O, AlCl 3 , TiCl 4 , H 3 PO 4 and NH 4 HCO 3 so that the ratio of Li, Al, Ti, PO 4 and CO 3 becomes the composition ratio shown in Table 3 below.
- a solid electrolyte sintered body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was mixed with.
- the composition, X-ray diffraction pattern, and ionic conductivity of the obtained solid electrolyte sintered body were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 4 below together with the results of Example 3.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte sintered bodies of Examples 1 and 7 to 10 in which the Li content is in the range of 0.800 or more and 1.900 or less in terms of composition ratio is particularly improved. .. Although omitted in Table 4, the solid electrolyte sintered body has anionic pores and is electrically neutral.
- Example 11 to 14, Comparative Examples 7 to 10 instead of AlCl 3 , NaCl (sodium chloride), CoCl 2 (cobalt (II) chloride), YCl 3 (yttrium (III) chloride) or ZrCl 4 (zirconium (IV) chloride) was used to convert these compounds to Na. , Co, Y or Zr was mixed so as to have the composition ratio shown in Table 5 below, and a solid electrolyte sintered body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, X-ray diffraction pattern, and ionic conductivity of the obtained solid electrolyte sintered body were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6 below.
- Example 15 to 18 instead of TiCl 4 , ZrCl 4 (zirconium chloride), HfCl 4 (hafnium chloride), GeCl 4 (germanium chloride) or SnCl 4 (tin (IV) chloride) are used to obtain these compounds as Zr, Hf, Ge or A solid electrolyte powder and a solid electrolyte sintered body were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of Sn was mixed so as to have the composition ratio shown in Table 7 below. The composition, X-ray diffraction pattern, and ionic conductivity of the obtained solid electrolyte sintered body were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 15 was LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (lithium zirconium phosphate) of ICDD card 0772-7742, and the solid electrolyte of Example 16 was ICDD card 004.
- LiHf 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (lithium hafnium phosphate) of 0755
- solid electrolyte of Example 17 is LiGe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (lithium germanium phosphate) of ICDD card 080-992, solid electrolyte of Example 18.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte sintered body is improved for Zr, Hf, Ge, and Sn as well as for Ti. Although omitted in Table 8, the solid electrolyte sintered body has anionic pores and is electrically neutral.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2019年12月17日に、日本に出願された特願2019-227467号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
すなわち、本発明は、上記課題を解決するため、以下の手段を提供する。
LixM2(PO4)z・・・(1)
(一般式(1)において、Mは、1価~4価の価数を有する少なくとも1種の元素を表し、xは、0.800≦x≦1.900を満足する数を表し、zは、2.600≦z≦2.800を満足する数を表す。)
LixM’yM”2-y(PO4)z・・・(2)
(一般式(2)において、M’は、Na、K、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Mn、Tc、Re、Fe、Ru、Os、Co、Ni、Pd、Pt、Ag、Au、Cd、Hg、Al、Ga、In、Rh、Ir、Tiからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素を表し、M”は、4価の価数を有する少なくとも1種の元素を表し、xは、0.800≦x≦1.900を満足する数を表し、yは、0.001≦y≦1.999を満足する数を表し、zは、2.600≦z≦2.800を満足する数を表す。)
図1は、第1実施形態に係る全固体電池の要部を拡大した断面模式図である。図1に示すように、全固体電池10は、積層体4を有する。積層体4は、複数の正極層1と、複数の負極層2と、正極層1と負極層2との間に位置する固体電解質層3とを有する。正極層1は、第1電極層の一例であり、負極層2は、第2電極層の一例である。第1電極層と第2電極層は、いずれか一方が正極として機能し、他方が負極として機能する。電極層の正負は、外部端子にいずれの極性を繋ぐかによって変化する。
積層体4は、複数の正極層1と複数の負極層2と複数の固体電解質層3と複数のサイドマージン層7を有する。それぞれの正極層1と負極層2との間には、固体電解質層3がそれぞれ位置する。また、正極外部端子5と接続していない正極層1の一端には、正極層1と略同じ厚さのサイドマージン層7が形成される。同様に、負極外部端子6と接続していない負極層2の一端においても、負極層2と略同じ厚さのサイドマージン層7が形成される。正極層1と負極層2の間で固体電解質層3を介したリチウムイオンの授受により、全固体電池10の充放電が行われる。
固体電解質層3は、固体電解質を含む。
固体電解質は、下記の一般式(1)で表される化合物からなる。固体電解質はアニオンの空孔を含んでいてもよい。
一般式(1)において、xは、0.800≦x≦1.900を満足する数を表す。zは、2.600≦z≦2.800を満足する数を表す。zは、2.650≦z≦2.800を満足する数であることが好ましい。なお、前記xおよび前記zは、Mの組成比を2として算出するものとする。
一般式(2)において、x及びzは、上記一般式(1)の場合と同じである。yは、0.001≦y≦1.999を満足する数を表す。yは、0.100≦y≦0.300を満足する数であることが好ましい。なお、前記xおよび前記zは、M'とM''の組成比の和を2として算出するものとする。
一般式(3)において、M、x及びzは、上記一般式(1)の場合と同じである。すなわち、一般式(3)において、xは、0.800≦x≦1.900を満足する数を表す。zは、2.600≦z≦2.800を満足する数を表す。zは、2.650≦z≦2.800を満足する数であることが好ましい。なお、前記xおよび前記zは、Mの組成比を2として算出するものとする。
まず、Li源と、M源と、PO4源と、CO3源とを、目的とする組成となるように秤量する。次いで、有機溶媒中にM源を溶解させ、これにLi源、PO4源、CO3源を添加し、攪拌混合することで固体電解質前駆体のゾルを調製する。得られたゾルを乾燥してゲルを得る。得られたゲルを乾燥し、必要に応じて粉砕することで固体電解質前駆体の粉末が得られる。
正極層1及び負極層2は、例えば、積層体4内にそれぞれ複数ある。正極層1は、固体電解質層3の一方の主面に接合されていて、負極層2は、固体電解質層3の他方の面に接合されている。
正極外部端子5及び負極外部端子6は、例えば、導電性に優れる材料が用いられる。正極外部端子5及び負極外部端子6は、例えば、銀、金、プラチナ、アルミニウム、銅、スズ、ニッケルのいずれかである。正極外部端子5及び負極外部端子6は、単層でも複数層でもよい。
全固体電池10は、積層体4や端子を電気的、物理的、化学的に保護する保護層を外周に有してもよい。保護層は、例えば、絶縁性、耐久性、耐湿性に優れ、環境的に安全な材料が好ましい。保護層は、例えば、ガラス、セラミックス、熱硬化性樹脂、光硬化性樹脂である。保護層の材料は1種類だけでも良いし、複数を併用してもよい。保護層は単層でもよいし、複数層でもよい。保護層は、熱硬化性樹脂とセラミックスの粉末を混合させた有機無機ハイブリットが好ましい。
全固体電池10は、同時焼成法により作製してもよいし、逐次焼成法により作製してもよい。同時焼成法は、各層を形成する材料を積層した後、一括焼成する方法である。逐次焼成法は、各層を積層するごとに焼成する方法である。同時焼成法は、逐次焼成法より作業工程が簡便である。また同時焼成法により作製された積層体4は、逐次焼成法により作製された積層体4より緻密である。以下、同時焼成法を用いる場合を例に説明する。
まずPETフィルム上に固体電解質層用ペーストをドクターブレード法でシート状に形成し、乾燥させることで固体電解質グリーンシートを形成する。次いで、得られた固体電解質グリーンシートの一部に、正極活物質層用ペーストをスクリーン印刷し、乾燥させることで正極活物質層を形成する。
(固体電解質の作製)
出発原料として、LiNO3・H2O(硝酸リチウム一水和物)、AlCl3(塩化アルミニウム)、TiCl4(塩化チタン)、H3PO4(85%リン酸)、NH4HCO3(炭酸水素アンモニウム)を用意した。用意したLiNO3・H2O、AlCl3、TiCl4、H3PO4及びNH4HCO3を、Li、Al、Ti、PO4、CO3の組成比が、1.300:0.300:1.700:2.800:0.300(=Li:Al:Ti:PO4:CO3)となるように秤量した。次いで、秤量したAlCl3とTiCl4をエタノールとイオン交換水の混合溶媒中に添加し、マグネチックスターラーで30分攪拌した。さらにLiNO3・H2O、H3PO4、及びNH4HCO3を添加し、さらに2時間攪拌した。攪拌後、得られたゾルの溶液を吸引ろ過に移して混合溶媒を除去し、30℃で乾燥させゲルを得た。得られたゲルを100℃で6時間熟成させ、固体電解質の前駆体を得た。得られた前駆体を、大気雰囲気下において300℃の3時間加熱することで、結晶性を高めると同時に、結晶構造内の炭酸イオンを除去した。次いで、炭酸イオンを除去した前駆体を、窒素雰囲気下において700℃で1時間仮焼することで、固体電解質の仮焼物を作製した。そして仮焼物を粉砕し、仮焼粉末を得た。
LiNO3・H2O、AlCl3、TiCl4、H3PO4及びNH4HCO3を、Li、Al、Ti、PO4及びCO3の割合が、下記の表1に示す組成比となるように混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして固体電解質焼結体を得た。
(組成)
固体電解質焼結体を、硝酸を用いて溶解し、得られた溶液中のLi、Al、Ti、Pの濃度をICP発光分光分析法により測定した。そして得られた各元素の濃度から、Li、Al、Ti、PO4の組成比を算出した。なお、組成比の算出においては、一般式(2)LixM’yM”2-y(PO4)zにおいて、前記xおよび前記zは、M'とM''の組成比の和を2として換算して算出した。その結果を、下記の表2に示す。
固体電解質焼結体の結晶構造についてCuKα線を用いてX線回折パターンを測定した。得られたX線回折パターンについて解析した結果、ICDDカード35-0754のLiTi2(PO4)3(リン酸チタンリチウム)と同じX線回折パターンを示したことから、実施例と比較例の固体電解質は、ナシコン型の結晶構造であることを確認した。その結果を、下記の表2に示す。
直径50mm、厚み5mmのステンレス製円板及びPTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン)製円板をそれぞれ2枚ずつ用意した。ステンレス製円板及びPTFE製円板には、ネジ穴が4か所ある。
固体電解質焼結体の上下に上記のステンレス製円板及びPTFE製円板を載置し、4か所のネジ穴にネジを通しネジを締めることで、前記固体電解質焼結体を加圧した。具体的には、ステンレス製円板/PTFE製円板/固体電解質焼結体/PTFE製円板/ステンレス製円板の順序で積層したものを、ネジで加締めてイオン伝導率測定用の治具とした。上下パンチの側面にはネジを差し込むネジ穴がある。上下パンチにネジを差し込み、イオン伝導率測定用の端子とした。
全固体電池は、次のような手順で作製した。正極集電体層、正極活物質層、固体電解質層、負極活物質層、負極集電体層、サイドマージン層、を形成するために各材料を含むペーストを作製した。次いで固体電解質層用シートを作製し、この固体電解質層用シートに電極層とサイドマージン層を形成し、電極ユニットを作製した。そして電極ユニットを交互に積層することで、本実施形態の全固体電池を作製した。以下に、実施例1を代表として、順を追ってより詳細に製造方法をについて説明する。
正極活物質および負極活物質として、以下の方法で作製したLi3V2(PO4)3を用いた。その作製方法としては、Li2CO3とV2O5とNH4H2PO4とを出発材料とし、ボールミルで16時間湿式混合を行い、脱水乾燥した後に得られた粉体を700℃で2時間、窒素水素混合ガス中で仮焼した。仮焼物をボールミルで湿式粉砕を行った後、脱水乾燥して正極活物質および負極活物質の仮焼粉末を得た。この作製した仮焼粉末の組成をX線回折装置にて測定した結果、Li3V2(PO4)3であることを確認した。
正極活物質層用ペーストおよび負極活物質層用ペーストは、ともにLi3V2(PO4)3の仮焼粉末100部に、バインダーとしてエチルセルロース15部と、溶媒としてジヒドロターピネオール65部を加えて、混合および分散して正極活物質層用ペーストおよび負極活物質層用ペーストを作製した。
実施例1で作製した固体電解質の仮焼粉末100部に、溶媒としてエタノール100部、トルエン200部を加えてボールミルで湿式混合した。その後、ポリビニールブチラール系バインダー16部とフタル酸ベンジルブチル4.8部をさらに投入し、混合して固体電解質層用ペーストを作製した。
正極集電体および負極集電体として、Cu粉末とLi3V2(PO4)3仮焼粉末とを体積比率で80/20となるように混合した後、バインダーとしてエチルセルロース10部と、溶媒としてジヒドロターピネオール50部を加えて混合および分散し、正極集電体層用ペーストおよび負極集電体層用ペーストを作製した。
実施例1で作製した固体電解質の仮焼粉末100部に、溶媒としてエタノール100部、トルエン100部を加えてボールミルで湿式混合し、次いでポリビニールブチラール系バインダー16部とフタル酸ベンジルブチル4.8部をさらに投入し、混合してサイドマージン層用ペーストを作製した。
銀粉末とエポキシ樹脂、溶剤とを混合および分散させて、熱硬化型の外部端子用ペーストを作製した。
固体電解質層用ペーストをドクターブレード法でPETフィルム上にシートを成形し、厚さ15μmの固体電解質層用シートを得た。
前記の固体電解質層用シートの上に、正極活物質層用ペーストをスクリーン印刷し、厚さ5μmの正極活物質層を形成し、80℃で10分間乾燥した。次に、前記正極活物質層の上に、正極集電体層用ペーストをスクリーン印刷し、厚さ5μmの正極集電体層を形成し、80℃で10分間乾燥した。さらに前記正極集電体層の上に、正極活物質層用ペーストをスクリーン印刷し、厚さ5μmの正極活物質層を再度形成し、80℃で10分間乾燥して、固体電解質層用シートに正極層を作製した。次いで、正極層が形成されていない固体電解質層用シートの領域に、サイドマージン層用ペーストをスクリーン印刷することで、前記正極層と略同一平面の高さとなるサイドマージン層を形成し、80℃で10分間乾燥することで、正極ユニットを作製した。
負極ユニットについては、正極ユニットと同様の方法で負極ユニットを作製した。
前記正極ユニットと前記負極ユニットをPETフィルムから剥離し、正極層の一端と負極層の一端が一致しないように、オフセットさせて積層し、正極層と負極層に挟持された固体電解質層を1層とし、固体電解質層が50層となるように積層することで、積層基板を作製した。次いで、前記積層基板の最上層と最下層の両主面に、外層として固体電解質層用シートを複数積層し、500μmの外層を設けた。これを金型プレスにより熱圧着した後、切断して未焼成の全固体電池の積層体を作製した。次いで、前記積層体を脱バイ及び焼成することで、全固体電池の積層体を得た。前記焼成は、窒素雰囲気中で昇温速度200℃/時間で焼成温度850℃まで昇温し、その温度で2時間保持し、自然冷却後に取り出した。
焼成後の前記全固体電池の積層体の端面に外部端子用ペーストを塗布し、150℃、30分の熱硬化を行い、一対の外部端子を形成した。
本実施例ならびに比較例で作製した全固体電池は、以下に示す充放電条件によって充放電サイクル特性を評価した。充放電電流の表記は、以降C(シー)レート表記を使う。CレートはnC(または電流値[A])と表記され(nは数値)、公称容量(μAh)を1/n(h)で充放電できる電流を意味する。例えば1Cとは、1hで公称容量を充電できる充放電電流であり、2Cであれば、0.5hで公称容量を充電できる充放電電流を意味する。例えば、公称容量100μAhの全固体電池の場合、0.1Cの電流は10μA(計算式100μA×0.1=10μA)である。同様に0.2Cの電流は20μA、1Cの電流は100μAである。
500サイクル後の放電容量維持率(%)=(500サイクル後の放電容量÷1サイクル後の放電容量)×100
LiNO3・H2O、AlCl3、TiCl4、H3PO4及びNH4HCO3を、Li、Al、Ti、PO4及びCO3の割合が、下記の表3に示す組成比となるように混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして固体電解質焼結体を得た。得られた固体電解質焼結体について、組成、X線回折パターン、イオン伝導率を実施例1と同様に評価した。その結果を、実施例3の結果と共に下記の表4に示す。
AlCl3の代わりに、NaCl(塩化ナトリウム)、CoCl2(塩化コバルト(II))、YCl3(塩化イットリウム(III))またはZrCl4(塩化ジルコニウム(IV))を用い、これらの化合物を、Na、Co、YまたはZrの量として下記の表5に示す組成比となるように混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして固体電解質焼結体を得た。得られた固体電解質焼結体について、組成、X線回折パターン、イオン伝導率を実施例1と同様に評価した。その結果を、下記の表6に示す。
TiCl4の代わりに、ZrCl4(塩化ジルコニウム)、HfCl4(塩化ハフニウム)、GeCl4(塩化ゲルマニウム)またはSnCl4(塩化スズ(IV))を用い、これらの化合物を、Zr、Hf、GeまたはSnの量として下記の表7に示す組成比となるように混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、固体電解質粉末と固体電解質焼結体を得た。得られた固体電解質焼結体について、組成、X線回折パターン、イオン伝導率を実施例1と同様に評価した。なお、X線回折パターンの解析において、実施例15の固体電解質は、ICDDカード072-7742のLiZr2(PO4)3(リン酸ジルコニウムリチウム)、実施例16の固体電解質は、ICDDカード004-0755のLiHf2(PO4)3(リン酸ハフニウムリチウム)、実施例17の固体電解質は、ICDDカード080-1992のLiGe2(PO4)3(リン酸ゲルマニウムリチウム)、実施例18の固体電解質は、ICDDカード087-2078のLiSn2(PO4)3(リン酸スズリチウム)、とそれぞれ同じX線回折パターンを示したことから、それぞれナシコン型の結晶構造であることを確認した。その結果を、実施例1の結果と共に、下記の表8に示す。
Claims (6)
- 下記の一般式(1)で表される化合物からなる、固体電解質。
LixM2(PO4)z・・・(1)
(一般式(1)において、Mは、1価~4価の価数を有する少なくとも1種の元素を表し、xは、0.800≦x≦1.900を満足する数を表し、zは、2.600≦z≦2.800を満足する数を表す。) - 前記一般式(1)において、Mは、Na、K、Ag、Au、Ba、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Pd、Pt、Sc、Y、V、Nb、Ta、Ru、Rh、Ir、Al、Ga、In、Mo、W、Tc、Re、Os、Ti、Zr、Hf、Ge、Si、Snからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素を含む、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記一般式(1)において、Mは、4価の価数を有する少なくとも1種の元素を含む、請求項1または2に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記一般式(1)が、下記の一般式(2)で表される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質。
LixM’yM”2-y(PO4)z・・・(2)
(一般式(2)において、M’は、Na、K、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Mn、Tc、Re、Fe、Ru、Os、Co、Ni、Pd、Pt、Ag、Au、Cd、Hg、Al、Ga、In、Rh、Ir、Tiからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素を表し、M”は、4価の価数を有する少なくとも1種の元素を表し、xは、0.800≦x≦1.900を満足する数を表し、yは、0.001≦y≦1.999を満足する数を表し、zは、2.600≦z≦2.800を満足する数を表す。) - 前記一般式(2)において、M”は、Ti、Zr、Hf、Ge、Si、Snからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素を表す、請求項2に記載の固体電解質。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質を含む固体電解質層と、前記固体電解質層の一方の面に接合された正極と、前記固体電解質の他方の面に接合された負極と、を備える、全固体電池。
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| JP2014053166A (ja) * | 2012-09-07 | 2014-03-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | 電池用焼結体、全固体リチウム電池および電池用焼結体の製造方法 |
| WO2017154922A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-08 | 2017-09-14 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 固体電解質、全固体電池、固体電解質の製造方法及び全固体電池の製造方法 |
| WO2017183255A1 (ja) * | 2016-04-19 | 2017-10-26 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 固体電解質及び全固体電池 |
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| WO2013175993A1 (ja) * | 2012-05-24 | 2013-11-28 | 株式会社 村田製作所 | 全固体電池 |
| JP2014053166A (ja) * | 2012-09-07 | 2014-03-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | 電池用焼結体、全固体リチウム電池および電池用焼結体の製造方法 |
| WO2017154922A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-08 | 2017-09-14 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 固体電解質、全固体電池、固体電解質の製造方法及び全固体電池の製造方法 |
| WO2017183255A1 (ja) * | 2016-04-19 | 2017-10-26 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 固体電解質及び全固体電池 |
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