WO2021002115A1 - 乱数発生ユニット及びコンピューティングシステム - Google Patents
乱数発生ユニット及びコンピューティングシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021002115A1 WO2021002115A1 PCT/JP2020/020469 JP2020020469W WO2021002115A1 WO 2021002115 A1 WO2021002115 A1 WO 2021002115A1 JP 2020020469 W JP2020020469 W JP 2020020469W WO 2021002115 A1 WO2021002115 A1 WO 2021002115A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
- G06F7/58—Random or pseudo-random number generators
- G06F7/588—Random number generators, i.e. based on natural stochastic processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F10/00—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure
- H01F10/32—Spin-exchange-coupled multilayers, e.g. nanostructured superlattices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D48/00—Individual devices not covered by groups H10D1/00 - H10D44/00
- H10D48/40—Devices controlled by magnetic fields
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/10—Magnetoresistive devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a random number generation unit and a computing system using the random number generation unit.
- a random number generation unit whose output fluctuates randomly between 0 and 1 and whose ratio of 0 and 1 can be controlled by an external input current (or voltage). Is required. Then, in this random number generation unit, a circuit or a solid-state element capable of generating a random output signal is required.
- this circuit or solid-state element when the external input current (or voltage) is sufficiently large in the positive direction (or negative direction), the output is fixed to 0 and the external input current (or voltage) is in the negative direction (or voltage). If it is large enough in the positive direction), the output needs to be fixed at 1.
- a magnetic tunnel junction element has attracted attention as a solid-state element capable of generating a random output signal.
- a magnetic tunnel junction element is typically composed of a fixed layer composed of a ferromagnet and having a fixed magnetization direction, a free layer composed of a ferromagnet and freely changing the magnetization direction, and a fixed layer and a free layer. It is composed of a barrier layer formed between the two.
- the direction of magnetization does not easily change with respect to thermal disturbance, it can be applied as a storage element of a non-volatile memory.
- the direction of magnetization is designed so that it easily changes with respect to thermal disturbance, it can be applied to a computing system that performs stochastic information processing as a solid-state element that generates a random output signal.
- thermal stability the stability of the magnetization direction for the thermal disturbance
- the value of the energy barrier E divided by thermal disturbance k B T between the two states (E / k B T) has a thermal stability index be called.
- Non-Patent Document 1 or 2 For example, numerical calculations are performed assuming a virtual magnetic tunnel junction element designed with a thermal stability index of substantially 0, and a method for realizing stochastic information processing has been proposed (for example,). See Non-Patent Document 1 or 2). Further, experimental results regarding a magnetic tunnel junction element having a low thermal stability index are shown (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 3 to 6). In addition, a magnetic tunnel junction element in which the free layer and the fixed layer are made of a single-layer Co-Fe-B alloy having a perpendicular magnetization easy axis and the barrier layer is made of MgO is produced, and the element resistance is increased without giving an external input. Results of observing how it fluctuates due to heat have been reported (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 7).
- the operating speed of the random number generation unit is also important. If the operation speed of the random number generation unit is high, the calculation speed in probabilistic information processing will be improved, or the scale of problems that can be handled in a certain time will be increased.
- the operating speed of the random number generation unit means how many random number sequences consisting of 0 and 1 can be generated per unit time. When the random number generation unit is formed by a magnetic tunnel junction element, this corresponds to the speed at which the state of the magnetic tunnel junction element fluctuates due to heat, and therefore, if it quickly moves back and forth between the low resistance state and the high resistance state. The more the random number generation unit is operated, the faster the operation speed is improved. So far, regarding the operating speed of the random number generation unit, a value of 490 ns at the fastest has been reported as a characteristic value of staying time of 0 and 1 (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 9).
- the free and fixed layers of the magnetic tunnel junction are ferromagnetic containing Fe and B. It is composed of the body and the barrier layer is composed of magnesium oxide (MgO). Further, the free layer and the fixed layer have an easy magnetization axis (vertical magnetization easy axis) in the direction perpendicular to the film surface. Therefore, even in a magnetic tunnel junction element designed for relatively low thermal stability used for stochastic information processing, if the same material system as the magnetic tunnel junction element for non-volatile memory can be used, the same equipment is used. Can be manufactured and easily realized.
- Non-Patent Document 7 reports the result of observing how the element resistance fluctuates due to heat in a magnetic tunnel junction element in which the free layer and the fixed layer have a perpendicular magnetization easy axis, without applying an external input.
- a magnetic tunnel junction element with a perpendicularly magnetized easy axis the results of experiments on the response by an external current (or voltage) have not been reported, and it is applied to random number generation units and computing systems that perform probabilistic information processing. There was a problem that the design method when doing so was not clear.
- Non-Patent Documents 3 to 6 show the response of a magnetic tunnel junction element having an in-plane magnetization easy axis and designed to have low thermal stability to an external current input.
- the output can be fixed to 1 by increasing the value in the positive direction (or negative direction), and the output can be fixed to 1 in the negative direction (or positive direction).
- the output can be fixed to 1 in the negative direction (or positive direction).
- Non-Patent Document 9 a value of 490 ns is reported as a characteristic value of the stay time of 0 and 1, but a method for shortening this stay time and further improving the operating speed of the random number generation unit is available. There was a problem that it was not clear.
- the present invention has been made by paying attention to these problems, and is a random number generation unit composed of a magnetic tunnel junction element capable of expressing the characteristics required for the execution of stochastic information processing and improving the operating speed. , And a computing system using it.
- the random number generation unit has a magnetic tunnel bonding element, and the magnetic tunnel bonding element has a fixed layer having a ferromagnetic material and a substantially fixed magnetization direction. It has a free layer that has a ferromagnetic material and whose magnetization direction changes with the first time constant, and a barrier layer that is composed of an insulator and is arranged between the free layer and the fixed layer, and has a shift magnetic field.
- the absolute value of is 20 millitesla or less
- the fixed layer has a plurality of ferromagnetic layers and non-magnetic bonding layers laminated on each other, and the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers among the ferromagnetic layers is It is characterized in that it is bonded antiparallel by the non-magnetic bonding layer.
- the random number generation unit according to the present invention can exhibit the characteristics required for the execution of stochastic information processing by setting the absolute value of the shift magnetic field to 20 millitesla or less.
- the free layer contains Fe and B and the barrier layer contains Mg and O.
- the free layer has a substantially circular planar shape and its diameter is D (unit: nanometer) and its film thickness is t (unit: nanometer), 500t-895 ⁇ D ⁇ 500t-855 It is preferable to satisfy the relationship of. In this case, particularly good characteristics are obtained for the execution of stochastic information processing.
- the fixed layer and the free layer may have a perpendicular magnetization easy axis or an in-plane magnetization easy axis.
- the free layer has an elliptical planar shape, the length of the minor axis thereof is 10 nm to 150 nm, and the length of the major axis is one times the length of the minor axis. It is preferably about twice.
- the free layer preferably has a film thickness of 1.5 nm to 2.8 nm.
- the computing system includes a weighting circuit, a plurality of random number generation units according to the present invention connected to the weighting circuit, and a time averaging circuit, and the time averaging circuit is a random number generation unit of each random number generation unit.
- the output signal is configured to be time-averaged at the first time interval, and the first time constant is 1/10 or less of the first time interval.
- the computing system according to the present invention has the random number generation unit according to the present invention, it is suitable for stochastic information processing and can preferably execute stochastic information processing.
- a random number generation unit composed of a magnetic tunnel junction element capable of expressing the characteristics required for execution of stochastic information processing and improving the operating speed, and a computing system using the random number generation unit can be provided. Can be provided.
- FIG. 1 It is a block diagram which shows the computing system of 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is (a) XX cross-sectional view and (b) XY plan view which shows the structure of the magnetic tunnel junction element of the random number generation unit of 1st Embodiment of this invention.
- Graph showing the time variation of the first (a) the output signal V OUT of the random number generating unit in the embodiment of the present invention, is a histogram showing the statistical value of the output signal V OUT in (b) time interval T 1.
- the graph showing the time variation of the output signal V OUT when the input signal V IN is (a) V 4 of the random number generation unit of the first embodiment of the present invention, and (b) the statistical value of the output signal V OUT.
- the plan shape of the free layer which shows the structure of the second modification of the magnetic tunnel junction element of the random number generation unit according to the first embodiment of the present invention, is (a) a square shape with an angle, and (b) an ellipse. It is an XY plan view of a free layer at the time of a form. It is XX cross-sectional view of the free layer which shows the structure of the 3rd modification of the magnetic tunnel junction element of the random number generation unit of 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is (a) XX cross-sectional view and (b) XY plan view which shows the structure of the 4th modification of the magnetic tunnel junction element of the random number generation unit of 1st Embodiment of this invention.
- the CoFeB thickness of the random number generation unit of the first embodiment of the present invention when the diameter D of the free layer of the magnetic tunnel junction element processed in the film configuration 1 is (a) 60 nm and (b) 50 nm.
- FIGS. 1 to 14 show a random number generation unit according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and a computing system using the random number generation unit.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the computing system 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the computing system 1 includes a plurality of random number generation units (Random Number Generation Units) 100 connected by a weighted logic (Weighted Logic) 200, and a time averaging circuit (Time Averaging Circuit) 300.
- the random number generation unit 100 includes at least one Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) element 10.
- MTJ Magnetic Tunnel Junction
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the structure of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10.
- FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XX
- FIG. 2B is a plan view taken along the line XY.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 shown in FIG. 2 has two upper and lower terminals.
- the circuit configuration of the random number generation unit 100 for performing stochastic information processing using the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 having such a two-terminal structure is disclosed in Non-Patent Document 2, for example, and will be omitted here.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 is provided on the lower electrode 11, the fixed layer 12 provided adjacent to the upper surface of the lower electrode 11, the barrier layer 13 provided adjacent to the upper surface of the fixed layer 12, and the upper surface of the barrier layer 13. It has a free layer 14 provided adjacent to the free layer 14 and an upper electrode 15 provided adjacent to the upper surface of the free layer 14.
- the order of the free layer 14 and the fixed layer 12 may be reversed.
- the fixed layer 12 has a ferromagnet, and its magnetization direction is substantially fixed.
- the barrier layer 13 is composed of an insulator.
- the free layer 14 has a ferromagnet, and its magnetization direction changes freely with a time constant t 1 .
- the fixed layer 12 and the free layer 14 both have an easy magnetization axis (vertical magnetization easy axis) in the direction perpendicular to the film surface.
- the lower electrode 11 and the upper electrode 15 are made of a metallic material. The lower electrode 11 and the upper electrode 15 are electrically connected to the wiring shown in the figure.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 has a substantially circular shape in the film surface, and its diameter is D1.
- at least the free layer 14 has a substantially circular shape in the film surface, and its diameter is D1.
- the film thickness of the free layer 14 is t. The relationship between D1 and t suitable for carrying out the present invention will be described later based on the experimental results.
- the resistance of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 changes due to the tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR) effect, reflecting the direction of magnetization of the free layer 14.
- TMR tunneling magneto-resistance
- the output signal V OUT of the random number generation unit 100 randomly outputs VL and V H with a time constant t 1 .
- FIG. 3A shows how the output signal V OUT of the random number generation unit 100 changes with time. As shown in the figure, V OUT randomly outputs VL and V H while fluctuating with the time constant t 1 .
- FIG. 3 (b) shows the statistics of the output signal V OUT of the random number generation unit 10 in the time interval T 1 as histograms.
- an algorithm for stochastic information processing is implemented.
- the output signal V OUT from the random number generation unit 100 is averaged at a certain time interval in the time averaging circuit 300.
- this time interval is T 1
- t 1 is 1/10 or less, more preferably 1/100 or less of T 1 .
- t 1 is in the range of 10 nanoseconds to 10 milliseconds and T 1 is preferably in the range of 1 microsecond to 100 seconds.
- T 1 is set depending on the scale of the problem to be handled and the accuracy of the required solution, and it is necessary to set it longer as the scale of the problem increases and the accuracy of the required solution increases.
- Non-Patent Document 8 The physical definition of the time constant t 1 is described in Non-Patent Document 8.
- the horizontal axis is the retention time in state in each state
- the vertical axis is the logarithm of the slope when plotted by the logarithm of the number of people staying in that state (ln (number of events)).
- t 1 corresponds to the time constant t 1 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates the time variation of the output signal V OUT and the state of the histogram when the magnitude of the input signal V IN input to the random number generation unit 100 is changed to V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , and V 4.
- V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , and V 4 have a relationship of V 1 > V 2 > V 3 > V 4 or V 1 ⁇ V 2 ⁇ V 3 ⁇ V 4 .
- the sign may be changed in the process of changing from V 1 to V 4 .
- the input signal VIN causes a current to be introduced into the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 in the random number generation unit 100, whereby a spin transfer torque (STT) acts on the magnetization of the free layer 14, which is described above.
- STT spin transfer torque
- Such response characteristics are realized.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows an example of the XX cross-sectional structure of the fixed layer 12 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the fixed layer 12 is, in order from the substrate side (lower electrode 11 side), the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1, the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1, the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_2, the intermediate layer 12C, and the spin polarization layer 12D. It is constructed by stacking in the order of.
- the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1, the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_2, and the spin polarization layer 12D are composed of a ferromagnetic material, and all the magnetization directions are substantially fixed.
- the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1 and the intermediate layer 12C are made of a non-magnetic metal material.
- the magnetizations of the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 and the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 are coupled in the antiparallel direction via the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1. Further, the magnetizations of the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_2 and the spin polarization layer 12D are coupled in the parallel direction via the intermediate layer 12C.
- the characteristics of the response of the free layer 14 to the external magnetic field and the input current vary. The situation will be described with reference to FIG. If there is a difference between the magnetic field created by the upwardly magnetized component in the free layer 14 and the magnetic field created by the downwardly magnetized component in the free layer 14, the free layer 14 is formed by the fixed layer 12 (non-magnetic field). You will feel the uncompensated magnetic field). As a result, as shown in FIG. 6, the response of the tunnel resistance (Resistance) of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 to the external magnetic field (or input current) becomes asymmetric with respect to the zero magnetic field (or zero input current).
- the tunnel resistance shown in FIG. 6 means the value of the tunnel resistance of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 when averaged over a time sufficiently longer than the time constant t 1 described above.
- the sign of the external magnetic field and the input current depends on the definition. Therefore, whether the resistance increases or decreases with respect to a positive increase in magnetic field or current can vary depending on the definition.
- I SHIFT unit: microampere
- ⁇ 0 H SHIFT unit: mT
- I SHIFT A ( ⁇ 0 H SHIFT) the relationship, A is It is a proportionality constant, and when the diameter D1 of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 is 60 nm, A is in the range of 1.03 to 1.15, and when the diameter D1 is 50 nm, A is in the range of 0.91 to 1.02. It turned out to be (details will be described later). Note that ⁇ 0 is the magnetic permeability of the vacuum.
- H SHIFT when the absolute value of H SHIFT is in the range of 20 millitesla (mT) or less, the operating characteristics suitable for stochastic information processing as shown in FIG. 4 can be obtained. I found it. Specific experimental results will be described later.
- FIG. 7 schematically shows another example of the XX cross-sectional structure of the fixed layer 12.
- the first ferromagnetic fixing layer 12A_1, the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1, the second ferromagnetic fixing layer 12A_2, and the second non-magnetic bonding are performed in this order from the substrate side (lower electrode 11 side).
- the Nth non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_N, the N + 1th ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_N + 1, the intermediate layer 12C, and the spin polarized layer 12D are laminated in this order.
- N is an integer of 2 or more.
- the first N + 1 ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_N + 1 are the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1 and the second non-magnetic bonding. It has a magnetization substantially fixed in the antiparallel direction to the adjacent ferromagnetic fixing layer via the layers 12B_2, ..., The Nth non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_N.
- Non-magnetic and conductive metals can be used for the lower electrode 11 and the upper electrode 15. Specifically, Ta, W, Ti, Ru, Cu, Cu-N, Ti-N, Ta-N and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is designed in the range of about 5 nanometers to 50 nanometers.
- the N + 1th ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_N + 1 constituting the fixed layer 12 are made of a conductive ferromagnetic material.
- a material in which a plurality of layers are stacked such as a Co / Pt multilayer film, a Co / Pd multilayer film, and a Co / Ni multilayer film, may be used. These film thicknesses are designed in the range of 0.2 nanometers to 5 nanometers.
- a non-magnetic conductive material can be used for the first non-magnetic bond layer 12B_1, the second non-magnetic bond layer 12B_2, ..., The Nth non-magnetic bond layer 12B_N constituting the fixed layer 12, and in particular, RKKY. It is desirable to use a material that can bond ferromagnetic layers formed on opposite surfaces by interaction in antiparallel directions. Specifically, Ru, Ir, Rh and the like are exemplified. The film thickness is optimized to obtain the desired magnetic coupling by RKKY interaction and is typically designed in the range of 0.3 nanometers to 1.5 nanometers.
- a conductive metal material can be used for the intermediate layer 12C constituting the fixed layer 12.
- a material that tends to be in an amorphous state Specifically, Ta, W, Hf, Nb, Ti and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is designed to be about 0.2 nanometer to 1.0 nanometer.
- a ferromagnetic metal having a high spin polarizability can be used for the spin polarization layer 12D constituting the fixed layer 12.
- Co—Fe—B alloy, Fe—B alloy and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is designed to be about 0.8 nanometer to 1.5 nanometer.
- Specific film configurations of the fixed layer 12 include Co / Ir / Co / Ir / Co / Ir / Co / Ta / Co-Fe-B, Co / Ir / Co-Pt / Ir / Co / Ir / Co-.
- An insulating non-magnetic material can be used for the barrier layer 13.
- MgO metal-oxide-semiconductor
- the film thickness is designed to be about 0.8 nanometer to 2.0 nanometer.
- a ferromagnetic metal having a high spin polarizability can be used for the free layer 14.
- Co—Fe—B alloy, Fe—B alloy and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is designed to be about 0.8 nanometer to 3.0 nanometer. The relationship between the film thickness t of the free layer 14 and the diameter D 1 will be described later based on the experimental results.
- FIG. 8 is an XX cross-sectional view and an XY plan view schematically showing the structure of the first modification of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10.
- the diameters of the free layer 14 and the upper electrode 15 are D1
- the diameters of the barrier layer 13 are D2
- M is a positive number.
- the absolute values of H SHIFT and I SHIFT described in FIG. 6 can be designed to be small. When M is 20 nanometers or more, the effect of this modification can be obtained.
- FIG. 9 shows an XY plan view schematically showing a second modification of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10.
- the second modification relates to the planar shape of the free layer 14.
- the free layer 14 may be formed in a square shape with rounded corners as shown in FIG. 9 (a), or may be formed in an elliptical shape as shown in FIG. 9 (b).
- the diameter D1 when formed as a quadrangle is defined as the length of one side.
- the length L1 of the minor axis and the length L2 of the major axis are defined as shown in the figure, and D1 which makes sense in the present invention is given by (L1 + L2) / 2.
- the mask design cost can be suppressed.
- the magnetization reversal path can be limited and can be adjusted so as to obtain preferable characteristics.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XX according to the third modification, and the film configuration of the free layer 14 is schematically shown.
- the free layer 14 may include a cap layer 14C made of a non-magnetic material on the upper electrode 15 side. Examples of the material used for the cap layer 14C include MgO. Further, it may be composed of a first ferromagnetic free layer 14A_1 made of a ferromagnetic material and a second ferromagnetic free layer 14A_2, and a first non-magnetic insertion layer 14B_1 may be inserted between them.
- Co—Fe—B alloy, Fe—B alloy and the like can be used for the first ferromagnetic free layer 14A_1 and the second ferromagnetic free layer 14A_2.
- Ta, W, or the like can be used for the first non-magnetic insertion layer 14B_1.
- the interface between the first ferromagnetic free layer 14A_1 and the barrier layer 13 and the interface between the second ferromagnetic free layer 14A_2 and the cap layer 14C are two.
- the magnetic anisotropy of the free layer 14 can be designed by utilizing the interfacial magnetic anisotropy at one interface. This makes it possible to adjust the response characteristics to external inputs, temperature dependence, magnetization dynamics, and the like.
- FIG. 11 schematically shows the structure of a fourth modification of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- 11 (a) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XX
- FIG. 11 (b) is a plan view taken along the line XY.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 according to the fourth modification has three terminals. Two of them are connected to the lower electrode 11, and the other one is connected to the upper electrode 15. Further, a free layer 14 is formed on the upper surface of the lower electrode 11, and a fixed layer 12 is formed on the lower surface of the upper electrode 15.
- the spin-orbit torque is applied to the free layer 14, but in the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 according to the fourth modification, the free layer 14 has a lower electrode 11 Spin-orbit torque (SOT) generated by the introduced in-plane current is used.
- SOT Spin-orbit torque
- the spin-Hall effect, anomalous Hall effect, topological Hall effect, Rashba-Edelstein effect, etc. can be used as the origin of the spin-orbit torque. Since the circuit configuration of the random number generation unit 100 using the 3-terminal magnetic tunnel junction element 10 is disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1, it will be omitted here.
- the laminated film of film structure 1 and film structure 2 shown below was deposited on a silicon substrate with a thermal oxide film by a vacuum magnetron sputtering method, and then microfabricated to prepare a magnetic tunnel junction element.
- Membrane composition 1 Substrate / Ta (5) / Pt (5) / [Co (0.3) / Pt (0.4)] 7 / Co (0.3) / Ru (0.45) / [Co (0.3) / Pt (0.4)] 2 / Co (0.3) / Ta (0.3) / Co 18.75 Fe 56.25 B 25 (1) / MgO (1.1) Co 18.75 Fe 56.25 B 25 (t) Ta (5) / Ru (5)
- Membrane configuration 2 Substrate / Ta (5) / Pt (5) / [Co (0.3) / Pt (0.4)] 6 / Co (0.3) / Ru (0.45) / [Co (0.3) / Pt (0.4)] 2 / Co (0.3) / Ta (0.3) / Co 18.75 Fe 56.25 B 25 (1) / MgO (1.1) Co 18.75 Fe 56.25 B 25 (t) Ta (5) / Ru (5)
- the subscript number after [] represents the number of repeated laminations, and the
- 12 (a) and 12 (b) show the external magnetic field dependence of the resistance of a typical magnetic tunnel junction element (element 1 and element 2) processed from the laminated film of film structure 1 and film structure 2, respectively.
- the measurement result of is shown.
- t is 1.90 nm.
- the element 1 has a shift magnetic field of ⁇ 0 H SHIFT of 6 mT, and the element 2 has a shift magnetic field of 23 mT.
- FIG. 13 shows a summary of the measurement results of a large number of elements having different diameters D and CoFeB film thickness t of the free layer processed from the laminated film of film configuration 1.
- those in which the characteristics suitable for the realization of stochastic information processing (specifically, the time fluctuation of the resistance with a time constant of 1 second or less) are obtained are marked with ⁇ , and those not obtained are marked with ⁇ .
- ⁇ the time constant
- the diameter D is large and the CoFeB film thickness t is too thin, the time constant becomes excessively large, while if the diameter D is small and the CoFeB film thickness t is too thick, the easily magnetized axis becomes in-plane. It became clear that the temporal fluctuation between the low resistance state and the high resistance state was no longer observed.
- FIG. 14 shows the relationship between the shift magnetic field H SHIFT of a large number of manufactured magnetic tunnel junction elements and the current I 50/50 (corresponding to the shift current I SHIFT described above) in which the residence times in the low resistance state and the high resistance state are equal. Is shown.
- FIG. 14A shows the measurement results of the device having a design diameter of 60 nm
- FIG. 14B shows the measurement results of the device having a design diameter of 50 nm.
- a linear relationship between H SHIFT and I 50/50 can be confirmed.
- the inclination of the 60 nm element was 1.09 ⁇ 0.06
- that of the 50 nm element was 0.97 ⁇ 0.06.
- 15 to 17 show a random number generation unit according to a second embodiment of the present invention, and a computing system using the random number generation unit.
- the same components as those in the first embodiment of the present invention will be designated by the same reference numerals, and duplicate description will be omitted.
- FIG. 15 schematically shows the structure of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10.
- 15 (a) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XY
- FIG. 15 (b) is a plan view taken along the line XY.
- the cross-sectional structure of the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 is common to that of the first embodiment of the present invention, and thus the description thereof will be omitted.
- the fixed layer 12 and the free layer 14 constituting the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 both have an easy magnetization axis (in-plane magnetization easy axis) in the in-plane direction of the membrane. ing.
- the easy axial direction of magnetization is assumed to be the X direction.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 has an elliptical shape in the film surface, and the length of the minor axis is L1 and the length of the major axis is L2. ..
- the film thickness of the free layer 14 is t.
- FIG. 16 shows a typical cross-sectional structure of the fixed layer 12 in the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the fixed layer 12 is laminated in the order of the antiferromagnetic layer 12E, the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1, the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1, and the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_2 in order from the substrate side (lower electrode 11 side). It is composed of.
- the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 and the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_2 are composed of a ferromagnetic material, and both magnetization directions are substantially fixed.
- the first non-magnetic bond layer 12B_1 is made of a non-magnetic metal material.
- the magnetizations of the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 and the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 are coupled in the antiparallel direction via the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1.
- the antiferromagnetic layer 12E is composed of an antiferromagnetic material.
- the direction of magnetization of the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 is determined by the exchange bias at the interface between the antiferromagnetic layer 12E and the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 is formed in a magnetic field.
- the magnetic tunnel junction element 10 is heat-treated in a magnetic field after film formation.
- Non-magnetic and conductive metals can be used for the lower electrode 11 and the upper electrode 15. Specifically, Ta, W, Ti, Ru, Cu, Cu-N, Ti-N, Ta-N and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is designed in the range of about 5 nanometers to 50 nanometers.
- a conductive ferromagnet can be used for the first ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_1 and the second ferromagnetic fixed layer 12A_2 constituting the fixed layer 12.
- Co—Fe alloy, Co—Fe—Ni alloy, Co—Fe—B alloy, Fe—B alloy and the like are exemplified.
- a non-magnetic conductive material can be used for the first non-magnetic bonding layer 12B_1 constituting the fixed layer 12, and in particular, a ferromagnetic layer formed on the opposite surface by the RKKY interaction is bonded in the antiparallel direction. It is desirable to use a material that can be used. Specifically, Ru, Ir, Rh and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is optimized to obtain the desired magnetic coupling by RKKY interaction and is typically designed in the range of 0.3 nanometers to 1.5 nanometers.
- a conductive antiferromagnetic material can be used for the antiferromagnetic layer 12E constituting the fixed layer 12. Specifically, Pt-Mn alloy, Ir-Mn alloy, Pd-Mn alloy and the like are exemplified.
- An insulating non-magnetic material can be used for the barrier layer 13.
- MgO metal-oxide-semiconductor
- the film thickness is designed to be about 0.8 nanometer to 2.0 nanometer.
- a ferromagnetic metal having a high spin polarizability can be used for the free layer 14.
- Co—Fe—B alloy, Fe—B alloy and the like are exemplified.
- the film thickness is designed to be about 1.2 nanometers to 4.0 nanometers.
- the present inventors have found that the time constant t 1 of fluctuation is determined by the time t dwell of staying in each state of 0 and 1 and the time t transition of transitioning between the states of 0 and 1. Then, they have found that both t dwell and t transition can be reduced by designing the free layer 14 having an in-plane magnetization easy axis and its film thickness and shape within an appropriate range. The specific contents will be described below.
- t dwell is determined by the product of the effective anisotropic magnetic field H K in the volume V in the saturated magnetization M S and X-Y plane, to reduce this Therefore, t dwell can be reduced.
- t transition is determined by Makumenjika (Z) direction of the effective anisotropy H K eff, it can be reduced by reducing it.
- M S and V is that the can not be designed independently of the other factors, H K in the H K eff, as desired properties with respect to t dwell and t transition respectively obtained It can be designed relatively freely.
- H K in the short axis of the free layer 14 formed in an elliptical shape of the length L1 to the length axis can relatively freely designed by the length L2, while the H K eff is It has been found that it can be designed relatively freely depending on the material of the free layer 14 and the film thickness t.
- L1 is in the range of 10 to 150 nm
- L2 / L1 is in the range of 1.0 to 2.0
- t is in the range of 1.5 to 2. It was found that t 1 is about 10 ns when it is within the range of 8 nm.
- L1 is in the range of 20 to 120 nm
- L2 / L1 is in the range of 1.05 to 1.6
- t is in the range of 1.8 nm to 2.4 nm.
- the magnetization easy axis is imparted in the X direction.
- L2 and L1 the direction of the easy axis of magnetization and the magnitude of anisotropy can be designed by the shape magnetic anisotropy.
- the wiring and the passion layer around the magnetoresistive element 10 the direction of the easy magnetization axis and the magnitude of the anisotropy can be designed by the stress-induced magnetic anisotropy.
- microfabrication was performed by electron beam lithography and Ar ion milling, and electrodes were processed by photolithography to fabricate the device.
- the length of the minor axis was 88 nm and the length of the major axis was 97 nm.
- heat treatment was performed at 300 ° C. for 2 hours in a magnetic field of 1 Tesla. By applying an external magnetic field to the manufactured element to induce magnetization reversal of the free layer, the resistance when the magnetization of the free layer and the fixed layer were parallel and the resistance when they were antiparallel were measured. It was 3.7 k ⁇ and 8.1 k ⁇ .
- FIG. 17A shows a typical measurement result of the time change of the resistance when a current and a magnetic field are applied to the manufactured element.
- the experimental result shown in FIG. 17A is a measurement result with the magnitude of the current and the magnetic field in which the high resistance state (antiparallel state) and the low resistance state (parallel state) are observed with almost the same probability. .. It can be seen that the transition between the high resistance state and the low resistance state is performed on a time scale of 10 ns.
- the random number generation unit 100 of the first and second embodiments of the present invention can also be used for applications other than computing systems specialized in stochastic information processing. For example, it may be used as a random number generator for encryption.
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Abstract
Description
500t-895<D<500t-855
の関係を満たすことが好ましい。この場合、確率論的情報処理の実行に対し、特に良好な特性が得られる。
図1乃至14は、本発明の第1の実施の形態の乱数発生ユニット、及びそれを用いたコンピューティングシステムを示している。
図1に、本発明の第1の実施の形態のコンピューティングシステム1のブロック図を示す。コンピューティングシステム1は、重み付け回路(Weighted Logic)200によって接続される複数の乱数発生ユニット(Random Number Generation Unit)100と、時間平均回路(Time Averaging Circuit)300とを含む。乱数発生ユニット100は、少なくとも1つの磁気トンネル接合(Magnetic Tunnel Junction:MTJ)素子10を含む。
磁気トンネル接合素子10は、トンネル磁気抵抗(Tunneling Magneto Resistance:TMR)効果によって、自由層14の磁化の方向を反映してその抵抗が変化する。これに伴って、乱数発生ユニット100の出力信号VOUTは、時定数t1でVLとVHとをランダムに出力する。出力されるVLとVHの割合は、後述されるように、外部から乱数発生ユニット100への入力信号VINによって変化する。図3(a)に、乱数発生ユニット100の出力信号VOUTの時間変化の様子を示す。図示されているように、VOUTは、時定数t1で揺らぎながら、VLとVHとをランダムに出力している。図3(b)に、時間間隔T1での乱数発生ユニット10の出力信号VOUTの統計値をヒストグラムとして示す。
本発明者等は、本発明の第1の実施の形態において、上述のような、確率論的情報処理を行うコンピューティングシステム1に求められる入出力特性を発現するような乱数発生ユニット100は、磁気トンネル接合素子10における固定層12を、以下のように設計することで実現できることを見出した。
次に、磁気トンネル接合素子10の各層に用いることのできる材料と膜厚について説明する。
下部電極11と上部電極15には、非磁性で導電性の金属を用いることができる。具体的には、Ta、W、Ti、Ru、Cu、Cu-N、Ti-N、Ta-Nなどが例示される。その膜厚は、5ナノメートルから50ナノメートル程度の範囲に設計される。
次に、磁気トンネル接合素子10の変形例について述べる。図8は、磁気トンネル接合素子10の第1の変形例の構造を模式的に示したX-Z断面図およびX-Y平面図である。第1の変形例においては、自由層14と上部電極15の直径はD1であり、バリア層13と固定層12と下部電極11の直径はD2であり、D2=D1+Mなる関係を満たす。Mは正の数である。第1の変形例によって、図6で説明されたHSHIFT、及びISHIFTの絶対値が小さくなるように設計することができる。Mが20ナノメートル以上であるとき、本変形例の効果を得ることができる。
図9に、磁気トンネル接合素子10の第2の変形例を模式的に示したX-Y平面図を示す。第2の変形例は、自由層14の平面形状に関する。自由層14は、図9(a)に示すように、角の取れた四角形状で形成されても良く、また図9(b)に示すように、楕円形で形成されても良い。四角形で形成される場合の直径D1は、一辺の長さとして定義される。また楕円形の場合、短軸の長さL1と長軸の長さL2が図のように定義され、本発明で意味を成すD1は、(L1+L2)/2で与えられる。角の取れた四角形状に形成することで、マスク設計費用を抑制することができる。また、楕円形状に形成することで、磁化反転経路を限定でき、好ましい特性が得られるように調整することができる。
図10は、第3の変形例に関わるX-Z断面図であり、自由層14の膜構成が模式的に示されている。自由層14は、上部電極15側に、非磁性体からなるキャップ層14Cを含んでいても良い。キャップ層14Cに用いる材料としては、MgOなどが例示される。また、強磁性体からなる第一強磁性自由層14A_1と第二強磁性自由層14A_2とで構成され、またその間に、第一非磁性挿入層14B_1が挿入されていても良い。第一強磁性自由層14A_1、第二強磁性自由層14A_2には、Co-Fe-B合金、Fe-B合金などを用いることができる。第一非磁性挿入層14B_1には、TaやWなどを用いることができる。
図11に、本発明の実施の形態の磁気トンネル接合素子10の、第4の変形例の構造を模式的に示す。図11(a)がX―Z断面図であり、図11(b)がX-Y平面図である。第4の変形例に係わる磁気トンネル接合素子10は、3つの端子を有している。そのうちの2つは、下部電極11に接続されており、残りの一つは、上部電極15に接続されている。また、下部電極11の上面に自由層14が形成され、上部電極15の下面に固定層12が形成される。
Pt(0.4)]7/Co(0.3)/Ru(0.45)/
[Co(0.3)/Pt(0.4)]2/Co(0.3)/
Ta(0.3)/Co18.75Fe56.25B25(1)/
MgO(1.1)Co18.75Fe56.25B25(t)Ta(5)/
Ru(5)
膜構成2:基板/Ta(5)/Pt(5)/[Co(0.3)/
Pt(0.4)]6/Co(0.3)/Ru(0.45)/
[Co(0.3)/Pt(0.4)]2/Co(0.3)/
Ta(0.3)/Co18.75Fe56.25B25(1)/
MgO(1.1)Co18.75Fe56.25B25(t)Ta(5)/
Ru(5)
ここで[ ]の後の下付きの数字は、繰り返し積層回数を表し、CoFeBの各元素の後の下付きの数字は、組成(at.%)を表す。tは、自由層CoFeBの膜厚である。
500t-895 < D < 500t-855
を満たすとき、良好な特性が得られていることが分かる。上式が、本発明者等によって見出された、本発明を実施する上で好ましいDとtとの関係である。なお、実際には、好ましい特性が得られる直径と膜厚の範囲は、用いる材料と膜構成、薄膜堆積方法、素子加工方法などによって変化しうるものであり、それらの因子によって好ましい範囲は変わり得る。
図15乃至17は、本発明の第2の実施の形態の乱数発生ユニット、及びそれを用いたコンピューティングシステムを示している。なお、以下の説明では、本発明の第1の実施の形態と同一の構成には同一の符号を付して、重複する説明を省略する。
本発明の第2の実施の形態のコンピューティングシステム及び乱数発生ユニットの構成は、本発明の第1の実施の形態と同様であるので説明を省略する。
図15に、磁気トンネル接合素子10の構造を模式的に示す。図15(a)がX-Z断面図、図15(b)がX-Y平面図である。本発明の第2の実施の形態においても、磁気トンネル接合素子10の断面構造は、本発明の第1の実施の形態と共通するので、説明は省略する。本発明の第2の実施の形態においては、磁気トンネル接合素子10を構成する固定層12、及び自由層14は、いずれも膜面内方向に磁化容易軸(面内磁化容易軸)を有している。なお、この場合の磁化容易軸方向は、X方向にあるものとする。
本発明の第2の実施の形態の乱数発生ユニット100の動作方法は、本発明の第1の実施の形態と共通するので説明を省略する。
本発明の第2の実施の形態に係る磁気トンネル接合素子10における固定層12の代表的な断面構造を、図16に示す。固定層12は、基板側(下部電極11側)から順番に、反強磁性層12E、第一強磁性固定層12A_1、第一非磁性結合層12B_1、第二強磁性固定層12A_2の順に積層されて構成される。
次に、磁気トンネル接合素子10の各層に用いることのできる材料と膜厚について説明する。
下部電極11と上部電極15には、非磁性で導電性の金属を用いることができる。具体的には、Ta、W、Ti、Ru、Cu、Cu-N、Ti-N、Ta-Nなどが例示される。その膜厚は、5ナノメートルから50ナノメートル程度の範囲に設計される。
本発明の第2の実施の形態においては、乱数生成ユニット100の動作速度の向上が実現され、そのための方法として、揺らぎの時定数t1が短い磁気トンネル接合素子10が提供される。
Ru(0.9)/CoFeB(2.4)/MgO/
CoFeB(2.1)/Ta(5)/Ru(5)
10:磁気トンネル接合素子
11:下部電極
12:固定層
12A_1:第一強磁性固定層
12A_2:第二強磁性固定層
12A_3:第三強磁性固定層
12A_N+1:第N+1強磁性固定層
12B_1:第一非磁性結合層
12B_2:第二非磁性結合層
12B_N:第N非磁性結合層
12C:中間層
12D:スピン偏極層
12E:反強磁性層
13:バリア層
14:自由層
14A_1:第一強磁性自由層
14A_2:第二強磁性自由層
14B_1:第一非磁性挿入層
14C:キャップ層
15:上部電極
100:乱数発生ユニット
200:重み付け回路
300:時間平均回路
Claims (8)
- 磁気トンネル接合素子を有し、
前記磁気トンネル接合素子は、強磁性体を有し磁化方向が実質的に固定された固定層と、強磁性体を有し磁化方向が第一の時定数で変化する自由層と、絶縁体で構成され前記自由層と前記固定層との間に配置されるバリア層とを有し、シフト磁界の絶対値が20ミリテスラ以下であり、
前記固定層は、互いに積層された複数の強磁性層と非磁性結合層とを有し、かつ、各強磁性層のうち隣り合う強磁性層の磁化が前記非磁性結合層によって反平行に結合されていることを
特徴とする乱数発生ユニット。 - 前記固定層および前記自由層は垂直磁化容易軸を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の乱数発生ユニット。
- 前記自由層はFeとBとを含有し、
前記バリア層はMgとOとを含有することを
特徴とする請求項1または2記載の乱数発生ユニット。 - 前記自由層は、略円形の平面形状を有し、その直径をD(単位:ナノメートル)、膜厚をt(単位:ナノメートル)としたとき、
500t-895<D<500t-855
の関係を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の乱数発生ユニット。 - 前記固定層および前記自由層は面内磁化容易軸を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の乱数発生ユニット。
- 前記自由層は楕円形の平面形状を有し、その短軸の長さが10nm~150nmであり、長軸の長さが前記短軸の長さの1倍~2倍であることを特徴とする請求項5記載の乱数発生ユニット。
- 前記自由層は、膜厚が1.5nm~2.8nmであることを特徴とする請求項5または6記載の乱数発生ユニット。
- 重み付け回路と、
前記重み付け回路に接続された複数の請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項に記載の乱数発生ユニットと、
時間平均回路とを有し、
前記時間平均回路は、各乱数発生ユニットの出力信号を第一の時間間隔で時間平均するよう構成され、
前記第一の時定数は、前記第一の時間間隔の1/10以下であることを
特徴とするコンピューティングシステム。
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| WO2023017714A1 (ja) * | 2021-08-12 | 2023-02-16 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | 超常磁性磁気トンネル接合素子、及びコンピューティングシステム |
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| US20100109660A1 (en) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-06 | Seagate Technology Llc | Tunable Random Bit Generator with Magnetic Tunnel Junction |
| JP2011013901A (ja) * | 2009-07-01 | 2011-01-20 | Sony Corp | 乱数発生装置 |
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| WO2023017714A1 (ja) * | 2021-08-12 | 2023-02-16 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | 超常磁性磁気トンネル接合素子、及びコンピューティングシステム |
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