WO2021053448A1 - 二次電池用正極、二次電池および電子機器 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極、二次電池および電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021053448A1 WO2021053448A1 PCT/IB2020/058297 IB2020058297W WO2021053448A1 WO 2021053448 A1 WO2021053448 A1 WO 2021053448A1 IB 2020058297 W IB2020058297 W IB 2020058297W WO 2021053448 A1 WO2021053448 A1 WO 2021053448A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the homogeneity of the present invention relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- the present invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition (composition of matter).
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a display device, a light emitting device, a power storage device, a lighting device or an electronic device, or a method for manufacturing the same.
- the electronic device refers to all devices having a power storage device, and the electro-optical device having the power storage device, the information terminal device having the power storage device, and the like are all electronic devices.
- lithium ion secondary batteries lithium ion capacitors
- air batteries air batteries
- all-solid-state batteries all-solid-state batteries
- high-power, high-capacity lithium-ion secondary batteries are rapidly expanding in demand with the development of the semiconductor industry, and have become indispensable to the modern information society as a source of rechargeable energy. ..
- the positive electrode active material is being improved with the aim of increasing the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery and improving the cycle characteristics (for example, Patent Document 1).
- a thin-film secondary battery in which a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a negative electrode are formed by PVD (physical vapor deposition), CVD (chemical vapor deposition), or the like is also a type of all-solid-state battery (for example, Patent Document 2).
- Thin-film secondary batteries have room for improvement in various aspects such as charge / discharge characteristics, cycle characteristics, reliability, safety, or cost.
- charge / discharge characteristics charge / discharge characteristics
- cycle characteristics cycle characteristics
- reliability reliability, safety, or cost.
- charging depth a method for increasing the charging depth.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide a novel substance, active material particles, a power storage device, or a method for producing them.
- One aspect of the present invention is a positive electrode for a secondary battery, wherein the positive electrode for a secondary battery includes an n-layer (n is an integer of 2 or more) positive electrode active material layer, an n-1 layer separation layer, and a positive electrode.
- n-layer n is an integer of 2 or more
- a secondary battery having a current collector layer, a positive electrode active material layer and a separation layer are alternately laminated, a positive electrode active material layer has lithium, cobalt, and oxygen, and a separation layer has a titanium compound.
- Positive electrode for use is n-layer (n is an integer of 2 or more) positive electrode active material layer, an n-1 layer separation layer, and a positive electrode.
- the positive electrode active material layer has lithium cobalt oxide
- the separation layer has titanium oxide
- the (001) plane of the crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer and the separation layer are It is preferable that the (100) planes of the crystal structure belonging to the space group P42 / nmm are parallel.
- the positive electrode active material layer has lithium cobalt oxide
- the separation layer has titanium nitride
- the (001) plane of the crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer and the separation layer are It is preferable that the (100) planes of the crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m having the same space group are parallel to each other.
- the positive electrode active material layer preferably has any one or more of nickel, aluminum, magnesium, and fluorine. Further, in the above, the positive electrode active material layer has nickel, aluminum, magnesium and fluorine, and when the number of cobalt atoms in the positive electrode active material layer is 100, the number of nickel atoms is 0.05 or more and 2 or less. It is preferable that the number of atoms of aluminum is 0.05 or more and 2 or less, and the number of atoms of magnesium is 0.1 or more and 6 or less.
- one aspect of the present invention is a secondary battery having the above-mentioned positive electrode for a secondary battery, a solid electrolyte, and a negative electrode.
- one aspect of the present invention is an electronic device having the above-mentioned secondary battery.
- a positive electrode for a secondary battery whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging. Further, it is possible to provide a positive electrode for a secondary battery having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics. Further, it is possible to provide a positive electrode for a secondary battery having a large charge / discharge capacity. Further, it is possible to provide a positive electrode for a secondary battery in which a decrease in capacity in a charge / discharge cycle is suppressed. Further, it is possible to provide a secondary battery having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics. Further, it is possible to provide a secondary battery having a large charge / discharge capacity. Further, it is possible to provide a secondary battery having high safety or reliability.
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a positive electrode according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating a laminated structure of positive electrodes according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a laminated structure of positive electrodes according to an aspect of the present invention.
- 3A and 3B are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- 4A to 4E are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- 5A to 5E are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- 6A and 6B are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A to 7E are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- 8A to 8E are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- 10A to 10F are views for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- 11A to 11E are diagrams for explaining the crystal structure of the positive electrode of the comparative example.
- FIG. 12A is a graph of the volume change rate of the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention and the comparative example.
- FIG. 12B is a graph of the amount of change in the c-axis of the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention and the comparative example.
- 13A is a top view showing one aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 13B to 13D are cross-sectional views showing one aspect of the present invention.
- 14A and 14C are top views showing one aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 14B and 14D are cross-sectional views showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 15A is a top view showing one aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 16A is a top view showing one aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a flow for manufacturing a secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention.
- 18A and 18B are top views showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a flow for manufacturing a secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic top view of the secondary battery manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the secondary battery manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 23A is a perspective view showing an example of a battery cell.
- FIG. 23B is a perspective view of the circuit.
- FIG. 23C is a perspective view when the battery cell and the circuit are overlapped.
- FIG. 23A is a perspective view showing an example of a battery cell.
- FIG. 23B is a perspective view of the circuit.
- FIG. 23C is a perspective view when the battery cell and the circuit are overlapped.
- FIG. 24A is a perspective view showing an example of a battery cell.
- FIG. 24B is a perspective view of the circuit.
- 24C and 24D are perspective views when the battery cell and the circuit are overlapped.
- FIG. 25A is a perspective view of the battery cell.
- FIG. 25B is a diagram showing an example of an electronic device.
- 26A to 26C are diagrams showing an example of an electronic device.
- 27A to 27C are diagrams showing an example of an electronic device.
- FIG. 28A is a schematic view of an electronic device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 28B is a diagram showing a part of the system
- FIG. 28C is an example of a perspective view of a portable data terminal used in the system.
- the Miller index is used for the notation of the crystal plane and the direction.
- Individual planes indicating crystal planes are represented by ().
- Crystallographically, the notation of the crystal plane, direction, and space group has a superscript bar attached to the number, but in the present specification and the like, due to the limitation of the application notation, instead of adding a bar above the number, the number is preceded. It may be expressed with a minus sign.
- the layered rock salt type crystal structure of the composite oxide containing lithium and the transition metal has a rock salt type ion arrangement in which cations and anions are alternately arranged, and the transition metal and lithium are present.
- a crystal structure capable of two-dimensional diffusion of lithium because it is regularly arranged to form a two-dimensional plane.
- the layered rock salt crystal structure may have a distorted lattice of rock salt crystals.
- the rock salt type crystal structure means a structure in which cations and anions are alternately arranged. There may be a cation or anion deficiency.
- the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode active material means the amount of electricity when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed from the positive electrode active material is desorbed.
- the theoretical capacity of LiCoO 2 is 274 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of LiNiO 2 is 274 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of LiMn 2 O 4 is 148 mAh / g.
- the charging depth when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed is inserted is 0, and the charging depth when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed from the positive electrode active material is removed is 1. And. Further, it can be said that the lithium filling rate when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed is inserted is 100%, and the lithium filling rate when all the lithium that can be inserted and removed from the positive electrode active material is removed is 0%. Good.
- the fact that the surfaces are parallel is not only when they are mathematically strictly parallel, but also when the difference between the angles formed by the surfaces is 5 ° or less, more preferably 2.5 ° or less. Say something.
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a positive electrode 100, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the positive electrode 100 has an n-layer positive electrode active material layer 101, an n-1 layer separation layer 102, and a positive electrode current collector layer 103.
- n is an integer of 2 or more.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the separation layer 102 are alternately laminated.
- the positive electrode 100 is formed on the substrate 110.
- the separation layer 102 is provided between the positive electrode active material layers 101 and has a function of stabilizing the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material layer 101.
- FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating a region 100a shown in FIG. 1A.
- the region 100a is a region having one positive electrode active material layer 101 and two separating layers 102 sandwiching the positive electrode active material layer 101.
- the separation layer 102 has a titanium compound TiX.
- X is an anion such as oxygen and nitrogen. That is, the separation layer 102 is, for example, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, titanium oxide partially substituted with nitrogen, titanium nitride partially substituted with oxygen, or titanium oxide nitride (dioxNy, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1. ). Titanium and oxygen are materials that can be contained in solid electrolytes. Therefore, titanium oxide is particularly suitable as the separation layer 102.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 has lithium, a transition metal M, and oxygen. It may be said that the positive electrode active material layer 101 has a composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal M.
- the transition metal M contained in the positive electrode active material layer 101 a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium is used.
- the transition metal M for example, one or more of manganese, cobalt, and nickel can be used. That is, as the transition metal of the positive electrode active material layer 101, only cobalt may be used, only nickel may be used, two types of cobalt and manganese, or two types of cobalt and nickel may be used. Three kinds of cobalt, manganese and nickel may be used.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 includes lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide in which a part of cobalt is substituted with manganese, lithium cobalt oxide in which a part of cobalt is substituted with nickel, and nickel-manganese-cobalic acid. It can have a composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal M, such as lithium.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 may contain elements other than the transition metal M such as magnesium, fluorine, and aluminum. These elements may further stabilize the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material layer 101. That is, the positive electrode active material layer 101 is composed of lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added, lithium nickel-cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added, lithium cobalt-cobalt-alumite to which magnesium and fluorine have been added, and nickel-cobalt-aluminum. It can have nickel-cobalt-lithium aluminum oxide or the like to which lithium oxide, magnesium and fluorine have been added.
- the number of nickel atoms is, for example, 0.05 or more and 2 when the number of cobalt atoms contained in the positive electrode active material layer 101 is 100.
- the following is preferable, 0.1 or more and 1.5 or less is more preferable, and 0.1 or more and 0.9 or less is further preferable.
- the number of atoms of cobalt contained in the positive electrode active material layer 101 is 100
- the number of atoms of aluminum is preferably, for example, 0.05 or more and 2 or less, more preferably 0.1 or more and 1.5 or less, and 0.1 or more and 0.9. The following is more preferable.
- the number of atoms of magnesium is preferably 0.1 or more and 6 or less, and more preferably 0.3 or more and 3 or less. Further, when the number of atoms of magnesium contained in the positive electrode active material layer 101 is 1, the number of atoms of fluorine is preferably 2 or more and 3.9 or less, for example.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 103 has high conductivity such as metals such as gold, platinum, aluminum, titanium, copper, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, germanium, indium, silver and palladium, and alloys thereof. Materials can be used. Further, nitrides, oxides and the like of these metals may be used. For example, titanium nitride has sufficient conductivity and has a rock salt type crystal structure. Therefore, titanium nitride is particularly preferable as the positive electrode current collector layer 103 when a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure is used for the positive electrode active material layer 101 for the same reason as described later with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 103 aluminum to which an element for improving heat resistance such as silicon, titanium, neodymium, scandium, and molybdenum is added can be used. Further, it may be formed of a metal element that reacts with silicon to form VDD. Metal elements that react with silicon to form silicide include zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel and the like.
- the positive electrode 100 of one aspect of the present invention may have a cap layer 105 as shown in FIG.
- the cap layer 105 is provided on the positive electrode active material layer 101_n and has a function of stabilizing the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material layer 101.
- the cap layer 105 has the titanium compound TiX.
- X is an anion such as oxygen and nitrogen. That is, the cap layer 105 is, for example, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, titanium oxide partially substituted with nitrogen, titanium nitride partially substituted with oxygen, or titanium oxide nitride (dioxNy, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1. ).
- the cap layer 105 preferably has titanium oxide.
- FIG. 1B are diagrams illustrating an example of the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention.
- the region 100a which is a part of the positive electrode 100 as shown in FIG. 1B will be described. Further, it will be described that the transition metal M is cobalt.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 has lithium cobalt oxide, has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m, the separation layer 102 has titanium oxide, and belongs to the space group P42 / nmm. It is a figure when it has a rutile type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode 100 has the (001) plane of the layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the space group P42 / nmm of the separation layer 102. It is preferable that the rutile-type crystal structures belonging to No. 1 are laminated so that the (100) planes are parallel to each other.
- the function of stabilizing the crystal structure of the separation layer 102 is well exhibited, and the crystal structure of the positive electrode 100 is obtained even if charging and discharging are repeated so that the charging depth becomes 0.75 or more. Is hard to collapse.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 may have a crystal structure belonging to the space group P-3m1.
- the positive electrode 100 has a (001) plane of a crystal structure belonging to the space group P-3m1 of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and a rutile-type crystal structure belonging to the space group P42 / mnm of the separation layer 102. (100) planes are preferably laminated so as to be parallel to each other.
- the charging depth is 0 (Li filling rate 100%), charging depth 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%), charging depth 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%), charging depth 0.9375 (Li).
- Other calculation conditions are shown in Table 1.
- FIGS. 4A to 4E The calculation results when the positive electrode active material layer 101 has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m as shown in FIGS. 3A are shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E.
- the description in FIG. 3A can be referred to for the regions, elements, crystal structures, etc. of FIGS. 4A to 4E.
- FIG. 4A shows a charging depth of 0 (Li filling rate 100%)
- FIG. 4B shows a charging depth of 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%)
- FIG. 4C shows a charging depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%).
- FIG. 4E is a calculation result when the charging depth is 1 (Li filling rate 0).
- FIGS. 5A to 5E the calculation results when the positive electrode active material layer 101 has a crystal structure belonging to the space group P-3m1 as shown in FIG. 3B are shown in FIGS. 5A to 5E.
- the description in FIG. 3B can be referred to for the regions, elements, crystal structures, etc. of FIGS. 5A to 5E.
- FIG. 5A shows a charging depth of 0 (Li filling rate 100%)
- FIG. 5B shows a charging depth of 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%)
- FIG. 5C shows a charging depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%).
- FIG. 5E is a calculation result when the charging depth is 1 (Li filling rate 0).
- the octahedral layer of CoO 2 is stably maintained at any charging depth.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material layer 101 is stable even when the charging depth is deepened. Therefore, it is a positive electrode exhibiting excellent cycle characteristics in which the charge / discharge capacity does not easily decrease even if charging / discharging is repeated at a deep charging depth.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B Another example of the crystal structure of the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 has lithium cobalt oxide, has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m, and the separation layer 102 has titanium oxide and belongs to the space group P42 / nmm. It is a figure when it has a rutile type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode 100 has the (104) plane of the layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the space group P42 / nmm of the separation layer 102. It is preferable that the rutile type crystal structures belonging to No. 1 are laminated so that the (100) planes are parallel to each other.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 may have a crystal structure belonging to the space group P-3m1.
- the positive electrode 100 has a (104) plane of a crystal structure belonging to the space group P-3m1 of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and a rutile-type crystal structure belonging to the space group P42 / mnm of the separation layer 102. (100) planes are preferably laminated so as to be parallel to each other.
- FIGS. 7A to 7E The calculation results when the positive electrode active material layer 101 has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m as shown in FIGS. 6A are shown in FIGS. 7A to 7E.
- the description of FIG. 6A can be referred to for the regions, elements, crystal structures, etc. of FIGS. 7A to 7E.
- FIG. 7A shows a charging depth of 0 (Li filling rate 100%)
- FIG. 7B shows a charging depth of 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%)
- FIG. 7C shows a charging depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%).
- FIG. 7E is a calculation result when the charging depth is 1 (Li filling rate 0).
- FIGS. 8A to 8E the calculation results when the positive electrode active material layer 101 has a crystal structure belonging to the space group P-3m1 as shown in FIG. 6B are shown in FIGS. 8A to 8E.
- the description in FIG. 6B can be referred to for the regions, elements, crystal structures, etc. of FIGS. 8A to 8E.
- FIG. 8A shows a charging depth of 0 (Li filling rate 100%)
- FIG. 8B shows a charging depth of 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%)
- FIG. 8C shows a charging depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%).
- FIG. 8E is a calculation result when the charging depth is 1 (Li filling rate 0).
- the octahedral layer of CoO 2 is stably maintained at any charging depth.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material layer 101 is stable even when the charging depth is deepened. Therefore, it is a positive electrode exhibiting excellent cycle characteristics in which the charge / discharge capacity does not easily decrease even if charging / discharging is repeated at a deep charging depth.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 has lithium cobalt oxide, has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m, and the separation layer 102 has titanium nitride, and belongs to the space group Fm-3m. It is a figure when it has a rock salt type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode 100 has the (104) plane of the layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the space group Fm-3m of the separation layer 102. It is preferable that the rock salt type crystal structure (100) planes belonging to are laminated so as to be parallel to each other.
- FIGS. 10A to 10F show the results of calculating the optimized crystal structure in the same manner as in FIGS. 4 and 5 in the case of being laminated as described above.
- the calculation conditions are shown in Table 2.
- the description in FIG. 9 can be referred to for the regions, elements, crystal structures, etc. of FIGS. 10A to 10F.
- FIG. 10A shows a charging depth of 0 (Li filling rate 100%)
- FIG. 10B shows a charging depth of 0.5 (Li filling rate 50%)
- FIG. 10C shows a charging depth of 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%)
- FIG. 10D shows charging.
- the calculation results are for a depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%), a charging depth of 0.9375 (Li filling rate 6.25%) in FIG. 10E, and a charging depth of 1 (Li filling rate 0) in FIG. 10F. is there.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material layer 101 is stable even when the charging depth is deepened. Therefore, it is a positive electrode exhibiting excellent cycle characteristics in which the charge / discharge capacity does not easily decrease even if charging / discharging is repeated at a deep charging depth.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 has lithium cobalt oxide, has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m, the separation layer 102 has titanium nitride, and the space group Fm. It is a figure in the case of having a rock salt type crystal structure belonging to -3 m.
- the (001) plane of the layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the (111) plane of the sodium chloride type belonging to the space group Fm-3m of the separation layer 102 are parallel to each other. It is laminated so as to be.
- Charging depth 0 (Li filling rate 100%), charging depth 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%), charging depth 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%), charging depth 0.9375 (Li filling rate 6.
- the crystal structure optimized as 5 patterns of 25%) and 1 charging depth (Li filling factor 0) is calculated.
- FIG. 11A shows a charging depth of 0 (Li filling rate 100%)
- FIG. 11B shows a charging depth of 0.75 (Li filling rate 25%)
- FIG. 11C shows a charging depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%).
- FIG. 11E is a calculation result when the charging depth is 1 (Li filling rate 0).
- the positive electrodes laminated with the combination of crystal structures shown in FIG. 11 are inferior in stability and cycle characteristics to the positive electrodes of one aspect of the present invention.
- the positive electrode shown in FIG. 3A which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the (001) plane of lithium cobalt oxide having a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m and the (100) plane of titanium oxide having a rutile type crystal structure belonging to the space group P42 / nmm are parallel to each other.
- LCO (R-3m) ⁇ TiO 2 LCO (R-3m) ⁇ TiO 2 ).
- the (104) plane of lithium cobalt oxide having a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m and the (100) plane of titanium nitride having a rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m are parallel to each other. (Hereinafter, LCO ⁇ TiN).
- a positive electrode using titanium metal for the separation layer 102 As a comparative example, a positive electrode using titanium metal for the separation layer 102.
- lithium cobaltate having a layered rock-salt crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m (104) plane and, of titanium having a hexagonal close-packed structure belonging to the space group P6 3 / mmc (001) plane so that is parallel (Hereinafter referred to as LCO ⁇ Ti).
- FIG. 12A shows the volume change rate based on the volume when the charging depth is 0 (Li filling rate 100%). Regardless of the presence or absence of the separation layer 102, the volume of any positive electrode tends to decrease sharply when the charging depth is 0.8 or more (Li filling rate is 20% or less). However, at a charging depth of 0.875 (Li filling rate 12.5%), the volumes of LCO (R-3m) ⁇ TiO 2 and LCO (R-3m) ⁇ TiN, which are aspects of the present invention, are -2% of the reference. It stays above 1% and below.
- the volume change rate is very small at a charging depth of 0 or more and less than 0.8 (Li priority ratio of 20% or more and 100% or less). I understand. Therefore, as one aspect of the present invention, it is more preferable to use the LCO (R-3m) ⁇ TiO 2 structure.
- the volume change rate of LCO (R-3m) ⁇ Ti and LCO, which are comparative examples, is -3% or less of the standard, which is larger than that of one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 12B shows the result of calculating the amount of change in the c-axis for the four patterns of positive electrodes similar to the calculation of the volume change rate.
- the c-axis of any positive electrode tends to become shorter when the charging depth is 0.8 or more. Since this is consistent with the tendency of the volume change rate, it is clear that the length in the c-axis direction greatly contributes to the volume change.
- the amount of change in the c-axis of LCO (R-3m) ⁇ TiO 2 and LCO ⁇ TiN which is one aspect of the present invention, is -1 ⁇ or more and 0 ⁇ or less as a reference.
- the positive electrode according to one aspect of the present invention is a stable positive electrode having little volume change even when charged at a deep depth.
- the positive electrode 100 of one aspect of the present invention has the above-mentioned crystal structure, but not all of the positive electrodes 100 need to be as described above. It may contain other crystal structures or may be partially amorphous.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode 100 described in this embodiment can be estimated using XRD. However, it may not be exactly as described above and may have a distorted crystal structure. Further, the crystal planes referred to in the present embodiment only indicate the plane orientation, and do not accurately limit the plane spacing.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B The secondary battery 200, which is an example of the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention, is shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B.
- 13A is a top view
- FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA'in FIG. 13A.
- the secondary battery 200 is a thin film battery, and as shown in FIG. 13B, the positive electrode 100 described in the above embodiment is formed on the substrate 110, the solid electrolyte layer 203 is formed on the positive electrode 100, and the negative electrode 210 is formed on the solid electrolyte layer 203.
- the negative electrode 210 has a negative electrode active material layer 204 and a negative electrode current collector layer 205. Further, it is preferable that the secondary battery 200 has a protective layer 206 formed on the positive electrode 100, the solid electrolyte layer 203, and the negative electrode 210.
- the films forming these layers can be formed by using a metal mask, respectively.
- a metal mask for example, a metal mask, a metal mask.
- the solid electrolyte layer 203 may be selectively formed by using a co-deposited method and using a metal mask.
- a part of the negative electrode current collector layer 205 can be exposed to form a negative electrode terminal portion. Further, a part of the positive electrode current collector layer 103 can be exposed to form a positive electrode terminal portion. The region other than the negative electrode terminal portion and the positive electrode terminal portion is preferably covered with the protective layer 206.
- the solid electrolyte layer 203, the negative electrode active material layer 204, and the negative electrode current collector layer 205 are laminated in this order on the positive electrode 100 having the positive electrode current collector layer 103, the positive electrode active material layer 101, and the separation layer 102.
- the above-mentioned configuration has been described, one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the secondary battery 200 may have a positive electrode 100 having a base film 104 between the positive electrode current collector layer 103 and the positive electrode active material layer 101. It is preferable that the base film 104 has high crystallinity and has a function of controlling the orientation of the positive electrode active material layer 101. As the material of the base film 104, the same material as that of the separation layer 102 can be used.
- the negative electrode included in the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention may also have a laminated structure of an active material layer and a separation layer like the positive electrode.
- the secondary battery 200 may have a negative electrode 210 having an m-layer negative electrode active material layer 204 and an m + 1 layer separation layer 209. m is an integer of 2 or more.
- the negative electrode 210 preferably has a separation layer 209 between the negative electrode active material layer 204 and the negative electrode current collector layer 205, and also between the negative electrode active material layer 204 and the solid electrolyte layer 203. ..
- the material of the separation layer 209 and the method for producing the separation layer 209 can refer to the description of the separation layer 102.
- the negative electrode 210 having the separation layer 209 is a negative electrode exhibiting excellent cycle characteristics in which the volume does not change much even when lithium ions are occluded and cracks or collapses are unlikely to occur.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention may be a secondary battery 201 having a negative electrode 211 that also serves as a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer.
- 14A is a top view of the secondary battery 201
- FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB'in FIG. 14A.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention may be a secondary battery 202 in which a solid electrolyte layer 203 and a positive electrode 100 are laminated on a negative electrode 210.
- the positive electrode 100 preferably has a cap layer 105.
- 14C is a top view of the secondary battery 202
- FIG. 14D is a cross-sectional view taken along the line CC'in FIG. 14C.
- One aspect of the present invention may be a secondary battery having an electrolytic solution. Further, it may be a secondary battery having an electrolytic solution and having a negative electrode that also serves as a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer. Further, it may be a secondary battery having a negative electrode produced by applying a powdered negative electrode active material to a negative electrode current collector.
- FIGS. 15A and 15B The secondary battery 230 having the electrolytic solution is shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B.
- 15A is a top view
- FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line DD'in FIG. 15A.
- the secondary battery 230 has a positive electrode 100 on the substrate 110, a negative electrode 212 on the substrate 111, a separator 220, an electrolytic solution 221 and an exterior body 222.
- the negative electrode current collector layer 205, the negative electrode active material layer 204, and the separation layer 209 of the negative electrode 212 are formed of a thin film.
- the secondary battery 230 has a lead electrode 223a and a lead electrode 223b.
- the lead electrode 223a is electrically connected to the positive electrode current collector layer 103.
- the lead electrode 223b is electrically connected to the negative electrode current collector layer 205. A part of the lead electrode 223a and the lead electrode 223b is pulled out of the exterior body 222.
- 16A and 16B show a secondary battery 231 having an electrolytic solution and a negative electrode 211 that also serves as a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer.
- 16A is a top view
- FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line EE'in FIG. 16A.
- the secondary battery 231 includes a positive electrode 100 on the substrate 110, a negative electrode 211 that also serves as a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer, a separator 220, an electrolytic solution 221 and an exterior body 222.
- a positive electrode 100 on the substrate 110 a negative electrode 211 that also serves as a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer
- a separator 220 an electrolytic solution 221 and an exterior body 222.
- the process can be simplified and a highly productive secondary battery can be obtained. Further, it can be a secondary battery having a high energy density.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 103 is formed on the substrate 110 (S1).
- a film forming method a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method or the like can be used. Further, a conductive substrate may be used as a current collector.
- the substrate 110 a ceramic substrate, a glass substrate, a resin substrate, a silicon substrate, a metal substrate, or the like can be used. If a flexible material is used as the substrate 110, a flexible thin-film secondary battery can be produced.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 is formed (S2).
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 can be formed by a sputtering method using a sputtering target containing lithium and an oxide having one or more of manganese, cobalt, and nickel as main components.
- a sputtering target containing lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 , LiCo 2 O 4, etc.) as a main component a sputtering target containing lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4, etc.) as a main component, or lithium nickel oxidation.
- a sputtering target containing a substance (LiNiO 2 , LiNi 2 O 4, etc.) as a main component can be used.
- the film may be formed by a vacuum vapor deposition method.
- a metal mask can be used to selectively form a film.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 may be patterned by selectively removing it by dry etching or wet etching using a resist mask or the like.
- the (104) plane of the layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101 is parallel to the substrate 110. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the crystal orientation of the substrate 110, the film forming conditions (output, atmosphere including oxygen partial pressure, temperature, etc.), magnetic field, and the like.
- a sputtering target having magnesium, fluorine, aluminum and the like in addition to lithium and one or more of manganese, cobalt and nickel May be formed using. Further, after forming a film using lithium and a sputtering target containing one or more oxides of manganese, cobalt, and nickel as main components, magnesium, fluorine, aluminum, and the like are formed by a vacuum vapor deposition method. It may be annealed.
- the separation layer 102 is formed on the positive electrode active material layer 101 (S3).
- a film forming method of the separation layer 102 a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method or the like can be used.
- titanium nitride when titanium nitride is used as the separation layer 102, titanium nitride can be formed by a reactive sputtering method using a titanium target and nitrogen gas.
- this (100) plane has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101. It is preferable to form a film so as to be parallel to the (104) plane. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the film forming conditions (output, atmosphere including oxygen partial pressure, temperature, etc.), magnetic field, and the like.
- titanium oxide when used as the separation layer 102, for example, titanium nitride can be formed by a reactive sputtering method using a titanium target and oxygen gas.
- this (100) plane has a layered rock salt type crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m of the positive electrode active material layer 101. It is preferable to form a film so as to be parallel to the (104) plane. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the film forming conditions (output, atmosphere including oxygen partial pressure, temperature, etc.), magnetic field, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 is formed again on the separation layer 102 (S4).
- S3 and S4 are performed n-1 times (n is an integer of 2 or more). In this way, a positive electrode having an n-layer (n is an integer of 2 or more) positive electrode active material layer and an n-1 separation layer can be produced.
- the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the separation layer 102 are preferably formed at a high temperature (500 ° C. or higher, more preferably 600 ° C. or higher). Alternatively, it is preferable to perform an annealing treatment (500 ° C. or higher, more preferably 600 ° C. or higher) after the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the separation layer 102 are formed into a film. By adopting such a manufacturing method, a positive electrode 100 having better crystallinity can be manufactured.
- the solid electrolyte layer 203 is formed on the positive electrode active material layer 101 (S5).
- Materials for the solid electrolyte layer include Li 3 PO 4 , Li A PO (4-B) Ny, Li 0.35 La 0.55 TiO 3 , La (2 / 3-x) Li 3A TiO 3 , and LiNb (1).
- SiO C (0 ⁇ C ⁇ 2) can also be used as the solid electrolyte layer 203.
- SiO C (0 ⁇ C ⁇ 2) may be used as the solid electrolyte layer 203, and SiO C (0 ⁇ C ⁇ 2) may be used as the negative electrode active material layer 204.
- the ratio of silicon to oxygen (O / Si) of SiO C is preferably higher in the solid electrolyte layer 203.
- conduction ions particularly lithium ions
- conduction ions are likely to diffuse in the solid electrolyte layer 203
- conduction ions are likely to be desorbed or accumulated in the negative electrode active material layer 204, resulting in good characteristics.
- It can be a solid secondary battery having the above.
- the solid electrolyte layer 203 may have a laminated structure, and when laminated, it is also called a material (Li 3 PO (4-Z) NZ : LiPON) in which nitrogen is added to one layer of lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4). ) May be laminated.
- a compound containing titanium in the solid electrolyte layer 203. Since the separation layer 102 of the positive electrode 100 has titanium, if a material having titanium is also used for the solid electrolyte layer 203, a secondary battery can be easily manufactured.
- the negative electrode active material layer 204 is formed on the solid electrolyte layer 203 (S6).
- the negative electrode active material layer 204 is formed of a silicon-based film, a carbon-based film, a titanium oxide film, a vanadium oxide film, an indium oxide film, a zinc oxide film, a tin oxide film, or the like by using a sputtering method or the like.
- a nickel oxide film or the like can be used.
- a film that alloys with Li such as tin, gallium, and aluminum can be used. Further, these alloying metal oxide films may be used.
- lithium titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , LiTi 2 O 4, etc.) may be used, but among them, a film containing silicon and oxygen is preferable.
- a Li metal film may be used as the negative electrode active material layer 204.
- the Li metal film can also be used as a negative electrode that also serves as a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode current collector layer 205 is produced on the negative electrode active material layer 204 (S7).
- the material of the negative electrode current collector layer 205 one or more kinds of conductive materials selected from Al, Ti, Cu, Au, Cr, W, Mo, Ni, Ag and the like are used.
- a film forming method a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method or the like can be used.
- a metal mask can be used to selectively form a film.
- the conductive film may be patterned by selectively removing it by dry etching or wet etching using a resist mask or the like.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 103 and the negative electrode current collector layer 205 are formed by a sputtering method, it is preferable that at least one of the positive electrode active material layer 101 and the negative electrode active material layer 204 is formed by the sputtering method. ..
- the sputtering apparatus can perform continuous film formation in the same chamber or using a plurality of chambers, and can be a multi-chamber type manufacturing apparatus or an in-line type manufacturing apparatus.
- the sputtering method is a manufacturing method suitable for mass production using a chamber and a sputtering target. Further, the sputtering method can be formed thinly and has excellent film forming characteristics.
- the protective layer 206 is a metal oxide containing one or more selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, neodymium, lanthanum, magnesium and the like. Can be used. Further, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride and the like can also be used.
- the protective layer 206 can be formed into a film by a sputtering method.
- each layer described in the present embodiment is not particularly limited to the sputtering method, and the vapor phase method (vacuum vapor deposition method, thermal spraying method, pulse laser deposition method (PLD method)), ion plating method, cold spray method, aerosol de.
- the position method can also be used.
- the aerosol deposition (AD) method is a method for forming a film without heating the substrate. Aerosol refers to fine particles dispersed in a gas. Further, a CVD method or an ALD (Atomic layer Deposition) method may be used.
- the secondary battery 200 which is one aspect of the present invention, can be manufactured.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the secondary batteries can be connected in series.
- an example of a secondary battery having one cell is shown, but in the present embodiment, an example of manufacturing a thin film secondary battery in which a plurality of cells are connected in series is shown.
- FIG. 18A shows a top view immediately after the formation of the first secondary battery
- FIG. 18B shows a top view in which the two secondary batteries are connected in series.
- the same reference numerals are used for the same parts as those in FIG. 13A shown in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 18A shows a state immediately after the negative electrode current collector layer 205 is formed.
- the upper surface shape of the negative electrode current collector layer 205 is different from that of FIG. 13A.
- the negative electrode current collector layer 205 shown in FIG. 18A is partially in contact with the side surface of the solid electrolyte layer and is also in contact with the insulating surface of the substrate.
- a second negative electrode active material layer is formed on the region of the negative electrode current collector layer 205 that does not overlap with the first negative electrode active material layer. Then, a second solid electrolyte layer 213 is formed, and a second positive electrode active material layer and a second positive electrode current collector layer 215 are formed on the second solid electrolyte layer 213. Finally, the protective layer 206 is formed.
- FIG. 18B shows a configuration in which two solid-state secondary batteries are arranged in a plane and connected in series.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 19 is an example of a cross section of a thin film battery of a three-layer cell.
- a positive electrode current collector layer 103 is formed on the substrate 110, and a positive electrode active material layer 101, a separation layer 102, a positive electrode active material layer 101, a solid electrolyte layer 203, a negative electrode active material layer 204, and a negative electrode are formed on the positive electrode current collector layer 103.
- the first cell is formed by sequentially forming the current collector layer 205.
- the second negative electrode active material layer 204, the solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode active material layer, the separation layer, the positive electrode active material layer, and the positive electrode current collector layer are sequentially formed on the negative electrode current collector layer 205. It constitutes the second cell.
- a third positive electrode active material layer, a separation layer, a positive electrode active material layer, a solid electrolyte layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a negative electrode current collector layer are sequentially formed on the second positive electrode current collector layer. So, it constitutes the third cell.
- the protective layer 206 is finally formed.
- the three-layer stacking shown in FIG. 19 is configured to be connected in series in order to increase the capacity, but it can also be connected in parallel by an external connection. It is also possible to select series and parallel or series-parallel for external wiring.
- the solid electrolyte layer 203, the second solid electrolyte layer, and the third solid electrolyte layer are preferable because the production cost can be reduced by using the same material.
- FIG. 19 An example of a manufacturing flow for obtaining the structure shown in FIG. 19 is shown in FIG.
- a lithium cobalt oxide film as the positive electrode active material layer and a titanium film as the positive electrode current collector layer and the negative electrode current collector layer (conductive layer) in order to reduce the number of manufacturing steps.
- a titanium film as a common electrode, a three-layer laminated cell can be realized with a small number of configurations.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIGS. 21 and 22 show examples of a multi-chamber type manufacturing apparatus capable of fully automating the production of the secondary battery from the positive electrode current collector layer to the negative electrode current collector layer.
- the manufacturing apparatus can be suitably used for manufacturing a thin film secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 shows gates 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, load lock chamber 870, mask alignment chamber 891, first transport chamber 871, second transport chamber 872, and third transport chamber 873.
- a plurality of film forming chambers (first film forming chamber 892, second film forming chamber 874), heating chamber 893, second material supply chamber 894, first material supply chamber 895, third material supply chamber 896. This is an example of a multi-chamber manufacturing device provided.
- the mask alignment chamber 891 has at least a stage 851 and a substrate transfer mechanism 852.
- the first transfer chamber 871 has a substrate cassette elevating mechanism
- the second transfer chamber 872 has a substrate transfer mechanism 853
- the third transfer chamber has a substrate transfer mechanism 854.
- an exhaust device may be appropriately selected according to the intended use of each room.
- an exhaust mechanism equipped with a pump having an adsorption means such as a cryopump, a sputter ion pump, or a titanium sublimation pump, or an exhaust mechanism.
- An exhaust mechanism or the like equipped with a cold trap in a turbo molecular pump can be mentioned.
- the substrate 850 or the substrate cassette is installed in the load lock chamber 870 and transported to the mask alignment chamber 891 by the substrate transport mechanism 852.
- the mask alignment chamber 891 the mask to be used is picked up from a plurality of preset masks and aligned with the substrate on the stage 851.
- the gate 880 is opened and the board is conveyed to the first transfer chamber 871 by the substrate transfer mechanism 852.
- the substrate is transported to the first transport chamber 871, the gate 881 is opened, and the substrate is transported to the second transport chamber 872 by the substrate transport mechanism 853.
- the first film forming chamber 892 provided in the second transport chamber 872 via the gate 882 is a sputtering film forming chamber.
- the sputtering film formation chamber has a mechanism that can apply a voltage to the sputtering target by switching between an RF power supply and a pulse DC power supply.
- two or three types of sputtering targets can be set.
- a single crystal silicon target, a sputtering target containing lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) as a main component, and a titanium target are installed. It is also possible to provide a substrate heating mechanism in the first film forming chamber 892 and to form a film while heating to a heater temperature of 700 ° C.
- a negative electrode active material layer can be formed by a sputtering method using a single crystal silicon target. Further, as the negative electrode, a film made of SiO X by using a reactive sputtering method using Ar gas and O 2 gas may be used as the negative electrode active material layer. It is also possible to use a silicon nitride film as a sealing film by a reactive sputtering method using Ar gas and N 2 gas. Further, a positive electrode active material layer can be formed by a sputtering method using a sputtering target containing lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2) as a main component. In the sputtering method using a titanium target, a conductive film serving as a current collector can be formed. It is also possible to form a titanium nitride film by a reactive sputtering method using Ar gas and N 2 gas to form a separation layer or an undercoat film.
- the gate 882 When forming the positive electrode active material layer, the mask and the substrate are overlapped and transferred from the second transfer chamber 872 to the first film formation chamber 892 by the substrate transfer mechanism 853, the gate 882 is closed, and the film is formed by the sputtering method. I do.
- the gate 882 and the gate 883 can be opened and conveyed to the heating chamber 893, the gate 883 can be closed, and then heating can be performed.
- an RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) device As the RTA device, a GRTA (Gas Rapid Thermal Anneal) device and an LRTA (Lamp Rapid Thermal Anneal) device can be used.
- the heat treatment of the heating chamber 893 can be performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, oxygen, a rare gas, or dry air.
- the heating time is 1 minute or more and 24 hours or less.
- the substrate and the mask are returned to the mask alignment chamber 891, and a new mask is aligned.
- the aligned substrate and mask are conveyed to the first transfer chamber 871 by the substrate transfer mechanism 852.
- the substrate is transported by the elevating mechanism of the first transport chamber 871, the gate 884 is opened, and the substrate is transported to the third transport chamber 873 by the substrate transport mechanism 854.
- the second film forming chamber 874 which is connected to the third transport chamber 873 via the gate 885, performs film formation by thin film deposition.
- FIG. 22 shows an example of the cross-sectional structure of the structure of the second film forming chamber 874.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic cross-sectional view cut along the dotted line in FIG. 21.
- the second film forming chamber 874 is connected to the exhaust mechanism 849, and the first material supply chamber 895 is connected to the exhaust mechanism 848.
- the second material supply chamber 894 is connected to the exhaust mechanism 847.
- the second film forming chamber 874 shown in FIG. 22 is a vapor deposition chamber for performing vapor deposition using the vapor deposition source 856 moved from the first material supply chamber 895, and the vapor deposition source is moved from each of the plurality of material supply chambers. Multiple substances can be vaporized at the same time for vapor deposition, that is, co-evaporation.
- FIG. 22 shows a thin-film deposition source having a thin-film deposition boat 858 also moved from the second material supply chamber 894.
- the second film forming chamber 874 is connected to the second material supply chamber 894 via the gate 886. Further, the second film forming chamber 874 is connected to the first material supply chamber 895 via the gate 888. Further, the second film forming chamber 874 is connected to the third material supply chamber 896 via the gate 887. Therefore, the second film forming chamber 874 can be ternary co-deposited.
- the substrate is installed on the substrate holding portion 845.
- the board holding portion 845 is connected to the rotating mechanism 865.
- the first vapor deposition material 855 is heated to some extent in the first material supply chamber 895, the gate 888 is opened when the vapor deposition rate is stable, the arm 862 is extended to move the vapor deposition source 856, and the lower part of the substrate is moved. Stop at the position.
- the thin-film deposition source 856 is composed of a first thin-film deposition material 855, a heater 857, and a container for accommodating the first thin-film deposition material 855.
- the second vapor deposition material is heated to some extent, the gate 886 is opened when the vapor deposition rate is stable, the arm 861 is extended to move the vapor deposition source, and the position below the substrate. Stop at.
- the shutter 868 and the vapor deposition source shutter 869 are opened to perform co-deposition.
- the rotation mechanism 865 is rotated to improve the uniformity of the film thickness.
- the substrate after the vapor deposition follows the same path and is transported to the mask alignment chamber 891. When the substrate is taken out from the manufacturing apparatus, it is conveyed from the mask alignment chamber 891 to the load lock chamber 870 and taken out.
- FIG. 22 a case where the substrate 850 and the mask are held by the substrate holding portion 845 is shown as an example.
- the substrate rotation mechanism may also serve as a substrate transfer mechanism.
- the second film forming chamber 874 may be provided with an imaging means 863 such as a CCD camera. By providing the image pickup means 863, the position of the substrate 850 can be confirmed.
- an imaging means 863 such as a CCD camera.
- the film thickness formed on the substrate surface can be predicted from the measurement result of the film thickness measuring mechanism 867.
- the film thickness measuring mechanism 867 may include, for example, a crystal oscillator or the like.
- a shutter 868 that overlaps with the substrate until the vaporization rate of the vaporized material stabilizes, and a thin-film deposition source shutter 869 that overlaps with the vapor deposition source 856 and the vapor deposition boat 858 are provided.
- the resistance heating method is shown in the thin-film deposition source 856, an EB (Electron Beam) vapor deposition method may be used.
- a crucible is shown as a container for the vapor deposition source 856, a vapor deposition boat may be used.
- An organic material is put into the crucible heated by the heater 857 as the first vapor deposition material 855.
- a thin-film deposition boat 858 is used.
- the vapor deposition boat 858 is composed of three parts, in which a member having a concave surface, an inner lid having two holes, and an upper lid having one hole are overlapped. The inner lid may be removed for vapor deposition.
- the thin-film deposition boat 858 acts as a resistor when energized, and the vapor deposition boat itself heats up.
- an example of the multi-chamber method is shown, but the present invention is not particularly limited, and an in-line type manufacturing apparatus may be used.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 23A is an external view of the thin film secondary battery.
- the secondary battery 913 has a terminal 951 and a terminal 952.
- the terminal 951 is electrically connected to the positive electrode and the terminal 952 is electrically connected to the negative electrode.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has excellent cycle characteristics. In addition, since it can be an all-solid-state secondary battery, it is also excellent in safety. Therefore, the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention can be suitably used as the secondary battery 913.
- FIG. 23B is an external view of the battery control circuit.
- the battery control circuit shown in FIG. 23B has a substrate 900 and layer 916.
- a circuit 912 and an antenna 914 are provided on the substrate 900.
- the antenna 914 is electrically connected to the circuit 912.
- Terminals 971 and 972 are electrically connected to the circuit 912.
- the circuit 912 is electrically connected to the terminal 911.
- the terminal 911 is connected to, for example, a device to which power is supplied from a thin-film solid-state secondary battery. For example, it is connected to a display device, a sensor, or the like.
- the layer 916 has a function capable of shielding the electromagnetic field generated by the secondary battery 913, for example.
- a magnetic material can be used as the layer 916.
- FIG. 23C shows an example in which the battery control circuit shown in FIG. 23B is arranged on the secondary battery 913.
- the terminal 971 is electrically connected to the terminal 951, and the terminal 972 is electrically connected to the terminal 952.
- Layer 916 is arranged between the substrate 900 and the secondary battery 913.
- a flexible substrate as the substrate 900.
- a thin battery control circuit can be realized. Further, as shown in FIG. 24D described later, the battery control circuit can be wound around the secondary battery.
- FIG. 24A to 24D will be used to describe another example of a thin film secondary battery having a battery control circuit and the like.
- FIG. 24A is an external view of a thin film type solid-state secondary battery.
- the battery control circuit shown in FIG. 24B has a substrate 900 and layer 916.
- the substrate 900 is bent according to the shape of the secondary battery 913, and the battery control circuit is arranged around the secondary battery, so that the battery control circuit is changed to the secondary battery as shown in FIG. 24D. Can be wrapped around. By using a secondary battery having such a configuration, a smaller secondary battery can be obtained.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIGS. 25A, 25B and 26A to 26C An example of an electronic device using a thin film secondary battery will be described with reference to FIGS. 25A, 25B and 26A to 26C.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has high discharge capacity and cycle characteristics, and is highly safe. Therefore, the electronic device is highly safe and can be used for a long time.
- FIG. 25A is an external perspective view of the thin film type secondary battery 3001.
- the positive electrode lead electrode 513 electrically connected to the positive electrode of the solid secondary battery and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 electrically connected to the negative electrode are sealed with a laminate film or an insulating film so as to project.
- FIG. 25B is an IC card which is an example of an applied device using the thin film type secondary battery according to the present invention.
- the electric power obtained by the power supply from the radio wave 3005 can be charged to the thin film type secondary battery 3001.
- An antenna, an IC 3004, and a thin-film secondary battery 3001 are arranged inside the IC card 3000.
- the ID 3002 and the photograph 3003 of the worker who attaches the IC card 3000 are displayed. It is also possible to transmit a signal such as an authentication signal from the antenna by using the electric power charged in the thin film type secondary battery 3001.
- An active matrix display device may be provided for displaying the ID 3002 and the photograph 3003.
- Examples of the active matrix display device include a reflective liquid crystal display device, an organic EL display device, and electronic paper. It is also possible to display a video (moving image or still image) or time on the active matrix display device.
- the electric power of the active matrix display device can be supplied from the thin film type secondary battery 3001.
- an organic EL display device using a flexible substrate is preferable.
- a solar cell may be provided instead of Photo 3003.
- Light can be absorbed by irradiation with external light to generate electric power, and the electric power can be charged to the thin film type secondary battery 3001.
- the thin film type secondary battery is not limited to the IC card, and can be used as a power source for a wireless sensor used in a vehicle, a secondary battery for a MEMS device, and the like.
- FIG. 26A shows an example of a wearable device.
- Wearable devices use a secondary battery as a power source.
- a wearable device that can perform wireless charging as well as wired charging with the connector part to be connected is exposed. It is desired.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the spectacle-type device 400 as shown in FIG. 26A.
- the spectacle-type device 400 has a frame 400a and a display unit 400b.
- By mounting the secondary battery on the temple portion of the curved frame 400a it is possible to obtain a spectacle-type device 400 that is lightweight, has a good weight balance, and has a long continuous use time.
- By providing the secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention it is possible to realize a configuration capable of saving space due to the miniaturization of the housing.
- the headset type device 401 can be equipped with a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the headset type device 401 has at least a microphone unit 401a, a flexible pipe 401b, and an earphone unit 401c.
- a secondary battery can be provided in the flexible pipe 401b or in the earphone portion 401c.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the device 402 that can be directly attached to the body.
- the secondary battery 402b can be provided in the thin housing 402a of the device 402.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the device 403 that can be attached to clothes.
- the secondary battery 403b can be provided in the thin housing 403a of the device 403.
- the belt type device 406 can be equipped with a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the belt-type device 406 has a belt portion 406a and a wireless power supply receiving portion 406b, and a secondary battery can be mounted inside the belt portion 406a.
- a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention, can be mounted on the wristwatch type device 405.
- the wristwatch-type device 405 has a display unit 405a and a belt unit 405b, and a secondary battery can be provided on the display unit 405a or the belt unit 405b.
- the wristwatch type device 405 is a wearable device of a type that is directly wrapped around the wrist, a sensor for measuring the pulse, blood pressure, etc. of the user may be mounted. It is possible to manage the health by accumulating data on the amount of exercise and health of the user.
- FIG. 26B shows a perspective view of the wristwatch-type device 405 removed from the arm.
- FIG. 26C shows a state in which the secondary battery 913 is built in.
- the secondary battery 913 is the secondary battery shown in the fifth embodiment.
- the secondary battery 913 is provided at a position overlapping the display unit 405a, and is compact and lightweight.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the secondary battery having the positive electrode of one aspect of the present invention has high discharge capacity and cycle characteristics, and is highly safe. Therefore, it can be suitably used for the following electronic devices. It can be suitably used for electronic devices that are particularly required to have durability.
- FIG. 27A shows a perspective view of a wristwatch-type personal digital assistant (also referred to as a smart watch) 700.
- the personal digital assistant 700 has a housing 701, a display panel 702, a clasp 703, bands 705A and 705B, and operation buttons 711 and 712.
- the display panel 702 mounted on the housing 701 that also serves as the bezel portion has a rectangular display area. Further, the display area constitutes a curved surface.
- the display panel 702 is preferably flexible. The display area may be non-rectangular.
- Bands 705A and 705B are connected to the housing 701.
- the clasp 703 is connected to the band 705A.
- the band 705A and the housing 701 are connected so that the connecting portion can rotate, for example, via a pin.
- FIG. 27B and 27C show perspective views of the band 705A and the secondary battery 750, respectively.
- Band 705A has a secondary battery 750.
- the secondary battery 750 for example, the secondary battery described in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the secondary battery 750 is embedded inside the band 705A, and a part of the positive electrode lead 751 and the negative electrode lead 752 project from the band 705A (see FIG. 27B).
- the positive electrode lead 751 and the negative electrode lead 752 are electrically connected to the display panel 702.
- the surface of the secondary battery 750 is covered with an exterior body 753 (see FIG. 27C).
- the pin may have the function of an electrode.
- the positive electrode lead 751 and the display panel 702, and the negative electrode lead 752 and the display panel 702 may be electrically connected via pins connecting the band 705A and the housing 701, respectively.
- the configuration at the connection portion of the band 705A and the housing 701 can be simplified.
- the secondary battery 750 has flexibility. Therefore, the band 705A can be manufactured by integrally forming with the secondary battery 750.
- the band 705A shown in FIG. 27B can be produced by setting the secondary battery 750 in a mold corresponding to the outer shape of the band 705A, pouring the material of the band 705A into the mold, and curing the material.
- the rubber is cured by heat treatment.
- fluororubber is used as the rubber material, it is cured by heat treatment at 170 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- silicone rubber is used as the rubber material, it is cured by heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- Examples of the material used for the band 705A include fluororubber, silicone rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, and urethane rubber.
- the mobile information terminal 700 shown in FIG. 27A can have various functions. For example, a function to display various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.) in the display area, a touch panel function, a function to display a calendar, date or time, etc., a function to control processing by various software (programs), Wireless communication function, function to connect to various computer networks using wireless communication function, function to transmit or receive various data using wireless communication function, read and display program or data recorded on recording medium It can have a function of displaying in an area, and the like.
- a speaker In addition, a speaker, a sensor (force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, voice, time, hardness, electric field, current) are inside the housing 701. , Includes the ability to measure voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor or infrared rays), microphones and the like.
- the portable information terminal 700 can be manufactured by using a light emitting element for the display panel 702.
- FIG. 27A shows an example in which the secondary battery 750 is included in the band 705A
- the secondary battery 750 may be included in the band 705B.
- the band 705B the same material as the band 705A can be used.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the device described in this embodiment includes at least a biosensor and a solid secondary battery that supplies electric power to the biosensor, acquires various biological information using infrared light and visible light, and stores them in a memory. Can be made to. Such biometric information can be used for both personal authentication of users and healthcare.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has high discharge capacity and cycle characteristics, and is also highly safe. Therefore, the device is highly safe and can be used for a long time.
- a biosensor is a sensor that acquires biometric information, and acquires biometric information that can be used for healthcare applications.
- Biological information includes pulse wave, blood glucose level, oxygen saturation, triglyceride concentration and the like. Data is stored in memory.
- the device described in the present embodiment is provided with a means for acquiring other biological information.
- biological information in the body such as electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and body temperature
- superficial biological information such as facial expression, complexion, and pupil.
- information on the number of steps, exercise intensity, height difference of movement, and diet is also important information for health care.
- blood pressure can be calculated from the electrocardiogram and the timing difference between the two beats of the pulse wave (the length of the pulse wave propagation time).
- the pulse wave velocity is short, and conversely, when the blood pressure is low, the pulse wave velocity is long.
- the physical condition of the user can be estimated from the relationship between the heart rate and blood pressure calculated from the electrocardiogram and the pulse wave. For example, if both the heart rate and blood pressure are high, it can be estimated that the person is in a tense or excited state, and conversely, if both the heart rate and blood pressure are low, it can be estimated that the person is in a relaxed state. In addition, if the condition of low blood pressure and high heart rate continues, there is a possibility of heart disease or the like.
- the user can check the biological information measured by the electronic device and his / her physical condition estimated based on the information at any time, the health consciousness is improved. As a result, it can be an opportunity to review daily habits such as avoiding overdrinking and eating, being careful about proper exercise, and managing physical condition, and to be examined by a medical institution as needed.
- FIG. 28A shows an example in which the biosensor 80a is embedded in the user's body and an example in which the biosensor 80b is attached to the wrist.
- FIG. 28A shows, for example, a device having a biosensor 80a capable of measuring an electrocardiogram and a device having a biosensor 80b capable of measuring a heartbeat that optically monitors the pulse of the user's arm.
- the watch and wristband type wearable device shown in FIG. 28A are not limited to heart rate measurement, and various biosensors can be used.
- the implantable type device shown in FIG. 28A it is premised that it is small, that there is almost no heat generation, and that an allergic reaction does not occur even if it comes into contact with the skin.
- the secondary battery used in the device of one aspect of the present invention is suitable because it is small in size, hardly generates heat, and does not cause an allergic reaction.
- the embedded type device has a built-in antenna in order to enable wireless charging.
- the device of the type to be embedded in the living body shown in FIG. 28A is not limited to the biosensor capable of measuring the electrocardiogram, and other biosensors capable of acquiring biometric data can be used.
- the biosensor 80b built in the device may be temporarily stored in the memory built in the device.
- the data acquired by the biosensor may be transmitted wirelessly or by wire to the portable data terminal 85 of FIG. 28B, and the waveform may be detected by the portable data terminal 85.
- the mobile data terminal 85 is a smartphone or the like, and can detect whether or not a problem such as arrhythmia has occurred from the acquired data from each biosensor.
- the data acquired by a plurality of biosensors is sent to the mobile data terminal 85 by wire, it is preferable to collectively transfer the acquired data before connecting by wire.
- each detected data is automatically given a date and stored in the memory of the portable data terminal 85, and may be managed personally. Alternatively, as shown in FIG.
- the biosensor 80b to the mobile data terminal 85 uses Bluetooth (registered trademark) or a network including a frequency band of 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz, and the mobile data from the mobile data terminal 85 to the mobile data terminal 85.
- High-speed communication may be performed up to the terminal 85 by using the 5th generation (5G) wireless system.
- the fifth generation (5G) radio system uses frequencies in the 3.7 GHz band, 4.5 GHz band, and 28 GHz band.
- the 5th generation (5G) wireless system it is possible to acquire data and send data to the medical institution 87 not only at home but also when going out, and after that, the data when the user's physical condition is abnormal can be accurately acquired. Can be useful in the treatment or treatment of.
- the portable data terminal 85 the configuration shown in FIG. 28C can be used.
- FIG. 28C shows another example of a portable data terminal.
- the portable data terminal 89 has a speaker, a pair of electrodes 83, a camera 84, and a microphone 86 in addition to the secondary battery.
- the pair of electrodes 83 are provided in a part of the housing 82 with the display portion 81a interposed therebetween.
- the display unit 81b is a region having a curved surface.
- the electrode 83 functions as an electrode for acquiring biological information.
- the user can acquire biometric information without being aware of it. can do.
- the display unit 81a can display the electrocardiogram information 88a acquired by the pair of electrodes 83, the heart rate information 88b, and the like.
- the biosensor 80a When the biosensor 80a is embedded in the user's body as shown in FIG. 27A, this function is unnecessary, but when it is not embedded, the user obtains an electrocardiogram by grasping the pair of electrodes 83 with both hands. Can be done. Even when the biosensor 80a is embedded in the user's body, the mobile data shown in FIG. 28C is also used when comparing the electrocardiogram data with other users in order to confirm whether the biosensor 80a is functioning normally. Terminal 89 can be used.
- the camera 84 can capture a user's face and the like. Biological information such as facial expressions, pupils, and complexion can be acquired from the image of the user's face.
- the microphone 86 can acquire the voice of the user. From the acquired voice information, voiceprint information that can be used for voiceprint authentication can be acquired. It can also be used for health management by periodically acquiring voice information and monitoring changes in voice quality. Of course, it is also possible to make a videophone call with a doctor at a medical institution 87 using a microphone 86, a camera 84, and a speaker.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
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Abstract
Description
図2は本発明の一態様の正極の積層構造を説明する図である。
図3Aおよび図3Bは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図4A乃至図4Eは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図5A乃至図5Eは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図6Aおよび図6Bは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図7A乃至図7Eは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図8A乃至図8Eは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図9は本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図10A乃至図10Fは本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図11A乃至図11Eは比較例の正極が有する結晶構造を説明する図である。
図12Aは本発明の一態様と比較例の正極が有する結晶構造の体積変化率のグラフである。図12Bは本発明の一態様と比較例の正極が有する結晶構造のc軸変化量のグラフである。
図13Aは、本発明の一態様を示す上面図であり、図13B乃至図13Dは、本発明の一態様を示す断面図である。
図14Aおよび図14Cは本発明の一態様を示す上面図であり、図14Bおよび図14Dは本発明の一態様を示す断面図である。
図15Aは、本発明の一態様を示す上面図であり、図15Bは、本発明の一態様を示す断面図である。
図16Aは、本発明の一態様を示す上面図であり、図16Bは、本発明の一態様を示す断面図である。
図17は、本発明の一態様の二次電池の作製フローを説明する図である。
図18Aおよび図18Bは、本発明の一態様を示す上面図である。
図19は、本発明の一態様を示す断面図である。
図20は、本発明の一態様の二次電池の作製フローを説明する図である。
図21は、二次電池の製造装置の上面模式図である。
図22は、二次電池の製造装置の一部の断面図である。
図23Aは、電池セルの一例を示す斜視図である。図23Bは、回路の斜視図である。図23Cは、電池セルと回路を重ねた場合の斜視図である。
図24Aは、電池セルの一例を示す斜視図である。図24Bは、回路の斜視図である。図24C及び図24Dは電池セルと回路を重ねた場合の斜視図である。
図25Aは、電池セルの斜視図である。図25Bは、電子機器の一例を示す図である。
図26A乃至図26Cは、電子機器の例を示す図である。
図27A乃至図27Cは、電子機器の例を示す図である。
図28Aは、本発明の一態様である電子機器の概略図である。図28Bは、システムの一部を示す図であり、図28Cはシステムに用いる携帯データ端末の斜視図の一例である。
図1乃至図12を用いて、本発明の一態様の二次電池用正極、および二次電池用正極が有する結晶構造について説明する。
図3Aおよび図3Bは、本発明の一態様の正極が有する結晶構造の一例について説明する図である。以下では説明を明瞭にするために、図1Bに示すような正極100の一部である領域100aについて説明する。また遷移金属Mがコバルトであるとして説明する。
次に比較例として、正極活物質層101と分離層102が上記以外の組み合わせで積層された正極について図11A乃至図11Eを用いて説明する。
次に以下の4パターンの正極について、様々な充電深度(Li充填率)における体積変化を計算した結果について説明する。
次に体積変化率の計算と同様の4パターンの正極について、c軸変化量を計算した結果を図12Bに示す。分離層102の有無に関わらずいずれの正極も、充電深度が0.8以上になるとc軸が短くなる傾向がある。これは体積変化率の傾向と一致しているため、c軸方向の長さが体積変化に大きく寄与していることが明らかである。やはり充電深度0.875(Li充填率12.5%)において、本発明の一態様であるLCO(R−3m)\TiO2およびLCO\TiNのc軸変化量は基準の−1Å以上0Å以下にとどまる。一方、比較例であるLCO\Tiのc軸変化量は−3Å程度と大幅に大きい。なお、1Å=10−10mである。
本実施の形態では実施の形態1で説明した二次電池用正極を有する二次電池と、その作製方法ついて説明する。
本発明の一態様の二次電池の一例である二次電池200を図13Aおよび図13Bに示す。図13Aは上面図であり、図13Bは図13A中の線A−A’で切断した断面図である。
次に図13Aおよび図13Bに示す二次電池200の作製方法のフローの例について、図17を用いて説明する。
薄膜二次電池の出力電圧を大きくするために、二次電池を直列接続することができる。実施の形態2ではセルが1つである二次電池の例を示したが、本実施の形態では複数のセルを直列接続させた薄膜二次電池を作製する例を示す。
薄膜二次電池の出力電圧を大きくするため、または放電容量を大きくするために、正極と負極がそれぞれ複数重畳して積層される多層二次電池とすることができる。実施の形態2では単層セルである二次電池の例を示したが、本実施の形態では多層セルの薄膜電池の例を示す。
本実施の形態では、二次電池の正極集電体層から負極集電体層までの作製を全自動化できるマルチチャンバー方式の製造装置の例を図21及び図22に示す。該製造装置は本発明の一態様の薄膜二次電池作製に好適に用いることができる。
本実施の形態では、電池制御回路等を有する薄膜二次電池の例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、薄膜二次電池を用いた電子機器の例について図25A、図25B及び図26A乃至図26Cを用いて説明する。本発明の一態様の二次電池は放電容量およびサイクル特性が高く、安全性が高い。そのため該電子機器は安全性が高く、長時間使用可能である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の正極を有する二次電池を用いた電子機器について、図27A乃至図27Cを用いて説明する。本発明の一態様の正極を有する二次電池は放電容量およびサイクル特性が高く、安全性が高い。そのため以下に示すような電子機器に好適に用いることができる。特に耐久性が求められる電子機器に好適に用いることができる。
本実施の形態で説明するデバイスは、バイオセンサと、バイオセンサに電力を供給する固体二次電池を少なくとも有し、赤外光と可視光を用いて様々な生体情報を取得し、メモリに記憶させることができる。このような生体情報は、ユーザーの個人認証の用途と、ヘルスケアの用途の両方に用いることができる。本発明の一態様の二次電池は放電容量及びサイクル特性が高く、さらに安全性が高い。そのため該デバイスは安全性が高く、長時間使用可能である。
Claims (7)
- 二次電池用正極であって、
前記二次電池用正極は、n層(nは2以上の整数)の正極活物質層と、n−1層の分離層と、正極集電体層と、を有し、
前記正極活物質層と前記分離層が交互に積層され、
前記正極活物質層はリチウムと、コバルトと、酸素を有し、
前記分離層はチタン化合物を有する、二次電池用正極。 - 請求項1において、
前記正極活物質層はコバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記分離層は酸化チタンを有し、
前記正極活物質層が有する空間群R−3mに属する結晶構造の(001)面と、
前記分離層が有する空間群P42/mnmに属する結晶構造の(100)面が平行になる、二次電池用正極。 - 請求項1において、
前記正極活物質層はコバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記分離層は窒化チタンを有し、
前記正極活物質層が有する空間群R−3mに属する結晶構造の(001)面と、
前記分離層が有する空間群Fm−3mに属する結晶構造の(100)面が平行になる、二次電池用正極。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3において、
前記正極活物質層はニッケル、アルミニウム、マグネシウム、フッ素のいずれか一以上を有する、二次電池用正極。 - 請求項4において、
前記正極活物質層はニッケル、アルミニウム、マグネシウムおよびフッ素を有し、
前記正極活物質層が有するコバルトの原子数を100としたとき、
ニッケルの原子数が0.05以上2以下であり、
アルミニウムの原子数が0.05以上2以下であり、
マグネシウムの原子数が0.1以上6以下である二次電池用正極。 - 請求項1乃至請求項5に記載の二次電池用正極と、
固体電解質と、負極と、を有する二次電池。 - 請求項6に記載の二次電池を有する電子機器。
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| US17/642,323 US12266796B2 (en) | 2019-09-20 | 2020-09-07 | Positive electrode for secondary battery, secondary battery, and electronic device |
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| CN114270566A (zh) * | 2019-06-28 | 2022-04-01 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | 正极活性物质、正极、二次电池以及其制造方法 |
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| US12266796B2 (en) | 2025-04-01 |
| JPWO2021053448A1 (ja) | 2021-03-25 |
| US20220344654A1 (en) | 2022-10-27 |
| JP7633170B2 (ja) | 2025-02-19 |
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