WO2021049363A1 - 有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法 - Google Patents
有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
- C07G1/00—Lignin; Lignin derivatives
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- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/22—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group aromatic
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- the present invention relates to a method for producing an organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- the present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-165546 filed in Japan on September 11, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Non-edible biomass includes cellulose, which is the most abundant on the earth, but most of it exists as lignocellulose, which is a complex with aromatic polymers lignin and hemicellulose.
- ethanol production using lignocellulose-based biomass as a raw material it was obtained in a pretreatment step of thermochemically pretreating the biomass raw material, a saccharification step of enzymatically treating the biomass after the pretreatment step to produce a saccharified solution, and a saccharification step. It comprises a fermentation step of adding a microbial culture solution to a saccharified solution to perform ethanol fermentation, and a purification step of separating ethanol from the fermented solution obtained in the fermentation step by distillation or the like.
- lignin remains as a solid, there is a problem that a large amount of fermentation residue is generated. This fermentation residue is generally processed by a boiler in an annexed factory, methane fermentation, etc., and is not effectively used at present.
- lignin-based products black liquor, lignin sulfonate
- technology for effective utilization has been developed for many years.
- lignin is affected by sulfonation or chloride, so that it is difficult to use, and most of them are limited to fuel use as a boiler heat source.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a lignin decomposition product by treating a lignin-containing biomass with a mixed solvent having a molar ratio of water to alcohol of 1/1 to 20/1.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method for producing low molecular weight lignin by heating lignin-containing biomass in the presence of an acid catalyst in a mixed solvent of hydrocarbon and alcohol.
- Patent Document 3 lignin-containing biomass is pretreated by combining hydrothermal treatment and pulverization treatment, and the enzymatic saccharification residue generated when the pretreated biomass is enzymatically saccharified is further hydrothermally treated by autoclave, and the treated product thereof.
- a method for producing a lignin decomposition product by dissolving the solid substance in an organic solvent after obtaining the solid substance from the solid-liquid separation of the above.
- a lignin-containing biomass is saccharified with an enzyme to obtain a saccharified residue, and the saccharified residue is heated in a mixed solvent containing water and an organic solvent having a solubility in water at 20 ° C. of 90 g / L or more.
- a method for producing a lignin decomposition product by treating to obtain a heat treatment liquid containing a lignin decomposition product and then solid-liquid separation of the heat treatment liquid to remove insoluble matter is disclosed.
- the lignin contained in the biomass raw material has a complicated structure, and its characteristics change randomly depending on various conditions in the method for producing the lignin decomposition product. Therefore, the methods described in Patent Documents 1 to 4 and the like cannot obtain lignin having specific properties. Moreover, in order to obtain lignin having a specific property, various conditions in the production method thereof have not been controlled so far.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a method for producing an organic solvent-soluble lignin having specific properties.
- the present invention includes the following aspects.
- a dilute sulfuric acid cooking method is performed so that the ⁇ -O-4 bond content, weight average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, and hydroxyl group content of the obtained organic solvent-soluble lignin are within predetermined ranges.
- the content of the thioacidrysis monomer of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the thioacidrysis method as the content of the ⁇ -O-4 bond is in the range of 95 ⁇ mol / g or more and 248 ⁇ mol / g or less.
- the treatment intensity by the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method is controlled so that the weight average molecular weight of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the gel permeation chromatograph method is in the range of 2400 or more and 4200 or less. , (1).
- the method for producing an organic solvent-soluble lignin (4) In the pretreatment step, the treatment intensity by the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method so that the molecular weight distribution of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the gel permeation chromatograph method is in the range of 1.0 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the content of the phenolic hydroxyl group of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by phosphorifying the hydroxyl group as the content of the hydroxyl group by phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is 7 mmol / g or more and 32 mmol /.
- Method for producing soluble lignin. (6) In the pretreatment step, any one of (1) to (4), wherein the treatment intensity by the dilute sulfuric acid steaming method is 1.0 or more and 3.0 or less in terms of CSI represented by the following formula (I). The method for producing an organic solvent-soluble lignin according to one.
- the CSI was controlled to approach 1.0 in order to increase the ⁇ -O-4 bond content of the organic solvent-soluble lignin, while the organic solvent-soluble lignin was used.
- the CSI is controlled to approach 1.0 in order to reduce the weight average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the organic solvent-soluble lignin, while the weight average molecular weight of the organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- the CSI is controlled to approach 1.0, while the hydroxyl content of the organic solvent-soluble lignin is adjusted.
- the method for producing an organic solvent-soluble lignin according to the embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as “the method for producing the present embodiment”) will be described in detail.
- the meanings of various terms are defined as follows.
- herbaceous biomass is used as a raw material.
- a residue generated in the process of producing bioethanol, biobutanol, a biochemical product or the like from cellulose and hemicellulose in the herbaceous biomass may be used.
- crushed biomass can be used, and any shape such as a block, a chip, or a powder may be used.
- herbaceous biomass may be simply referred to as "biomass”.
- Herbaceous biomass includes bamboo, palm tree trunks and bunches, palm palm fruit fibers and seeds; bagasse (sorghum and high biomass sorghum), rice straw, straw, corn cob, foliage and residues (corn stover) , Corn cob, corn hull), sorghum (including sweet sorghum) residue, obtained from grasses such as switchgrass, erianthus, napiergrass; Residues and the like to be used can be mentioned.
- the herbaceous biomass one obtained from a gramineous plant is preferable, and bagasse or napier grass is more preferable, from the viewpoint of availability and compatibility with the production method of the present embodiment.
- cellulose includes hexoses having six carbons as constituent units. Therefore, when cellulose is hydrolyzed, it produces a hexose monosaccharide (glucose or the like) composed of 6 carbons or a hexose oligosaccharide (for example, cellobiose or the like) in which a plurality of the monosaccharides are linked.
- Hemicellulose includes pentose (C5 sugar) having five carbons such as xylose and six carbons such as mannose, arabinose, and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid as constituent units (hexose).
- Complex polysaccharides such as glucomannan and glucuronoxylan composed of C6 sugar) are included. Therefore, when hemicellulose is hydrolyzed, it is a monosaccharide of pentasaccharide consisting of 5 carbons, an oligosaccharide of pentasaccharide in which a plurality of monosaccharides are linked, a monosaccharide of hexasaccharide consisting of 6 carbons, and the like.
- a plurality of monosaccharides linked to each other produce an oligosaccharide of hexacarbonate, and an oligosaccharide in which a plurality of monosaccharides of pentasaccharide and a plurality of monosaccharides of hexasaccharide are linked.
- composition ratio and the amount of monosaccharide or oligosaccharide produced from hemicellulose or cellulose differ depending on the pretreatment method and the type of herbaceous biomass used as a raw material.
- lignin is a natural polymer that is one of the three major principal components of herbaceous biomass.
- bagasse contains 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less of lignin.
- the basic skeleton of lignin is composed of aromatic nuclei (benzene nuclei), and lignin is classified into G nuclei, S nuclei and H nuclei based on its structure.
- the G nucleus has one methoxy group (-OCH 3 ) at the ortho position of the phenol skeleton portion
- the S nucleus has two methoxy groups at the ortho position
- the H nucleus is It does not have a methoxy group at the ortho position.
- lignin in herbaceous biomass such as bagasse contains all of H nucleus, G nucleus and S nucleus as a basic skeleton.
- the lignin derived from coniferous trees has a G nucleus as a basic skeleton
- the lignin derived from broad-leaved trees has a G nucleus and an S nucleus as a basic skeleton.
- Lignin has various intermolecular binding modes, but the most abundant among them is ⁇ -O-4 binding, which is about 50 mol% or more and 70 mol% or less of the total binding mode in the lignin molecule. It is an ether bond that occupies.
- the ⁇ -O-4 bond is a bond mode represented by the following formula (II) and forms a linear structure of lignin. In the process of polymerizing lignin in plant cells, the ⁇ -position of the side chain of the monomer and the 4-position of the aroma nucleus of the adjacent monomer are continuously linked to polymerize.
- the "water-soluble lignin” is a lignin that is soluble in water, and specifically, a saccharification product after a saccharification step, a fermentation product after a fermentation step, and a purification step, which will be described later. Indicates the lignin contained in the liquid component when the waste liquid of the above is solid-liquid separated. Since the number average molecular weight of water-soluble lignin is relatively small, about 1000 or less, it is presumed that water-soluble lignin is soluble in water.
- the "water-insoluble lignin” is a lignin that is insoluble in water, and specifically, a solid solution of a saccharification product after a saccharification step, a fermentation product after a fermentation step, and a waste liquid after a purification step, which will be described later. When separated, it shows the lignin contained in the solid components (ie, saccharification residue, fermentation residue and solid residue). Since the water-insoluble lignin has a relatively large number average molecular weight of more than 1,000 and less than 10,000, it is presumed that it is insoluble in water.
- the "saccharification product” referred to here includes a saccharified solution which is a liquid component and a saccharified residue which is a solid component, the saccharified solution contains water-soluble lignin, and the saccharified residue contains water-insoluble lignin. included.
- the "fermentation product” contains a fermentation broth which is a liquid component and a fermentation residue which is a solid component, the fermentation broth contains water-soluble lignin, and the fermentation residue contains water-insoluble lignin.
- the waste liquid contains a liquid residue which is a liquid component and a solid residue which is a solid component, the liquid residue contains water-soluble lignin, and the solid residue contains water-insoluble lignin.
- the "organic solvent-soluble lignin” is a lignin that is soluble in an organic solvent. Specifically, in the extraction step described later, water-insoluble lignin is added to the organic solvent, mixed, and then stirred. Shows the lignin contained in the liquid component when solid-liquid separated. Since the number average molecular weight of the organic solvent-soluble lignin is about 1000 or more and 3000 or less, it is presumed that the organic solvent-soluble lignin is insoluble in water while being soluble in the organic solvent.
- Organic solvent-insoluble lignin refers to lignin contained in a solid component when water-insoluble lignin is added to an organic solvent, mixed, stirred, and then solid-liquid separated in an extraction step described later. Since the organic solvent-insoluble lignin has a relatively large number average molecular weight of more than 3000 and 10000 or less, it is presumed that it is insoluble in water and organic solvents.
- the number average molecular weight of each lignin can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- sacharifying enzyme examples include cellulase that decomposes cellulose, hemicellulose that decomposes hemicellulose, and amylase that decomposes starch.
- the cellulase may be any cellulase that decomposes cellulose into monosaccharides such as glucose or oligosaccharides, for example, endoglucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and ⁇ -glucosidase ( ⁇ ).
- EG endoglucanase
- CBH cellobiohydrolase
- ⁇ ⁇ -glucosidase
- BGL has at least one activity of each activity, and an enzyme mixture having each of these activities is preferable from the viewpoint of enzyme activity.
- the hemicellulase may be any one that decomposes hemicellulose into monosaccharides such as xylose or oligosaccharides, and for example, at least one activity of each activity of xylanase, xylosidase, mannanase, galactosidase, glucuronidase, and arabinofuranosidase. From the viewpoint of enzyme activity, it is preferable that the enzyme mixture has each of these activities.
- saccharifying enzymes such as cellulase and hemicellulase is not limited, and for example, Trichoderma, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas.
- Saccharifying enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulase derived from microorganisms such as the genus Penicillium, Aeromonus, Irpex, Sporotichum, and Humicola can be used.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment includes the following steps. Pretreatment step of pretreating herbaceous biomass by dilute sulfuric acid steaming method; A saccharification step of enzymatically saccharifying the pretreated herbaceous biomass obtained in the pretreatment step; Solid-liquid separation step of solid-liquid separation of the saccharification treatment product obtained in the saccharification step to obtain a saccharification residue; Extraction step of adding an organic solvent to the saccharified residue to extract an organic solvent-soluble lignin
- the ⁇ -O-4 bond content, weight average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, and hydroxyl group content of the obtained organic solvent-soluble lignin in the pretreatment step are each within a predetermined range. As described above, the treatment intensity by the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method is controlled.
- the inventors have determined the treatment strength by the dilute sulfuric acid steaming method in the pretreatment step, the content of ⁇ -O-4 bond, the weight average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution, and the content of hydroxyl group.
- the present invention was developed by controlling the treatment intensity by the dilute sulfuric acid steaming method in the pretreatment step in order to obtain an organic solvent-soluble lignin whose characteristics are within a predetermined range. It came to be completed.
- the ⁇ -O-4 bond content of the organic solvent-soluble lignin obtained in the production method of the present embodiment can be expressed by the content of the thioacidrysis monomer of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the thioacidlysis method.
- the content of the thioacidrysis monomer is 95 ⁇ mol / g or more and 248 ⁇ mol / g or less, preferably 173 ⁇ mol / g or more and 248 ⁇ mol / g or less, and more preferably 201 ⁇ mol / g or more and 248 ⁇ mol / g or less. It is possible to produce an organic solvent-soluble lignin in the range of.
- the content of the thioacidlysis monomer can be quantified by the thioacidlysis method, and specifically, it can be measured by using the method shown in Examples described later.
- the weight average molecular weight of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method is in the range of 2400 or more and 4200 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight is the largest among the peaks of the chromatogram obtained by measuring the organic solvent-soluble lignin by the GPC method. It is a measured value of the weight average molecular weight of a certain peak.
- the weight average molecular weight can be quantified by the GPC method, and specifically, it can be measured by using the method shown in Examples described later.
- the production method of the present embodiment it is possible to produce an organic solvent-soluble lignin in which the molecular weight distribution of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the GPC method is in the range of 1.0 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight is the largest among the peaks of the chromatogram obtained by measuring the organic solvent-soluble lignin by the GPC method. It is a value obtained by dividing the measured value of the peak weight average molecular weight Mw by the measured value of the number average molecular weight Mn.
- the molecular weight distribution can be calculated by measuring the number average molecular weight Mn and the weight average molecular weight Mw by the GPC method and dividing the obtained weight average molecular weight Mw by the number average molecular weight Mn. Specifically, it can be calculated by using the method shown in Examples described later.
- the hydroxyl group of the organic solvent-soluble lignin examples include an alcoholic hydroxyl group bonded to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (including a modifying group of a sugar or a related compound) and a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group (phenol).
- Various hydroxyl groups such as (sexual hydroxyl group, etc.) and OH group at the end of the carboxy group can be mentioned.
- it may have many phenolic hydroxyl groups and alcoholic hydroxyl groups. preferable.
- the phenolic hydroxyl group also includes a hydroxyl group bonded to the benzene ring of syringyl and guaiacyl.
- the total content of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the alcoholic hydroxyl group of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-NMR method) by phosphorifying the hydroxyl group is 13 mmol /
- An organic solvent-soluble lignin in the range of g or more and 228 mmol / g or less can be produced.
- the phenolic hydroxyl group content of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-NMR method) by phosphorifying the hydroxyl group is 7 mmol / g or more and 32 mmol. It is possible to produce an organic solvent-soluble lignin having a range of / g or less and an alcoholic hydroxyl group content of 6 mmol / g or more and 196 mmol / g or less.
- an organic solvent-soluble lignin having a ⁇ -O-4 bond content, a weight average molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution, and a hydroxyl group content within the above ranges can be obtained.
- each step of the manufacturing method of the present embodiment will be described in detail below.
- pretreatment process In the pretreatment step, herbaceous biomass is pretreated by the dilute sulfuric acid steaming method.
- the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method is a method of heating and pressurizing in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid.
- the dilute sulfuric acid to be used can be added, for example, so that the pH of the pretreatment solution containing herbaceous biomass is about 0.8 or more and 6.7 or less.
- lignin undergoes a polycondensation reaction as well as a decomposition reaction, and its structure changes depending on the pretreatment conditions. Therefore, since the chemical structure and degree of shrinkage of lignin change depending on the pretreatment conditions, the water-soluble lignin and water-insoluble content contained in the liquid fraction (saccharified liquid) and solid fraction (saccharified residue) in the solid-liquid separation step.
- the proportion of lignin, as well as the proportion of organic solvent-soluble lignin and organic solvent-insoluble lignin contained in the liquid fraction (extract) and solid fraction (extraction residue) in the extraction step also changes.
- the strength of the pretreatment that is, the strength of decomposing lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose can be controlled by three parameters of temperature, time and pH. From this, the processing intensity can be evaluated by the CSI (Combined Severity Index) represented by the following formula (I) with the above three parameters as variables.
- the larger the CSI value the higher the decomposition strength of biomass tends to be, and the smaller the CSI value, the lower the decomposition strength of biomass tends to be.
- the CSI value is controlled so that the ⁇ -O-4 bond content, the weight average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution, and the hydroxyl group content of the organic solvent-soluble lignin are within the above ranges.
- the larger the CSI value the higher the decomposition strength of the biomass.
- the CSI value is too large, the ⁇ -O-4 bond content and the hydroxyl group content will be shown in Examples described later.
- the amount tends to decrease, the weight average molecular weight is relatively large, and the width of the molecular weight distribution tends to increase. This is because the ⁇ -O-4 bond decreases and the side chain increases as the decomposition strength of the biomass increases, the polycondensation reaction becomes more significant than the decomposition reaction and the molecular weight increases, and the modification progresses. It is presumed that this is due to the decrease in phenolic hydroxyl groups and alcoholic hydroxyl groups.
- the CSI value is set. In order to reduce the content of the thioacidrysis monomer, the CSI value is controlled to be large.
- the CSI value is controlled to be small, while the CSI value is controlled to be small.
- the CSI value is controlled to be large.
- the hydroxyl group content is within the desired range, for example, to increase the total content of phenolic hydroxyl groups and alcoholic hydroxyl groups of the organic solvent-soluble lignin quantified by the 31 P-NMR method by phosphorylating the hydroxyl groups.
- the CSI value is controlled to be large.
- the content of the thioacidrysis monomer is 95 ⁇ mol / g or more and 248 ⁇ mol / g or less
- the weight average molecular weight is 2400 or more and 4200 or less
- the molecular weight distribution is 1.0 or more and 2.0 or less
- the total content of phenolic hydroxyl groups and alcoholic hydroxyl groups is 13 mmol / g or more and 228 mmol / g or less (specifically, the content of phenolic hydroxyl groups is 7 mmol / g or more and 32 mmol / g or less, and alcoholic.
- the CSI is preferably 1.0 or more and 3.0 or less, more preferably 1.2 or more and 2.8 or less. It is preferable, 1.5 or more and 2.7 or less is more preferable, and 1.5 or more and 2.5 or less is particularly preferable.
- an organic solvent-soluble lignin having a ⁇ -O-4 bond content, a weight average molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution, and a hydroxyl group content within the above range can be produced.
- the pH is preferably 0.8 or more and less than 1.5, more preferably 0.8 or more and 1.4 or less, and 0.8. More than 1.2 or less is more preferable.
- the temperature can be, for example, 100 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower, 120 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower, and 150 ° C. or higher and 180 ° C. or lower.
- the time can be, for example, 3 minutes or more and 150 minutes or less, 5 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less, 7 minutes or more and 90 minutes or less, and 8 minutes or more and 40 minutes or less. ..
- the reaction vessel used in the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method is not particularly limited as long as it is a steam supply type, but has a heating pressure device such as an autoclave having acid resistance, or a heating pressure vessel having acid resistance, and further has a screw. It is conceivable that the feeders are integrated and put into a device or the like capable of continuous processing for processing.
- the biomass may be crushed using a mill or the like before and after the treatment by the dilute sulfuric acid steaming method.
- the saccharification reaction is carried out using an enzyme using cellulose and hemicellulose contained in the pretreated herbaceous biomass obtained in the pretreatment step as substrates.
- the enzyme referred to here is mainly a saccharifying enzyme, and those exemplified in the above “saccharifying enzyme” can be used.
- the saccharification temperature is preferably 45 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower, more preferably 45 ° C. or higher and 55 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 50 ° C.
- the saccharification time is preferably 12 hours or more and 120 hours or less, more preferably 24 hours or more and 96 hours or less, and further preferably 24 hours or more and 72 hours or less.
- the saccharification step is not particularly limited and can be carried out using a known saccharification apparatus. Specific examples thereof include saccharification devices such as a stirring type, a ventilation stirring type, a bubble tower type, a fluidized bed type, and a packed bed type. Further, the saccharification device may be provided with a temperature control device such as a hot water circulation type jacket on the outside of the device in order to keep the temperature inside the device constant.
- a temperature control device such as a hot water circulation type jacket on the outside of the device in order to keep the temperature inside the device constant.
- Solid-liquid separation process the saccharification treatment product obtained in the saccharification step is solid-liquid separated and separated into a saccharification solution which is a liquid fraction and a saccharification residue which is a solid fraction to obtain a saccharification residue.
- This saccharified residue contains water-insoluble lignin.
- a method for solid-liquid separation a known method for separating solid content and liquid content can be used.
- a method of filtering with a filter, a vibrating sieve or the like, a centrifugal separation method, a separation method using a screw press, or the like can be used. These are, but are not limited to.
- the saccharified solution obtained in the solid-liquid separation step may be refined by removing impurities from the saccharified solution and sold as molasses, or the saccharified solution may be used to produce useful components produced by microbial fermentation. You may. Details of the useful ingredient will be described later.
- extraction process an organic solvent is added to the saccharified residue obtained in the solid-liquid separation step to extract the organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- the organic solvent one having an affinity for water (hydrophilicity) is preferable.
- the solubility in water at 20 ° C. is preferably 90 g / L or more, more preferably 100 g / L or more, still more preferably 120 g / L or more.
- the organic solvent preferably has an SP value of 8 or more and 23 or less, more preferably 8 or more and 16 or less, and further preferably 9 or more and 15 or less, from the viewpoint of improving the extraction rate of the organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- the "SP value” means a solubility parameter (SP value), and the method of Fedors (Reference 1: “Fedors RF," A Method for Estimating Both the Solubility Parameters and Molar Volumes “. of liquids ”, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, p147-154, 1974.”), and the value ⁇ [(cal / cm 3 ) 1 / 2 ], which is obtained from the square root of the ratio of the total evaporation energy ( ⁇ ei) of the atom or atomic group of the chemical structure of the compound to the total molar volume ( ⁇ vi).
- organic solvent examples include alcohols, nitriles, ethers, and ketones. These organic solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alcohols examples include methanol, ethanol, diethylene glycol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, t-butyl alcohol and the like.
- nitriles examples include acetonitrile and the like.
- ethers examples include dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the like.
- ketones include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and the like.
- organic solvent methanol, ethanol, THF, or acetone is preferable, and acetone is more preferable, because the extraction rate of the organic solvent-soluble lignin is excellent. Since these organic solvents have low solubility of biomass saccharified products such as glucose and xylose and do not dissolve cellulose, hemicellulose, etc., lignin can be efficiently extracted.
- a mixed solvent of an organic solvent and water can be used.
- the ratio of water to the organic solvent is preferably more than 0/100 and 40/60 or less, more preferably 10/90 or more and 40/60 or less, and further preferably 20/80 or more and 40/60 or less in terms of mass ratio. When the ratio is within the above range, the organic solvent-soluble lignin can be extracted more efficiently.
- the water when a mixed solvent of an organic solvent and water is used, the water also contains water contained in the saccharified residue.
- an organic solvent preferably acetone or ethanol
- the extraction can be carried out under the conditions within the above range, which is the ratio of water to the organic solvent.
- the saccharified residue and the organic solvent are mixed and stirred to dissolve the organic solvent-soluble lignin in the organic solvent.
- the extraction step can be performed using, for example, a known extraction device such as a rotocell type extraction device.
- the amount of the solvent (organic solvent or mixed solvent of organic solvent and water) added can be 2 times or more and 40 times or less in terms of mass ratio with respect to the dry mass of the saccharified residue, and can be 2 times or more and 30 times or less. It can be 2 times or more and 20 times or less, and can be 5 times or more and 15 times or less, and is not limited to this.
- the extraction time (time for mixing and stirring the saccharified residue and the organic solvent) can be, for example, 30 minutes or more and 240 minutes or less, and is not limited thereto.
- the temperature condition until the organic solvent-soluble lignin is dissolved in the organic solvent and the extract is obtained can be carried out under mild temperature conditions equal to or lower than the boiling point of the organic solvent used, for example, room temperature ( Specifically, it can be carried out under the condition of 15 ° C. or higher and 35 ° C. or lower). Other conditions such as the stirring speed can be appropriately set according to the mixing amount of the saccharified residue and the organic solvent.
- an extract containing an organic solvent-soluble lignin can be obtained.
- the solid-liquid separation method include the same methods as those exemplified in the above-mentioned “solid-liquid separation step”.
- the organic solvent-soluble lignin contained in the extract can be obtained as a powdery organic solvent-soluble lignin by removing the organic solvent by a known method such as using a distillation column or the like. At this time, it is preferable that the removed organic solvent is cooled, concentrated, recovered by using a condenser such as a capacitor, and reused.
- the production method of the present embodiment may further include other steps in addition to the above steps.
- the production method of the present embodiment may further include a fermentation step after the saccharification step.
- a fermentation step microorganisms are added to the saccharified solution obtained in the saccharification step, and the fermentation reaction is carried out with stirring.
- the fermentation reaction when microorganisms ingest monosaccharides such as glucose and xylose and oligosaccharides in the saccharified solution, useful components different from organic solvent-soluble lignin are produced.
- the production method of the present embodiment may further include a fermentation step after the saccharification step and before the solid-liquid separation step.
- the fermentation step microorganisms are added to the saccharified products (saccharified liquid and saccharified residue) obtained in the saccharification step, and the fermentation reaction is carried out with stirring.
- the solid-liquid separation step the fermentation product obtained in the fermentation step is solid-liquid separated to obtain a fermentation residue.
- an organic solvent is added to the fermentation residue to extract the organic solvent-soluble lignin. Deterioration of the structure of lignin (change in chemical structure and degree of polycondensation) is hardly affected except in the above pretreatment step, and lignin is persistently decomposed.
- the physical properties and yield of the obtained organic solvent-soluble lignin do not change even after the fermentation step and the purification step described later, and the fermentation residue separated from the fermentation product obtained after the fermentation step and after the purification step.
- the solid residue separated from the obtained waste liquid can be used as a raw material for extraction of the organic solvent-soluble lignin in the same manner as the saccharified residue.
- the microorganism used in the fermentation step is not particularly limited as long as it can produce a useful component different from the target organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- Specific examples thereof include yeast and bacteria, and genetically modified microorganisms are also preferably used.
- Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms that do not have the enzyme genes required for conversion to useful components different from the target organic solvent-soluble lignin such as alcohol, and these genes are introduced by genetic engineering technology into alcohol and the like. It enables the production of useful components different from the target organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- Examples of the genetically modified microorganism include recombinant Escherichia coli having alcohol fermentability. Among them, yeast is preferable as the microorganism used in the production method of the present embodiment.
- the culture solution containing the microorganism may be used as it is, or the culture solution containing the microorganism may be concentrated by centrifugation, or may be appropriately used.
- the amount of microorganisms used may be calculated based on the growth rate of microorganisms, the size of the fermentation apparatus, the amount of saccharified solution used for fermentation, and the like.
- the fermentation step it is preferable to ferment the saccharification product using yeast as a microorganism to produce alcohol such as ethanol as a useful component different from the organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- the fermentation step may be appropriately performed based on the prior art.
- the fermentation temperature is preferably 25 ° C. or higher and 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably 28 ° C. or higher and 35 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 32 ° C.
- the fermentation time is preferably 24 hours or more and 120 hours or less, more preferably 24 hours or more and 96 hours or less, and further preferably 24 hours or more and 72 hours or less.
- the fermentation step is not particularly limited and can be carried out using a known fermentation apparatus. Specific examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a stirring type, a ventilation stirring type, a bubble tower type, a fluidized bed type, a packed bed type and the like. Further, the fermentation apparatus may be provided with a temperature control device such as a hot water circulation type jacket on the outside of the apparatus in order to keep the temperature inside the apparatus constant.
- a temperature control device such as a hot water circulation type jacket on the outside of the apparatus in order to keep the temperature inside the apparatus constant.
- the production method of the present embodiment may further include a purification step after the fermentation step.
- a purification step useful components different from the organic solvent-soluble lignin are extracted from the fermentation product obtained in the fermentation step.
- the production method of the present embodiment may further include a purification step after the fermentation step and before the solid-liquid separation step.
- a useful component different from the organic solvent-soluble lignin is extracted from the fermentation product obtained in the fermentation step.
- the waste liquid is discharged after the useful components different from the organic solvent-soluble lignin are taken out.
- the waste liquid contains water-soluble lignin and water-insoluble lignin.
- the solid-liquid separation step the waste liquid obtained in the purification step is solid-liquid separated to obtain a solid residue in the waste liquid.
- an organic solvent is added to the solid residue to extract the organic solvent-soluble lignin.
- the useful component different from the organic solvent-soluble lignin means a compound produced by ingesting monosaccharides and oligosaccharides obtained by decomposing herbaceous biomass by microorganisms such as yeast.
- useful components include alcohols such as ethanol, butanol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and glycerol; pyruvic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, inosinic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and the like.
- the compound obtained by fermentation is a monomer such as lactic acid, it may be converted into a polymer by polymerization.
- ethanol is preferable as a useful component produced in the above-mentioned fermentation step.
- the purification method includes, for example, a method of distilling the fermentation broth (distillation method).
- the herbaceous biomass compound is an amino acid
- an ion exchange method a method for adsorbing and removing foreign substances using activated carbon, and the like can be mentioned.
- yeast is used as a microorganism to ferment the saccharification product to produce alcohol such as ethanol as a useful component, and then in the purification step, alcohol such as ethanol is produced from the fermentation product by a distillation method. It is preferable to take it out.
- an epoxy resin can be obtained by subjecting an organic solvent-soluble lignin to an addition reaction of epichlorogenohydrin (for example, epichlorohydrin or the like).
- a urethane resin can be obtained by reacting an organic solvent-soluble lignin with an isocyanate compound.
- a phenol resin can be obtained by performing a curing reaction of an organic solvent-soluble lignin using hexamine as a curing agent.
- organic solvent-soluble lignin contains an aromatic skeleton, it can be used as a raw material having excellent mechanical properties such as fire resistance, heat resistance, and hardness, and the above-mentioned various resins can be used as electric substrate materials, heat-resistant plastic materials, and the like. can do.
- the organic solvent-soluble lignin since the organic solvent-soluble lignin has excellent dispersibility, it can be used as a surfactant, for example, by modifying the organic solvent-soluble lignin to introduce a long-chain hydrocarbon group or the like.
- the organic solvent-soluble lignin obtained by the production method of the present embodiment has a ⁇ -O-4 bond content, a weight average molecular weight and a molecular weight distribution, and a hydroxyl group content within a predetermined range. Yes, it is possible to provide a lignin that can meet the above specifications.
- Example 1 (Examination of conditions for dilute sulfuric acid cooking method) Using napier grass, which is a herbaceous biomass, a dilute sulfuric acid cooking method was carried out under each condition shown in Table 1. Specifically, the treatment by the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method was carried out by adding dilute sulfuric acid to the napier glass so as to have the following pH conditions, and then using a steam supply type pressurized pretreatment apparatus.
- CSI combined Safety Index
- I temperature, pH, and treatment time, which are parameters of the conditions of the dilute sulfuric acid cooking method, as variables.
- the napier grass pretreated under each of the above conditions was saccharified by adding saccharifying enzymes (cellulase and hemicellulase) to obtain a saccharified product.
- saccharifying enzymes cellulase and hemicellulase
- the obtained saccharification product was filtered to obtain a saccharification residue.
- (1) Content of ⁇ -O-4 bond The content of ⁇ -O-4 bond in the organic solvent-soluble lignin was measured by using the thioacidlysis method.
- a decomposition product containing a thioacidrysis monomer composed of syringyl and guaiacyl is produced by cleaving the ⁇ -O-4 bond, and by analyzing the decomposition product, ⁇ -O- contained in lignin is produced.
- Quantify 4 bonds That is, the content of the thioacidrysis monomer is quantified as the content of ⁇ -O-4 bond.
- a pyridine solution of N, O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was added to the concentrate as a silylating agent, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes or more and 60 minutes or less to prepare a derivatized sample.
- the derivatized sample was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) under the measurement conditions shown below, and the content of the thioacidrysis monomer composed of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) was calculated.
- GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- FIG. 1 “thioacidrysis S + G” is the content ( ⁇ mol / g) of the thioacidlysis monomer composed of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G).
- FIG. 2A is a gel permeation chromatograph of organic solvent-soluble lignin obtained using napier glass pretreated under the conditions of CSI of 1.27, 1.87, 2.36, 2.66 and 2.95. It is a chromatogram obtained by measuring by the method.
- the weight average molecular weight Mw, the number average molecular weight Mn, and the molecular weight distribution Mw / Mn at each peak of each chromatogram shown in FIG. 2A are shown in Table 2 below.
- FIG. 2B is a graph showing the measured values of the weight average molecular weight of the peak having the largest weight average molecular weight (peak 1 in Table 2 above) among the peaks of the chromatogram shown in FIG. 2A.
- the weight average molecular weight increases, the width of the molecular weight distribution increases, and the weight average molecular weight of the entire organic solvent-soluble lignin is about 200 or less, which is a low molecular weight organic solvent.
- the proportion of soluble lignin was a tendency for the proportion of soluble lignin to decrease.
- the measured value of the weight average molecular weight of the peak having the maximum weight average molecular weight Mw among the peaks of the chromatogram shown in FIG. 2A is 2453 or more and 4151 or less.
- the molecular weight distribution Mw / Mn was 1.32 or more and 1.86 or less.
- organic solvent-soluble lignin obtained using napier grass pretreated under the conditions of CSI of 1.27, 1.57, 2.36 and 2.95 was used.
- the content of hydroxyl groups in the organic solvent-soluble lignin was quantified by phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-NMR method) after phosphorylation of the hydroxyl groups.
- organic solvent-soluble lignin 25 mg
- 2-Chromium4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane 115 mg (100 ⁇ L: excess amount)
- Measuring device JEOL JNM-LA400MK Observation frequency: 400MHz Number of integrations: 409 6 times Measurement temperature: 16 ° C (room temperature) Solvent used: Pyridine / deuterated chloroform mixture (mass ratio 8: 5)
- the content of (including hydroxyl groups) was 7.03 mmol / g or more and 31.24 mmol / g or less.
- the content of alcoholic hydroxyl groups was 6.04 mmol / g or more and 195.7 mmol / g or less. From these facts, it was suggested that the control of CSI is effective for obtaining the organic solvent-soluble lignin in which the content of hydroxyl groups, particularly the total content of phenolic hydroxyl groups and alcoholic hydroxyl groups, is in a specific range.
- an organic solvent-soluble lignin having specific properties can be produced.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2019年9月11日に、日本に出願された特願2019-165546号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
(1) 草本系バイオマスを希硫酸蒸解法により前処理する前処理工程と、
前記前処理工程で得られた前処理済み草本系バイオマスを酵素により糖化処理する糖化工程と、
前記糖化工程で得られた糖化処理生成物を固液分離して糖化残渣を得る固液分離工程と、
前記糖化残渣に有機溶媒を添加して有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを抽出する抽出工程と、
を含み、
前記前処理工程において、得られる有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのβ-O-4結合の含有量、重量平均分子量及び分子量分布、並びに、水酸基の含有量がそれぞれ所定の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(2) 前記前処理工程において、前記β-O-4結合の含有量としてチオアシドリシス法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのチオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量が95μmol/g以上248μmol/g以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、(1)に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(3) 前記前処理工程において、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフ法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量が2400以上4200以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、(1)に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(4) 前記前処理工程において、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフ法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの分子量分布が1.0以上2.0以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、(1)に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(5) 前記前処理工程において、前記水酸基の含有量として水酸基をリン化してリン31核磁気共鳴分光法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのフェノール性水酸基の含有量が7mmol/g以上32mmol/g以下の範囲であり、且つ、アルコール性水酸基の含有量が6mmol/g以上196mmol/g以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、請求項1に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(6) 前記前処理工程において、前記希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度が下記式(I)で表されるCSIで1.0以上3.0以下である、(1)~(4)のいずれか一つに記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(8) 前記前処理工程において、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量及び分子量分布を減少させるために前記CSIが1.0に近づくように制御し、一方、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量及び分子量分布を増加させるために前記CSIが3.0に近づくように制御する、(6)に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
(9) 前記前処理工程において、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの水酸基の含有量を増加させるために前記CSIが1.0に近づくように制御し、一方、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの水酸基の含有量を減少させるために前記CSIが3.0に近づくように制御する、(6)に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
本実施形態の製造方法では、原料として草本系バイオマスを用いる。また草本系バイオマスの代わりに、草本系バイオマス中のセルロース及びヘミセルロースからバイオエタノール、バイオブタノール又はバイオ化学品等を製造する過程で発生した残渣を用いてもよい。原料として用いられる草本系バイオマスは、粉砕されたものを用いることができ、また、ブロック、チップ、粉末等、いずれの形状でもよい。なお、以降において草本系バイオマスを単に「バイオマス」と称する場合がある。
本明細書において、「セルロース」には、6つの炭素を構成単位とする六炭糖が含まれる。よって、セルロースは加水分解を受けると、炭素6つからなる六炭糖の単糖(グルコース等)やその単糖が複数個連結された六炭糖のオリゴ糖(例えば、セロビオース等)を生ずる。
一般に、リグニンは、草本系バイオマスの3大主成分の一つの天然高分子である。草本系バイオマスの中でもバガスには、5質量%以上30質量%以下のリグニンが含まれる。
本明細書において、「糖化酵素」としては、セルロースを分解するセルラーゼ、ヘミセルロースを分解するヘミセルラーゼ、デンプンを分解するアミラーゼ等が挙げられる。
本実施形態の製造方法は、以下の工程を含む。
草本系バイオマスを希硫酸蒸解法により前処理する前処理工程;
前記前処理工程で得られた前処理済み草本系バイオマスを酵素により糖化処理する糖化工程;
前記糖化工程で得られた糖化処理生成物を固液分離して糖化残渣を得る固液分離工程;
前記糖化残渣に有機溶媒を添加して有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを抽出する抽出工程
本実施形態の製造方法では、水酸基をリン化してリン31核磁気共鳴分光法(31P-NMR法)により定量された有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのフェノール性水酸基及びアルコール性水酸基の合計含有量が13mmol/g以上228mmol/g以下の範囲である有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを製造することができる。
また、本実施形態の製造方法では、水酸基をリン化してリン31核磁気共鳴分光法(31P-NMR法)により定量された有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのフェノール性水酸基の含有量が7mmol/g以上32mmol/g以下の範囲であり、且つ、アルコール性水酸基の含有量が6mmol/g以上196mmol/g以下の範囲である有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを製造することができる。
次いで、本実施形態の製造方法の各工程について、以下に詳細を説明する。
前処理工程では、草本系バイオマスを希硫酸蒸解法により前処理する。
糖化工程では、前処理工程で得られた前処理済み草本系バイオマスに含まれるセルロース及びヘミセルロースを基質として、酵素を用いて、糖化反応を行う。
また、糖化装置は、装置内の温度を一定に保つために、装置の外側に温水循環式のジャケット等の温度調節装置を備えてもよい。
固液分離工程では、糖化工程で得られた糖化処理生成物を固液分離して、液体分画である糖化液と固体分画である糖化残渣とに分けることで、糖化残渣を得る。この糖化残渣には、水不溶性リグニンが含まれる。
抽出工程では、固液分離工程で得られた糖化残渣に有機溶媒を添加して、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを抽出する。
このとき、除去された有機溶媒は、コンデンサ等の凝縮器を用いて冷却濃縮して回収し、再利用することが好ましい。
本実施形態の製造方法は、上記工程に加えて、更に、その他の工程を含んでもよい。
発酵工程では、糖化工程で得られた糖化液に微生物を添加し、攪拌ながら発酵反応を行う。発酵反応において、微生物が糖化液中のグルコースやキシロース等の単糖やオリゴ糖を摂取することで、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンとは異なる有用成分が生成される。
リグニンの構造の変質(化学構造や縮重合度の変化)は上記前処理工程以外ではほとんど影響を受けず、リグニンは難分解性を示す。そのため、発酵工程や後述する精製工程を経ても、得られる有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの物性や収量はほとんど変化しないものと推察され、発酵工程後に得られる発酵生成物から分離された発酵残渣や精製工程後に得られる廃液から分離された固形残渣を、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの抽出対象原料として上記糖化残渣と同様に用いることができる。
使用する微生物の量は、微生物の増殖速度、発酵装置の大きさ、及び発酵に用いる糖化液の量等を元に算出すればよい。
また、発酵装置は装置内の温度を一定に保つために、装置の外側に温水循環式のジャケット等の温度調節装置を備えていてもよい。
精製工程では、発酵工程で得られた発酵生成物から有機溶媒可溶性リグニンとは異なる有用成分を取り出す。
本実施形態の製造方法で得られた有機溶媒可溶性リグニンは、フェノール性水酸基を有するため、各種修飾を施すことができる。例えば、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンにエピハロゲノヒドリン(例えば、エピクロロヒドリン等)を付加反応させることでエポキシ樹脂が得られる。また、例えば、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンとイソシアネート化合物と反応させることで、ウレタン樹脂が得られる。また、例えば、ヘキサミンを硬化剤として用いて有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの硬化反応を行なうことで、フェノール樹脂が得られる。有機溶媒可溶性リグニンは芳香族骨格を含むことから、耐火性、耐熱性、硬度等の機械的物性に優れた原料とすることができ、上記各種樹脂は、電気基板材料や耐熱プラスチック材料等として利用することができる。或いは、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンは分散性に優れることから、例えば、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンに長鎖炭化水素基等を導入させる修飾を施すことで、界面活性剤として利用することもできる。
(希硫酸蒸解法の条件検討)
草本系バイオマスであるネピアグラスを用いて、表1に示す各条件で希硫酸蒸解法を行なった。具体的には、希硫酸蒸解法のよる処理は、ネピアグラスに以下のpH条件となるように希硫酸を添加した後、水蒸気供給型加圧式前処理装置を用いて行なった。
次いで、上記プロセスで得られた糖化残渣を乾燥させて糖化残渣乾燥物を得た。この糖化残渣乾燥物を用いて、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの抽出を行なった。
まず、糖化残渣乾燥物1gを、アセトン40mL(31.1g)に添加し、室温(20℃)下で、30分間攪拌した後、遠心分離機を用いて固液分離し、抽出液と抽出残渣とを得た。抽出液及び抽出残渣をそれぞれ乾燥させて、抽出液乾燥物及び抽出残渣乾燥物を得た。
上記抽出液乾燥物に含まれる有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの各種物性を調べた。
有機溶媒可溶性リグニン中のβ-O-4結合の含有量は、チオアシドリシス法を用いて測定した。チオアシドリシス法では、β-O-4結合を開裂させることでシリンギル及びグアイアシルからなるチオアシドリシスモノマーを含む分解物が生成され、その分解物の分析を行うことで、リグニンに含まれるβ-O-4結合を定量する。すなわち、β-O-4結合の含有量として、チオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量を定量する。具体的には、まず、各サンプル5mgをジオキサン/エタンチオール(9:1)溶液に添加し、100℃で4時間加熱処理した。次いで、加熱処理後の溶液を炭酸水素ナトリウムで中和し、塩酸を加えて、塩化ナトリウムを沈殿させて、ろ過し、脱ナトリウム処理を行なった。ろ液に塩化メチレンを加えて、塩化メチレン相にモノマーを抽出した。得られた抽出液を濃縮した。濃縮液にシリル化剤としてN,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide(BSTFA)のピリジン溶液を添加し、室温で30分以上60分以下程度攪拌して、誘導体化したサンプルを調製した。誘導体化したサンプルを以下に示す測定条件のガスクロマトグラフィー-質量分析(GC-MS)により測定して、シリンギル(S)及びグアイアシル(G)からなるチオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量を算出した。結果を図1に示す。図1において、「チオアシドリシス S+G」とは、シリンギル(S)及びグアイアシル(G)からなるチオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量(μmol/g)である。
GC/MS装置:Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010SE
カラム:DB-5MS column(30m×0.25mm、id、0.25μm膜厚)
カラム温度:170℃、3min、2℃/minで280℃まで昇温後30min保持
カラム流量:1.0mL/min
注入口温度:250℃
注入法:スプリット法
イオン源温度:200℃
インターフェイス温度:250℃
イオン化法:EI
試料量:1.0μL
また、CSIが1.27以上2.95以下の範囲において、β-O-4結合の含有量としてチオアシドリシス法により定量された有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのチオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量は95μmol/g以上248μmol/g以下であった。
これらのことから、チオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量、すなわち、β-O-4結合の含有量が特定の範囲である有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを得るために、CSIの制御が有効であることが示唆された。
試料として、CSIが1.27、1.87、2.36、2.66及び2.95の条件下で前処理したネピアグラスを用いて得られた有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを用いた。有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量Mw及び数平均分子量Mnを、以下に示す測定条件のGPCにより測定した。得られた数平均分子量Mnで重量平均分子量Mwを除することで、分子量分布Mw/Mnを得た。
装置:Shimadzu Prominenceシステム
カラム:東ソー社製、TSKgel Supermultipore HZ-M 4.6mm×150mm 3連
キャリア:テトラヒドロフラン(THF、安定剤不含)
検出方法:UV 280nm、吸光
試料濃度:4mg/mL
流出量:0.35mL/min
カラム温度:40℃
これらのことから、重量平均分子量及び分子量分布が特定の範囲である有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを得るために、CSIの制御が有効であることが示唆された。
試料として、CSIが1.27、1.57、2.36及び2.95の条件下で前処理したネピアグラスを用いて得られた有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを用いた。有機溶媒可溶性リグニン中の水酸基の含有量は、水酸基をリン化した後、リン31核磁気共鳴分光法(31P-NMR法)により定量した。具体的には、有機溶媒可溶性リグニン:25mgに、2-Chloro4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane:115mg(100μL:過剰量)、並びにTris(2,4-pentanedionato)-chromium(III):0.5mg、また内標としてN-Hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide:1.14mgを添加し、25℃(室温)で180分間反応させた。得られた反応液を試料として、31P-NMRに供した。31P-NMRの測定条件は以下のとおりである。31P-NMRにより定量された水酸基のうち、フェノール性水酸基(シリンギル及びグアイアシルのベンゼン環に結合している水酸基も含む)及びアルコール性水酸基の各含有量、並びに、それら水酸基の合計含有量を算出した。結果を表3及び図3に示す。
測定装置:JEOL JNM-LA400MK
観測周波数:400MHz
積算回数:4096回
測定温度:16℃(室温)
使用溶媒:ピリジン・重クロロホルム混合液(質量比率8:5)
また、CSIが1.27以上2.95以下の範囲において、水酸基の含有量として31P-NMR法により定量された有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのフェノール性水酸基(シリンギル及びグアイアシルのベンゼン環に結合している水酸基も含む)の含有量は7.03mmol/g以上31.24mmol/g以下であった。また、アルコール性水酸基の含有量は6.04mmol/g以上195.7mmol/g以下であった。
これらのことから、水酸基の含有量、特に、フェノール性水酸基及びアルコール性水酸基の合計含有量が特定の範囲である有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを得るためにCSIの制御が有効であることが示唆された。
Claims (9)
- 草本系バイオマスを希硫酸蒸解法により前処理する前処理工程と、
前記前処理工程で得られた前処理済み草本系バイオマスを酵素により糖化処理する糖化工程と、
前記糖化工程で得られた糖化処理生成物を固液分離して糖化残渣を得る固液分離工程と、
前記糖化残渣に有機溶媒を添加して有機溶媒可溶性リグニンを抽出する抽出工程と、
を含み、
前記前処理工程において、得られる有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのβ-O-4結合の含有量、重量平均分子量及び分子量分布、並びに、水酸基の含有量がそれぞれ所定の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。 - 前記前処理工程において、前記β-O-4結合の含有量としてチオアシドリシス法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのチオアシドリシスモノマーの含有量が95μmol/g以上248μmol/g以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、請求項1に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
- 前記前処理工程において、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフ法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量が2400以上4200以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、請求項1に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
- 前記前処理工程において、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフ法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの分子量分布が1.0以上2.0以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、請求項1に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
- 前記前処理工程において、前記水酸基の含有量として水酸基をリン化してリン31核磁気共鳴分光法により定量された前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのフェノール性水酸基の含有量が7mmol/g以上32mmol/g以下の範囲であり、且つ、アルコール性水酸基の含有量が6mmol/g以上196mmol/g以下の範囲となるように、希硫酸蒸解法による処理強度を制御する、請求項1に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
- 前記前処理工程において、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのβ-O-4結合の含有量を増加させるために前記CSIが1.0に近づくように制御し、一方、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンのβ-O-4結合の含有量を減少させるために前記CSIが3.0に近づくように制御する、請求項6に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
- 前記前処理工程において、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量及び分子量分布を減少させるために前記CSIが1.0に近づくように制御し、一方、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの重量平均分子量及び分子量分布を増加させるために前記CSIが3.0に近づくように制御する、請求項6に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
- 前記前処理工程において、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの水酸基の含有量を増加させるために前記CSIが1.0に近づくように制御し、一方、前記有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの水酸基の含有量を減少させるために前記CSIが3.0に近づくように制御する、請求項6に記載の有機溶媒可溶性リグニンの製造方法。
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| US20160273011A1 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2016-09-22 | Iogen Corporation | Process for hydrolyzing a pretreated feedstock and recovering lignin |
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| US20160273011A1 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2016-09-22 | Iogen Corporation | Process for hydrolyzing a pretreated feedstock and recovering lignin |
| JP2015157792A (ja) * | 2014-02-25 | 2015-09-03 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | リグニン分解物の製造方法 |
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| Title |
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| YUAN, S. ET AL.: "An optimum combined severity factor improves both the enzymatic saccharification yield and the functional lignin structure", CELLUL O SE, vol. 26, - 23 April 2019 (2019-04-23), pages 4731 - 4742, XP036774996, DOI: 10.1007/s10570-019-02442-9 * |
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