WO2020230825A1 - 蓄電デバイス用セパレータ及び蓄電デバイス - Google Patents
蓄電デバイス用セパレータ及び蓄電デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020230825A1 WO2020230825A1 PCT/JP2020/019143 JP2020019143W WO2020230825A1 WO 2020230825 A1 WO2020230825 A1 WO 2020230825A1 JP 2020019143 W JP2020019143 W JP 2020019143W WO 2020230825 A1 WO2020230825 A1 WO 2020230825A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/451—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/56—Solid electrolytes, e.g. gels; Additives therein
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
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- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/443—Particulate material
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separator for a power storage device used for a power generation element of a power storage device (hereinafter, also simply referred to as "battery”), and further relates to a battery using the separator, a vehicle using the separator, and a battery-mounted device.
- a power generation element in which a battery separator is interposed between a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate is impregnated with an electrolytic solution.
- an electrolytic solution In these power storage devices, under conditions such as charging the device with a relatively large current at a relatively low temperature, lithium (Li) is precipitated on the negative electrode plate, and metallic Li is dendrite (dendritic crystal) from the negative electrode plate. ) May grow. If such dendrites continue to grow, they may break through or penetrate the separator to reach the positive electrode plate, or approach the positive electrode plate, causing a problem that the dendrite itself becomes a path and causes a short circuit. There is.
- the highly reactive metal Li may be present in a state where it does not conduct with the negative electrode plate.
- the highly reactive metal Li reacts, which tends to lead to a problem that heat is further generated, and also causes deterioration of the capacity of the battery.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 the growth of dendrite can be suppressed by forming a layer of a compound capable of occluding Li in a power storage device provided with a positive electrode and a separator. Is described.
- the separators described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 are insufficient to suppress the growth of dendrites, and it is difficult to achieve both the output characteristics and the cycle characteristics of the power storage device. Further, for the separators described in Patent Documents 1 to 3, not only the safety of a power storage device such as a nail piercing test and an overcharge test, but also the cycle characteristics when a lithium (Li) metal negative electrode is used have not been examined yet. There is room for. Therefore, the present invention is a separator for a power storage device capable of efficiently suppressing dendrites and improving safety as well as improving cycle characteristics when a Li metal negative electrode is used, and power storage including the separator. The purpose is to provide a device.
- a separator for a power storage device which comprises an active layer having a lithium (Li) occlusion material, has an electrical resistivity in the plane direction of the active layer of 100,000 ⁇ cm or more, and has an air permeability of 650 s / 100 ml or less.
- the separator for a power storage device according to item 1 which has at least one insulating layer containing no Li storage material, and the active layer is supported on the insulating layer.
- the power storage device separator is a laminated separator for a power storage device having the active layer and the first and second insulating layers (I, II) containing no Li storage material, and the active layer is the active layer.
- the separator for a power storage device according to item 2 which is sandwiched between the first insulating layer (I) and the second insulating layer (II).
- the separator for a power storage device according to item 2 or 3 wherein the surface average number of holes in at least one layer of the insulating layer is 15 / ⁇ m 2 or more.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the contact angle of both surface layers with respect to propylene carbonate is 1 ° or more and 60 ° or less.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of Items 2 to 8, wherein the constituent material of the at least one insulating layer contains a thermoplastic resin as a main component.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of Items 2 to 9, wherein the constituent material of the at least one insulating layer contains polyolefin as a main component.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of Items 1 to 10, wherein the water content of the separator for a power storage device is 0.1 ppm or more and 2000 ppm or less.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of items 2 to 11, wherein at least one layer of the insulating layer contains inorganic particles.
- the shape of the inorganic particles is at least one selected from the group consisting of scaly, plate-shaped, and block-shaped.
- the separator for a power storage device according to item 12 or 13, wherein the inorganic particles are at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide oxide, aluminum silicate, barium sulfate and zirconia.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of Items 2 to 14, wherein the average particle size of the Li storage material is 1.5 to 50.0 times the average pore diameter of the insulating layer.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of Items 1 to 15, wherein the Li storage material is particles, and the average particle size of the Li storage material is 0.01 ⁇ m to 5.00 ⁇ m.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of Items 2 to 18, wherein the average number of holes in at least one layer of the insulating layer is 300 / ⁇ m 2 or less.
- the separator for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 19, wherein the separator for a power storage device has an air permeability of 30 s / 100 ml or more.
- a power storage device including a positive electrode, a separator for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 20, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- a positive electrode, a separator for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 20, a negative electrode, and a lithium (Li) ion conductive medium, and the lithium (Li) ion Li conductive medium is in the form of a gel or A storage device that is solid.
- a power storage device arranged so as to be in contact with at least a part of the negative electrode surface.
- the power storage device according to any one of items 21 to 23, wherein the potential of the negative electrode at the time of charging is 1.5 V (vsLi + / Li) or less.
- the power storage device which is a lithium battery or a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present invention it is possible not only to efficiently suppress dendrites and improve safety, but also to remarkably improve the cycle characteristics when a lithium (Li) metal negative electrode is used.
- the present embodiment will be described in detail, but the present invention is not limited to the present embodiment.
- the upper limit value and the lower limit value of each numerical range can be arbitrarily combined. Further, the measurement of each numerical value can be performed according to the method described in the examples unless otherwise specified.
- the energy storage device separator (hereinafter, referred to as “separator”) according to the present embodiment has a material (A) capable of storing lithium (Li) (hereinafter, also referred to as “Li storage material”) and has a surface.
- direction of the electric resistivity includes an active layer is 10 5 ⁇ cm (100,000 ⁇ cm) above, and the air permeability of the separator is less than 650s / 100 ml.
- the material (A) in the active layer efficiently suppresses the growth of dendrites while ensuring ion permeability, contributes to the safety of the power storage device, and has an air permeability of 650 s / 100 ml or less.
- the electric resistivity of the surface direction of the active layer is preferably 10 6 [Omega] cm or higher, more or preferably 10 7 [Omega] cm or higher, better higher than no upper limit in the surface direction of the electric resistivity of the active layer
- the phenomenon of trapping Li ions derived from the positive electrode during charging tends to be suppressed.
- the air permeability of the separator is preferably 600 s / 100 ml or less, 550 s / 100 ml or less, 500 s / 100 ml or less, 450 s / from the viewpoint of electrical characteristics or cycle characteristics in both the single-layer structure and the multi-layer structure. It is 100 ml or less, 400 s / 100 ml or less, and further 300 s / 100 ml or less, and from the viewpoint of strength or safety, preferably 30 s / 100 ml or more, 100 s / 100 ml or more, 120 s / 100 ml or more, 140 s / 100 ml or more, or It is 160 s / 100 ml or more.
- the separator may contain a resin, an inorganic filler, an organic filler, or the like, in addition to the material (A) capable of occluding lithium (Li).
- the structure of the separator according to the present embodiment can be a single layer or a laminated structure.
- the single layer separator is made of a base material such as a microporous polyolefin membrane
- the laminated separator includes a base material and at least one layer laminated on the base material.
- At least one layer may have, for example, insulating properties, adhesiveness, thermoplasticity, inorganic porosity, etc., and is formed of a single film, or formed by dot coating, stripe coating, or the like. The pattern may be used.
- the active layer having the material (A) capable of occluding lithium can not only form a single-layer separator as a base material, but can also be arranged on the base material of the laminated separator. Further, the active layer is not only formed as a single layer on the base material, but can also include patterns such as dot coating and stripe coating formed on the base material.
- the contact angle of both surface layers of the separator with respect to propylene carbonate is preferably 1 ° or more and 60 ° or less. Both surface layers of the separator are both sides of the film in the case of a film form having a single layer structure, and two separate exposed layers in the case of a laminated structure. When the contact angles of both surface layers with respect to propylene carbonate are within the range of 1 ° or more and 60 ° or less, the cycle characteristics of the power storage device including the lithium ion conductive medium such as the separator and the electrolytic solution are excellent. In the power storage device, the active layer may occlude lithium to change the volume of the active layer, and the electrolytic solution held in the pores of the separator flows.
- the electrolytic solution flows smoothly in response to the above volume change, so that the amount of the electrolytic solution suitable for the pores of the separator is large. It is considered that the cycle characteristics are excellent by being held. Further, when the concentration of the Li salt in the electrolytic solution is high, such as 1 mol / L or more, further 2 mol / L or more, or when the evaluation temperature is low, such as 0 ° C. or lower, the electrolytic solution is used. Viscosity increases.
- the contact angle of both surface layers of the single-layer or multilayer separator with respect to propylene carbonate is within a predetermined range.
- the effect of improving the cycle is remarkable by setting it to the inside.
- the contact angle of both sides of the separator with respect to propylene carbonate may be 1 ° or more and 60 ° or less, and the lower limit is more preferably 3 ° or more, still more preferably 5 ° or more from the viewpoint of improving the cycle characteristics.
- the upper limit is more preferably 55 ° or less, still more preferably 50 ° or less, and particularly preferably 48 ° or less. Further, it is more preferable that the affinity for the electrolytic solution is high not only in the surface layer of the separator but also in the inside (porous portion) of the active layer or the insulating layer.
- the separator according to the present embodiment can have an active layer containing the Li storage material (A) and at least one insulating layer not containing the Li storage material (A), and preferably the active layer is an insulating layer. It is carried. Further, the separator can have a laminated structure, and more specifically, a material (A) capable of occluding lithium in a plurality of insulating layers, more preferably at least two insulating layers (I, II). It has a laminated structure in which an active layer containing is sandwiched.
- the active layer containing the material (A) capable of occluding lithium is not the outermost layer of the separator but is laminated as a so-called intermediate layer, so that the active layer and the active layer are laminated. There is an insulating layer between the electrode active material layers. Since the active layer containing the material (A) capable of occluding lithium is arranged as an intermediate layer independently of the charge / discharge circuit, electrons cannot be enjoyed, so lithium is not trapped when the device is charged, and lithium ions move. Does not interfere with.
- the active layer traps the lithium dendrite due to the potential difference. Therefore, the safety and charge / discharge capacity tend to be improved by the laminated structure in which the active layer containing the material (A) capable of occluding lithium is sandwiched between a plurality of insulating layers.
- the average number of holes on the surface of at least one of the first and second insulating layers (I, II) is preferably 15 / ⁇ m 2 or more, more preferably 40 / ⁇ m 2 or more, 60. / ⁇ m 2 or more, 80 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or more, or 100 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or more.
- the average number of holes in at least one of the first and second insulating layers (I, II) is preferably 10 / ⁇ m 2 or more, more preferably 50 / ⁇ m 2 or more, 60 / ⁇ m 2 or more, and so on. 70 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or more, or 80 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or more.
- the insulating layer preferably contains an insulating resin and / or is preferably arranged as the outermost layer of the separator.
- the surface average number of holes of the insulating layer is 15 / ⁇ m 2 or more and / or the average number of holes is 10 / ⁇ m 2 or more, the diffusion uniformity of lithium ions is improved, and dendrites are assumed to be generated during charging / discharging of the power storage device. Even if it precipitates, it becomes easy to suppress or control the size, distribution, continuous or sequential growth of dendrites.
- the existence probability of the resin around the nail may increase at the time of nail piercing.
- the average number of holes in at least one of the first and second insulating layers (I, II) is 270 / ⁇ m 2 from the viewpoint of achieving both high output characteristics and dendrite resistance. Below, it can be 180 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or less, 135 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or less, or 130 pieces / ⁇ m 2 or less.
- the average number of holes in the insulating layer is preferably 300 / ⁇ m 2 or less, 200 / ⁇ m 2 or less, 160 / ⁇ m 2 or less, or 140 / ⁇ m 2 or less. Further, adjusting the surface average number of holes and / or the average number of holes of the insulating layer within the above numerical range may contribute to passing safety tests such as a half-cell initial short-circuit test and a half-cell cycle characteristic test.
- the separator contains a material (A) capable of occluding lithium.
- the separator may contain a resin, an inorganic filler, an organic filler, and the like, in addition to the material (A) capable of occluding lithium.
- Li storage material (A) capable of occluding lithium (Li)
- a compound capable of storing lithium (Li) including intercalating, alloying, chemical conversion, etc.
- a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- it can.
- silicon, silicon monoxide, lithium alloys for example, lithium metal-containing alloys such as lithium-aluminum, lithium-lead, lithium-tin, lithium-aluminum-tin, lithium-gallium, wood alloys
- carbon materials for example, lithium metal-containing alloys such as lithium-aluminum, lithium-lead, lithium-tin, lithium-aluminum-tin, lithium-gallium, wood alloys
- the Li storage material (A) may contain a compound that reacts with lithium, such as a compound that is reduced and decomposed by lithium. By using such a material, it is possible to manufacture a power storage device having excellent safety, output and cycle characteristics. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of the Li storage capacity per volume, it is most preferable to use silicon and / or tin oxide because the growth of Lidendrite can be suppressed for a long period of time.
- the shape of the Li storage material (A) is preferably particulate from the viewpoint of heat resistance and permeability, and preferably flaky, scaly, plate-like, block-like, or spherical from the viewpoint of dendrite suppression. , More preferably on flakes, scaly, plate-like, or block-like.
- the average particle size is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and the average particle size thereof.
- the upper limit is preferably 15.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5.0 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or less. Adjusting the average particle size to 0.01 ⁇ m or more is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing the water content of the separator. On the other hand, adjusting the average particle size to 15.0 ⁇ m or less is preferable from the viewpoint of efficiently suppressing the dendrite growth of lithium and reducing the heat shrinkage rate of the separator to make it difficult to break the film. Further, adjusting the average particle size to 3.0 ⁇ m or less is preferable from the viewpoint of satisfactorily forming a porous layer having a small layer thickness and from the viewpoint of dispersibility of the inorganic filler in the porous layer.
- the average particle size of the Li storage material is 1.5 to 50.0 times the average pore size of the insulating layer that does not contain the Li storage material from the viewpoint of balancing the safety of the power storage device with the electrical characteristics and the cycle characteristics. It is preferably 3.0 times to 46.2 times, 5.0 times to 30.0 times, 10.0 times to 30.0 times, or 15.0 times to 30.0 times. is there.
- the average particle size of the material (A) capable of occluding lithium is a value measured according to the method using SEM in the measuring method of Examples described later.
- the inorganic filler examples include oxide-based ceramics such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, itria, zinc oxide, and iron oxide, nitride-based ceramics such as silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride, and silicon carbide.
- oxide-based ceramics such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, itria, zinc oxide, and iron oxide
- nitride-based ceramics such as silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride, and silicon carbide.
- ceramics such as calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, kaolin soil, and silica sand, and glass fibers. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide oxide, aluminum silicate, barium sulfate and zirconia are preferable, and aluminum silicate, barium sulfate and zirconia are more preferable, from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- Organic filler examples include crosslinked polyacrylic acid, crosslinked polyacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate, crosslinked polysilicone (polymethylsilsesquioxane, etc.), and crosslinked polystyrene.
- Various crosslinked polymer fine particles include heat-resistant polymer fine particles such as.
- the organic resin (polymer) constituting these organic fine particles includes a mixture, a modified product, a derivative, and a copolymer (random copolymer, alternate copolymer, block copolymer, and graft) of the above-exemplified materials. It may be a polymer) or a crosslinked product (in the case of the above-mentioned heat-resistant polymer).
- crosslinked polyacrylic acid is selected from the group consisting of crosslinked polyacrylic acid, crosslinked polyacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate, and crosslinked polysilicone (polymethylsilsesquioxane, etc.) 1 It is preferably a resin of more than one species.
- thermoplastic resin As the resin contained in the separator, a thermoplastic resin is preferable from the viewpoint of moldability such as a thin porous layer and a high-strength porous layer.
- the thermoplastic resin include: Polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene; Fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride or polytetrafluoroethylene; Fluororesin such as vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; Stylo-butadiene copolymer and its hydride, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer and its hydride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer and its hydride, polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, methacrylic acid ester-acrylic acid ester Copolymers, styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymers,
- Rubbers Polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyamide, aromatic polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, polyacetal, poly (1-oxotrimethylene), poly (1-oxotrymethylene) Polyketones such as oxo-2 methyltrimethylene); And so on.
- a resin having a melting point and / or a glass transition temperature of less than 180 ° C. is preferable, and a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene is preferable.
- the polyolefin resin contains polyethylene as a main component from the viewpoint of ensuring shutdown at a lower temperature.
- a resin having a melting point and / or a glass transition temperature of 180 ° C. or higher is preferable, and polyphenylene sulfide, polyamide, polyamideimide, aromatic polyamide, poly (1-oxotrimethylene) and the like are preferable.
- a resin having a good affinity with the electrolytic solution is preferable, and a fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, or poly (1-oxotrimethylene), poly ( 1-Oxo-2 methyl trimethylene) or other polyketone resin having a carbonyl group in the main skeleton, or a resin having an ether group in the main skeleton such as polyoxyether, or polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, methacrylic acid ester-acrylic
- a resin having an ester group in the main skeleton such as an acid ester copolymer, or a resin having a carbonate group in the main skeleton such as polyethylene carbonate and polypropylene carbonate is preferable. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the lower limit of the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyolefin used for the resin is preferably 1,000 or more, more preferably 2,000 or more, still more preferably 5,000 or more, and the upper limit thereof. It is preferably less than 120,000, preferably less than 2,000,000, and even more preferably less than 1,000,000.
- the active layer is a layer containing a material (A) capable of occluding lithium.
- the content ratio (mass fraction) of the Li storage material (A) and the resin in the active layer is From the viewpoint of dendrite suppressing effect and heat resistance, it is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more, further preferably 50% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, and the upper limit is preferably less than 100%, preferably less than 100%. It is 99.99% or less, more preferably 99.9% or less, and particularly preferably 99% or less.
- the resin described as the separator-containing substance can be used, and the resin contained in the active layer can bind the Li storage material (A) and store electricity. It is preferably insoluble in the electrolyte of the device and is electrochemically stable when the storage device is used. Further, from the viewpoint of controlling the contact angle of both surface layers of the separator with respect to propylene carbonate to 1 ° or more and 60 ° or less, a fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer; poly (1-oxo).
- a fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer; poly (1-oxo).
- the ratio of the resin according to the present embodiment to the total amount of the material (A) capable of occluding lithium and the resin is the volume fraction, preferably 0.5% as the lower limit from the viewpoint of the binding property between the two. As described above, it is more preferably 1.0% or more, further preferably 3.0% or more, most preferably 5.0% or more, and the upper limit is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 60% or less. Adjusting the ratio to 0.5% or more is from the viewpoint of sufficiently binding the Li storage material (A) and making it difficult for peeling, chipping, etc. to occur (that is, a viewpoint of sufficiently ensuring good handleability). ) Is suitable. On the other hand, adjusting the ratio to 80% or less is preferable from the viewpoint of realizing good ion permeability of the separator.
- the lower limit of the layer thickness of the active layer is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 4 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of dendrite suppressing effect and heat resistance improvement.
- the upper limit of the layer thickness is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 10 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of permeability or high capacity of the battery.
- the porosity of the active layer it is preferable that the porosity of the active layer after expansion exceeds 0% based on the volume expansion coefficient of the Li storage material (A) at the time of Li storage.
- the porosity of the active layer is preferably more than 50%, and when the volume expansion coefficient is tripled, it is preferably 66% or more.
- the porosity is most preferably 99% or less, preferably 95% or less, and further preferably 90% or less.
- the separator according to the present embodiment preferably contains at least one insulating layer capable of supporting the active layer and not containing the lithium storage material (A) in addition to the active layer containing the lithium storage material (A). It is more preferable to include two or two insulating layers.
- the active layer containing the lithium-storing material (A) is the first insulating layer ( It is sandwiched between I) and the second insulating layer (II).
- the insulating layer means the layer which can ensure electrical insulation, for example, can be an electric resistivity of the surface direction is a layer of 10 7 [Omega] cm or more, or 10 7 [Omega] cm greater.
- an insulating layer having the surface average number of holes described above and / or the surface average pore size described later is placed on the surface in contact with the negative electrode when the power storage device is configured. It is preferable to arrange it. By arranging it on the surface in contact with the negative electrode, the Li ion concentration gradient on the surface of the negative electrode tends to be further eliminated, and the precipitation of Li dendrite tends to be suppressed.
- the constituent material of the insulating layer preferably contains, as a main component, the thermoplastic resin described as the separator-containing material, and more preferably contains polyolefin.
- the main component of the insulating layer is a thermoplastic resin such as polyolefin, it may be easy to control the water content within the range of 2000 ppm or less.
- the inclusion of a particular component "as a main component" by a material means containing 50% by mass or more of the particular component relative to the mass of the material.
- the insulating layer is not particularly limited as long as it can secure electrical insulation, for example, a resin layer such as a polyolefin microporous film, an inorganic porous layer containing a resin that binds inorganic particles to each other, an organic filler and an organic layer.
- a resin layer such as a polyolefin microporous film
- an inorganic porous layer containing a resin that binds inorganic particles to each other, an organic filler and an organic layer.
- examples thereof include an organic filler layer containing a resin that binds the filler.
- examples of such inorganic particles include oxide-based ceramics such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, itria, zinc oxide, and iron oxide; nitride-based ceramics such as silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride.
- Silicon carbide calcium carbonate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide oxide, potassium titanate, talc, kaolin clay, kaolinite, halloysite, pyrophyllite, montmorillonite, cericite, mica, amesite, bentonite, asbestos , Ceramics such as zeolite, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, kaolin, kaolin; glass fiber and the like. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide oxide, aluminum silicate, barium sulfate and zirconia are preferable, and aluminum silicate, barium sulfate and zirconia are more preferable, from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- organic filler examples include crosslinked polyacrylic acid, crosslinked polyacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate, crosslinked polysilicone (for example, polymethylsilsesquioxane), and crosslinked.
- cross-linked polymer microparticles such as polystyrene, cross-linked polydivinylbenzene, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer crosslinked products, polyimide, melamine resin, phenol resin, benzoguanamine-formaldehyde condensate; polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, aramid, polyacetal, thermoplastic Examples thereof include heat-resistant polymer fine particles such as polyimide.
- the organic resin (polymer) constituting these organic fine particles is a mixture, a modified product, a derivative, or a copolymer (for example, a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, a block copolymer, etc.) of the above-exemplified materials.
- a heat-resistant polymer such as a graft copolymer
- it may be a crosslinked product.
- it is selected from the group consisting of crosslinked polyacrylic acid, crosslinked polyacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid ester, crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate, and crosslinked polysilicone (for example, polymethylsilsesquioxane).
- One or more resins are preferred.
- the shapes of the inorganic particles and the organic filler are not limited, but when the insulating layer contains inorganic particles, it is preferably scaly, plate-shaped or block-shaped from the viewpoint of heat resistance.
- Examples of the resin for binding inorganic particles or organic fillers include the following 1) to 4): 1) Conjugated diene polymer, 2) Acrylic polymer, 3) Polyvinyl alcohol-based resin or cellulosic polymer, and 4) Fluororesin.
- the conjugated diene-based polymer is a polymer containing a conjugated diene compound as a monomer unit.
- the conjugated diene compound include 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, styrene-butadiene, and the like.
- Substituted linear conjugated pentadienes, substituted and side chain conjugated hexadiene and the like can be mentioned, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, 1,3-butadiene is preferable from the viewpoint of high binding properties.
- the acrylic polymer is a polymer containing a (meth) acrylic compound as a monomer unit.
- Examples of the monovalent hydrocarbon group include a linear or branched chain alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, and an aryl group. More specifically, as a chain alkyl group which is a kind of RY2 , a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which are isopropyl groups; n- Examples thereof include chain alkyl groups having 4 or more carbon atoms, such as a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a t-butyl group, an n-hexyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, and a lauryl group.
- a phenyl group can be mentioned.
- substituent of the monovalent hydrocarbon group include a hydroxyl group and a phenyl group
- hetero atom in the chain include a halogen atom and an oxygen atom.
- examples of such (meth) acrylic compounds include (meth) acrylic acid, chain alkyl (meth) acrylate, cycloalkyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylate having a hydroxyl group, and phenyl group-containing (meth) acrylate. Can be mentioned.
- the (meth) acrylic compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin include polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate. 3) Examples of the cellulosic polymer include carboxymethyl cellulose and carboxyethyl cellulose.
- fluororesin examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene. Examples thereof include copolymers.
- the insulating layer does not contain the material (A) capable of occluding lithium. Specifically, the insulating layer does not have to contain the material (A) described above.
- the separator according to the present embodiment has a laminated structure composed of a plurality of layers, only the insulating layer located on the outermost surface that comes into contact with the electrodes must contain the material (A) described above. Just do it.
- the separator according to the present embodiment has at least two insulating layers, if the two insulating layers sandwiching the active layer are the first and second insulating layers (I, II), the first and second insulating layers are used.
- the surface average pore diameter of at least one of the insulating layers (I, II) is preferably 0.015 ⁇ m to 0.140 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.033 ⁇ m to 0., from the viewpoint of achieving both high output characteristics and suppression of dendrite. It is 140 ⁇ m, 0.035 ⁇ m to 0.135 ⁇ m, or 0.040 ⁇ m to 0.100 ⁇ m.
- the average pore diameter of at least one of the first and second insulating layers (I, II) is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 0.15 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 0.15 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of achieving both high output characteristics and dendrite suppression. It is 0.03 ⁇ m to 0.15 ⁇ m, 0.035 ⁇ m to 0.14 ⁇ m, or 0.040 ⁇ m to 0.1 ⁇ m.
- At least one of the first insulating layer (I) and the second insulating layer (II) is a polyolefin, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyamide, It preferably comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of polyester and the inorganic particles described above. Further, adjusting the average pore diameter of the insulating layer within the above numerical range may contribute to passing safety tests such as a half-cell initial short-circuit test and a half-cell cycle characteristic test.
- the method for producing the separator according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include the following methods (i) to (iii): (I) A molding precursor containing the Li storage material (A) described above and, if desired, the resin described above is molded by dispersion, heating, melt-kneading, extrusion, stretching, relaxation, or the like. , How to get a single layer separator; (Ii) The Li storage material (A) described above and, if desired, the resin described above are dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and the obtained dispersion is applied to at least one surface of the insulating layer.
- a method for obtaining a separator having a laminated structure and (iii) Li storage material (A) and a resin are heated and mixed with a plasticizer or the like, if necessary, in an extruder or the like to form a constituent material of an insulating layer.
- a separator having a laminated structure can be obtained by co-extruding, forming an extruded laminated sheet, subjecting it to stretching or extracting a plasticizer, and drying it, or on the surface of the active layer of the laminated structure separator described in (ii) above.
- a method of obtaining a separator by further applying an insulating layer is described in (ii) above.
- the separator having a laminated structure can also be manufactured by a method different from the above-mentioned manufacturing method. For example, a method such as laminating an insulating layer and an active layer by laminating can be appropriately combined.
- the solvent it is preferable to use a solvent in which the Li storage material (A) and the resin can be uniformly and stably dissolved or dispersed.
- a solvent include N-methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, water, ethanol, toluene, thermoxylene, hexane and the like.
- the dispersion liquid of the Li storage material (A) has an interface.
- additives such as dispersants such as activators, thickeners, wetting agents, defoaming agents, and pH adjusters containing acids or alkalis may be added.
- dispersants such as activators, thickeners, wetting agents, defoaming agents, and pH adjusters containing acids or alkalis
- additives are preferably those that can be removed at the time of solvent removal or plasticizer extraction, but are electrochemically stable when a lithium ion secondary battery is used, do not inhibit the battery reaction, and have a temperature of 200 ° C. If it is stable to a certain extent, it may remain in the battery (or the separator in the battery).
- Examples of the method for dissolving or dispersing the Li storage material (A) and the resin in a solvent include a ball mill, a bead mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, a sand mill, a colloid mill, an attritor, a roll mill, a high-speed impeller dispersion, and a disperser.
- Examples thereof include a homogenizer, a high-speed impact mill, ultrasonic dispersion, and a mechanical stirring method using a stirring blade or the like.
- the method of applying the dispersion liquid of the Li storage material (A) to the surface of the insulating layer is not particularly limited as long as it can achieve a predetermined layer thickness or coating area.
- coating methods include a gravure coater method, a small diameter gravure coater method, a reverse roll coater method, a transfer roll coater method, a kiss coater method, a dip coater method, a knife coater method, an air doctor coater method, a blade coater method, and a rod.
- Examples include a coater method, a squeeze coater method, a cast coater method, a die coater method, a screen printing method, and a spray coating method.
- the dispersion liquid may be applied to only one side of the insulating layer or to both sides according to the intended use, but the outermost surface that comes into contact with the electrode is the insulating layer, according to the dendrite. It is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing short circuits and improving charge / discharge capacity.
- the solvent can be removed from the dispersion liquid applied to the insulating layer.
- the method for removing the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it does not adversely affect the insulating layer. Examples of the method for removing the solvent include fixing the insulating layer and drying it at a temperature below the melting point of the insulating layer, drying the insulating layer under reduced pressure at a temperature lower than the boiling point of the solvent, and immersing the insulating layer in a poor solvent for the resin. Then, the resin is solidified and the solvent is extracted at the same time.
- the contact angle of both surface layers with respect to propylene carbonate, etc., described above from the viewpoint of the cycle characteristics of the power storage device and the affinity with the electrolytic solution is given as an example.
- resins having good affinity with the electrolytic solution include fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer; poly (1-oxotrimethylene) and poly (1-oxo-2 methyl trimethylene).
- PK polyketone
- resins having a carbonyl group in the main skeleton resins having an ether group in the main skeleton such as polyoxyether; polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, methacrylic acid ester-acrylic acid ester copolymer, etc.
- Resins having an ester group in the main skeleton examples thereof include resins having a carbonate group in the main skeleton such as polyethylene carbonate and polypropylene carbonate.
- the polyolefin structure is carboxylic by treatment such as corona discharge treatment, plasma discharge treatment, and fluorine / oxygen mixed gas treatment.
- the surface of the microporous polyolefin film is coated or impregnated with a solution obtained by introducing an acid group, a hydroxyl group, etc., or a resin having a high affinity with an electrolytic solution is dissolved or dispersed, and dried or impregnated with a poor solvent.
- the affinity of the electrolyte on the surface or inside (porous part) of the polyolefin can be modified by lowering the solubility of the resin and precipitating it by a known method such as.
- the contact angle of the surface layer of the multilayer separator with respect to propylene carbonate can also be adjusted by adding inorganic particles. Inorganic particles may be used as an additive, or the content of the inorganic particles in the layer may be adjusted to 50% by weight or more or 70% by weight or more as the main component.
- the lower limit is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 7 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 200 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 20 ⁇ m or less. Adjusting the film thickness to 2 ⁇ m or more is preferable from the viewpoint of ensuring sufficient mechanical strength. On the other hand, adjusting the film thickness to 200 ⁇ m or less is preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity of the battery by making it possible to reduce the occupied volume of the separator.
- the ratio of the layer thickness of the active layer to the thickness of the separator is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more as the lower limit, and preferably 60% as the upper limit. Below, it is more preferably 50% or less. Adjusting this ratio to 10% or more is preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the dendrite suppression effect and the short-circuit temperature and realizing good heat resistance, while adjusting this ratio to 50% or less is preferable. , It is suitable from the viewpoint of suppressing a decrease in the permeability of the separator.
- the peel strength between layers is preferably 50 N / m or more.
- the handleability tends to be improved when the separator is wound on a reel and when the power storage device is wound.
- the heat shrinkage rate when the multilayer or laminated separator is heated is satisfactorily maintained as the heat shrinkage rate of the layer having high heat resistance because the layers are bonded with a peel strength of 50 N / m or more. It tends to be.
- the peel strength between layers is more preferably 100 N / m or more, still more preferably 200 N / m or more.
- the heat shrinkage rate at 150 ° C. or 130 ° C. is preferably 0% or more and 15% or less, and more preferably 0% or more and 10% or less. , 0% or more and 5% or less is particularly preferable. Adjusting the heat shrinkage rate to 15% or less satisfactorily prevents the separator from breaking even when the power storage device generates abnormal heat, and suppresses contact between the positive and negative electrodes (that is, realizes better safety performance). It is preferable from the viewpoint of Regarding the heat shrinkage rate, it is preferable to set both the mechanical direction (MD) and the lateral direction (TD) of the separator within the above range.
- MD mechanical direction
- TD lateral direction
- the shrinkage rate may be a certain value or less, and the shrinkage rate may be a negative value.
- the lower limit of the shutdown temperature of the single layer, multilayer or laminated separator is preferably 120 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 160 ° C. or lower, more preferably 150 ° C. or lower.
- the shutdown temperature means a temperature at which the microporous separator is closed due to thermal melting or the like when the power storage device generates abnormal heat. Adjusting the shutdown temperature to 160 ° C. or lower is preferable from the viewpoint of promptly promoting current cutoff and obtaining better safety performance even when the power storage device generates heat. On the other hand, adjusting the shutdown temperature to 120 ° C. or higher is preferable from the viewpoint of the usability of the separator at a high temperature of, for example, about 100 ° C., or from the viewpoint that various heat treatments can be applied to the separator.
- the lower limit of the short temperature of the single layer, multilayer or laminated separator is preferably 180 ° C. or higher, more preferably 200 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 1000 ° C. or lower. Adjusting the short-circuit temperature to 180 ° C. or higher is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing contact between the positive and negative electrodes until heat is dissipated even when the power storage device generates abnormal heat, and achieving better safety performance.
- Both the shutdown temperature and the short-circuit temperature can be measured according to the measurement method of Examples described later.
- the voltage value when short-circuited in the withstand voltage measurement test of a single layer, multilayer or laminated separator is preferably 0.3 kV to 4.5 kV, and more preferably 0.3 kV to 2.5 kV.
- this voltage value is 0.3 kV or more, the defective rate due to a short circuit of the battery can be reduced, and when this voltage value is 4.5 kV or less, the energy density of the battery can be improved.
- a power storage device includes a positive electrode, a separator described above, a negative electrode, and optionally an ionic conduction medium.
- the separator having a laminated structure has an insulating layer containing inorganic particles
- the insulating layer containing inorganic particles should be in contact with at least a part of the negative electrode surface in the power storage device from the viewpoint of rate characteristics and safety of the power storage device. It is preferable to be arranged in. Further, it is most preferable that the insulating layer containing inorganic particles and having the surface average number of pores, the average number of pores, the surface average pore diameter and the average pore diameter within the above ranges is arranged so as to be in contact with the negative electrode surface.
- the ionic conduction medium can be liquid, gel, or solid, depending on the electrolyte of the power storage device.
- the negative electrode potential (vsLi + / Li) at the time of charging the power storage device is the potential (vsLi + ) of the material (A) capable of occluding the lithium (Li) described above. It is preferably lower than / Li), and more preferably 1.5 V (vsLi + / Li) or less.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator have at least one insulating layer between the positive electrode and the separator and / or between the negative electrode and the separator from the viewpoint of safety, capacitance characteristic, output characteristic, and cycle characteristic of the power storage device. It is preferable to be arranged. Such an arrangement can be made, for example, by using a separator having a laminated structure in which an active layer is sandwiched between a plurality of insulating layers, or by using an insulating layer described as a component of the separator between the electrodes and the separator separately from the separator. It can also be achieved by providing in.
- the power storage device include a lithium battery, a lithium secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a sodium secondary battery, a sodium ion secondary battery, a magnesium secondary battery, a magnesium ion secondary battery, and a calcium secondary battery.
- a lithium battery a lithium secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a sodium secondary battery, a sodium ion secondary battery, a magnesium secondary battery, a magnesium ion secondary battery, and a calcium secondary battery.
- Calcium ion secondary battery Aluminum secondary battery, Aluminum ion secondary battery, Nickel hydrogen battery, Nickel cadmium battery, Electric double layer capacitor, Lithium ion capacitor, Redox flow battery, Lithium sulfur battery, Lithium air battery, Zinc air battery And so on.
- a lithium battery, a lithium secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a nickel hydrogen battery, or a lithium ion capacitor is preferable, and a lithium battery or a lithium ion secondary battery is more preferable.
- a lithium (Li) ion conduction medium is preferable as the ion conduction medium.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are superposed via the separator according to the present embodiment and wound as necessary to form a laminated electrode body or a wound electrode body, and then the exterior body is formed.
- the positive and negative electrodes are connected to the positive and negative electrodes of the exterior body via a lead body or the like, and the exterior body is sealed after the ion conduction medium is injected into the exterior body.
- the Li ion conductive medium is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing a non-aqueous solvent such as a chain or cyclic carbonate and an electrolyte such as a lithium salt. Or it can be a solid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte.
- t is the flowing time of the viscosity tube of hexafluoroisopropanol having a purity of 98% or more at 25 ° C.
- T is the viscosity of a diluted solution in which polyketone is dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol at 25 ° C. It is the flow time of the tube, and C is the mass value of the solute (that is, polyketone) in grams in 100 ml of the above solution.
- Thickness ( ⁇ m) The film thickness of the sample was measured with a dial gauge (PEACOCK No. 25 (trademark) manufactured by Ozaki Seisakusho). A sample of MD 10 mm ⁇ TD 10 mm was cut out from the porous membrane, and the thickness of 9 points (3 points ⁇ 3 points) was measured in a grid pattern. The average value of the obtained measured values was calculated as the film thickness ( ⁇ m) or the layer thickness.
- the thickness of each single layer obtained in this example and the comparative example was measured in the state of the single layer obtained in each manufacturing process. In the case of the laminated state, it was calculated by subtracting the measured single layer value. The thickness of each layer was calculated from the cross-sectional SEM for those in which a single-layer state could not be obtained by coextrusion.
- Air permeability (seconds / 100 ml) The measurement was performed using a Garley type air permeability meter (GB2 TM manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd.) conforming to JIS P-8117.
- peeling strength (N / m) The peel strength was measured in an environment of 25 ° C. using a tensile tester (Autograph AG-IS) manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. The separator was cut into a size of 2.5 cm x 10 cm, the base material surface was fixed to a glass plate with double-sided tape (Nichiban Co., Ltd. Nystack NWBB-15), and 3M cellophane tape (registered trademark) (registered trademark) was placed on the outer layer. Scotch 810-3-12) was pasted.
- Peel off about 5 mm from the end of the attached tape attach the tape side to the upper side (tensile side) of the tensile tester, and attach the base material side to the lower side (fixed side) of the tensile tester, with respect to the outer layer surface.
- the integrated average load when pulled at a speed of 100 mm / min in the 180 ° direction was defined as the peel strength.
- Porosity (%) (volume- (mass / true density of mixed composition)) / volume x 100 The density of the mixed composition used was a value calculated from the densities and mixing ratios of the polyolefin resin and the inorganic particles used.
- R gas is obtained from the air permeability (sec) by using the following equation.
- R gas 0.0001 / (air permeability ⁇ (6.424 ⁇ 10 -4 ) ⁇ (0.01276 ⁇ 101325))
- R liq is obtained from the water permeability (cm 3 / (cm 2 ⁇ sec ⁇ Pa)) by using the following equation.
- R liq water permeability / 100 The water permeability is calculated as follows.
- a microporous membrane that had been soaked in alcohol in advance was set in a stainless steel liquid-permeable cell having a diameter of 41 mm, the alcohol in the membrane was washed with water, and then water was allowed to permeate with a differential pressure of about 50,000 Pa, and 120 seconds passed.
- the water permeability per unit time, pressure, and area was calculated from the water permeability (cm 3 ), and this was used as the water permeability.
- the average pore diameter and the number of holes of the insulating layer (I) obtained in this example and the comparative example may be measured in the state of a single layer obtained in each manufacturing process.
- the method for measuring the average pore diameter and the number of holes of the insulating layer (I) in the laminated separator is not particularly limited, but for example, a method in which layers are peeled off with cellophane (registered trademark) tape to obtain a single layer for measurement. Examples thereof include a method of applying ultrasonic waves in a good solvent that dissolves the binder of the measurement layer to separate the layers to obtain a single layer.
- Average particle size After printing a 10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m field of view magnified by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) directly or from a negative into a photograph, it is read into an image analyzer and the circle-equivalent diameter of each particle calculated from this (particles are taken into consideration). The number average value of (diameter of the circle when converted into circles having the same area) was defined as the average particle size ( ⁇ m). However, when the particle boundary was unclear when inputting from the photograph to the image analysis device, the photograph was traced and input was performed to the image analysis device using this figure. Unless otherwise specified in the examples, the "average particle size" is measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the yen-equivalent diameter is calculated with the smallest unit of particles that cannot be loosened any further unless excessive force is applied.
- the circle-equivalent diameter of a particle usually means the circle-equivalent diameter of a primary particle, but for particles that do not loosen unless excessive force is applied, such as granulated particles, the circle of secondary particles. It means the converted diameter.
- a plurality of primary particles are connected by a weak force to form an amorphous structure, it means the circle-equivalent diameter of the primary particle size of the particles. If it is difficult to obtain the average particle size of the sample from the SEM, the measurement is performed using a laser particle size distribution measuring device.
- the sample is added to distilled water, a small amount of sodium hexametaphosphate aqueous solution is added, and the sample is dispersed with an ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 minute, and then a laser particle size distribution measuring device (Microtrack MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.) is used. , The particle size distribution can be measured, and the number average value of each particle can be obtained as the average particle size of the inorganic filler.
- a laser particle size distribution measuring device Microtrack MT3300EX manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
- volume fraction of resin binder (%) The volume fraction (%) of the resin binder was calculated by the following formula.
- Vb ⁇ (Wb / Db) / (Wb / Db + Wf / Df) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- Vb Volume fraction of resin binder (%)
- Wb Weight of resin binder (g)
- Wf Weight of inorganic filler (g)
- Db Density of resin binder (g / cm 3 )
- Df Bulk density of inorganic filler (g / cm 3 )
- MD maximum heat shrinkage stress (g) The thermal shrinkage of the sample was measured using TMA50 TM manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- TMA50 TM manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- a sample cut out to a width of 3 mm in the TD (MD) direction is fixed to the chuck so that the distance between the chucks is 10 mm, and is set in a dedicated probe.
- the initial load is 1.0 g
- the constant length measurement mode is set, the sample is heated at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min from 30 ° C. to 200 ° C., the load (g) generated at that time is measured, and the maximum value is MD.
- TD Maximum heat shrinkage stress
- Lithium cobalt composite oxide LiCoO 2
- scaly graphite and acetylene black are 2.3% by mass, respectively
- polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF
- slurry is dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a slurry.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- This slurry is applied to one side of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m as a positive electrode current collector with a die coater, dried at 130 ° C. for 3 minutes, and then compression-molded with a roll press machine.
- the amount of the active material applied to the positive electrode is 125 g / m 2
- the bulk density of the active material is 3.00 g / cm 3 .
- slurry is prepared by dispersing 96.6% by mass of artificial graphite as a negative electrode active material, 1.4% by mass of an ammonium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder, and 1.7% by mass of a styrene-butadiene copolymer latex in purified water. To do. This slurry is applied to one side of a copper foil having a thickness of 12 ⁇ m as a negative electrode current collector with a die coater, dried at 120 ° C. for 3 minutes, and then compression-molded with a roll press machine. At this time, the active material coating amount of the negative electrode is 53 g / m 2 , and the active material bulk density is 1.35 g / cm 3 .
- a negative electrode cut out to 65 mm x 20 mm and immersed in a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for 1 minute or more is placed on a ceramic plate connected to a thermocouple, and cut out to 50 mm x 50 mm with a hole 16 mm in diameter in the center.
- An aramid film having a thickness of 9 ⁇ m was placed on the aramid film, and a porous film of a sample cut out to a size of 40 mm ⁇ 40 mm and immersed in a non-aqueous electrolytic solution for 1 hour or more was placed on the aramid film so as to cover the holes of the aramid film.
- a positive electrode cut out to a size of 65 mm ⁇ 20 mm and immersed in a non-aqueous electrolytic solution for 1 minute or more is placed so as not to contact the negative electrode, and a Capton film and a silicon rubber having a thickness of about 4 mm are placed on the positive electrode.
- the temperature was raised at a rate of 15 ° C./min with a pressure of 4.1 MPa applied by a hydraulic press, and the impedance change between the positive and negative electrodes at this time was changed to AC 1 V.
- the set temperature was measured from 25 ° C. to 200 ° C. under the condition of 1 kHz. In this measurement, the temperature at the time when the impedance reached 1000 ⁇ was defined as the shutdown temperature, and the temperature at the time when the impedance fell below 1000 ⁇ again after reaching the hole closed state was defined as the short temperature.
- Battery assembly and evaluation Stack the negative electrode, separator, and positive electrode in this order from the bottom along the vertical direction so that the active material surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode face each other, and store them in a stainless metal container with a lid.
- the container and the lid are insulated, and the container is in contact with the copper foil of the negative electrode and the lid is in contact with the aluminum foil of the positive electrode.
- item (18) c. Inject the non-aqueous electrolyte solution prepared in step 1 and seal.
- the simple battery assembled as described above is charged to a battery voltage of 4.2 V at a current value of 0.3 mA (about 0.1 C) under an atmosphere of 25 ° C., and the current value is set to 0 so as to maintain 4.2 V.
- the first charge after the battery was made was performed for a total of about 12 hours by starting the throttle from .3 mA, and the battery was discharged to a battery voltage of 3.0 V at a current value of 0.3 mA.
- the discharge capacity at this time was used as the initial discharge capacity and evaluated according to the following criteria. [Evaluation rank] S: 150mA / g or more A: 140mA / g or more and less than 150mA / g B: 140mA / g or less
- the battery In a 60 ° C atmosphere, the battery is charged to a battery voltage of 4.2V with a current value of 3mA (about 1.0C), and the current value is started to be throttled from 3mA while maintaining 4.2V, for a total of about 3 hours. Then, the cycle of discharging to a battery voltage of 3.0 V at a current value of 3 mA was repeated.
- the ratio of the discharge capacity after 300 cycles to the discharge capacity of the first cycle in this cycle was determined as the capacity retention rate (%), and the cycle characteristics were evaluated according to the following criteria. [Evaluation rank] S: 50% or more A: More than 30% and less than 50% B: 30% or less
- the short circuit was determined when 10 or more discontinuous points where the voltage fluctuation was ⁇ 0.025V could be confirmed, or when the voltage was completely 0V.
- the test results were evaluated according to the following criteria. [Evaluation rank] S: No short circuit A: Short circuit at 25mA / cm 2 B: Short circuit at 17mA / cm 2 C: Short circuit at 10mA / cm 2 D: Short circuit at 5mA / cm 2 E: Short circuit at 2mA / cm 2
- a cell was prepared in the same manner as in item (18) except that the negative electrode was changed to metallic lithium (Li) in the cell prepared in item (18).
- the cell assembled as described above is subjected to constant current (CC) -constant voltage (CV) charging at 4.3 V (Cut Off condition converged current value 0.03 mA) at a set current value of 0.1 C.
- the normal charge amount (i) was measured.
- a new cell is created separately from the cell in which the normal charge amount (i) is measured, and CC-CV charging at 4.3 V with a set current value of 20 mA / cm 2 (Cut Off condition: 25 mAh or convergent current value 0.
- Lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide powder (LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 ) and lithium manganese composite oxide powder (LiMn 2 O 4 ), which are positive electrode active materials, are machined at a mass ratio of 70:30.
- Mixed positive electrode active material: 85 parts by mass, acetylene black as a conductive auxiliary agent: 6 parts by mass, and PVDF as a binder: 9 parts by mass are made uniform using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- This positive electrode mixture-containing paste is uniformly applied to both sides of a 20 ⁇ m-thick current collector made of aluminum foil, dried, and then compression-molded with a roll press so that the total thickness is 130 ⁇ m.
- a sheet was obtained by adjusting the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- a positive electrode sheet having a length of 20 mm and uncoated aluminum foil as a lead tab was prepared on the upper part of the short side of a rectangular sheet having a short side of 95 mm and a long side of 120 mm.
- a paste containing a negative electrode mixture was prepared by mixing 91 parts by mass of graphite as a negative electrode active material and 9 parts by mass of PVDF as a binder so as to be uniform using NMP as a solvent.
- This negative electrode mixture-containing paste is uniformly applied to both sides of a 15 ⁇ m-thick current collector made of copper foil, dried, and then compression-molded with a roll press so that the total thickness is 130 ⁇ m.
- a sheet was obtained by adjusting the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer.
- a negative electrode sheet was prepared in which a 20 mm long uncoated copper foil with an active material was installed as a lead tab on the upper part of the short side of a rectangular sheet having a short side of 95 mm and a long side of 120 mm.
- An electrode plate laminate was produced by alternately stacking the above three positive electrode sheets and four negative electrode sheets and separating each with a separator.
- the separator was a strip-shaped separator having a width of 125 mm, and the electrode plate laminate was produced by alternately folding the separator in a zigzag manner.
- this electrode plate laminate After pressing this electrode plate laminate into a flat plate, it was stored in an aluminum laminate film and heat-sealed on three sides.
- the positive electrode lead tab and the negative electrode lead tab were derived from one side of the laminated film. Further, after drying, the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolytic solution was poured into this container, and the remaining one side was sealed to prepare a laminated cell.
- the amount of the active material applied to the positive electrode is 125 g / m 2
- the bulk density of the active material is 3.00 g / cm 3 .
- the prepared positive electrode was punched into a circle with an area of 2.00 cm 2 .
- the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution at 25 ° C. was 17.6 mPa ⁇ s.
- Battery assembly and conditioning Stack the negative electrode, separator, and positive electrode in this order from the bottom along the vertical direction so that the active material surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode face each other, and store them in a stainless metal container with a lid.
- the container and the lid are insulated, and the container is in contact with the lithium foil of the negative electrode and the lid is in contact with the aluminum foil of the positive electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution prepared above is injected into this container and sealed.
- the simple battery assembled as described above is charged to a battery voltage of 4.3 V at a current value of 0.3 mA (about 0.1 C) under an atmosphere of 25 ° C., and the current value is set to 0 so as to maintain 4.3 V.
- the first charge after the battery was made was performed for a total of about 12 hours by starting the throttle from .3 mA, and the battery was discharged to a battery voltage of 3.0 V at a current value of 0.3 mA.
- ⁇ Test Series I> Homopolymer high-density polyethylene with an Mv of 700,000 was added to 45 parts by mass. Homopolymer high-density polyethylene with an Mv of 300,000 was added to 45 parts by mass. 5 parts by mass of polypropylene of homopolymer having Mv of 400,000 and Was dry-blended with a tumbler blender. To 99 parts by mass of the obtained polyolefin mixture, 1 part by mass of tetrakis- [methylene- (3', 5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane was added as an antioxidant, and the tumbler blender was used again. The mixture was obtained by dry blending with.
- the resulting mixture was fed to a twin-screw extruder under a nitrogen atmosphere by a feeder. Further, liquid paraffin (kinematic viscosity at 37.78 ° C. 7.59 ⁇ 10-5 m 2 / s) was injected into the extruder cylinder by a plunger pump. The operating conditions of the feeder and pump were adjusted so that the proportion of liquid paraffin in 100 parts by mass of the total mixture extruded was 65 parts by mass and the polymer concentration was 35 parts by mass. Next, they are melt-kneaded while being heated to 200 ° C.
- liquid paraffin linear viscosity at 37.78 ° C. 7.59 ⁇ 10-5 m 2 / s
- melt-kneaded product is extruded through a T-die onto a cooling roll whose surface temperature is controlled to 80 ° C., and the extruded product is extruded.
- a sheet-shaped molded product having a thickness of 1170 ⁇ m was obtained by contacting with a cooling roll, casting, and cooling and solidifying.
- This sheet was stretched 7 times MD ⁇ 6.4 times TD at 122 ° C. using a simultaneous biaxial stretching machine, and then the stretched product was immersed in methylene chloride to extract and remove liquid paraffin and then dried. After that, the sheet was transversely stretched 1.9 times at 128 ° C. using a transverse stretching machine, and then relaxed heat treatment at 135 ° C. so as to be 1.65 times the width when finally introduced into the transverse stretching machine. To obtain a polyolefin microporous film. The obtained polyolefin microporous film was used as an insulating layer (I).
- the thickness of the cooling sheet, the simultaneous biaxial stretching temperature, the transverse stretching ratio and temperature, the relaxation heat treatment magnification and temperature, and the like were adjusted, and the thickness, pore diameter, number of holes, and the like of the obtained insulating layer (I) were adjusted.
- 90 parts by mass of silicon average particle size 1 ⁇ m
- an aqueous solution of ammonium polycarboxylic acid SN made by Sannopco.
- Dispersant 5468 1.0 part by mass was uniformly dispersed in 100 parts by mass of water to prepare a coating liquid, which was applied onto the above-mentioned insulating layer (I) using a gravure coater.
- the coating layer on the insulating layer (I) is dried at 60 ° C. to remove water, and a layer (active layer) containing a lithium-storable material (A) having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m on the insulating layer (I).
- Insulating layer (I) + active layer Insulating layer (I) + active layer).
- the above-mentioned laminated body (insulating layer (I) + active layer) and the insulating layer (I) are overlapped and passed through a rubber roll set at 60 ° C. and 0.2 MPa, and a separator having a three-layer structure.
- Example 2 As raw materials for the insulating layers (I) and (II), 95 parts by mass of high-density polyethylene having an Mv of 300,000, 5 parts by mass of polypropylene having an Mv of 400,000, and tetrakis [methylene-3- (methylene-3- () as an antioxidant. 3', 5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate]
- a first composition in which 1 part by mass of methane is mixed to form an insulating layer (I) and an insulating layer (II). was prepared.
- a raw material for the layer containing the material (A) capable of occluding lithium 80 parts by mass of silicon (average particle size 1 ⁇ m) and 20 parts by mass of a high-density polyethylene resin having an Mv of 700,000, and liquid paraffin as a plasticizer 44. 8 parts by mass and 1 part by mass of tetrakis [methylene-3- (3', 5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane as an antioxidant are premixed with an occlusion mixer. A second composition constituting a layer (active layer) containing the material (A) capable of occluding lithium was prepared.
- Each of the first resin composition and the second resin composition was supplied to two twin-screw extruder feed ports by a feeder under a nitrogen atmosphere. Further, liquid paraffin (kinematic viscosity at 37.78 ° C., 7.59 ⁇ 10-5 m 2 / s) was injected into the twin-screw extruder cylinder by a plunger pump. The plasticizer so that the ratio of the amount of the plasticizer in the total mixture extruded by melt-kneading the first resin composition is 55% by mass, and the plasticizer in the total mixture extruded by melt-kneading the second resin composition. Liquid paraffin was side-fed to the twin-screw extruder cylinder so that the amount ratio was 60% by mass.
- the first and second resin compositions are melt-kneaded at 200 ° C., and the surface temperature is passed through a gear pump, a conduit, and a T-die capable of coextrusion of two types and three layers, respectively, whose temperature is set to 200 ° C.
- the temperature and magnification of the sheet-like composition were continuously adjusted with a simultaneous biaxial stretching machine and stretched, and then the stretched product was immersed in methylene chloride to extract and remove liquid paraffin, and then dried. .. Then, the obtained sheet was laterally stretched and subjected to a relaxation heat treatment to obtain a separator.
- the coating liquid was prepared, and coated on a layer (active layer) containing a material capable of occluding lithium using a gravure coater.
- the coating layer on the active layer was dried at 60 ° C. to remove water, and a multilayer porous film having an insulating layer (II) having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m formed on the active layer was obtained.
- the battery was manufactured with the insulating layer (II) facing the negative electrode surface.
- Example 4 The separator in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the material of the active layer was adjusted to have the weight ratio shown in Table 1 and the number of holes and the hole diameter were adjusted by adjusting the discharge amount, the stretching temperature, and the magnification.
- Examples 5 and 6> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the discharge amount and the thickness of the cooling sheet were adjusted to adjust the thickness of the insulating layer.
- Examples 7 to 11> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of holes and the hole diameter were adjusted by adjusting the discharge amount, the stretching temperature, and the magnification.
- Example 12 and 13> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the occlusal material was changed to that shown in Table 2 or 3.
- Example 14> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the inorganic filler of the insulating layer (II) was changed to a plate-shaped aluminum silicate (average particle size 1.0 ⁇ m).
- Example 15> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the inorganic filler of the insulating layer (II) was changed to a plate-shaped barium sulfate (average particle size 1.0 ⁇ m).
- Example 16> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 14 except that the shape of the inorganic filler of the insulating layer (II) was changed to a block shape (average particle size 1.0 ⁇ m).
- Example 17> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 14 except that the shape of the inorganic filler of the insulating layer (II) was changed to a scaly shape (average particle size 3.0 ⁇ m).
- Example 18 A mixture of NMP, PVDF and graphite at a weight ratio of 50: 6: 1 was stirred for 10 hours to dissolve PVDF in NMP.
- the paste thus produced is coated on one side of the insulating layer (I) adjusted to the pore diameter and the number of pores shown in Table 3, and then immersed in water to remove NMP to solidify PVDF and graphite.
- a PVDF film containing the above was produced. When the polymer solidifies, the pathway through which NMP escapes in water becomes a pore, so that the formed membrane becomes a porous membrane having communication pores. This film was vacuum dried at 65 ° C.
- insulating layer (I) + active layer having a total thickness of 20 ⁇ m. Further, an insulating layer (I) adjusted to the pore diameter and the number of pores shown in Table 3 was bonded to the other side of the active layer through a thermal laminator (set to 60 ° C. and 0.2 MPa) as a separator.
- Example 19 to 21> Separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, Example 8 and Example 10 except that the material of the active layer was changed as shown in Table 4.
- Example 22 and 23> A separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 20 except that the pore diameter and the number of holes of the insulating layer were changed as shown in Table 4.
- Example 24 In Example 3, a battery was produced with the insulating layer (I) facing the negative electrode surface.
- Example II-1> A single-layer separator was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3 except that the material capable of occluding lithium was changed to silicon.
- ⁇ Comparative example 4> A two-layer separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the material and weight ratio of the active layer were changed as shown in Table 5 and the step of laminating the insulating layer (I) and thermally laminating was omitted. It was. The battery was manufactured with the active layer facing the negative electrode surface.
- ⁇ Comparative example 5> A battery was produced by using the separator of Comparative Example 4 to make the active layer face the positive electrode surface.
- Example III-1> Homopolymer high-density polyethylene with an Mv of 700,000 was added to 45 parts by mass. Homopolymer high-density polyethylene with an Mv of 300,000 was added to 45 parts by mass. 5 parts by mass of polypropylene of homopolymer having Mv of 400,000 and Was dry-blended with a tumbler blender. To 99 parts by mass of the obtained polyolefin mixture, 1 part by mass of tetrakis- [methylene- (3', 5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane was added as an antioxidant, and the tumbler blender was used again. The mixture was obtained by dry blending with.
- the resulting mixture was fed to a twin-screw extruder under a nitrogen atmosphere by a feeder. Further, liquid paraffin (kinematic viscosity at 37.78 ° C. 7.59 ⁇ 10-5 m 2 / s) was injected into the extruder cylinder by a plunger pump. The operating conditions of the feeder and pump were adjusted so that the proportion of liquid paraffin in 100 parts by mass of the total mixture extruded was 65 parts by mass and the polymer concentration was 35 parts by mass. Next, they are melt-kneaded while being heated to 200 ° C.
- liquid paraffin linear viscosity at 37.78 ° C. 7.59 ⁇ 10-5 m 2 / s
- melt-kneaded product is extruded through a T-die onto a cooling roll whose surface temperature is controlled to 80 ° C.
- a sheet-shaped molded product having a thickness of 1170 ⁇ m was obtained by contacting with a cooling roll, casting, and cooling and solidifying.
- This sheet was stretched 7 times MD ⁇ 6.4 times TD at 122 ° C. using a simultaneous biaxial stretching machine, and then the stretched product was immersed in methylene chloride to extract and remove liquid paraffin and then dried. After that, the sheet was transversely stretched 1.9 times at 127 ° C. using a transverse stretching machine, and then relaxed heat treatment was performed at 132 ° C. so as to be 1.65 times the width when finally introduced into the transverse stretching machine. To obtain a polyolefin microporous film. The obtained polyolefin microporous membrane was placed in a stainless steel reaction vessel, sealed, and evacuated.
- the surface and the inside of the microporous polyolefin membrane were treated by treating at a partial pressure of fluorine gas of 1 Pa, a partial pressure of oxygen gas of 120 kPa, and a temperature of 20 ° C.
- the contact angle with respect to propylene carbonate was 40 °.
- the polyolefin microporous film obtained after the treatment was used as an insulating layer (I).
- Dispersant 5468 1.0 part by mass was uniformly dispersed in 100 parts by mass of water to prepare a coating liquid, which was applied onto the above-mentioned insulating layer (I) using a tabletop bar coater. The coating layer on the insulating layer (I) is dried at 60 ° C.
- Example III-2> A separator having a three-layer structure was obtained in the same manner as in Example III-1 except that the insulating layer (I) was obtained by changing the treatment method of the polyolefin microporous film.
- the method for treating the microporous polyolefin membrane was carried out as follows to prepare an insulating layer (I). Using a tabletop corona treatment machine, surface treatment was performed on both surfaces at a discharge rate of 80 W ⁇ min / m 2 and a temperature of 25 ° C. The contact angle with respect to propylene carbonate was 55 °.
- the polyolefin microporous film obtained after the treatment was used as an insulating layer (I). The properties obtained are shown in Table 7.
- Example III-3 13.5 parts by mass of homopolymer high-density polyethylene with Mv of 700,000 13.5 parts by mass of homopolymer high-density polyethylene with Mv of 300,000 2.7 parts by mass of poly (1-oxotrimethylene) having an ultimate viscosity [ ⁇ ] of 1.8, Liquid paraffin with 70 parts by mass Add 0.3 parts by mass of tetrakis- [methylene- (3', 5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane as an antioxidant to the container and stir at room temperature. Obtained a mixture. The obtained mixture was melt-kneaded at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes in a laboplast mill. The obtained melt-kneaded product was poured into a die having a thickness of 700 ⁇ m and cooled and pressed at 25 ° C. to obtain a sheet-shaped molded product having a thickness of 700 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was stretched 7 times MD ⁇ 7 times TD at 122 ° C. using a batch type simultaneous biaxial stretching machine. Then, the drawn product was immersed in methylene chloride with the stretched product fixed on all sides in a metal frame to extract and remove liquid paraffin, and then dried.
- the obtained polyketone (PK) -added polyolefin microporous film was used as an insulating layer (I). The contact angle with respect to propylene carbonate was 52 °.
- Dispersant 5468 1.0 part by mass was uniformly dispersed in 100 parts by mass of water to prepare a coating liquid, which was applied onto the above-mentioned insulating layer (I) using a tabletop bar coater.
- the coating layer on the insulating layer (I) is dried at 60 ° C. to remove water, and a layer (active layer) containing a lithium-storable material (A) having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m on the insulating layer (I).
- Dispersant 5468 1.0 part by mass was uniformly dispersed in 100 parts by mass of water to prepare a coating liquid, which was applied onto the above-mentioned insul
- an insulating layer (II) was formed on the surface of the active layer obtained above.
- Plate-shaped aluminum hydroxide (average particle size 1.0 ⁇ m) 96.0 parts by mass and acrylic polymer latex (solid content concentration 40%, average particle size 145 nm, Tg -10 ° C) 4.0 parts by mass, and
- An aqueous solution of ammonium polycarboxylic acid (SN Dispersant 5468 manufactured by Sannopco Co., Ltd.) is uniformly dispersed in 100 parts by mass of water to prepare a coating liquid, and a layer (active layer) containing a material capable of occluding lithium. It was applied on top using a tabletop bar coater. The coating layer on the active layer was dried at 60 ° C.
- the battery was manufactured with the insulating layer (II) facing the negative electrode surface.
- Example III-4> A separator having a three-layer structure was obtained in the same manner as in Example III-1 except that the microporous polyolefin membrane was not treated for controlling the contact angle (treatment with fluorine gas or oxygen gas).
- the contact angle of the surfaces of the insulating layers (I) and (II) with respect to propylene carbonate was 68 °.
- the properties obtained are shown in Table 7.
- Example III-5 The two-layer structure of the insulating layer (I) + the active layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example III-4.
- the insulating layer (II) was prepared on the surface of the active layer in the same manner as in Example III-3.
- the properties obtained are shown in Table 7.
- the battery was manufactured with the insulating layer (II) facing the negative electrode surface.
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Abstract
Description
これらの蓄電デバイスでは、比較的低温で比較的大きな電流でデバイスを充電することなどの条件下では、負極板にリチウム(Li)が析出して、この負極板から金属Liがデンドライト(樹枝状結晶)として成長することがある。このようなデンドライトが成長し続けると、セパレータを突き破って、若しくは貫通して正極板にまで到達するか、又は正極板に接近することで、デンドライト自身が経路となって短絡を招く不具合を生じることがある。例えば、基材のみから成る従来の単層セパレータを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池の釘刺し試験時に、釘が正極、セパレータ及び負極を貫通すると、釘中の電子(e-)は負極から正極へ著しく高速で移動し、かつLi+イオンも負極から正極へ著しく高速で移動するので、大電流が流れて発熱量が増加し、安全性を損なう傾向にある。
これに対して、例えば、特許文献1~3には、正負極とセパレータとを備える蓄電デバイス内に、Liを吸蔵することが可能な化合物の層を形成することによって、デンドライトの成長を抑制できることが記述されている。
したがって、本発明は、デンドライトを効率的に抑制し、安全性を向上させることだけでなく、Li金属負極を用いた際のサイクル特性を向上させることもできる蓄電デバイス用セパレータ、及びそれを含む蓄電デバイスを提供することを目的とする。
[1]
リチウム(Li)吸蔵材料を有する活性層を含み、前記活性層の面方向の電気抵抗率が100,000Ωcm以上であり、かつ透気度が650s/100ml以下である蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[2]
Li吸蔵材料を含まない絶縁層を少なくとも一層有し、かつ前記活性層が前記絶縁層に担持されている、項目1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[3]
前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータが、前記活性層と、Li吸蔵材料を含まない第1及び第2の絶縁層(I,II)と、を有する蓄電デバイス用積層セパレータであり、かつ前記活性層が、前記第1の絶縁層(I)と前記第2の絶縁層(II)に挟まれている、項目2に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[4]
前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の表面平均孔数が、15個/μm2以上である、項目2又は3に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[5]
前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の表面平均孔径が、0.015μm~0.140μmである、項目2~4のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[6]
前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の平均孔数が、10個/μm2以上である、項目2~5のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[7]
前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の平均孔径が、0.01μm~0.15μmである、項目2~6のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[8]
両表層のプロピレンカーボネートに対する接触角が1°以上60°以下である、項目1~7のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[9]
前記少なくとも1層の絶縁層の構成材料が、熱可塑性樹脂を主成分として含む、項目2~8のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[10]
前記少なくとも1層の絶縁層の構成材料が、ポリオレフィンを主成分として含む、項目2~9のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[11]
前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータの水分量が、0.1ppm以上2000ppm以下である、項目1~10のいずれかに記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[12]
前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層が、無機粒子を含む、項目2~11のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[13]
前記無機粒子の形状が、鱗片状、板状及びブロック状から成る群から選択される少なくとも1つである、項目12に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[14]
前記無機粒子が、アルミナ、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化酸化アルミニウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、硫酸バリウム及びジルコニアから成る群から選択される少なくとも1つである、項目12又は13に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[15]
前記Li吸蔵材料の平均粒径が、前記絶縁層の平均孔径の1.5倍~50.0倍である、項目2~14のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[16]
前記Li吸蔵材料が粒子であり、かつ前記Li吸蔵材料の平均粒径が、0.01μm~5.00μmである、項目1~15のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[17]
前記Li吸蔵材料が粒子であり、かつ前記粒子の形状が、ブロック状、板状、薄片状、鱗片状、又は球状である、項目1~16のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[18]
正極と、前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、電解液とを含む蓄電デバイスの耐電圧測定試験において短絡が発生したときの電圧値が、0.3kV~4.5kVである、項目1~17のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[19]
前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の平均孔数が、300個/μm2以下である、項目2~18のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[20]
前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータの透気度が、30s/100ml以上である、項目1~19のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
[21]
正極と、項目1~20のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、電解液とを含む蓄電デバイス。
[22]
正極と、項目1~20のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、リチウム(Li)イオン伝導媒体とを含み、かつ前記リチウム(Li)イオンLi伝導媒体が、ゲル状又は固体状である蓄電デバイス。
[23]
正極と、項目12~14のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、リチウム(Li)イオン伝導媒体とを含む蓄電デバイスであって、前記無機粒子を含む前記絶縁層が、少なくとも一部の負極面に接するように配置された蓄電デバイス。
[24]
充電時の前記負極の電位が、1.5V(vsLi+/Li)以下である、項目21~23のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス。
[25]
リチウム電池又はリチウムイオン二次電池である、項目21~24のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス。
本実施形態に係る蓄電デバイス用セパレータ(以下、「セパレータ」という。)は、リチウム(Li)を吸蔵可能な材料(A)(以下、「Li吸蔵材料」ともいう。)を有し、かつ面方向の電気抵抗率が105Ωcm(100,000Ωcm)以上である活性層を含み、そしてセパレータの透気度が650s/100ml以下である。本実施形態では、活性層中の材料(A)が、イオン透過性を担保しつつデンドライトの成長を効率的に抑制して蓄電デバイスの安全性に寄与し、かつ透気度が650s/100ml以下のセパレータを備える蓄電デバイスは、良好な電気特性及びサイクル特性を有する傾向にある。同様の観点から、活性層の面方向の電気抵抗率は、好ましくは106Ωcm以上、より好ましくは107Ωcm以上であり、また活性層の面方向の電気抵抗率に上限はなくより高いほうが好ましく、Liデンドライトが活性層に到達した際の充電時の正極由来のLiイオンをトラップする現象が抑制される傾向にある。セパレータの透気度は、単層構造と複層構造のいずれの場合においても、電気特性又はサイクル特性の観点から、好ましくは、600s/100ml以下、550s/100ml以下、500s/100ml以下、450s/100ml以下、又は400s/100ml以下、更には300s/100ml以下であり、強度又は安全性の観点から、好ましくは、30s/100ml以上、100s/100ml以上、120s/100ml以上、140s/100ml以上、又は160s/100ml以上である。
セパレータは、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む。所望により、セパレータは、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)に加えて、樹脂、無機フィラー、有機フィラーなどを含んでよい。
Li吸蔵材料(A)としては、リチウム(Li)を吸蔵(インターカレート、合金化、化学コンバージョン等を含む)することができる化合物、例えばリチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質等を用いることができる。具体的には、シリコン、一酸化ケイ素、リチウム合金(例えば、リチウム-アルミニウム、リチウム-鉛、リチウム-錫、リチウム-アルミニウム-錫、リチウム-ガリウム、ウッド合金等のリチウム金属含有合金)、炭素材料(例えば、グラファイト(黒鉛)、ハードカーボン、低温焼成炭素、非晶質カーボン等)、金属酸化物、リチウム金属酸化物(例えばLi4Ti5O12等)、ポリリン酸化合物、遷移金属の硫化物等が挙げられる。中でも、シリコン、一酸化ケイ素、リチウム金属酸化物(例えばLi4Ti5O12等)、金属酸化物等を用いることが好ましい。また、Li吸蔵材料(A)は、リチウムによって還元分解される化合物等のように、リチウムと反応する化合物を含んでもよい。このような材料を用いることによって、安全性、出力及びサイクル特性に優れた蓄電デバイスを作製することが可能である。更には体積当たりのLi吸蔵容量の観点から、シリコン、及び/又は酸化スズを用いることが、Liデンドライトの成長を長期に亘り抑制できるため最も好ましい。
なお、本明細書では、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)の平均粒径とは、後述する実施例の測定法において、SEMを用いる方法に準じて測定される値である。
無機フィラーとしては、例えば、アルミナ、シリカ、チタニア、ジルコニア、マグネシア、セリア、イットリア、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄などの酸化物系セラミックス、窒化ケイ素、窒化チタン、窒化ホウ素等の窒化物系セラミックス、シリコンカーバイド、炭酸カルシウム、硫酸アルミニウム、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化酸化アルミニウム、チタン酸カリウム、タルク、カオリンクレー、カオリナイト、ハロイサイト、パイロフィライト、モンモリロナイト、セリサイト、マイカ、アメサイト、ベントナイト、アスベスト、ゼオライト、ケイ酸カルシウム、ケイ酸マグネシウム、ケイ藻土、ケイ砂等のセラミックス、ガラス繊維などが挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で、又は2種以上を併用することができる。中でも、電気化学的安定性の観点から、アルミナ、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化酸化アルミニウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、硫酸バリウム及びジルコニアが好ましく、ケイ酸アルミニウム、硫酸バリウム、及びジルコニアがより好ましい。
有機フィラーとしては、例えば、架橋ポリアクリル酸、架橋ポリアクリル酸エステル、架橋ポリメタクリル酸、架橋ポリメタクリル酸エステル、架橋ポリメタクリル酸メチル、架橋ポリシリコーン(ポリメチルシルセスキオキサン等)、架橋ポリスチレン、架橋ポリジビニルベンゼン、スチレン-ジビニルベンゼン共重合体架橋物、ポリイミド、メラミン樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ベンゾグアナミン-ホルムアルデヒド縮合物などの各種の架橋高分子微粒子;ポリスルホン、ポリアクリロニトリル、アラミド、ポリアセタール、熱可塑性ポリイミドなどの耐熱性高分子微粒子などが例示できる。また、これらの有機微粒子を構成する有機樹脂(高分子)は、前記例示の材料の混合物、変性体、誘導体、共重合体(ランダム共重合体、交互共重合体、ブロック共重合体、グラフト共重合体)、架橋体(前記の耐熱性高分子の場合)であってもよい。中でも、架橋ポリアクリル酸、架橋ポリアクリル酸エステル、架橋ポリメタクリル酸、架橋ポリメタクリル酸エステル、架橋ポリメタクリル酸メチル、および架橋ポリシリコーン(ポリメチルシルセスキオキサン等)から成る群より選ばれる1種以上の樹脂であることが好ましい。
セパレータに含まれる樹脂としては、熱可塑性樹脂が、薄層多孔層、高強度多孔層などの成型性の観点から好ましい。熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば:
ポリエチレン又はポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン;
ポリフッ化ビニリデン又はポリテトラフルオロエチレンなどの含フッ素樹脂;
フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体又はエチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体などの含フッ素ゴム;
スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体およびその水素化物、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン共重合体およびその水素化物、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン共重合体およびその水素化物、ポリメタクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸、メタクリル酸エステル-アクリル酸エステル共重合体、スチレン-アクリル酸エステル共重合体、アクリロニトリル-アクリル酸エステル共重合体、エチレンプロピレンラバー、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリオキシエチレン、ポリオキシプロピレン、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体などのゴム類;
ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリアミド、芳香族ポリアミド、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリエチレンカーボネート、ポリプロピレンカーボネート、ポリアセタール、ポリ(1-オキソトリメチレン)、ポリ(1-オキソ-2メチルトリメチレン)などのポリケトン;
などが挙げられる。
活性層は、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む層である。本実施形態に係る活性層が、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)及び上記で説明された樹脂を含む場合、活性層中のLi吸蔵材料(A)及び樹脂の含有割合(質量分率)は、デンドライト抑制効果及び耐熱性の点から、好ましくは10%以上、より好ましくは30%以上、更に好ましくは50%以上、特に好ましくは90%以上であり、上限として好ましくは100%未満、好ましくは99.99%以下、更に好ましくは99.9%以下、特に好ましくは99%以下である。
本実施形態に係るセパレータは、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む活性層に加えて、活性層を担持でき、リチウム吸蔵材料(A)を含まない絶縁層を少なくとも1層含むことが好ましく、2層の絶縁層を含むことがより好ましい。リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含まない第1及び第2の絶縁層(I,II)を含む場合、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む活性層は、第1の絶縁層(I)と第2の絶縁層(II)に挟まれている。なお、本明細書では、絶縁層は、電気的絶縁を確保できる層を意味し、例えば、面方向の電気抵抗率が107Ωcm以上又は107Ωcm超の層であることができる。
このような無機粒子としては、例えば、アルミナ、シリカ、チタニア、ジルコニア、マグネシア、セリア、イットリア、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄などの酸化物系セラミックス;窒化ケイ素、窒化チタン、窒化ホウ素等の窒化物系セラミックス;シリコンカーバイド、炭酸カルシウム、硫酸アルミニウム、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化酸化アルミニウム、チタン酸カリウム、タルク、カオリンクレー、カオリナイト、ハロイサイト、パイロフィライト、モンモリロナイト、セリサイト、マイカ、アメサイト、ベントナイト、アスベスト、ゼオライト、ケイ酸カルシウム、ケイ酸マグネシウム、ケイ藻土、ケイ砂等のセラミックス;ガラス繊維などが挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で、又は2種以上を併用することができる。中でも、電気化学的安定性の観点から、アルミナ、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化酸化アルミニウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、硫酸バリウム及びジルコニアが好ましく、ケイ酸アルミニウム、硫酸バリウム及びジルコニアがより好ましい。
1)共役ジエン系重合体、
2)アクリル系重合体、
3)ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂又はセルロース重合体、及び
4)含フッ素樹脂。
このような化合物としては、例えば、下記式(P1)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
CH2=CRY1-COO-RY2 (P1)
{式中、RY1は、水素原子又はメチル基を示し、かつRY2は、水素原子又は1価の炭化水素基を示す。}
RY2が1価の炭化水素基の場合は、置換基を有してよく、かつ/又は鎖内にヘテロ原子を有してよい。1価の炭化水素基としては、例えば、直鎖又は分岐の鎖状アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、及びアリール基が挙げられる。
RY2の1種である鎖状アルキル基として、より具体的には、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、及びイソプロピル基である炭素原子数が1~3の鎖状アルキル基;n-ブチル基、イソブチル基、t-ブチル基、n-ヘキシル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、及びラウリル基等の、炭素原子数が4以上の鎖状アルキル基が挙げられる。また、RY2の1種であるアリール基としては、例えばフェニル基が挙げられる。
また、1価の炭化水素基の置換基としては、例えばヒドロキシル基及びフェニル基が挙げられ、鎖内のヘテロ原子としては、例えばハロゲン原子、酸素原子等が挙げられる。
このような(メタ)アクリル系化合物としては、(メタ)アクリル酸、鎖状アルキル(メタ)アクリレート、シクロアルキル(メタ)アクリレート、ヒドロキシル基を有する(メタ)アクリレート、フェニル基含有(メタ)アクリレート等を挙げることができる。(メタ)アクリル系化合物は、1種を単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いられる。
本実施形態に係るセパレータの製造方法としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、下記(i)~(iii)の方法が挙げられる:
(i)上記で説明されたLi吸蔵材料(A)と、所望により、上記で説明された樹脂とを含む成形前駆体を、分散、加熱、溶融混練、押出、延伸、緩和等により成形して、単層セパレータを得る方法;
(ii)上記で説明されたLi吸蔵材料(A)と、所望により、上記で説明された樹脂とを、溶媒に溶解又は分散させて、得られた分散液を絶縁層の少なくとも片面に塗布することによって、積層構造を有するセパレータを得る方法;及び
(iii)Li吸蔵材料(A)と樹脂とを、必要に応じて可塑剤等と共に、押出機等で加熱混合し、絶縁層の構成材料と共押出しし、押し出された積層シートを形成、延伸若しくは可塑剤抽出に供して、乾燥することによって、積層構造を有するセパレータを得たり、または上記(ii)の積層構造セパレータの活性層の表面に絶縁層を更に塗布することによってセパレータを得たりする方法。
また、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含有する樹脂溶液を安定化させるために、又は絶縁層への塗工性を向上させるために、Li吸蔵材料(A)の分散液には、界面活性剤等の分散剤、増粘剤、湿潤剤、消泡剤、酸又はアルカリを含むpH調整剤等の各種の添加剤を加えてもよい。これらの添加剤は、溶媒除去又は可塑剤抽出の際に除去できるものが好ましいが、リチウムイオン二次電池の使用時において、電気化学的に安定であり、電池反応を阻害せず、かつ200℃程度まで安定ならば、電池内(又は電池内のセパレータ)に残存してもよい。
本発明の別の実施形態に係る蓄電デバイスは、正極と、上記で説明されたセパレータと、負極と、所望によりイオン伝導媒体とを備える。積層構造を有するセパレータが、無機粒子を含む絶縁層を有するときには、蓄電デバイスのレート特性及び安全性の観点から、無機粒子を含む絶縁層は、蓄電デバイスにおいて、少なくとも一部の負極面に接するように配置されることが好ましい。更には、無機粒子を含みかつ、表面平均孔数、平均孔数、表面平均孔径及び平均孔径が上記の範囲内である絶縁層を負極面に接するように配置されることが最も好ましい。イオン伝導媒体は、蓄電デバイスの電解質に応じて、液状、ゲル状、又は固体状であることができる。また、高サイクル性と安全性の観点から、蓄電デバイスの充電時の負極電位(vsLi+/Li)が、上記で説明されたリチウム(Li)を吸蔵可能な材料(A)の電位(vsLi+/Li)よりも低いことが好ましく、1.5V(vsLi+/Li)以下であることがより好ましい。
ASTM-D4020に基づき、デカリン溶媒における135℃での極限粘度[η](dl/g)を求める。ポリエチレンのMvは次式により算出した。
[η]=6.77×10-4Mv0.67
ポリプロピレンについては、次式によりMvを算出した。
[η]=1.10×10-4Mv0.80
ポリケトンの極限粘度[η](単位dl/g)は、次の定義式にて算出した。
ダイヤルゲージ(尾崎製作所製PEACOCK No.25(商標))で試料の膜厚を測定した。MD10mm×TD10mmのサンプルを多孔膜から切り出し、格子状に9箇所(3点×3点)の厚さを測定した。得られた測定値の平均値を膜厚(μm)又は層厚として算出した。
なお、本実施例及び比較例において得られる各単層の厚みとしては、各製造工程で得られる単層の状態で測定した。積層状態の場合、前記測定した単層の値を差し引いて算出した。共押出により単層の状態が得られないものに関しては、断面SEMから各層の厚みを算出した。
JIS P-8117準拠のガーレー式透気度計(東洋精機製G-B2(商標))を用いて測定した。
剥離強度は、株式会社島津製作所社製の引張試験機(オートグラフ AG-IS)を用い、25℃の環境下において測定した。
セパレータを2.5cm×10cmの大きさに切り出し、基材面をガラスプレートに両面テープ(ニチバン株式会社製 ナイスタック NWBB-15)で固定し、外層上に3M社製のセロテープ(登録商標)(スコッチ 810-3-12)を貼り付けた。貼り付けたテープの端の5mm程度を剥がし、テープ側を引張試験機の上側(引張側)に、基材側を引張試験機の下側(固定側)にそれぞれ装着し、外層の面に対して180°方向に100mm/minの速度で引っ張ったときの積分平均荷重を剥離強度とした。
10cm×10cm角の試料をポリオレフィン微多孔膜から切り取り、その体積(cm3)と質量(g)を求め、それらと真密度(g/cm3)より、次式を用いて計算した。
気孔率(%)=(体積-(質量/混合組成物の真密度))/体積×100
なお、混合組成物の密度は、用いたポリオレフィン樹脂と無機粒子の各々の密度と混合比より計算して求められる値を用いた。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)にて撮影した5μm×5μmの視野を画像解析ソフト「ImageJ」に読み込み、Image-TyPe-8bitを選択し、その後SEM画像内のスケールバーを用いてAnalize-Set scaleでスケール調整を行った。続いて、Image-Adjust-Thresholdで条件としてOtsuを選択し二値化を行い、Analyze-Particlesにより算出したCountを表面平均孔数、及びFeretを表面平均孔径とした。
・SEM撮影条件:
S-4800:日立製
加速電圧:1.5kV
検出器:LA-BSE(LA20)
・Analyze-Particles条件:
Size(μm2):0.0004-Infinity
Circularity:0.00-1.00
Exclude on edges:on
Include holes:on
キャピラリー内部の流体は、流体の平均自由工程がキャピラリーの孔径より大きいときはクヌーセンの流れに、小さい時はポアズイユの流れに従うことが知られている。そこで、微多孔膜の透気度測定における空気の流れがクヌーセンの流れに、また微多孔膜の透水度測定における水の流れがポアズイユの流れに従うと仮定する。
この場合、孔径d(μm)と屈曲率τ(無次元)は、空気の透過速度定数Rgas(m3/(m2・sec・Pa))、水の透過速度定数Rliq(m3/(m2・sec・Pa))、空気の分子速度ν(m/sec)、水の粘度η(Pa・sec)、標準圧力Ps(=101325Pa)、気孔率ε(%)、及び膜厚L(μm)から、次式を用いて求めることができる。
d=2ν×(Rliq/Rgas)×(16η/3Ps)×106
τ=(d×(ε/100)×ν/(3L×Ps×Rgas))1/2
ここで、Rgasは透気度(sec)から次式を用いて求められる。
Rgas=0.0001/(透気度×(6.424×10-4)×(0.01276×101325))
また、Rliqは透水度(cm3/(cm2・sec・Pa))から次式を用いて求められる。
Rliq=透水度/100
なお、透水度は次のように求められる。直径41mmのステンレス製の透液セルに、予めアルコールに浸しておいた微多孔膜をセットし、その膜のアルコールを水で洗浄した後、約50000Paの差圧で水を透過させ、120sec間経過した際の透水量(cm3)より、単位時間・単位圧力・単位面積当たりの透水量を計算し、これを透水度とした。
また、νは気体定数R(=8.314)、絶対温度T(K)、円周率π、及び空気の平均分子量M(=2.896×10-2kg/mol)から次式を用いて求められる。
ν=((8R×T)/(π×M))1/2
さらに、孔数B(個/μm2)は、次式より求められる。
B=4×(ε/100)/(π×d2×τ)
なお、本実施例及び比較例において得られる絶縁層(I)の平均孔径、孔数は、各製造工程で得られる単層の状態で測定すればよい。
また、積層セパレータにおいて絶縁層(I)の平均孔径、孔数の測定方法としては、特に限定されないが、例えばセロハン(登録商標)テープで層間を剥離し、単層を得て測定する方法、非測定層のバインダを溶解させるような良溶媒中で超音波を当てて層間を剥離し、単層を得る方法等が挙げられる。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)にて拡大した、10μm×10μmの視野を直接に、又はネガより写真に焼き付けた後に、画像解析装置に読み込み、これから計算される各粒子の円換算径(粒子をその面積を同じくする円に換算したときの円の直径)の数平均値を、平均粒径(μm)とした。ただし、写真から画像解析装置に入力する際に粒子境界が不明瞭な場合には、写真のトレースを行い、この図を用いて画像解析装置に入力を行った。実施例において特に断りの無い場合、「平均粒径」は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて測定される。
円換算径は、過度な力を与えない限りそれ以上ほぐすことのできない最小単位の粒子で計算される。例えば、通常、粒子の円換算径は、一次粒子の円換算径を意味するが、造粒された粒子などのように、過度な力を加えない限りほぐれない粒子に関しては、二次粒子の円換算径を意味する。また、複数の1次粒子が弱い力で結び付き、不定形な構造を形成している場合は、その粒子の1次粒径の円換算径を意味する。
なお、試料の平均粒径をSEMより求めることが困難な場合は、レーザー式粒度分布測定装置を用いて測定を行う。この場合、試料を蒸留水に加え、ヘキサメタリン酸ナトリウム水溶液を少量添加してから超音波ホモジナイザーで1分間分散させた後、レーザー式粒度分布測定装置(日機装(株)製マイクロトラックMT3300EX)を用いて、粒径分布を測定し、各粒子の数平均値を無機フィラーの平均粒径として得ることができる。
直径4cmのアルミニウム製電極でセパレータを挟み、15gの荷重を掛け、これを菊水電子工業製の耐電圧測定機(TOS9201)に繋いで測定を実施した。測定点数50点の平均値を、その試料の測定値として得た。測定条件は、交流電圧(60Hz)を1.0kV/secの速度で試料に掛けていき、短絡した電圧値をセパレータの耐電圧(kV)として得るというものであった。
JIS R-9301-2-4に準拠する方法で、重装かさ密度を測定した。
以下の式にて樹脂バインダの体積分率(%)を算出した。
Vb={(Wb/Db)/(Wb/Db+Wf/Df)}×100
Vb:樹脂バインダの体積分率(%)
Wb:樹脂バインダの重量(g)
Wf:無機フィラーの重量(g)
Db:樹脂バインダの密度(g/cm3)
Df:無機フィラーのかさ密度(g/cm3)
島津製作所製TMA50(商標)を用いてサンプルの熱収縮を測定した。MD(TD)方向の値を測定する場合は、TD(MD)方向に幅3mmに切り出したサンプルを、チャック間距離が10mmとなるようにチャックに固定し、専用プローブにセットする。初期荷重を1.0g、定長測定モードとし、30℃から200℃まで10℃/minの昇温速度でサンプルを加熱し、その時に発生する荷重(g)を測定し、その最大値をMD(又はTD)最大熱収縮応力(g)とした。
セパレータをMD方向に100mm、TD方向に100mmに切り取り、所定温度(150℃、又は130℃)のオーブン中に1時間静置する。この時に、温風が直接サンプルに当たらないように、サンプルを2枚の紙に挟む。サンプルをオーブンから取り出して冷却した後、長さ(mm)を測定し、以下の式にてMDおよびTDの熱収縮率を算出した。
MD熱収縮率(%)={(100-加熱後のMDの長さ)/100}×100
TD熱収縮率(%)={(100-加熱後のTDの長さ)/100}×100
セパレータをMD方向に11.0cm、TD方向に0.50cmの短冊状に切り取り、LCRメーターを用いて2端子を、短冊長手方向端部からMD方向0.5cmとTD方向0.25mmの部分、及びMD方向10.5cmとTD方向0.25mmの部分の活性層の表面2点に当てて抵抗を測定した。
なお、3層同時押し出し等により製造された、活性層が露出した状態で測定不可能なセパレータに関しては、セロハン(登録商標)テープで表層を剥離するか、または斜め切削装置(SAICAS)を用いて表面から斜めに切削することで活性層を露出させて、抵抗を測定することが可能である。
電気抵抗率は以下の式にて算出した。
電気抵抗率(Ωcm)=LCRメーターでの測定値(Ω)×0.5(cm:TD方向幅)×活性層の厚み(cm)/2端子間の距離(cm)
なお、活性層の厚みに関してはセパレータの断面SEMによって確認した。
協和界面科学社製接触角計(CA-V)(型式名)を用いて接触角を測定した。スライドガラス上に、皺が入らないように平滑に固定したセパレータの表面に、プロピレンカーボネート溶液を2μl滴下し、40秒経過後における接触角を測定した。測定は25℃環境下で実施し、接触角は5回測定した平均の値を採用した。
セパレータを0.15g~0.20gの範囲になるように切り取り、23℃、相対湿度40%で12時間前処理した。その後、その重量を測定して、試料重量(g)とした。前処理後の試料の水分重量(μg)は、カールフィッシャー装置を使用して測定した。なお、測定の際の加熱気化条件は150℃、10分間とした。また、カソード試薬としてはハイドラナールクーロマットCG-K(SIGMA-ALDRICH製)、アノード試薬としてはハイドラナールクーロマットAK(SIGMA-ALDRICH製)を使用した。水分量は、下記式に従って算出される。
水分量(ppm)=水分重量(μg)/試料重量(g)
a.正極の作製
正極活物質としてリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(LiCoO2)を92.2質量%、導電材として鱗片状グラファイトとアセチレンブラックをそれぞれ2.3質量%、バインダとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を3.2質量%、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)中に分散させてスラリーを調製する。このスラリーを正極集電体となる厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の片面にダイコーターで塗布し、130℃で3分間の乾燥後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形する。この時、正極の活物質塗布量は125g/m2、活物質かさ密度は3.00g/cm3になるようにする。
負極活物質として人造グラファイト96.6質量%、バインダとしてカルボキシメチルセルロースのアンモニウム塩1.4質量%とスチレン-ブタジエン共重合体ラテックス1.7質量%を精製水中に分散させてスラリーを調製する。このスラリーを負極集電体となる厚さ12μmの銅箔の片面にダイコーターで塗布し、120℃で3分間の乾燥後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形する。この時、負極の活物質塗布量は53g/m2、活物質かさ密度は1.35g/cm3になるようにする。
プロピレンカーボネート:エチレンカーボネート:γ-ブチルラクトン=1:1:2(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiBF4を濃度1.0mol/Lとなるように溶解させて調製する。
熱電対を繋いだセラミックスプレート上に、65mm×20mmに切り出して非水電解液に1分以上浸漬した負極を載せ、この上に、中央部に直径16mmの穴をあけた50mm×50mmに切り出した厚さ9μmのアラミドフィルムを載せ、この上に、40mm×40mmに切り出して非水電解液に1時間以上浸漬した試料の多孔膜をアラミドフィルムの穴部を覆うように載せ、この上に、65mm×20mmに切り出して非水電解液に1分以上浸漬した正極を負極に接触しないように載せ、その上にカプトンフィルム、更に厚さ約4mmのシリコンゴムを載せる。これをホットプレート上にセットした後、油圧プレス機にて4.1MPaの圧力を掛けた状態で、15℃/minの速度で昇温し、この際の正負極間のインピーダンス変化を交流1V、1kHzの条件下で設定温度25℃から200℃まで測定した。この測定において、インピーダンスが1000Ωに達した時点の温度をシャットダウン温度とし、孔閉塞状態に達した後、再びインピーダンスが1000Ωを下回った時点の温度をショート温度とした。
a.正極の作製
項目(17)のaで作製した正極を面積2.00cm2の円形に打ち抜いた。
b.負極の作製
項目(17)のbで作製した負極を面積2.05cm2の円形に打ち抜いた。
c.非水電解液
エチレンカーボネート:エチルメチルカーボネート=1:2(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiPF6を濃度1.0mol/Lとなるように溶解させて調製した。
d.電池組立と評価
正極と負極の活物質面が対向するように、鉛直方向に沿って下から負極、セパレータ、正極の順に重ね、蓋付きステンレス金属製容器に収納する。容器と蓋とは絶縁されており、容器は負極の銅箔と、蓋は正極のアルミ箔と接している。この容器内に、項目(18)のc.で調製した非水電解液を注入して密閉する。
[評価ランク]
S:150mA/g以上
A:140mA/g超150mA/g未満
B:140mA/g以下
このサイクルにおける1サイクル目の放電容量に対する300サイクル後の放電容量の割合を容量維持率(%)として求め、下記基準によりサイクル特性を評価した。
[評価ランク]
S:50%以上
A:30%超50%未満
B:30%以下
<デンドライト短絡試験(A)>
項目(18)で作製したセルにおいて正極及び負極を金属リチウム(Li)に変更したこと以外は項目(18)と同様にしてセルを作製した。
上記のようにして組み立てた、正負極に金属Liを用いたセルに2mA/cm2、5mA/cm2、10mA/cm2、17mA/cm2、25mA/cm2の順に、10分間電流を流し、10分間の休止を繰り返すことで、リチウム(Li)の溶解析出に伴うデンドライトを発生させ、電圧をモニターし、短絡が生じる電流値を確認した。なお、短絡の判断としては、電圧変動がΔ0.025Vとなる不連続な点が10点以上確認できた場合、または電圧が完全に0Vとなった場合を短絡と判断した。下記基準に従って試験結果を評価した。
[評価ランク]
S: 短絡せず
A: 25mA/cm2で短絡
B: 17mA/cm2で短絡
C: 10mA/cm2で短絡
D: 5mA/cm2で短絡
E: 2mA/cm2で短絡
項目(18)で作製したセルにおいて負極を金属リチウム(Li)に変更したこと以外は項目(18)と同様にしてセルを作製した。
上記のようにして組み立てたセルに0.1Cの設定電流値で、4.3Vでの定電流(CC)-定電圧(CV)充電(Cut Off条件を収束電流値0.03mA)を行なって通常充電量(i)を測定した。
通常充電量(i)を測定したセルとは別に新しいセルを作製し、20mA/cm2の設定電流値で、4.3VでのCC-CV充電(Cut Off条件:25mAhまたは収束電流値0.03mA)を行なって過負荷充電池(ii)を測定した。
(ii)-(i)の値を、デンドライト短絡による過充電値として、下記基準に従い評価した。
[評価ランク]
S: 0.1mAh未満
A: 0.1mAh以上1.0mAh未満
B: 1.0mAh以上10.0mAh未満
C: 10.0mAh以上25.0mAh以下
項目(18)で作製したセルにおいて負極を金属リチウム(Li)に変更したこと以外は項目(18)と同様にしてセルを作製した。
25℃雰囲気下、電流値1.5mA/cm2で電池電圧4.3Vまで充電し、さらに4.3Vを保持するようにして電流値を3mAから絞り始めるという方法で、合計約3時間充電を行い、そして電流値1.5mA/cm2で電池電圧3.0Vまで放電するというサイクルを繰り返した。
このサイクルにおける1サイクル目の放電容量に対する300サイクル後の放電容量の割合を容量維持率(%)として求め、下記基準によりサイクル特性を評価した。
[評価ランク]
S:50%以上
A:30%超50%未満
B:30%以下
<積層ラミネート型電池の作製>
<正極の作製>
正極活物質であるリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト複合酸化物粉末(LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2)とリチウムマンガン複合酸化物粉末(LiMn2O4)を質量比率70:30で機械混合した混合正極活物質:85質量部、導電助剤であるアセチレンブラック:6質量部、およびバインダであるPVDF:9質量部を、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を溶剤として均一になるように混合して、正極合剤含有ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤含有ペーストを、アルミニウム箔から成る厚さ20μmの集電体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥させた後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形を行って、全厚が130μmになるように正極合剤層の厚みを調整してシートを得た。
短辺95mm、長辺120mmの長方形状シートの短辺上部に、長さ20mmの活物質未塗工のアルミニウム箔をリードタブとして設置した正極シートを作製した。
負極活物質である黒鉛:91質量部と、バインダであるPVDF:9質量部とを、NMPを溶剤として均一になるように混合して、負極合剤含有ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤含有ペーストを、銅箔から成る厚さ15μmの集電体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥させた後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形を行って、全厚が130μmになるように負極合剤層の厚みを調整してシートを得た。
短辺95mm、長辺120mmの長方形状シートの短辺上部に、長さ20mmの活物質未塗工の銅箔をリードタブとして設置した負極シートを作製した。
非水電解液としてエチレンカーボネート:エチルメチルカーボネート:ジメチルカーボネート=1:1:1(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiPF6を濃度1.0mol/Lとなるように溶解させて調製した。
<セル作製>
上記の正極シート3枚、負極シート4枚を交互に重ね、それぞれをセパレータにて隔離することで電極板積層体を作製した。セパレータは125mm幅の帯状のセパレータであり、これを交互に九十九折に折り畳むことで電極板積層体を作製した。
この電極板積層体を平板状にプレスした後、アルミニウム製ラミネートフィルムに収納し、3辺をヒートシールした。なお、正極リードタブと負極リードタブをラミネートフィルム1辺から導出させた。さらに、乾燥後、この容器内に上記の非水電解液を注入し、残りの1辺を封口し、ラミネートセルを作製した。
上述のようにして作製したラミネートセルを、電流値0.3A、終止電池電圧4.2Vの条件下で3時間に亘って定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電した。その後、ラミネートセルを防爆ブース内の鉄板上に静置し、セル中央部に、直径2.5mmの鉄製釘を、25℃前後の環境下で、3mm/秒の速度で貫通させた。目視でセルを観察して、下記基準に従って評価した。
[評価ランク]
S:変化なし
A:ガス噴出
B:発火
a.正極の作製
正極活物質としてリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(LiCoO2)を92.2質量%、導電材として鱗片状グラファイトとアセチレンブラックをそれぞれ2.3質量%、バインダとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を3.2質量%、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)中に分散させてスラリーを調製する。このスラリーを正極集電体となる厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の片面にダイコーターで塗布し、130℃で3分間の乾燥後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形する。この時、正極の活物質塗布量は125g/m2、活物質かさ密度は3.00g/cm3になるようにする。作製した正極を面積2.00cm2の円形に打ち抜いた。
厚さ200μm金属リチウム箔を面積2.05cm2の円形に打ち抜いて負極とした。
エチレンカーボネート:エチルメチルカーボネート=1:2(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiPF6を濃度2.0mol/Lとなるように溶解させて調製した。25℃における非水電解液の粘度は17.6mPa・sであった。
正極と負極の活物質面が対向するように、鉛直方向に沿って下から負極、セパレータ、正極の順に重ね、蓋付きステンレス金属製容器に収納する。容器と蓋とは絶縁されており、容器は負極のリチウム箔と、蓋は正極のアルミ箔と接している。この容器内に、上記の調製した非水電解液を注入して密閉する。
上記のようにして組み立てた簡易電池を25℃雰囲気下、電流値0.3mA(約0.1C)で電池電圧4.3Vまで充電し、さらに4.3Vを保持するようにして電流値を0.3mAから絞り始めるという方法で、合計約12時間、電池作製後の最初の充電を行い、そして電流値0.3mAで電池電圧3.0Vまで放電した。
25℃雰囲気下、電流値0.6mA(約0.2C)で、コンディショニングされた簡易電池を電池電圧4.3Vまで充電し、さらに4.3Vを保持するようにして電流値を0.6mAから絞り始めるという方法で、合計約3時間充電を行い、そして電流値3.0mA(約1C)で電池電圧3.0Vまで放電するというサイクルを繰り返した。
このサイクルにおける1サイクル目の放電容量に対するサイクル後の放電容量の割合を容量維持率(%)として求め、容量維持率が80%に達したサイクル数を比較してサイクル特性を評価した。
[評価ランク]
S:250サイクル以上
A:150サイクル以上250サイクル未満
B:100サイクル以上150サイクル未満
C:100サイクル未満
<実施例1>
Mvが70万であるホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを45質量部と、
Mvが30万であるホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを45質量部と、
Mvが40万であるホモポリマーのポリプロピレン5質量部と、
をタンブラーブレンダーでドライブレンドした。
得られたポリオレフィン混合物99質量部に酸化防止剤としてテトラキス-[メチレン-(3’,5’-ジ-t-ブチル-4’-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]メタンを1質量部添加し、再度タンブラーブレンダーでドライブレンドすることにより、混合物を得た。
得られた混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で二軸押出機へフィーダーにより供給した。
また、流動パラフィン(37.78℃における動粘度7.59×10-5m2/s)を押出機シリンダーにプランジャーポンプにより注入した。
押し出される全混合物100質量部中の、流動パラフィンの割合が65質量部、及びポリマー濃度が35質量部となるように、フィーダー及びポンプの運転条件を調整した。
次いで、それらを二軸押出機内で200℃に加熱しながら溶融混練し、得られた溶融混練物を、T-ダイを経て表面温度80℃に制御された冷却ロール上に押し出し、その押出物を冷却ロールに接触させ、成形(cast)して冷却固化することにより、厚み1170μmのシート状成形物を得た。
次いで、シリコン(平均粒径1μm)90質量部、アクリル重合体ラテックス(固形分濃度40%、平均粒径145nm、Tg=-10℃)10質量部、及びポリカルボン酸アンモニウム水溶液(サンノプコ社製 SNディスパーサント5468)1.0質量部を100質量部の水に均一に分散させて塗布液を調製し、上述の絶縁層(I)上にグラビアコーターを用いて塗布した。絶縁層(I)上のコーティング層を60℃で乾燥して水を除去し、絶縁層(I)上に、厚さ5μmの、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む層(活性層)を形成した(絶縁層(I)+活性層)。
最後に熱ラミネーターを用い、上記積層体(絶縁層(I)+活性層)と絶縁層(I)を重ねて、60℃及び0.2MPaに設定されたゴムロール内を通し、3積層構造のセパレータを得た。
絶縁層(I)及び(II)の原料として、Mvが30万の高密度ポリエチレンを95質量部と、Mvが40万のポリプロピレンを5質量部と、酸化防止剤としてテトラキス[メチレン-3-(3’,5’-ジ-t-ブチル-4’-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]メタンを1質量部と、を混合して、絶縁層(I)及び絶縁層(II)を構成する第1組成物を調製した。
リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む層の原料として、シリコン(平均粒径1μm)80質量部とMvが70万の高密度ポリエチレン樹脂を20質量部と、可塑剤として流動パラフィンを44.8質量部と、酸化防止剤としてテトラキス[メチレン-3-(3’,5’-ジ-t-ブチル-4’-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]メタンを1質量部とをヘンシェルミキサーにて予備混合して、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料(A)を含む層(活性層)を構成する第2組成物を調製した。
第1樹脂組成物と第2樹脂組成物それぞれを窒素雰囲気下でフィーダーにより2台の二軸押出機フィード口へ供給した。また、流動パラフィン(37.78℃における動粘度7.59×10-5m2/s)を二軸押出機シリンダーにプランジャーポンプにより注入した。第1樹脂組成物を溶融混練して押し出される全混合物中に占める可塑剤量比が55質量%となるように、かつ第2樹脂組成物を溶融混練して押し出される全混合物中に占める可塑剤量比が60質量%となるように、流動パラフィンを二軸押出機シリンダーへサイドフィードした。
続いて、第1及び第2樹脂組成物を200℃にて溶融混練し、それぞれ、200℃に温度設定されたギアポンプ、導管、2種3層の共押出が可能なTダイを経て、表面温度80℃のロールにて冷却させ、第1組成物から成る絶縁層(I)及び絶縁層(II)が表層となり、第2組成物から成る活性層が中間層となっているシート状の組成物を得た。
次に、連続して同時二軸延伸機でシート状の組成物の温度及び倍率を調整し、延伸し、その後、延伸物を塩化メチレンに浸漬して、流動パラフィンを抽出除去した後、乾燥した。その後、得られたシートの横延伸と緩和熱処理を行い、セパレータを得た。
実施例1において最後の絶縁層(I)を重ねて熱プレスを行う代わりに、板状の水酸化酸化アルミニウム(平均粒径1.0μm)96.0質量部とアクリル重合体ラテックス(固形分濃度40%、平均粒径145nm、Tg=-10℃)4.0質量部、及びポリカルボン酸アンモニウム水溶液(サンノプコ社製 SNディスパーサント5468)1.0質量部を100質量部の水に均一に分散させて塗布液を調製し、リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料を含む層(活性層)上にグラビアコーターを用いて塗布した。活性層上のコーティング層を60℃にて乾燥して水を除去し、活性層上に厚さ5μmの絶縁層(II)を形成した多層多孔膜を得た。なお電池は、絶縁層(II)を負極面に対向させて作製した。
活性層の材料を表1に記載の重量比率となるように調整し、吐出量、延伸温度、及び倍率を調整することにより孔数及び孔径を調整したこと以外は実施例2と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
吐出量と冷却シートの厚みを調整して絶縁層の厚みを調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
吐出量、延伸温度、及び倍率を調整することにより孔数及び孔径を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
吸蔵材料を表2又は3に記載のものに変えたこと以外は実施例10と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
絶縁層(II)の無機フィラーを板状のケイ酸アルミニウム(平均粒径1.0μm)に変更したこと以外は実施例3と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
<実施例15>
絶縁層(II)の無機フィラーを板状の硫酸バリウム(平均粒径1.0μm)に変更したこと以外は実施例3と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
<実施例16>
絶縁層(II)の無機フィラーの形状をブロック状(平均粒径1.0μm)に変更したこと以外は実施例14と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
<実施例17>
絶縁層(II)の無機フィラーの形状を鱗片状(平均粒径3.0μm)に変更したこと以外は実施例14と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
NMPとPVDFと、黒鉛とを重量比率50:6:1で混合したものを10時間攪拌して、PVDFをNMPに溶解させた。このようにして製作したペーストを表3に記載した孔径、および孔数に調整した絶縁層(I)の片面塗布した後、水中に浸漬してNMPを除去することによってPVDFを固化して、黒鉛を含むPVDF膜を製作した。ポリマーが固化する際、水中でNMPが抜け出る経路が孔となるため、形成された膜は、連通孔を有する多孔膜となった。この膜を65℃で10時間真空乾燥して水分を除去した後、プレスすることによって総厚20μmの塗工膜(絶縁層(I)+活性層)を得た。更に、表3に記載した孔径、及び孔数に調整した絶縁層(I)を活性層のもう片面に熱ラミネーター(60℃及び0.2MPaに設定)を通して張り合わせたものをセパレータとして用いた。
活性層の材料を表4に記載のとおりに変更したこと以外は、実施例3、実施例8及び実施例10と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
絶縁層の孔径及び孔数を表4に記載のとおりに変更したこと以外は、実施例20と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
実施例3において絶縁層(I)を負極面に対向させて電池を作製した。
<比較例1、2>
表5に基材の孔数、孔径に調整した絶縁層をセパレータとして用いた。
<比較例3>
薄片状の黒鉛と高密度ポリエチレン樹脂の重量比率50:50になるように調整した以外は実施例2と同様にして活性層を調整し、吐出量を調整することにより厚みを調整し、絶縁層は押し出さないことで活性層のみを有する単層セパレータを得た。
リチウムを吸蔵可能な材料をシリコンに変更したこと以外は比較例3と同様にして単層セパレータを得た。
活性層の材料、重量比率を表5に記載のとおりに変更し、絶縁層(I)を重ねて熱ラミネートする工程を省略したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、2積層のセパレータを得た。
なお、電池は、活性層を負極面に対向させて作製した。
<比較例5>
比較例4のセパレータを用いて、活性層を正極面に対向させることにより電池を作製した。
活性層の材料を表6に記載のとおりに変更したこと以外は、比較例4及び比較例5と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
活性層の構成材料比を表6の値に調整したこと以外は実施例18と同様にしてセパレータを得た。
<実施例III-1>
Mvが70万であるホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを45質量部と、
Mvが30万であるホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを45質量部と、
Mvが40万であるホモポリマーのポリプロピレン5質量部と、
をタンブラーブレンダーでドライブレンドした。
得られたポリオレフィン混合物99質量部に酸化防止剤としてテトラキス-[メチレン-(3’,5’-ジ-t-ブチル-4’-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]メタンを1質量部添加し、再度タンブラーブレンダーでドライブレンドすることにより、混合物を得た。
得られた混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で二軸押出機へフィーダーにより供給した。
また、流動パラフィン(37.78℃における動粘度7.59×10-5m2/s)を押出機シリンダーにプランジャーポンプにより注入した。
押し出される全混合物100質量部中の、流動パラフィンの割合が65質量部、及びポリマー濃度が35質量部となるように、フィーダー及びポンプの運転条件を調整した。
次いで、それらを二軸押出機内で200℃に加熱しながら溶融混練し、得られた溶融混練物を、T-ダイを経て表面温度80℃に制御された冷却ロール上に押し出し、その押出物を冷却ロールに接触させ、成形(cast)して冷却固化することにより、厚み1170μmのシート状成形物を得た。
最後に熱ラミネーターを用い、上記積層体(絶縁層(I)+活性層)と絶縁層(I)を重ねて、60℃及び0.2MPaに設定されたゴムロール内を通し、3積層構造のセパレータを得た。得られた特性は表7に記す。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の処理方法を変更して絶縁層(I)を得たこと以外は、実施例III-1と同様にして3層構造のセパレータを得た。ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の処理方法は以下のように実施して絶縁層(I)を作製した。卓上コロナ処理機を用い、放電量80W・min/m2、温度25度で両表面に対して表面処理を実施した。プロピレンカーボネートに対する接触角は、55°であった。処理後に得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜を絶縁層(I)とした。得られた特性は表7に記す。
Mvが70万であるホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを13.5質量部と、
Mvが30万であるホモポリマーの高密度ポリエチレンを13.5質量部と、
極限粘度[η]が1.8であるポリ(1-オキソトリメチレン)2.7質量部と、
流動パラフィンを70質量部と、
酸化防止剤としてテトラキス-[メチレン-(3’,5’-ジ-t-ブチル-4’-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]メタンを0.3質量部と
を容器に添加し、室温にて攪拌することにより混合物を得た。
得られた混合物を、ラボプラストミルにて280℃、10分間溶融混錬した。得られた溶融混練物を、厚み700μm金型に流し、25℃に冷却プレスすることで、厚み700μmのシート状成形物を得た。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜に接触角制御のための処理(フッ素ガス、酸素ガスによる処理)を実施しなかったこと以外は実施例III-1と同様にして3積層構造のセパレータを得た。絶縁層(I)および(II)表面のプロピレンカーボネートに対する接触角は、68°であった。得られた特性は表7に記す。
絶縁層(I)+活性層の2層構造体は実施例III-4と同様にして作製した。絶縁層(II)は実施例III-3と同様にして活性層の表面上に作製した。得られた特性は表7に記す。なお電池は、絶縁層(II)を負極面に対向させて作製した。
実施例III-1で作製した絶縁層(I)のみからなる単層膜を用いて電池を作製し評価した。得られた特性は表7に記す。
Claims (25)
- リチウム(Li)吸蔵材料を有する活性層を含み、前記活性層の面方向の電気抵抗率が100,000Ωcm以上であり、かつ透気度が650s/100ml以下である蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- Li吸蔵材料を含まない絶縁層を少なくとも一層有し、かつ前記活性層が前記絶縁層に担持されている、請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータが、前記活性層と、Li吸蔵材料を含まない第1及び第2の絶縁層(I,II)と、を有する蓄電デバイス用積層セパレータであり、かつ前記活性層が、前記第1の絶縁層(I)と前記第2の絶縁層(II)に挟まれている、請求項2に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の表面平均孔数が、15個/μm2以上である、請求項2又は3に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の表面平均孔径が、0.015μm~0.140μmである、請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の平均孔数が、10個/μm2以上である、請求項2~5のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の平均孔径が、0.01μm~0.15μmである、請求項2~6のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 両表層のプロピレンカーボネートに対する接触角が1°以上60°以下である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記少なくとも1層の絶縁層の構成材料が、熱可塑性樹脂を主成分として含む、請求項2~8のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記少なくとも1層の絶縁層の構成材料が、ポリオレフィンを主成分として含む、請求項2~9のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータの水分量が、0.1ppm以上2000ppm以下である、請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層が、無機粒子を含む、請求項2~11のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記無機粒子の形状が、鱗片状、板状及びブロック状から成る群から選択される少なくとも1つである、請求項12に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記無機粒子が、アルミナ、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化酸化アルミニウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、硫酸バリウム及びジルコニアから成る群から選択される少なくとも1つである、請求項12又は13に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記Li吸蔵材料の平均粒径が、前記絶縁層の平均孔径の1.5倍~50.0倍である、請求項2~14のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記Li吸蔵材料が粒子であり、かつ前記Li吸蔵材料の平均粒径が、0.01μm~5.00μmである、請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記Li吸蔵材料が粒子であり、かつ前記粒子の形状が、ブロック状、板状、薄片状、鱗片状、又は球状である、請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 正極と、前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、電解液とを含む蓄電デバイスの耐電圧測定試験において短絡が発生したときの電圧値が、0.3kV~4.5kVである、請求項1~17のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記絶縁層の少なくとも一層の平均孔数が、300個/μm2以下である、請求項2~18のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 前記蓄電デバイス用セパレータの透気度が、30s/100ml以上である、請求項1~19のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータ。
- 正極と、請求項1~20のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、電解液とを含む蓄電デバイス。
- 正極と、請求項1~20のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、リチウム(Li)イオン伝導媒体とを含み、かつ前記リチウム(Li)イオンLi伝導媒体が、ゲル状又は固体状である蓄電デバイス。
- 正極と、請求項12~14のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス用セパレータと、負極と、リチウム(Li)イオン伝導媒体とを含む蓄電デバイスであって、前記無機粒子を含む前記絶縁層が、少なくとも一部の負極面に接するように配置された蓄電デバイス。
- 充電時の前記負極の電位が、1.5V(vsLi+/Li)以下である、請求項21~23のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- リチウム電池又はリチウムイオン二次電池である、請求項21~24のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電デバイス。
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| JP2024144240A (ja) * | 2023-03-29 | 2024-10-11 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 二次電池及びその製造方法 |
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| JP2023055844A (ja) | 2023-04-18 |
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