WO2020125982A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von chlorsilanen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von chlorsilanen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2020125982A1 WO2020125982A1 PCT/EP2018/086007 EP2018086007W WO2020125982A1 WO 2020125982 A1 WO2020125982 A1 WO 2020125982A1 EP 2018086007 W EP2018086007 W EP 2018086007W WO 2020125982 A1 WO2020125982 A1 WO 2020125982A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- gas
- reaction gas
- value
- reaction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/08—Compounds containing halogen
- C01B33/107—Halogenated silanes
- C01B33/1071—Tetrachloride, trichlorosilane or silicochloroform, dichlorosilane, monochlorosilane or mixtures thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/0285—Heating or cooling the reactor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/021—Preparation
- C01B33/027—Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material
- C01B33/035—Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds in the presence of heated filaments of silicon, carbon or a refractory metal, e.g. tantalum or tungsten, or in the presence of heated silicon rods on which the formed silicon is deposited, a silicon rod being obtained, e.g. Siemens process
Definitions
- polycrystalline silicon as a starting material for the production of chips or solar cells is usually carried out by decomposition of its volatile Halogenver ⁇ bonds, in particular trichlorosilane (TCS, HSiCl3).
- TCS trichlorosilane
- Polycrystalline silicon can be produced in the form of rods using the Siemens process, polycrystalline silicon being deposited on heated filament rods in a reactor.
- Silicon granules are produced in a fluidized bed reactor. Silicon particles are fluidized by means of a gas flow in a fluidized bed, this being via a
- Chlorosilanes in particular TCS, can essentially be produced by three processes, which are based on the following reactions (cf. W02010 / 028878 ⁇ 1 and
- halosilanes can be obtained as by-products, for example monochlorosilane (HaSiCl), dichlorosilane (H2SiCl2), silicon tetrachloride (STC, SiCli) and di- and oligosilanes.
- Impurities such as hydrocarbons, organochlorosilanes and metal chlorides can also be part of the by-products.
- a distillation is then usually carried out.
- chlorosilanes can be produced from metallurgical silicon with the addition of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in a fluidized bed reactor, the reaction being exothermic.
- HCl hydrogen chloride
- TCS and STC are the main products.
- chlorosilanes in particular TCS, is the thermal conversion of STC and hydrogen in the gas phase in the presence or absence of a catalyst.
- the low temperature conversion (NTK) according to reaction (2) is a weakly endothermic process and is usually carried out in
- the NTK can be in a fluidized bed reactor in the presence of metallurgical Silicon (Si mg ) under high pressure (0.5 to 5 MPa) at temperatures between 400 and 700 ° C.
- Si mg metallurgical Silicon
- An uncatalyzed reaction is possible using Si mg and / or by adding HCl to the reaction gas.
- different product distributions can result and / or lower TCS selectivities can be achieved than with the catalyzed variant.
- the high temperature conversion (HTK) according to reaction (3) is an endothermic process. This process usually takes place in a reactor under elevated pressure at temperatures between 600 and 1200 ° C. The reaction is optionally carried out catalytically.
- the known methods are complex and energy-intensive.
- the required energy supply which is usually electrical, represents a considerable cost factor.
- the operational performance e.g. expressed by TCS selectivity-weighted productivity, low high-boiling by-products, energy efficiency
- process analyzers in the gas and / or condensate stream for example process gas chromatograph, can be used (online / in-line and / or non-invasive Measurement).
- process gas chromatograph for example process gas chromatograph
- disadvantageous here is the limited number of devices that can be used, due to the high thermal stress and the aggressive chemical environment.
- Another cost factor are the generally high procurement and
- process analyzers can be avoided by using a model-based method based on so-called soft sensors (virtual sensors).
- Soft sensors rely on continuously determined measurement data of operating parameters that are essential for operating the process (e.g. temperatures, pressures, volume flows, levels, outputs, mass flows, valve positions, etc.). For example, concentrations of main and by-products can be predicted.
- Soft sensors are based on mathematical equations and are dependency simulations of representative measured variables for a target variable.
- soft sensors depict dependencies on correlating measured variables and lead to a target parameter.
- the target parameter is therefore not measured directly, but is determined on the basis of measured variables correlating with it. Transferred to the HTK, this means that, for example, the TCS content or the TCS selectivity can not be determined with real measuring sensors (eg process gas chromatograph), but can be calculated using relationships between operating parameters.
- the creation of mathematical equations for soft sensors can be done by fully empirical (e.g. based on a modified power law model), by partially empirical (e.g. based on kinetic equations to describe a reaction speed) or by fundamental (e.g.
- the mathematical equations can be derived using process simulation programs (e.g. OpenFOAM, ANSYS and Barracuda) or regression programs (e.g. Excel VBA, MATLAB and Maple).
- process simulation programs e.g. OpenFOAM, ANSYS and Barracuda
- regression programs e.g. Excel VBA, MATLAB and Maple.
- the object of the present invention was to improve the economy of the production of chlorosilanes by means of HTK.
- V n , sTc volume flow STC [Nm 3 / h],
- V U , H2 volume flow hydrogen [Nm 3 / h] and
- VF kinematic viscosity of the fluid [m 2 / s],
- Pdiff differential pressure of the reaction gas [kg / m * s 2 ].
- the method specifies a value of 66 to 2,300 for Kl, a value of 13 to 250 for K2 and a value of 7 to 1470 for K3.
- the productivity of the process is particularly high within these ranges.
- the method according to the invention enables integrated, predictive process control in the sense of an “Advanced Process Control (APC)” for the HTK.
- APC Advanced Process Control
- the HTK in particular through process control systems (preferably APC controllers), in the areas according to the invention for K1, K2 and K3 performed, results the greatest possible economic efficiency.
- process control systems preferably APC controllers
- K1, K2 and K3 results the greatest possible economic efficiency.
- the process can be optimized and manufacturing costs reduced by integrating the process.
- Performance sensors such as TCS selectivity can also be mapped as a function of Kl, K2 and K3 using soft sensors.
- the performance data thus determined in high temporal resolution can be passed on to a process control, in particular a model predictive control, as a variable to be controlled. In this way, the process can be operated in an economically optimized manner.
- Kl has a value from 95 to 1375, particularly preferably from 640 to 780.
- K2 preferably has a value from 20 to 189, particularly preferably from 45 to 85.
- K3 preferably has a value from 24 to 866, particularly preferably from 40 to 300.
- Kl reactor design
- the key figure Kl relates parameters of the reactor geometry to one another.
- An example of a conversion reactor can be found in US4536642.
- the effective volume be ff of the reactor interior VR, e, the sum of all cooled heat exchanger surfaces in the reactor A ges, AT- r is the sum of all heated heat exchanger surfaces in the reactor A ge s, T + and the length of the gas path in the reactor l ge s, gas related to the area factor k and the temperature factor &.
- VR, eff corresponds to the total volume of the reactor interior minus all internals.
- VR, eff is preferably 2 to 15 m 3 , preferably 4 to 9 m 3 .
- the geometry of the reactor interior is also determined by internals located inside.
- the internals can in particular be heat exchanger units, stiffening levels, feeders (lines) for introducing the reaction gas and devices for distributing and / or redirecting the reaction gas (e.g. gas distributor plates).
- a es, D T- and Ages r & T + are referred to as heat-specific areas.
- S ge ⁇ , AT + summarizes the surfaces over which the reactor is fed energy. In particular, these are heating surfaces (eg surfaces of resistance heaters, heat exchanger surfaces that supply energy / heat to the system).
- the areas over which heat / energy is emitted are summarized under A ge s, ⁇ T-. In particular, these are areas of heat exchangers and areas of the reactor wall that give off heat to the outside.
- the cooled heat exchanger surface in the reactor A total , AT- is preferably from 320 to 1,450 m 2 , in particular from 450 to 1,320 m 2 .
- the heated heat exchanger area Aqes, & T + is preferably 90 to 420 m 2 , in particular 120 to 360 m 2 .
- A is saturated, AT is greater than A ges by taking account of the reactor wall, AT +.
- the length of the gas path (from the gas inlet into the reactor to the gas outlet) in or through the reactor is preferably 5 to 70 m, in particular 25 to 37 m.
- all objects can be measured (e.g. the diameter of the interior, the extent of the internals, heat-specific areas), for example using laser measurements / 3D scans (e.g. ZEISS COMET L3D 2).
- laser measurements / 3D scans e.g. ZEISS COMET L3D 2
- these sizes can also be found in the information and / or construction drawings of the reactor manufacturers or can be calculated on the basis of these.
- the area factor x is the quotient of active / catalytic surfaces and passive surfaces with which the reaction gas can come into contact x is therefore a ratio of all areas involved in the reaction and results from equation 2:
- passive areas are preferred for the HTK because they do not negatively influence the reaction.
- Passive surfaces are, for example, surfaces that are equipped with a protective layer, for example an SiC layer, and are therefore inert both with regard to product formation and with regard to by-product formation.
- the protective layer can also prevent corrosion.
- uncoated graphite surfaces can be attacked by hydrogen and release methane. Additional by-products can result from the methane.
- the surfaces are to be understood here, which indeed have a positive effect on product formation, but unselectively favor both product formation and by-product formation.
- the catalytic surfaces are coated with a catalytically active layer.
- Active surfaces are surfaces that favor the formation of by-products. This can be, for example, uncoated graphite surfaces.
- a maximum of 20% of all surfaces in the reactor are preferably designed as an active and / or catalytic surface. It is further preferred that at least 20% of all surfaces in the reactor are designed as passive surfaces.
- the catalyst which may be present can be in the form of a coating on a surface in the interior of the reactor.
- the catalyst preferably comprises one or more elements from the group with Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, W, Mo, V, P, As, Sb, Bi, 0, S, Se, Te, Ti, Zr, C, Ge, Sn, Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd, Pb, Cu, Zn,
- the catalyst is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd, Zn and mixtures thereof.
- the coating can contain a certain proportion of the catalytically active elements.
- the elements can be present in the coating in oxidic or metallic form, as chlorides, as silicides or in other metallurgical phases.
- the coating can be, in particular, high-density tungsten alloys with the alloy components Ni, Cu, Fe and Mo.
- the sum of the areas A pas sive, A a ctive, a Ak t is preferably 800-2900 m 2, particularly 980-2650 m 2.
- Equation 3 ⁇ with [equation 3]
- Tgas, on gas inlet temperature [° C]
- Tgas, regei control temperature [° C].
- Tgas is preferably 80 to 160 ° C, especially 110 to 160 ° C.
- Tgas is preferably 80 to 400 ° C, especially 200 to 320 0 C.
- Tgas, regei is preferably 800 ° C to 1200 ° C, especially 900 to 1000 ° C.
- the temperature is measured in the gas stream (e.g. with a
- Tgas, regei is measured in the reaction space as described, for example, in US4536642.
- a large difference between Tgas, on and Tgas means that more additional energy has to be applied. As the difference increases, the cost-effectiveness of the process deteriorates.
- the dimensionless characteristic number K2 describes the composition of the reaction gas before entering the reactor by means of equation 4.
- gas, K2 is determined in particular by the ratio of the supply quantity of STC V n , STC (volume flow STC) and the supply quantity of hydrogen Vn, H2 (volume flow H2).
- Purity of the reaction gas Rges, gas vor Reactor entry relates in particular to the main components STC and H2 and to any chlorosilane that may be present.
- the volume flow of the STC Vn, sTc is preferably 600 to 5,800 Nm 3 / h, in particular 1,100 to 4,500 Nm 3 / h.
- the volume flow of the H2 Vn, a2 is preferably 750 to 13,500 Nni 3 / h, in particular 1,350 to 9,000 Nm 3 / h.
- Volume flow can take place, for example, with a Coriolis flow meter in the line before the reactor inlet.
- the further chlorosilane is preferably
- the reaction gas preferably has an STC and H 2 content and any further chlorosilane present of at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, particularly preferably at least 99%.
- the percentages correspond to the purity R ge s, g as.
- the composition of the reaction gas is usually determined before it is fed to the reactor by means of Ra and infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. This can probably be done via random sampling and subsequent "Offline analyzes” as well as “online” analyzers integrated into the system.
- the key figure K3 correlates the generally most important parameters of the HTK. It contains the kinematic viscosity of the fluid V F , the fluid density PF, the effective reactor volume Vs., eff, the differential pressure of the reaction gas pai ff between the reactor inlet and the reactor outlet and the electrical power W ei .
- the fluid density and the kinematic viscosity VF can be determined by simulating (phase) equilibrium states using process engineering software.
- Fluid is generally understood to mean the gaseous reaction mixture in the interior of the reactor.
- the simulations are usually based on adapted equations of state, which, with varying physical parameters (eg p and T), are based on real measured compositions of the reaction mixture both in the gas and in the liquid phase.
- This simulation model can be validated on the basis of real operating states / operating parameters and thus enables the establishment of operating optima with regard to the parameters pF and V F
- the phase equilibria can be determined, for example, using a measuring apparatus (for example modified circulation apparatus according to Rock and Sieg, for example MSK Baraton Type 690, MSK Instruments).
- a measuring apparatus for example modified circulation apparatus according to Rock and Sieg, for example MSK Baraton Type 690, MSK Instruments.
- physical state variables such as pressure and temperature cause changes in the aggregate state.
- the various physical states are then analyzed and the component composition determined, for example with a gas chromatograph. graph.
- State-of-the-art equations can be adjusted using computer-aided modeling to describe the phase equilibria.
- the data are transferred to process engineering software programs so that phase equilibria can be calculated.
- the kinematic viscosity is a measure of the momentum transfer across the direction of flow in a moving fluid.
- the kinematic viscosity VF can be described using the dynamic viscosity and the fluid density.
- the density can be approximated using the Rackett equation, for gases, an approximation using a state equation, e.g. Peng-Robinson.
- the density can be measured with a digital density meter (e.g. DMA 58, Anton Paar) using the bending oscillator method (natural frequency measurement).
- the kinematic viscosity VF 2.5 * 1Ch is preferably 4 to 5.1 * 10 ⁇ 4 m 2 / s, in particular 2.8 * 10 ⁇ 4 to 4.7 * 10 -4 m 2 / s.
- the fluid density pF is preferably 19.5 to 28 kg / m 3 , in particular 21.5 to 26 kg / m 3 .
- the electrical energy Wei is preferably 450,000 to 3,700,000 kg * 2 / s 2 , in particular 500,000 to 3,200,000 kg * 2 / s 2 .
- Wei is generally introduced into the reactor only via resistance heaters. These are in turn dimensioned depending on the reactor size and the amount of reaction gas to be converted (heated).
- the differential pressure p diff of the reaction gas is preferably 0.45 to 3 MPa, in particular 0.6 to 2.6 MPa.
- the pressure in both the feed line of the reaction gases as well as in the discharge of the exhaust gas for example measured with a manometer. Pdiff results from the difference.
- the absolute pressure in the reactor is preferably 4 to 16 MPa.
- the method is preferably integrated in a composite for the production of polysilicon.
- the network preferably comprises the following processes: generation of TCS according to the method according to the invention, purification of the TCS produced to TCS with semiconductor quality, deposition of polysilicon, preferably according to the Siemens method or as granules.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2021535671A JP2022516245A (ja) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | クロロシランの製造方法 |
| EP18833032.8A EP3898510A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | Verfahren zur herstellung von chlorsilanen |
| US17/309,805 US20220089449A1 (en) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | Method for producing chlorosilanes |
| KR1020217018711A KR20210092797A (ko) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | 클로로실란을 제조하는 방법 |
| CN201880100305.6A CN113242838A (zh) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | 制备有机氯硅烷的方法 |
| PCT/EP2018/086007 WO2020125982A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | Verfahren zur herstellung von chlorsilanen |
| TW108143627A TW202023945A (zh) | 2018-12-19 | 2019-11-29 | 製備氯矽烷的方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/086007 WO2020125982A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | Verfahren zur herstellung von chlorsilanen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2020125982A1 true WO2020125982A1 (de) | 2020-06-25 |
Family
ID=65010746
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/086007 Ceased WO2020125982A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | Verfahren zur herstellung von chlorsilanen |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20220089449A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3898510A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2022516245A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20210092797A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN113242838A (de) |
| TW (1) | TW202023945A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020125982A1 (de) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4536642A (en) | 1980-06-27 | 1985-08-20 | Wacker-Chemitronic Gesellschaft Fur Elektronik-Grundstoffe M.B.H. | Device for treating gases at high temperatures |
| DE19654154A1 (de) * | 1995-12-25 | 1997-06-26 | Tokuyama Corp | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Trichlorsilan |
| WO2006081980A2 (de) * | 2005-02-03 | 2006-08-10 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von trichlorsilan mittels thermischer hydrierung von siliciumtetrachlorid |
| WO2008049740A1 (de) * | 2006-10-25 | 2008-05-02 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von trichlorsilan |
| DE102008041974A1 (de) * | 2008-09-10 | 2010-03-11 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Vorrichtung, deren Verwendung und ein Verfahren zur energieautarken Hydrierung von Chlorsilanen |
| DE102010039267A1 (de) * | 2010-08-12 | 2012-02-16 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verwendung eines Reaktors mit integriertem Wärmetauscher in einem Verfahren zur Hydrodechlorierung von Siliziumtetrachlorid |
| WO2016198264A1 (de) | 2015-06-12 | 2016-12-15 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur aufarbeitung von mit kohlenstoffverbindungen verunreinigten chlorsilanen oder chlorsilangemischen |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE795913A (fr) * | 1972-02-26 | 1973-06-18 | Degussa | Procede de preparation de chlorosilanes |
| JP3708648B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-25 | 2005-10-19 | 株式会社トクヤマ | トリクロロシランの製造方法 |
| DE102011005643A1 (de) * | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Reaktorkonzept zur Umsetzung von Organochlorsilanen und Siliciumtetrachlorid zu wasserstoffhaltigen Chlorsilanen |
| WO2013138461A1 (en) * | 2012-03-14 | 2013-09-19 | Centrotherm Photovoltaics Usa, Inc. | Trichlorosilane production |
| DE102012223784A1 (de) * | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-26 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur Konvertierung von Siliciumtetrachlorid in Trichlorsilan |
-
2018
- 2018-12-19 US US17/309,805 patent/US20220089449A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-12-19 KR KR1020217018711A patent/KR20210092797A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2018-12-19 CN CN201880100305.6A patent/CN113242838A/zh active Pending
- 2018-12-19 EP EP18833032.8A patent/EP3898510A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2018-12-19 WO PCT/EP2018/086007 patent/WO2020125982A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2018-12-19 JP JP2021535671A patent/JP2022516245A/ja active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-11-29 TW TW108143627A patent/TW202023945A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4536642A (en) | 1980-06-27 | 1985-08-20 | Wacker-Chemitronic Gesellschaft Fur Elektronik-Grundstoffe M.B.H. | Device for treating gases at high temperatures |
| DE19654154A1 (de) * | 1995-12-25 | 1997-06-26 | Tokuyama Corp | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Trichlorsilan |
| WO2006081980A2 (de) * | 2005-02-03 | 2006-08-10 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von trichlorsilan mittels thermischer hydrierung von siliciumtetrachlorid |
| WO2008049740A1 (de) * | 2006-10-25 | 2008-05-02 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von trichlorsilan |
| DE102008041974A1 (de) * | 2008-09-10 | 2010-03-11 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Vorrichtung, deren Verwendung und ein Verfahren zur energieautarken Hydrierung von Chlorsilanen |
| WO2010028878A1 (de) | 2008-09-10 | 2010-03-18 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Wirbelschichtreaktor, dessen verwendung und ein verfahren zur energieautarken hydrierung von chlorsilanen |
| DE102010039267A1 (de) * | 2010-08-12 | 2012-02-16 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verwendung eines Reaktors mit integriertem Wärmetauscher in einem Verfahren zur Hydrodechlorierung von Siliziumtetrachlorid |
| WO2016198264A1 (de) | 2015-06-12 | 2016-12-15 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur aufarbeitung von mit kohlenstoffverbindungen verunreinigten chlorsilanen oder chlorsilangemischen |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| W.-D. HERGETH: "On-Line Monitoring of Chemical Reactions: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry", 2006, WILEY |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN113242838A (zh) | 2021-08-10 |
| EP3898510A1 (de) | 2021-10-27 |
| KR20210092797A (ko) | 2021-07-26 |
| JP2022516245A (ja) | 2022-02-25 |
| TW202023945A (zh) | 2020-07-01 |
| US20220089449A1 (en) | 2022-03-24 |
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