WO2020105651A1 - 変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンの製造方法及び組成物 - Google Patents
変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンの製造方法及び組成物Info
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- WO2020105651A1 WO2020105651A1 PCT/JP2019/045335 JP2019045335W WO2020105651A1 WO 2020105651 A1 WO2020105651 A1 WO 2020105651A1 JP 2019045335 W JP2019045335 W JP 2019045335W WO 2020105651 A1 WO2020105651 A1 WO 2020105651A1
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- QHZRZIWCGRXBRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCCCC(C)(C)N Chemical compound CCCCC(C)(C)N QHZRZIWCGRXBRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of oxygen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F16/00
- C08F261/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of oxygen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F16/00 on to polymers of unsaturated ethers
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- C08F116/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
- C08F116/12—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an ether radical
- C08F116/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
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- C08F14/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F14/18—Monomers containing fluorine
- C08F14/26—Tetrafluoroethene
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- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/44—Polymerisation in the presence of compounding ingredients, e.g. plasticisers, dyestuffs, fillers
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
- C08F214/26—Tetrafluoroethene
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
- C08F214/26—Tetrafluoroethene
- C08F214/262—Tetrafluoroethene with fluorinated vinyl ethers
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F259/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of halogen containing monomers as defined in group C08F14/00
- C08F259/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of halogen containing monomers as defined in group C08F14/00 on to polymers containing fluorine
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L29/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical; Compositions of hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L29/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated ethers
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L51/003—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
- C08F2800/20—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as weight or mass percentages
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/14—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing polymeric additives characterised by shape
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- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/24—Crystallisation aids
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to methods and compositions for making modified polytetrafluoroethylene.
- Fluorinated anionic surfactants have been used when producing polytetrafluoroethylene by emulsion polymerization.
- Patent Document 1 a polymer comprising polymerized units represented by Formula 1, or a polymerized unit represented by Formula 1 and Formula 2 is used.
- An average aspect characterized by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene in the presence of a copolymer comprising polymerized units represented is 40 mol% or more.
- a method for producing an aqueous dispersion containing rod-shaped fine particles of polytetrafluoroethylene having a ratio of 2 or more is described. -CF 2 CFX -...
- R f is a perfluoroperfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- M is an alkali metal ion or an ammonium ion
- X is a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- Patent Document 2 describes particles containing a bulk of a fluoropolymer and a core of a fluorinated ionomer.
- Patent Document 3 is a method for producing an aqueous dispersion of fluoropolymer particles, which comprises a step of providing dispersed fine particles of a fluorinated ionomer in an aqueous polymerization medium, and dispersed fine particles of the fluorinated ionomer in the aqueous polymerization medium. And polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in the presence of an initiator to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer.
- the present disclosure provides a method for producing modified polytetrafluoroethylene that can obtain an aqueous dispersion having a small average primary particle size of modified polytetrafluoroethylene particles.
- the present disclosure relates to polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (I) containing a polymerized unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I).
- R is a linking group; Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; m is an integer of 1 or more.
- the production method of the present disclosure further includes a step of adding a modified monomer before the initiation of polymerization or when the concentration of the modified polytetrafluoroethylene particles formed in the aqueous medium is 5.0% by mass or less. Is preferred.
- the total amount of the modified monomer is preferably 0.00001% by mass or more based on the resulting modified polytetrafluoroethylene. Further, the total amount of the modified monomer is preferably 1.0% by mass or less based on the obtained modified polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the modifying monomer preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) and (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene.
- tetrafluoroethylene and the modified monomer may be further polymerized in the presence of a nucleating agent.
- the nucleating agent may be a nonionic surfactant.
- the modified polytetrafluoroethylene preferably has an average primary particle diameter of 500 nm or less.
- the modified polytetrafluoroethylene preferably has an aspect ratio of primary particles of less than 2.00.
- the anionic group is a sulfate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group or —C (CF 3 ) 2 OM (wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 or a substituent).
- An imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is H or an organic group). It is preferably a group.
- the present disclosure also relates to a composition
- a composition comprising a modified polytetrafluoroethylene and a polymer (I) containing a polymerized unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I).
- CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R (-CZ 1 Z 2 -A 0 ) m (I)
- X 1 and X 3 are each independently F, Cl, H or CF 3
- X 2 is H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group
- a 0 is an anion.
- R is a linking group; Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; m is an integer of 1 or more.)
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has a stress relaxation time of 50 seconds or more.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has an extrusion pressure of 10.0 MPa or more and 30.0 MPa or less.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has an endothermic peak temperature in the range of 333 to 347 ° C.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has a standard specific gravity of 2.250 or less.
- the modified polytetrafluoroethylene preferably has an aspect ratio of primary particles of less than 2.00.
- the anionic group is a sulfate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group or —C (CF 3 ) 2 OM (wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 or a substituent).
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably contains substantially no fluorine-containing surfactant.
- the composition of the present disclosure is preferably a powder.
- the production method of the present disclosure has the above-mentioned configuration, it is possible to obtain an aqueous dispersion having a small average primary particle diameter of modified polytetrafluoroethylene particles.
- organic group means a group containing one or more carbon atoms, or a group formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an organic compound.
- Examples of the “organic group” are An alkyl group which may have one or more substituents, An alkenyl group which may have one or more substituents, An alkynyl group which may have one or more substituents, A cycloalkyl group which may have one or more substituents, A cycloalkenyl group which may have one or more substituents, A cycloalkadienyl group which may have one or more substituents, An aryl group which may have one or more substituents, An aralkyl group which may have one or more substituents, A non-aromatic heterocyclic group which may have one or more substituents, A heteroaryl group which may have one or more substituents, Cyano group, Formyl group, RaO-, RaCO-, RaSO 2 ⁇ , RaCOO
- the “substituent” means a substitutable group.
- substitutable group examples include an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an acylamino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aromatic oxy group, a heterocyclic oxy group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group.
- the above-mentioned aliphatic group may be saturated or unsaturated, and a hydroxy group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group. It may have an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group, or the like.
- the aliphatic group include alkyl groups having 1 to 8 and preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in total, such as methyl group, ethyl group, vinyl group, cyclohexyl group, carbamoylmethyl group and the like.
- aromatic group examples include a nitro group, a halogen atom, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group and a carbamoylamino group. You may have.
- the aromatic group is an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms in total, such as phenyl group, 4-nitrophenyl group, 4-acetylaminophenyl group, 4-methanesulfonylphenyl group. Etc.
- the heterocyclic group has a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group, etc. May be.
- the heterocyclic group include a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring having 2 to 12 and preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms in total, such as 2-tetrahydrofuryl group and 2-pyrimidyl group.
- the acyl group is an aliphatic carbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, a heterocyclic carbonyl group, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, an aromatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group. It may have an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group, or the like.
- acyl group examples include an acyl group having a total number of carbon atoms of 2 to 8, preferably 2 to 4, such as acetyl group, propanoyl group, benzoyl group, 3-pyridinecarbonyl group and the like.
- the acylamino group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, etc., and has, for example, an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, a 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group, a propanoylamino group, etc. May be.
- the acylamino group include an acylamino group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkylcarbonylamino group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms in total, such as an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, and 2-pyridinecarbonylamino. Group, a propanoylamino group and the like.
- the aliphatic oxycarbonyl group may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be a hydroxy group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic group. It may have an amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group, or the like.
- Examples of the above-mentioned aliphatic oxycarbonyl group include alkoxycarbonyl groups having 2 to 8 and preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms in total, such as methoxycarbonyl group, ethoxycarbonyl group and (t) -butoxycarbonyl group.
- the carbamoyl group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, or the like.
- an unsubstituted carbamoyl group an alkylcarbamoyl group having a total carbon number of 2 to 9, preferably an unsubstituted carbamoyl group, an alkylcarbamoyl group having a total carbon number of 2 to 5, such as an N-methylcarbamoyl group, Examples thereof include N, N-dimethylcarbamoyl group and N-phenylcarbamoyl group.
- the aliphatic sulfonyl group may be saturated or unsaturated, and is also a hydroxy group, an aromatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group. It may have an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group, or the like.
- Examples of the aliphatic sulfonyl group include alkylsulfonyl groups having 1 to 6 total carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 total carbon atoms, such as methanesulfonyl.
- the aromatic sulfonyl group has a hydroxy group, an aliphatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like. You may have.
- Examples of the aromatic sulfonyl group include arylsulfonyl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms in total, such as benzenesulfonyl.
- the amino group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, or the like.
- the acylamino group may have, for example, an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, a 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group, a propanoylamino group, or the like.
- the above-mentioned acylamino group is an acylamino group having 2 to 12 total carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 8 total carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylcarbonylamino group having 2 to 8 total carbon atoms, for example, acetylamino group, benzoylamino group.
- 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group, propanoylamino group and the like are examples of the acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group.
- the above aliphatic sulfonamide group, aromatic sulfonamide group, and heterocyclic sulfonamide group may be, for example, a methanesulfonamide group, a benzenesulfonamide group, a 2-pyridinesulfonamide group, or the like.
- the sulfamoyl group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, or the like.
- Examples of the sulfamoyl group include a sulfamoyl group, an alkylsulfamoyl group having a total of 1 to 9 carbon atoms, a dialkylsulfamoyl group having a total of 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and an arylsulfamoyl group having a total of 7 to 13 carbon atoms.
- a heterocyclic sulfamoyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms more preferably a sulfamoyl group, an alkylsulfamoyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, a dialkylsulfamoyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or a total carbon atom
- the aliphatic oxy group may be saturated or unsaturated, and may have a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an i-propyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, a methoxyethoxy group, or the like.
- Examples of the aliphatic oxy group include alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methoxy group, ethoxy group, i-propyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group and methoxyethoxy group.
- the aromatic amino group and heterocyclic amino group are an aliphatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a halogen atom, a carbamoyl group, a heterocyclic group condensed with the aryl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, preferably a total number of carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned aliphatic thio group may be saturated or unsaturated, and is an alkylthio group having 1 to 8 total carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 total carbon atoms, for example, methylthio group, ethylthio group. , Carbamoylmethylthio group, t-butylthio group and the like.
- the carbamoylamino group may have an aliphatic group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or the like.
- Examples of the carbamoylamino group include a carbamoylamino group, an alkylcarbamoylamino group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms in total, a dialkylcarbamoylamino group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms in total, an arylcarbamoylamino group having 7 to 13 carbon atoms in total, Heterocyclic carbamoylamino group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably carbamoylamino group, alkylcarbamoylamino group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, dialkylcarbamoylamino group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, total carbon atom number 7-11 arylcarbamoylamino group, heterocyclic carbamoylamino group having 3-10 total carbon atoms, for example, carbamoy
- the range represented by the endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (eg, 1-10 includes 1.4, 1.9, 2.33, 5.75, 9). .98 etc. are included).
- reference to "at least 1" includes all numerical values equal to or greater than 1 (eg, at least 2, at least 4, at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 100, etc.). ..
- the method for producing modified polytetrafluoroethylene [modified PTFE] is a method of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene [TFE] and a modified monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer (I) to obtain modified PTFE. Including steps.
- a modified PTFE can be produced using the polymer (I), and an aqueous dispersion having a small average primary particle diameter of modified polytetrafluoroethylene particles can be obtained.
- an aqueous dispersion having a small aspect ratio and excellent stability can be obtained.
- the modified PTFE contains 99.0% by mass or more of polymerized units based on TFE and 1.0% by mass or less of polymerized units based on modified monomer.
- the content of polymerized units based on the modified monomer (hereinafter also referred to as “modified monomer unit”) is in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0 mass% with respect to all polymerized units of PTFE. Is preferred. As a minimum of a modification monomer unit, 0.0001 mass% is more preferred, 0.001 mass% is still more preferred, 0.005 mass% is still more preferred, and 0.009 mass% is especially preferred. As the upper limit of the modified monomer unit, in order of preference, 0.90% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass and 0.10% by mass. It is mass%, 0.08 mass%, 0.05 mass%, and 0.01 mass%. In the present disclosure, the modified monomer unit means a part of the molecular structure of modified PTFE, which is derived from the modified monomer.
- each monomer unit constituting the modified PTFE is determined by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, fluorescent X-ray analysis, and other known methods depending on the type of the monomer. Can be calculated. The content of each monomer unit constituting PTFE can also be calculated from the addition amount of the modified monomer used in the polymerization.
- the modifying monomer is not particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with TFE, and examples thereof include a fluoromonomer and a non-fluoromonomer. Further, the modifying monomer to be used may be one kind or plural kinds.
- non-fluoromonomer examples include methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, vinyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile. , Methacrylonitrile, ethyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether and the like. Among them, butyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate and acrylic acid are preferable as the non-fluoromonomer.
- fluoromonomers examples include perfluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP]; hydrogen-containing fluoroolefins such as trifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride [VDF]; perhaloolefins such as chlorotrifluoroethylene; perfluorovinyl ethers; Perfluoroalkyl) ethylene; perfluoroallyl ether and the like.
- the perfluorovinyl ether is not particularly limited and may be, for example, the following general formula (A): CF 2 ⁇ CF—ORf (A).
- Rf represents a perfluoro organic group.
- the “perfluoro organic group” means an organic group in which all hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoro organic group may have ether oxygen.
- perfluorovinyl ether examples include perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE] in which Rf is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the general formula (A).
- the carbon number of the perfluoroalkyl group is preferably 1-5.
- Examples of the perfluoroalkyl group in PAVE include a perfluoromethyl group, a perfluoroethyl group, a perfluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, and a perfluorohexyl group.
- perfluorovinyl ether further includes those represented by the general formula (A) in which Rf is a perfluoro (alkoxyalkyl) group having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and Rf is represented by the following formula:
- Rf is a group represented by the following formula:
- n an integer of 1 to 4
- the (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene (PFAE) is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include (perfluorobutyl) ethylene (PFBE) and (perfluorohexyl) ethylene.
- CF 2 CF-CF 2 -ORf (In the formula, Rf represents a perfluoro organic group.).
- Rf in the general formula is the same as Rf in the general formula (A).
- Rf a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a perfluoroalkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable.
- a comonomer (3) having a monomer reactivity ratio of 0.1 to 8 is also preferably exemplified.
- the presence of the comonomer (3) makes it possible to obtain modified PTFE particles having a small particle size and aspect ratio, and to obtain an aqueous dispersion having high dispersion stability.
- the monomer reactivity ratio in the copolymerization with TFE is the rate constant when the growing radical reacts with TFE when the growing radical is less than the repeating unit based on TFE, and the growing radical is a comonomer. It is the value divided by the rate constant when reacting. The lower this value, the higher the reactivity of the comonomer with TFE.
- the monomer reactivity ratio can be calculated from the Feynman-Loss formula by copolymerizing TFE and a comonomer to determine the composition in the produced polymer immediately after the initiation.
- the copolymerization was carried out by using 3600 g of deionized deaerated water, 1000 mass ppm of ammonium perfluorooctanoate and 100 g of paraffin wax in a stainless steel autoclave having an internal volume of 6.0 L under a pressure of 0. It is carried out at 78 MPaG and a temperature of 70 ° C. 0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.5 g, 1.0 g of comonomer was added to each reactor, 0.072 g of ammonium persulfate (20 mass ppm of water) was added, and the polymerization pressure was 0.78 MPaG. TFE is continuously supplied to maintain the temperature.
- the stirring is stopped and the reactor is depressurized to atmospheric pressure. After cooling, the paraffin wax is separated to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing the produced polymer. The aqueous dispersion is stirred to coagulate the resulting polymer and dried at 150 ° C.
- the composition in the obtained polymer is calculated by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and fluorescent X-ray analysis depending on the type of monomer.
- the comonomer (3) having a monomer reactivity ratio of 0.1 to 8 is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of comonomers represented by the formulas (3a) to (3d).
- CH 2 CH-Rf 1 (3a) (In the formula, Rf 1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.)
- CF 2 CF-O-Rf 2 (3b) (In the formula, Rf 2 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 )
- n CF CF 2 (3c) (In the formula, n is 1 or 2.)
- X 3 and X 4 are F, Cl or a methoxy group, and Y is the formula Y1 or Y2.
- the content of the comonomer (3) unit is preferably in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0 mass% with respect to the total polymerized units of the modified PTFE.
- the lower limit is more preferably 0.0001% by mass, more preferably 0.0005% by mass, still more preferably 0.001% by mass, even more preferably 0.005% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.009% by mass.
- As the upper limit in order of preference, 0.90% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, 0 0.08% by mass, 0.05% by mass, and 0.01% by mass.
- the average primary particle size of the polytetrafluoroethylene particles is small, the aspect ratio is small, since it is possible to obtain an aqueous dispersion excellent in stability, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride , At least one selected from the group consisting of perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether), (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene, ethylene, and a modified monomer having a functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization and a hydrophilic group.
- the modified monomer preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) and (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene.
- the modified monomer is more preferably from hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether), perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether), (perfluorobutyl) ethylene, (perfluorohexyl) ethylene, and (perfluorooctyl) ethylene. It contains at least 1 sort (s) selected from the group consisting of.
- the total amount of the above-mentioned hexafluoropropylene unit, perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) unit and (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene unit should be in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0% by mass with respect to all polymerized units of modified PTFE. Is preferred. As a minimum of the above-mentioned total amount, 0.001 mass% is more preferred, 0.005 mass% is still more preferred, and 0.009 mass% is especially preferred. As an upper limit, in order of preference, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, 0.08% by mass, 0 0.05% by mass and 0.01% by mass.
- modifying monomer (A) a modifying monomer having a functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization and a hydrophilic group
- modifying monomer (A) a modifying monomer having a functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization and a hydrophilic group
- modified monomer (A) By the presence of the modified monomer (A), more particles can be generated during the polymerization, and furthermore, primary particles having a smaller average primary particle size and smaller aspect ratio can be obtained, and the amount of uncoagulated polymer can be increased. Can be reduced.
- Examples of the hydrophilic group in the modified monomer (A) include —NH 2 , —PO 3 M, —OPO 3 M, —SO 3 M, —OSO 3 M, and —COOM (M in each formula is H, Metal atom, NR 7y 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, R 7y is H or an organic group. Yes, they may be the same or different, and any two of them may be bonded to each other to form a ring).
- As the hydrophilic group —SO 3 M or —COOM is preferable.
- the organic group for R 7y is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 7y is preferably an H or C 1-10 organic group, more preferably an H or C 1-4 organic group, and even more preferably an H or C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, alkali metal (group 1), alkaline earth metal (group 2) and the like, with Na, K or Li being preferred.
- Examples of the “functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization” in the modified monomer (A) include groups having an ethylenically unsaturated bond such as vinyl group and allyl group.
- Examples of the linking group for R include the linking group for R a described later.
- the modified monomer (A) Since the modified monomer (A) has a functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization, when it is used in the above polymerization, it reacts with a fluorinated monomer at the initial stage of the polymerization reaction and has a hydrophilic group derived from the modified monomer (A). It is speculated that particles with high stability are formed. Therefore, it is considered that the number of particles increases when the polymerization is performed in the presence of the modified monomer (A).
- one kind of the modified monomer (A) may be present, or two or more kinds thereof may be present.
- a compound having an unsaturated bond can be used as the modifying monomer (A).
- hydrophilic group examples include —NH 2 , —PO 3 M, —OPO 3 M, —SO 3 M, —OSO 3 M, and —COOM
- M in each formula is H, a metal atom, NR 7y 4 , Imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 7y is H or an organic group, which may be the same or different. Any two of them may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the organic group for R 7y is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 7y is preferably an H or C 1-10 organic group, more preferably an H or C 1-4 organic group, and even more preferably an H or C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, alkali metal (group 1), alkaline earth metal (group 2) and the like, with Na, K or Li being preferred.
- linking group refers to a divalent linking group.
- the linking group may be a single bond and preferably contains at least one carbon atom, and the number of carbon atoms may be 2 or more, 4 or more, and 8 or more. It may be 10 or more, or 20 or more. The upper limit is not limited, but may be, for example, 100 or less, and may be 50 or less.
- the linking group may be linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic structure, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, and optionally one or more selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- the linking group does not contain a carbon atom and may be a catenary heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
- R a is preferably a catenary hetero atom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, or a divalent organic group.
- R a is a divalent organic group
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be replaced with a halogen other than fluorine, such as chlorine, and may or may not contain a double bond.
- R a may be chain-like or branched, and may be cyclic or acyclic.
- R a may also include a functional group (eg, ester, ether, ketone, amine, halide, etc.).
- R a may also be a non-fluorine-containing divalent organic group or a partially fluorinated or perfluorinated divalent organic group.
- R a is — (C ⁇ O) —, — (C ⁇ O) —O—, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 100 carbon atoms, which may contain an ether bond and may contain a carbonyl group. Is preferred, and in the hydrocarbon group, part or all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms may be replaced by fluorine.
- R a is preferably — (CH 2 ) a —, — (CF 2 ) a —, —O— (CF 2 ) a —, — (CF 2 ) a —O— (CF 2 ) b —, —O.
- a, b, c and d are independently at least 1 or more.
- a, b, c and d may independently be 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more.
- the upper limits of a, b, c and d are 100, for example.
- Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (4) include: (In the formula, X j and Y 3 are the same as above. N is an integer of 1 to 10.) and the like.
- X 6 is each independently H, F or CF 3
- e is an integer of 0 to 3
- f is an integer of 0 to 3
- g is 0 or 1
- h is 0 or 1 and i is 0 or 1
- X 7 are each independently H, F or CF 3
- e is an integer of 0 to 3, g is 0 or 1, h is 0 or 1, and i is 0 or 1).
- X 7 are each independently H, F or CF 3
- e is an integer of 0 to 3
- g is 0 or 1
- h is 0 or 1
- i 0 or 1
- Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently F or CF 3
- a divalent group represented by the formula (t2) is also preferably a divalent group in which one of Z 1 and Z 2 is F. It is more preferable that the other is CF 3 .
- the compound represented by the general formula (4) has a C—F bond and does not have a C—H bond except for the hydrophilic group (Y 3 ). That is, in the general formula (4), it is preferable that X i , X j , and X k are all F, and R a is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms, and the above perfluoroalkylene group is , Chain-like or branched, cyclic or acyclic, and may contain at least one catenary heteroatom. The carbon number of the perfluoroalkylene group may be 2 to 20 or 4 to 18.
- the compound represented by the general formula (4) may be partially fluorinated. That is, the compound represented by the general formula (4) has at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom and at least one fluorine atom bonded to a carbon atom, except for the hydrophilic group (Y 3 ). Is also preferable.
- the compound represented by the general formula (4) is also preferably a compound represented by the following formula (4a).
- CF 2 CF-O-Rf 0 -Y 3 (4a)
- Y 3 is a hydrophilic group
- Rf 0 is perfluorinated, and may be a chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic structure, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted
- a perfluorinated divalent linking group optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- the compound represented by the general formula (4) is also preferably a compound represented by the following formula (4b).
- CH 2 CH-O-Rf 0 -Y 3 (4b)
- Y 3 is a hydrophilic group
- Rf 0 is a perfluorinated divalent linking group defined by the formula (4a).
- Y 3 is —OSO 3 M.
- M is the same
- Y 3 is —COOM.
- the polymerized units based on the compound represented by the general formula (4) include CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF 2 COOM) and CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 COOM). ), CF 2 ⁇ CF (O (CF 2 ) 5 COOM), CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) COOM), CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O (CF 2 ) n COOM.
- Y 3 is —OPO 3 M or —OP (O) (OM) 2 as one of the preferable forms.
- Y 3 is —PO 3 M or —P (O) (OM) 2 as one of the preferable forms.
- Examples of the compound represented by the above general formula (4) include the following general formula (5):
- CX 2 CY (-CZ 2 -O-Rf-Y 3 ) (5)
- X is the same or different and is -H or -F
- Y is -H, -F
- Z is the same or different, -H, -F.
- CX 2 CY (-Rf-Y 3 ) (7)
- X is the same or different and is -H or -F
- Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms.
- a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms, Y 3 is the same as the above), and at least one selected from the group consisting of Preferably there is.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms is an alkylene group which does not include a structure in which an oxygen atom is a terminal and which contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- X is H or F. Both X may be H, both may be F, and at least 1 may be H. For example, one may be F and the other H, or both may be H.
- Y is H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the above-mentioned alkyl group is an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- Y —H, —F or —CF 3 is preferable, and —F is more preferable.
- Z is the same or different and is H, F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group.
- the above-mentioned alkyl group is an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- Z H, F or CF 3 is preferable, and F is more preferable.
- At least one of X, Y and Z preferably contains a fluorine atom.
- X may be H and Y and Z may be F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms is an alkylene group which does not include a structure in which an oxygen atom is a terminal and which contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms. Further, it is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 20 or less, still more preferably 10 or less.
- fluorinated alkylene group -CF 2 -, - CH 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF (CF 3) - , -CF (CF 3) CF 2 -, - CF (CF 3) CH 2 - and the like.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond preferably has 3 or more carbon atoms. Further, the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond is preferably 60 or less, more preferably 30 or less, still more preferably 12 or less.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond include those represented by the following formula: (Wherein Z 1 is F or CF 3 ; Z 2 and Z 3 are each H or F; Z 4 is H, F or CF 3 ; p1 + q1 + r1 is an integer of 0 to 10; s1 is 0 or 1; t1 is 0 It is also preferably a divalent group represented by (integer of 5).
- fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond examples include —CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 —O—CF (CF 3 ) — and — (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 —O) n —CF (CF 3 )-(in the formula, n is an integer of 1 to 10), -CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 -O-CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 -,-(CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 -O) n- CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 — (where n is an integer of 1 to 10), —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 CF 2- , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 CH 2 — and the like can be mentioned.
- Y 3 is —COOM, —SO 3 M or —OSO 3 M
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 7y 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a substituent
- Pyridinium which may have a group or phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 7y is H or an organic group, and may be the same or different. It may form a ring).
- the organic group for R 7y is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 7y is preferably an H or C 1-10 organic group, more preferably an H or C 1-4 organic group, and even more preferably an H or C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the metal atom examples include alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2), and Na, K or Li is preferable.
- M —H, a metal atom or —NR 7y 4 is preferable, —H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or —NR 7y 4 is more preferable, —H, —Na , -K, -Li or -NH 4 are more preferable, -Na, preferably from -K or -NH 4 further particularly preferred -Na or -NH 4, -NH 4 is most preferred.
- Y 3 , -COOM or -SO 3 M is preferable, and -COOM is more preferable.
- the monomer represented by the general formula (5) is preferably the monomer (5b) represented by the following general formula (5a).
- CH 2 CF (-CF 2 -O-Rf-Y 3 ) (5a) (In the formula, Rf and Y 3 are the same as above.)
- Z 1 is F or CF 3 ; Z 2 and Z 3 are H or F, respectively; Z 4 is H, F or CF 3 ; p1 + q1 + r1 is an integer of 0 to 10; s1 is 0 or 1, and t1 is 0. An integer of 5 to 5, Y 3 is the same as above, provided that when Z 3 and Z 4 are both H, a monomer represented by p1 + q1 + r1 + s1 is not 0). More specifically,
- the monomer represented by the general formula (5) is preferably the monomer (5b) represented by the following general formula (5b).
- CX 2 2 CFCF 2 —O— (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) n5 —CF (CF 3 ) —Y 3 (5b)
- each X 2 is the same and represents F or H.
- n5 represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10, and
- Y 3 is the same as the above definition.
- n5 is preferably 0 or an integer of 1 to 5 from the viewpoint of stability of the obtained aqueous dispersion, more preferably 0, 1 or 2, and 0 or 1 Is more preferable.
- the above Y 3 is preferably —COOM from the viewpoint of obtaining appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion, and the above M is less likely to remain as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded body is improved.
- H or NH 4 is preferable.
- Examples of the perfluorovinylalkyl compound represented by the above formula (5b) include CH 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) COOM, CH 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) CF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) COOM ( In the formula, M is the same as the above definition).
- examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (5) include a monomer represented by the following general formula (5c).
- CF 2 CFCF 2 -O-Rf-Y 3 (5c) (In the formula, Rf and Y 3 are the same as above)
- X is —H or —F.
- X may be both -F, or at least one may be -H.
- one may be -F and the other may be -H, or both may be -H.
- Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the above-mentioned alkyl group is an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- Y —H, —F or —CF 3 is preferable, and —F is more preferable.
- At least one of X and Y preferably contains a fluorine atom.
- X may be H and Y and Z may be F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms is an alkylene group which does not include a structure in which an oxygen atom is a terminal and which contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms. Further, the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 20 or less, still more preferably 10 or less.
- fluorinated alkylene group -CF 2 -, - CH 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF (CF 3) - , -CF (CF 3) CF 2 -, - CF (CF 3) CH 2 - and the like.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- the monomer represented by the general formula (6) is selected from the group consisting of monomers represented by the following general formulas (6a), (6b), (6c), (6d) and (6e). At least one is preferable.
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 ) n1- Y 3 (6a)
- n1 represents an integer of 1 to 10
- Y 3 represents —COOM, —SO 3 M or —OSO 3 M
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 7y 4 or has a substituent.
- imidazolium, optionally substituted pyridinium or optionally substituted phosphonium, R 7y is H or an organic group, which may be the same or different.
- n1 is preferably an integer of 5 or less, and more preferably an integer of 2 or less.
- the above Y 3 is preferably —COOM from the viewpoint of obtaining appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion, and M is less likely to remain as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded body is improved.
- H or NH 4 is preferred.
- Examples of the monomer represented by the above formula (6a) include CF 2 ⁇ CF—O—CF 2 COOM, CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF 2 COOM), and CF 2 ⁇ CF (O (CF 2 ). 3 COOM) (wherein M is the same as the above definition).
- n2 is preferably an integer of 3 or less from the viewpoint of stability of the obtained aqueous dispersion
- Y 3 is an appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion.
- —COOM is preferable
- M is preferably H or NH 4 because it hardly remains as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded body is improved.
- n3 is preferably 5 or less integer in terms of water-soluble
- the Y 3 is in that the stability of the proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion is obtained
- -COOM Is preferable and M is preferably H or NH 4 in terms of improving dispersion stability.
- X 1 is preferably —CF 3 in terms of stability of the aqueous dispersion
- n 4 is preferably an integer of 5 or less in terms of water solubility
- the Y 3 is preferably —COOM from the viewpoint of obtaining appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion
- the M is preferably H or NH 4 .
- Examples of the monomer represented by the above formula (6d) include CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 COOM, CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 COOM (in the formula, M represents H, NH 4 or an alkali metal).
- n5 is preferably 5 or less integer in terms of water-soluble
- the Y 3 is a -COOM in that the stability of the proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion is obtained
- M is H or NH 4 .
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (6e) include CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 COOM (wherein M represents H, NH 4 or an alkali metal).
- Rf is preferably a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms.
- at least one of X and Y preferably contains a fluorine atom.
- Y 3 is preferably —SO 3 M or —COOM
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 7y 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or It is preferably phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- R 7y represents H or an organic group.
- n1 is preferably an integer of 5 or less, more preferably an integer of 2 or less.
- the above Y 3 is preferably —COOM from the viewpoint of obtaining appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion, and M is less likely to remain as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded body is improved.
- H or NH 4 is preferred.
- Examples of the perfluorovinylalkyl compound represented by the above formula (7a) include CF 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 COOM (wherein M is the same as the above definition).
- n2 is preferably an integer of 3 or less from the viewpoint of stability of the obtained aqueous dispersion, and Y 3 is appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion.
- —COOM is preferable, and M is preferably H or NH 4 because it hardly remains as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded body is improved.
- the modified monomer preferably contains the modified monomer (A), and is represented by the general formula (5a), the general formula (5c), the general formula (6a), the general formula (6b), the general formula (6c), and the general formula (6c). It preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6d), and more preferably contains a compound represented by formula (5a) or formula (5c).
- the amount of the modified monomer (A) used is preferably more than the amount corresponding to 0.1 mass ppm of the aqueous medium, more preferably more than 0.5 mass ppm, and 1.0 The amount is more preferably more than mass ppm, even more preferably 5 mass ppm or more, still more preferably 10 mass ppm or more. If the amount of the modified monomer (A) used is too small, the resulting PTFE may not have a small average primary particle size.
- the amount of the modified monomer (A) used may be in the above range, but for example, the upper limit can be set to 5000 mass ppm. Further, in the above-mentioned production method, the modifying monomer (A) may be added to the system during the reaction in order to improve the stability of the aqueous dispersion during or after the reaction.
- the modified monomer (A) Since the modified monomer (A) has high water solubility, even if the unreacted modified monomer (A) remains in the aqueous dispersion, it can be easily removed in the concentration step or the coagulation / washing step.
- the above-mentioned modified monomer (A) is incorporated into the produced polymer during the polymerization process, but the concentration itself of the modified monomer (A) in the polymerization system is low and the amount incorporated into the polymer is small, so the heat resistance of PTFE decreases. There is no problem of coloring or coloring after firing.
- the content of the modified monomer (A) unit is preferably in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0 mass% with respect to the total polymerized units of the modified PTFE.
- the lower limit is more preferably 0.0001% by mass, more preferably 0.0005% by mass, still more preferably 0.001% by mass, even more preferably 0.005% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.009% by mass.
- As the upper limit in order of preference, 0.90% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, 0 0.08% by mass, 0.05% by mass, and 0.01% by mass.
- the modified PTFE preferably has an average primary particle diameter of 500 nm or less, more preferably 400 nm or less, and further preferably 350 nm or less.
- modified PTFE having a small average primary particle diameter can be obtained.
- the lower limit of the average primary particle diameter is not particularly limited, but may be 50 nm or 100 nm, for example. From the viewpoint of the molecular weight, it is preferably 100 nm or more, and more preferably 150 nm or more.
- the average primary particle size of the modified PTFE primary particles obtained by the production method of the present disclosure is the unit of diluted latex obtained by diluting the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion with water until the solid content concentration becomes 0.15% by mass.
- the transmittance of the projected light of 550 nm with respect to the length and the number-based length average particle diameter determined by measuring the directed diameter with a transmission electron micrograph were measured to prepare a calibration curve, and this calibration curve was prepared. It is determined from the actually measured transmittance of 550 nm projected light of each sample.
- the average primary particle size can be measured by the dynamic light scattering method.
- the average primary particle diameter was adjusted to a solid content concentration of about 1.0% by mass to prepare an aqueous dispersion, and the dynamic light scattering method was used to obtain a solvent (water) having a refractive index of 1.3328 at 25 ° C.
- the viscosity of the solvent (water) can be measured at 0.8878 mPa ⁇ s and 70 times in total.
- ELSZ-1000S manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.
- the modified PTFE preferably has an aspect ratio of primary particles of less than 2.00, more preferably 1.90 or less, still more preferably 1.80 or less, still more preferably 1.70 or less, and most preferably 1.60 or less. It is preferably 1.50 or less, and particularly preferably 1.50 or less.
- the aspect ratio is more preferably 1.45 or less, still more preferably 1.40 or less, even more preferably 1.35 or less, particularly preferably 1.30 or less, particularly preferably 1.20 or less, 1.10 The following are the most preferable.
- the above aspect ratio was determined by observing a modified PTFE aqueous dispersion diluted with a solid content concentration of about 1% by mass with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and randomly extracting 400. Image processing is performed on more than one particle, and the average is calculated from the ratio of the major axis and the minor axis.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the above-mentioned aspect ratio is obtained by irradiating the modified PTFE powder with an electron beam, adding it to an aqueous solution of a fluorosurfactant, and redispersing it with ultrasonic waves to obtain a modified PTFE aqueous dispersion. Can be done.
- the aspect ratio is determined from this modified PTFE aqueous dispersion by the same method as the method of measuring with the above aqueous dispersion.
- a modified PTFE aqueous dispersion prepared by adjusting the polymer solid content concentration to about 1.0 mass% is prepared and scanned.
- SEM electron microscope
- the aspect ratio can be determined from the average of the ratios of the major axis and the minor axis.
- the modified PTFE has a standard specific gravity (SSG) of preferably 2.280 or less, more preferably 2.250 or less, further preferably 2.210 or less, and more preferably 2.200 or less. Is even more preferably, is particularly preferably 2.190 or less, and is particularly preferably 2.180 or less. Further, it is preferably 2.130 or more.
- SSG is measured by a water displacement method according to ASTM D792 using a sample molded according to ASTM D4895-89.
- the modified PTFE preferably has an endothermic peak temperature in the range of 333 to 347 ° C. More preferably, it is 335 ° C. or higher and 345 ° C. or lower.
- the above endothermic peak temperature corresponds to the maximum value in the heat of fusion curve when PTFE having no history of being heated to a temperature of 300 ° C. or higher is heated at a rate of 10 ° C./min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC]. Is the temperature.
- the modified PTFE has an extrusion pressure of preferably 50.0 MPa or less, more preferably 40.0 MPa or less, preferably 5.0 MPa or more, more preferably 10.0 MPa or more, It is more preferably 15.0 MPa or more.
- the extrusion pressure is a value obtained by the following method. 21.7 g of a lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon) is added to 100 g of the modified PTFE powder, and mixed for 3 minutes in a glass bottle at room temperature. The glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25 ° C.) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain the lubricated resin. The lubricant resin is extruded through an orifice (diameter: 2.5 mm, land length: 11 mm, introduction angle: 30 °) at room temperature at a reduction ratio of 100: 1 to obtain a uniform beading.
- a lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon
- the extrusion speed is 20 inches / minute (51 cm / minute).
- the extrusion pressure is a value obtained by measuring the load when the extrusion load is in an equilibrium state in the paste extrusion and dividing the load by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for the paste extrusion.
- the modified PTFE usually has stretchability, fibrillation characteristics, and non-melt fabrication property.
- the non-melting secondary processability means the property that the melt flow rate cannot be measured at a temperature higher than the crystallization melting point according to ASTM D 1238 and D 2116, that is, the property that the melt flow rate does not easily flow even in the melting temperature range.
- the modified PTFE may have a core-shell structure.
- the core-shell structure is a conventionally known structure and is a structure of primary particles in an aqueous dispersion that can be produced by the method described in US Pat. No. 6,841,594.
- Examples of PTFE having a core-shell structure include, for example, a core-shell structure including a core portion of TFE homopolymer and a shell portion of modified PTFE, a core-shell structure including a core portion of modified PTFE and a shell portion of TFE homopolymer, and modified PTFE. And a shell portion of modified PTFE having a monomer composition different from that of the modified PTFE forming the core portion.
- the PTFE having the core-shell structure is prepared by, for example, first polymerizing TFE and optionally a modified monomer to produce a core part (TFE homopolymer or modified PTFE), and then polymerizing TFE and optionally a modified monomer.
- TFE homopolymer or modified PTFE can be obtained by producing a shell part (TFE homopolymer or modified PTFE).
- the shell part means a part forming a predetermined thickness from the surface of the PTFE primary particles to the inside of the particle, and the core part means a part forming the inside of the shell part.
- the core portion and the shell portion have different monomer compositions
- the core portion and the shell portion have the same monomer composition
- All of those having different number average molecular weights and (3) having different monomer compositions in the core portion and the shell portion and having different number average molecular weights in both portions are also included.
- the content of the modifying monomer in the shell part is preferably 0.0001 to 1% by mass. It is more preferably 0.001% by mass or more, and further preferably 0.01% by mass or more. Further, it is more preferably 0.50 mass% or less, and further preferably 0.30 mass% or less.
- the content of the modifying monomer in the core portion is preferably 0.00001 to 1.0% by mass. It is more preferably 0.0001% by mass or more, and further preferably 0.001% by mass or more. Further, it is more preferably 0.50 mass% or less, and further preferably 0.30 mass% or less.
- the PTFE may have a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more.
- the thermal instability index (TII) of PTFE can be adjusted within the above range, for example, by producing PTFE using the polymer (I).
- TII is preferably 25 or more, more preferably 30 or more, and further preferably 35 or more. It is particularly preferably 40 or more.
- the TII is measured according to ASTM D 4895-89.
- the 0.1% mass reduction temperature of PTFE may be 400 ° C. or lower.
- the 0.1% mass reduction temperature of PTFE can be adjusted within the above range, for example, by producing PTFE using the polymer (I).
- 0.1% mass reduction temperature about 10 mg of PTFE powder that has no history of being heated to a temperature of 300 ° C. or higher is precisely weighed and stored in a dedicated aluminum pan, and TG / DTA (differential thermogravimetric simultaneous measurement device ) Can be used for measurement.
- the 0.1% mass reduction temperature corresponds to the point that the mass is decreased by 0.1% by mass by raising the temperature of the aluminum pan in the atmosphere from 25 ° C to 600 ° C under the condition of 10 ° C / min. It can be specified as the temperature.
- the 1.0% weight loss temperature of PTFE may be 492 ° C or lower.
- the 1.0% mass reduction temperature of PTFE can be adjusted within the above range, for example, by producing PTFE using the polymer (I).
- 1.0% mass reduction temperature about 10 mg of PTFE powder with no history of heating to a temperature of 300 ° C or higher is precisely weighed and stored in a dedicated aluminum pan, and TG / DTA (differential thermogravimetric simultaneous measurement device ) Can be used for measurement.
- the 1.0% mass reduction temperature corresponds to a point in which the mass of the aluminum pan is reduced by 1.0 mass% by raising the temperature of the aluminum pan in the temperature range from 25 ° C to 600 ° C under the condition of 10 ° C / min. It can be specified as the temperature.
- the polymer (I) used in the production method of the present disclosure contains polymerized units (I) based on the monomer represented by the general formula (I).
- the polymer (I) preferably contains two or more polymerized units (I).
- CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R (-CZ 1 Z 2 -A 0 ) m (I) (In the formula, X 1 and X 3 are each independently F, Cl, H or CF 3 ; X 2 is H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; A 0 is an anion.
- R is a linking group; Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; m is an integer of 1 or more.) As X 2 , F, Cl, H or CF 3 is preferable. Further, as Z 1 and Z 2 , F or CF 3 is preferable.
- the anionic group is a functional group which provides an anionic group such as a sulfate group or a carboxylate group, an acid group such as —COOH, and an acid group such as —COONH 4. Is included.
- the anionic group is a sulfate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, or —C (CF 3 ) 2 OM (wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 , It is imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is H or an organic group.) Is preferable. A sulfate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a phosphonate group or a sulfonate group is more preferable.
- the polymer (I) may contain only the polymerized unit (I) based on one kind of monomer represented by the general formula (I), or may be represented by the general formula (I): It may contain polymerized units (I) based on one or more types of monomers.
- the R is a linking group.
- the “linking group” is a (m + 1) -valent linking group, and when m is 1, it means a divalent linking group.
- the linking group may be a single bond and preferably contains at least one carbon atom, and the number of carbon atoms may be 2 or more, 4 or more, and 8 or more. It may be 10 or more, or 20 or more.
- the upper limit is not limited, but may be 100 or less, and may be 50 or less, for example.
- the linking group may be linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic structure, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, and optionally one or more selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It may contain heteroatoms and optionally one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of esters, amides, sulfonamides, carbonyls, carbonates, urethanes, ureas and carbamates.
- the linking group does not contain a carbon atom and may be a catenary heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
- n is an integer of 1 or more, preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1.
- Z 1 , Z 2 and A 0 may be the same or different.
- R is preferably a catenary hetero atom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, or a divalent organic group.
- R is a divalent organic group
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be replaced with halogen other than fluorine, such as chlorine, and may or may not contain a double bond.
- R may be chain-like or branched-chain, and may be cyclic or acyclic.
- R may also include a functional group (eg, ester, ether, ketone, amine, halide, etc.).
- R may also be a non-fluorine divalent organic group or a partially fluorinated or perfluorinated divalent organic group.
- R examples include a hydrocarbon group in which a fluorine atom is not bonded to a carbon atom, a hydrocarbon group in which a part of hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom are substituted with a fluorine atom, or a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom. May all be a hydrocarbon group substituted with a fluorine atom, and these may contain an oxygen atom, a double bond or a functional group.
- R is preferably a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 100 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond, and the hydrocarbon group has a part or all of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with fluorine. You may. R is preferably — (CH 2 ) a —, — (CF 2 ) a —, —O— (CF 2 ) a —, — (CF 2 ) a —O— (CF 2 ) b —, —O ( CF 2 ) a- O- (CF 2 ) b -,-(CF 2 ) a- [O- (CF 2 ) b ] c- , -O (CF 2 ) a- [O- (CF 2 ) b ] c ⁇ , — [(CF 2 ) a —O] b — [(CF 2 ) c —O] d —, —O [(CF 2 ) a —O] b —
- a, b, c and d are independently at least 1 or more.
- a, b, c and d may independently be 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more.
- the upper limits of a, b, c and d are 100, for example.
- R is the following general formula (r1): --CF 2 --O-(CX 6 2 ) e- ⁇ O--CF (CF 3 ) ⁇ f- (O) g- (r1) (Wherein, X 6 is independently H, F or CF 3 , e is an integer of 0 to 3, f is an integer of 0 to 3, and g is 0 or 1) Is preferably a divalent group represented by the following general formula (r2): --CF 2 --O-(CX 7 2 ) e- (O) g- (r2) (In the formula, X 7 is each independently H, F or CF 3 , e is an integer of 0 to 3, and g is 0 or 1).
- R is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group which may contain an oxygen atom, and specifically, —CF 2 —O—, —CF 2 —O—CF 2 —, —CF 2 —O.
- -R-CZ 1 Z 2- has the following formula (s2): --CF 2 --O-(CX 7 2 ) e- (O) g --CZ 1 Z 2- (s2)
- X 7 are each independently H, F or CF 3
- e is an integer of 0 to 3
- g is 0 or 1
- Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently F or CF 3
- Examples of —R—CZ 1 Z 2 — of the general formula (I) include —CF 2 —O—CF 2 —, —CF 2 —O—CF (CF 3 ) —, and —CF 2 —O—C (CF 3) 2 -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2 -CF 2 -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2 -CF (CF 3) -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2 -C (CF 3) 2 - , -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -CF 2 -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -CF (CF 3) -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -C (CF 3) 2 -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -C (CF 3) 2 -, - CF 2 -O-CF (CF 3) -, - CF 2 -O-CF 2
- the polymer (I) is highly fluorinated.
- anionic groups (A 0 ) such as phosphate group moieties (eg CH 2 OP (O) (OM) 2 ) and sulfate group moieties (eg CH 2 OS (O) 2 OM)
- polymers It is preferable that 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 100% of the C—H bond in (I) is substituted with a C—F bond.
- the polymer (I) has a C—F bond and does not have a C—H bond, except for the anionic group (A 0 ). That is, in the general formula (I), all of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are F, R is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms, and the above perfluoroalkylene group is It may be chain-like or branched-chain, cyclic or acyclic, and may contain at least one catenary heteroatom. The carbon number of the perfluoroalkylene group may be 2 to 20 or 4 to 18.
- the polymer (I) may be partially fluorinated. That is, the polymer (I) preferably has at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom and at least one fluorine atom bonded to a carbon atom, except for the anionic group (A 0 ).
- the anionic group (A 0 ) is —SO 3 M, —OSO 3 M, —COOM, —SO 2 NR′CH 2 COOM, —CH 2 OP (O) (OM) 2 , [—CH 2 O].
- -SO 3 M, -COOM or -P (O) (OM) 2 is preferable, -SO 3 M or -COOM is more preferable, and -COOM is further preferable.
- M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent, or phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- R 7 is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom include alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2), and Na, K or Li is preferable.
- each polymerized unit (I) may have different anionic groups or the same anionic group.
- the polymer (I) is a polymer containing a polymerized unit (Ia) based on a monomer represented by the following formula (Ia).
- CF 2 CF-O-Rf 0 -A 0 (Ia)
- a 0 is an anionic group
- Rf 0 is perfluorinated, and is linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic structure, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted
- it is a perfluorinated divalent linking group optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- the above polymer (I) is also preferably a polymer containing a polymerized unit (Ib) based on a monomer represented by the following formula (Ib).
- CH 2 CH-O-Rf 0 -A 0 (Ib)
- a 0 is an anionic group
- Rf 0 is a perfluorinated divalent linking group defined by the formula (Ia).
- a 0 is a sulfate group.
- a 0 is, for example, —CH 2 OSO 3 M, —CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 M, or —SO 2 NR′CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 M, wherein R ′ is H or the number of carbon atoms. It is an alkyl group of 1 to 4 and M is the same as above.
- a 0 is a sulfonate group.
- a 0 is, for example, —SO 3 M, and in the formula, M is the same as above.
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 M)
- CF 2 CF (O (CF 2) 3 SO 3 M)
- CF 2 CF (O (CF 2) 4 SO 3 M)
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CF (CF 3) SO 3 M)
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CF (CF 3) OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 M)
- CH 2 CH (CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 M)
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CF (CF 3) OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 M)
- CH 2 CH (CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 M)
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CF (CF 3) OCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 M)
- CH 2 CH ((CF 2) 4 SO 3 M)
- CH 2 CH (CF 2 CF 2
- a 0 is a carboxylate group.
- a 0 is, for example, —COOM or —SO 2 NR′CH 2 COOM, in which R ′ is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and M is the same as above.
- the polymerized units (I) include CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF 2 COOM), CF 2 ⁇ CF (O (CF 2 ) 3 COOM), and CF 2 ⁇ CF (O).
- R ′ is H or a C 1-4
- a 0 is a phosphate group.
- a 0 include —CH 2 OP (O) (OM) 2 , [—CH 2 O] 2 P (O) (OM), —CH 2 CH 2 OP (O) (OM) 2 , [ ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 O] 2 P (O) (OM), [—SO 2 NR′CH 2 CH 2 O] 2 P (O) (OM) or —SO 2 NR′CH 2 CH 2 OP (O) ( OM) 2 , wherein R ′ is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and M is the same as above.
- a 0 is a phosphonate group.
- the polymer (I) is preferably a polymer (1) containing a polymer unit (1) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (1).
- CX 2 CY (-CZ 2 -O-Rf-A) (1)
- X is the same or different and is -H or -F
- Y is -H, -F
- Z is the same or different, -H, -F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond
- A is —COOM, — SO 3 M, —OSO 3 M or C (CF 3 ) 2 OM
- M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, or a substituent Is pyridinium or phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 7 is H or an organic group
- the composition of the present disclosure containing the modified polytetrafluoroethylene can be produced more stably and efficiently. Further, a composition containing a modified polytetrafluoroethylene having a high molecular weight can be obtained with a high yield.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms is an alkylene group having no ether atom-terminated structure and having an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- X is —H or —F.
- X may be both -F, or at least one may be -H.
- one may be -F and the other may be -H, or both may be -H.
- Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the above-mentioned alkyl group is an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- Y —H, —F or —CF 3 is preferable, and —F is more preferable.
- Z is the same or different and is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group.
- the above-mentioned alkyl group is an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- Z —H, —F or —CF 3 is preferable, and —F is more preferable.
- At least one of X, Y and Z contains a fluorine atom.
- X can be -H and Y and Z can be -F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms is an alkylene group which does not include a structure in which an oxygen atom is a terminal and which contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 20 or less, still more preferably 10 or less.
- fluorinated alkylene group -CF 2 -, - CH 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF (CF 3) - , -CF (CF 3) CF 2 -, - CF (CF 3) CH 2 - and the like.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond preferably has 3 or more carbon atoms. Further, the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond is preferably 60 or less, more preferably 30 or less, still more preferably 12 or less.
- fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond examples include —CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 —O—CF (CF 3 ) — and — (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 —O) n —CF (CF 3 )-(in the formula, n is an integer of 1 to 10), -CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 -O-CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 -,-(CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 -O) n- CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 — (where n is an integer of 1 to 10), —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 CF 2- , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 O—CF 2 CH 2 — and the like can be mentioned.
- A is —COOM, —SO 3 , —OSO 3 M or —C (CF 3 ) 2 OM
- M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 or a substituent And optionally substituted imidazolium, optionally substituted pyridinium or optionally substituted phosphonium, and R 7 is H or an organic group).
- R 7 is preferably an H or C 1-10 organic group, more preferably an H or C 1-4 organic group, and even more preferably an H or C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the metal atom include alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2), and Na, K or Li is preferable.
- —H, a metal atom or —NR 7 4 is preferable, —H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or —NR 7 4 is more preferable, —H, —Na , -K, -Li or -NH 4 are more preferable, -Na, preferably from -K or -NH 4 further particularly preferred -Na or -NH 4, -NH 4 is most preferred.
- A —COOM or —SO 3 M is preferable, and —COOM is more preferable.
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (1) include the following formula (1a): CX 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 —O— (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) n5 —CF (CF 3 ) —A (1a) (In the formula, each X is the same and represents F or H. n5 represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10, and A is the same as the above definition.). It is illustrated as one. In the above formula (1a), n5 is preferably 0 or an integer of 1 to 5, more preferably 0, 1 or 2, from the viewpoint that PTFE particles having a small primary particle size can be obtained. Or more preferably 1.
- the above-mentioned A is preferably —COOM from the viewpoint of obtaining appropriate water solubility and surface activity, and the above-mentioned M is H or H from the viewpoint that it hardly remains as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded body is improved. It is preferably NH 4 .
- the polymer (1) may be a homopolymer of the fluoroallyl ether compound represented by the general formula (1a) or a copolymer with another monomer.
- the polymer unit (1) is preferably a polymer unit (1A) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (1A).
- CH 2 CF (-CF 2 -O-Rf-A) (1A) (In the formula, Rf and A are the same as above.)
- the polymer (1) may be a homopolymer of the monomer represented by the general formula (1A) or a copolymer with another monomer.
- Z 1 is F or CF 3 ;
- Z 2 and Z 3 are each H or F;
- Z 4 is H, F or CF 3 ;
- p1 + q1 + r1 is an integer of 0 to 10;
- s1 is 0 or 1;
- t1 is 0
- examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (1) also include a monomer represented by the following formula.
- CF 2 CFCF 2 -O-Rf-A (In the formula, Rf and A are the same as above.)
- the polymer (I) is also preferably a polymer (2) containing a polymerized unit (2) based on the monomer represented by the general formula (2).
- CX 2 CY (-O-Rf-A) (2)
- X is the same or different and is —H or F
- Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, Alternatively, it is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms, and A is the same as the above.
- X is -H or -F.
- X may be both -F, or at least one may be -H.
- one may be -F and the other may be -H, or both may be -H.
- Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the alkyl group is an alkyl group that does not contain a fluorine atom, and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 3 or less carbon atoms.
- —H, —F or —CF 3 is preferable, and —F is more preferable.
- At least one of X and Y preferably contains a fluorine atom.
- X can be -H and Y and Z can be -F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms is an alkylene group which does not include a structure in which an oxygen atom is a terminal and which contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group of Rf preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms. Further, it is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 20 or less, still more preferably 10 or less. Examples of the fluorine-containing alkylene group, -CF 2 -, - CH 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF (CF 3) -, -CF (CF 3) CF 2 - , - CF (CF 3) CH 2 - and the like.
- the fluorinated alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- the monomer represented by the general formula (2) is at least selected from the group consisting of the monomers represented by the general formulas (2a), (2b), (2c), (2d) and (2e).
- One kind is preferable.
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 ) n1- A (2a) (In the formula, n1 represents an integer of 1 to 10, and A is the same as above.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 C (CF 3 ) F) n2- A (2b) (In the formula, n2 represents an integer of 1 to 5, and A is the same as the above definition.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CFX 1 ) n3- A (2c) (In the formula, X 1 represents F or CF 3 , n3 represents an integer of 1 to 10, and A is the same as the above definition.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 CFX 1 O) n4 - (CF 2) n6 -A (2d) (In the formula
- n1 is preferably an integer of 5 or less, and more preferably an integer of 2 or less.
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (2a) include CF 2 ⁇ CF—O—CF 2 COOM, CF 2 ⁇ CF (OCF 2 CF 2 COOM), and CF 2 ⁇ CF (O (CF 2 ). 3 COOM) (wherein M is the same as the above definition).
- n2 is preferably an integer of 3 or less in view of dispersion stability of the obtained composition.
- n3 is preferably an integer of 5 or less from the viewpoint of water solubility
- the above A is preferably —COOM
- the above M is preferably H or NH 4.
- X 1 is preferably —CF 3 in terms of dispersion stability of the composition
- n4 is preferably an integer of 5 or less in terms of water solubility
- A is A.
- —COOM is preferably H or NH 4 .
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (2d) include CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 COOM, CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 COOM, CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3) OCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 COOM (wherein, M represents, H, represents the NH 4 or an alkali metal.) and the like.
- n5 is preferably an integer of 5 or less in terms of water solubility
- A is preferably —COOM
- M is preferably H or NH 4 .
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (2e) include CF 2 ⁇ CFOCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 COOM (wherein M represents H, NH 4 or an alkali metal).
- the polymer (I) is a polymer (3) containing a polymerized unit (3) based on the monomer represented by the general formula (3).
- CX 2 CY (-Rf-A) (3)
- X is the same or different and is -H or -F
- Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms.
- A is the same as the above.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond is an alkylene group that does not include a structure in which an oxygen atom is a terminal and that contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- Rf is preferably a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms.
- at least one of X and Y preferably contains a fluorine atom.
- A is preferably —SO 3 M or —COOM
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, Pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent is preferable.
- R 7 represents H or an organic group.
- n1 is preferably an integer of 5 or less, and more preferably an integer of 2 or less.
- A is preferably —COOM and M is preferably H or NH 4 .
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (3a) include CF 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 COOM (wherein M is as defined above).
- n2 is preferably an integer of 3 or less in view of dispersion stability of the resulting composition, A is preferably —COOM, M is H or NH 4 Is preferred.
- the polymer (I) is a polymer containing a polymer unit (4) based on at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of monomers represented by the general formulas (4a) and (4b). It is also preferable that it is (4).
- CF 2 CF-CF 2 -O-Q F1 -CF (-Q F2- CZ 1 Z 2- A) 2 (4a) (In the formula, Z 1 , Z 2 and A are the same as defined above, and Q F1 and Q F2 are the same or different and are a single bond or a fluorine-containing alkylene group or carbon which may contain an ether bond between carbon and carbon.
- CF 2 CF-O-Q F1 -CF (-Q F2- CZ 1 Z 2- A) 2 (4b) (Wherein Z 1 , Z 2 , A, Q F1 and Q F2 are the same as defined above)
- Examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (4a) and the general formula (4b) include Etc.
- the polymer (I) is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the polymer (1), the polymer (2) and the polymer (3), more preferably the polymer (1).
- the polymer (I) may be a homopolymer composed of only the polymer unit (I), or may be a copolymer of the polymer unit (I) and a monomer represented by the general formula (I). It may be a copolymer containing polymerized units based on other possible monomers. From the viewpoint of solubility in the polymerization medium, a homopolymer consisting only of the polymerization unit (I) is preferable.
- the polymerized units (I) may be the same or different at each occurrence, and the polymer (I) is a polymerized unit (I) based on two or more different monomers represented by the general formula (I). May be included.
- the polymer unit based on the other monomer is a polymer unit based on tetrafluoroethylene.
- the polymer units based on the other monomer may be the same or different in each occurrence, and the polymer (I) may include polymer units based on two or more different other monomers. Good.
- Examples of the other monomer include those represented by the following formula (n1-2):
- Rf 3 is a monomer represented by a C1-C40 fluorine-containing alkyl group or a C2-C100 fluorine-containing alkyl group having an ether bond).
- CH 2 CFCF 2 -O-Rf 3
- CF 2 CF-O-Rf 3
- CF 2 CFCF 2 -O-Rf 3
- CF 2 CF-Rf 3
- Rf 3 Rf 3 and CH 2 ⁇ CH—O—Rf 3 (wherein Rf 3 is the same as the above formula (n1-2)).
- Examples of the other monomer include those represented by the formula (n2-1):
- Rf 4 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond). Monomers are also included.
- the Rf 4 group is
- e6 is an integer of 1 to 10.
- CH 2 CHCH 2 O-Rf 6 (n2-3)
- Rf 6 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond
- CH 2 CH-Rf 7 (n2-4)
- Rf 7 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond).
- the polymer (I) usually has a terminal group.
- the end group is an end group generated during polymerization, and typical end groups are independently hydrogen, iodine, bromine, a chain or branched alkyl group, and a chain or branched fluoroalkyl group. It may be selected and may optionally contain at least one catenary heteroatom.
- the alkyl group or fluoroalkyl group preferably has 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the content of the polymerized units (I) is preferably 1.0 mol% or more, more preferably 3.0 mol% or more, still more preferably 5.0 mol% or more, based on all polymerized units. 10 mol% or more is still more preferable, 20 mol% or more is particularly preferable, and 30 mol% or more is particularly preferable. More preferably, it is 40 mol% or more, still more preferably 60 mol% or more, even more preferably 80 mol% or more, particularly preferably 90 mol% or more, substantially 100 mol%. % Is particularly preferred. Most preferably, the polymer (I) consists of polymerized units (I) only.
- the content of polymerized units based on another monomer copolymerizable with the monomer represented by the general formula (I) is 99.0 mol% or less based on all polymerized units. Is preferred, 97.0 mol% or less is more preferred, 95.0 mol% or less is still more preferred, 90 mol% or less is still more preferred, and 80 mol% or less is particularly preferred. Further, in the polymer (I), the content of the polymerized units based on another monomer copolymerizable with the monomer represented by the general formula (I) is 70 mol% or less based on all the polymerized units.
- the polymer (I) does not contain polymerized units based on other monomers.
- the polymer (I) has a number average molecular weight of preferably 0.1 ⁇ 10 4 or more, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ 10 4 or more, still more preferably 0.3 ⁇ 10 4 or more, and 0.4 ⁇ 10 4
- the above is particularly preferable, 0.5 ⁇ 10 4 or more is particularly preferable, 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more is particularly preferable, and 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more is the most preferable.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer (I) is also preferably 3.1 ⁇ 10 4 or more. Further, it is preferably 750000 or less, more preferably 500000 or less, further preferably 400000 or less, further preferably 300000 or less, and particularly preferably 200000 or less.
- the number average molecular weight and the weight average molecular weight described later are values calculated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using monodisperse polystyrene as a standard.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer (1) is determined by the correlation between the number average molecular weight calculated from the number of terminal groups obtained by NMR, FT-IR, etc. and the melt flow rate. You can ask.
- the melt flow rate can be measured according to JIS K 7210.
- the polymer (I) has a weight average molecular weight of preferably 0.2 ⁇ 10 4 or more, more preferably 0.4 ⁇ 10 4 or more, still more preferably 0.6 ⁇ 10 4 or more, and 0.8 ⁇ 10 4
- the above is particularly preferable, and 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more is particularly preferable.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (I) is 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, 10.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, 15.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, or 25.0 ⁇ 10 4. It is also preferably 4 or more.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (I) is preferably 150.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, more preferably 100.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, further preferably 60.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, and 50.0 ⁇ 10 4. 4 or less is particularly preferable, and 40.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less is particularly preferable.
- the polymer (I) preferably has an ion exchange rate (IXR) of 53 or less.
- IXR is defined as the number of carbon atoms in the polymer backbone to the ionic groups.
- Precursor groups that become ionic upon hydrolysis eg, —SO 2 F are not considered ionic groups for purposes of determining IXR.
- IXR is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 1 or more, still more preferably 3 or more, even more preferably 4 or more, particularly preferably 5 or more, particularly preferably 8 or more. Further, IXR is more preferably 43 or less, further preferably 33 or less, and particularly preferably 23 or less.
- the ion exchange capacity of the polymer (I) is, in a preferable order, 0.80 meg / g or more, 1.50 meg / g or more, 1.75 meg / g or more, 2.00 meg / g or more, 2.50 meg / g or more, It is 2.60 meg / g or more, 3.00 meg / g or more, and 3.50 meg / g or more.
- the ion exchange capacity is the content of the ionic group (anionic group) of the polymer (I) and can be calculated from the composition of the polymer (I).
- the ionic group (anionic group) is typically distributed along the polymer main chain.
- the polymer (I) preferably contains a polymer main chain together with a repeating side chain bonded to the main chain, and the side chain preferably has an ionic group.
- Polymer (I) preferably comprises ionic groups having a pKa of less than 10, more preferably less than 7.
- the ionic groups of polymer (I) are preferably selected from the group consisting of sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphonates and phosphates.
- sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphonate, and phosphate are intended to refer to the respective salts, or the respective acids capable of forming salts. If a salt is used, it is preferably an alkali metal salt or an ammonium salt.
- a preferred ionic group is a sulfonate group.
- the polymer (I) is preferably water-soluble.
- Water-soluble means the property of being easily dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous medium.
- the particle size of the water-soluble polymer (I) cannot be measured by, for example, the dynamic light scattering method (DLS).
- the particle size of the water-insoluble polymer (I) can be measured by, for example, the dynamic light scattering method (DLS).
- the polymer (I) can be produced by a conventionally known method except that the above monomer is used.
- the content of the dimer and trimer of the monomer represented by the general formula (I) (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as the monomer (I)) is similar to that of the polymer (I). On the other hand, 1.0% by mass or less of the polymer (I) may be used.
- the manufacturing method of the present disclosure A step of obtaining a crude composition containing a polymer of the monomer (I) by polymerizing the monomer (I) represented by the general formula (I) in an aqueous medium, and By removing the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) contained in the crude composition from the crude composition, the content of the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) becomes the polymer (I).
- a step of obtaining a polymer (I) of 1.0% by mass or less It is also preferable to include a polymerization step of obtaining a modified polytetrafluoroethylene by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer (I).
- the polymer (I) used in the above production method does not substantially contain the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I).
- the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) usually occur when the monomer (I) is polymerized to obtain the polymer (I).
- the content of the dimer and trimer in the polymer (I) is 1.0% by mass or less, preferably 0.1% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1% by mass or less with respect to the polymer (I).
- the amount is 01% by mass or less, more preferably 0.001% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.0001% by mass or less.
- the content of the dimer and the trimer in the polymer (I) is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of the polymer (I), and the content of the dimer and the trimer with respect to the total area of each peak of the chromatogram obtained by the GPC analysis. It can be specified by calculating the total ratio of peak areas (area percentage).
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) Can be specified by measuring Specifically, an aqueous solution containing 5 or more levels of the monomer (I) is prepared, and each content is subjected to LC / MS / MS analysis to determine the content and the area area (peak area) for that content. Plot the relationship with the (integral value of) and prepare a calibration curve for the monomer (I). Furthermore, a calibration curve of the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) is prepared from the calibration curve of the monomer (I).
- Methanol is added to the polymer (I) to prepare a mixture, the extract (supernatant) is recovered from the mixture by centrifugation, and the obtained extract is subjected to LC / MS / MS analysis. Then, the area area (integral value of peaks) of the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) can be converted into the content of dimer and trimer using the calibration curve.
- the polymer (I) is a polymer containing polymerized units (I) based on the monomer (I).
- the polymer (I) used in the present disclosure includes a polymer (I) containing two or more polymer units (I), a dimer (a polymer containing two polymer units (I)) and a trimer (three polymer units (I). A polymer containing I) is substantially removed.
- the molecular weight of the monomer (I) is preferably 400 or less. That is, the polymer (I) preferably contains substantially no dimer or trimer having a molecular weight of 1200 or less.
- the dimer and trimer of the polymer (I) may be a polymer formed from one kind of the monomer (I) as the monomer (I) represented by the general formula (I), It may be a copolymer formed from two or more kinds of monomers (I) having different structures.
- the monomer (I) can be polymerized by a known method.
- a crude composition By producing a crude composition by such a method, a crude composition in which the polymer (I) is dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous medium can be obtained.
- the polymerization of the monomer (I) is preferably carried out substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant (excluding the monomer (I) represented by the general formula (I)).
- substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant means that the amount of the fluorine-containing surfactant in the aqueous medium is 10 mass ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluorinated surfactant with respect to the aqueous medium is preferably 1 mass ppm or less, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 1 mass ppb or less. Is.
- the crude composition thus obtained contains, as a polymer of the monomer (I), a dimer content of more than 1.0% by mass in total with respect to the mass of the polymer of the monomer (I). And trimmers are included.
- the content of the dimer and trimer in the polymer of the monomer (I) may be, for example, 2.0% by mass or more based on the polymer of the monomer (I), and may be 3.0 It may be not less than mass%, not more than 30.0 mass%, or not more than 20.0 mass%.
- the content of dimers and trimers in the crude composition is determined by performing gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of the crude composition, and adding the peak areas of the dimers and trimers to the total area of each peak in the chromatogram obtained by GPC analysis. It can be specified by calculating the ratio (area percentage).
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the means for removing the dimer and trimer is not particularly limited, but at least one means selected from the group consisting of ultrafiltration, microfiltration and dialysis membrane treatment is preferred, and selected from the group consisting of microfiltration and dialysis membrane treatment. At least one means is more preferred, and ultrafiltration is even more preferred.
- the existence of the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) in the polymer (I) was revealed for the first time, and the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) in the polymer (I) was detected by ultrafiltration. It was found for the first time that polymer (I) (crude composition) can be removed with high efficiency by at least one means selected from the group consisting of microfiltration and dialysis membrane treatment.
- the unreacted monomer (I) When removing the dimer and trimer, the unreacted monomer (I) is usually removed from the crude composition at the same time. Even if the unreacted monomer (I) is incorporated into PTFE by the polymerization, it does not necessarily adversely affect the function of PTFE, so that the unreacted monomer (I) does not necessarily have to be removed. .. However, by removing the unreacted monomer (I) at the same time as the dimer and trimer, the amount of the monomer to be used for the polymerization can be calculated without considering the presence of the unreacted monomer (I). And has an advantage that PTFE having a desired monomer composition can be easily produced.
- the monomer existing in the polymerization system is present.
- the fluoromonomer (excluding the monomer (I)) occupies the majority of the polymerization system, but the dimerization and trimerization of the monomer (I) almost proceed depending on the polymerization reaction in the polymerization system. In fact, the dimers and trimers of the monomer (I) hardly remain in the obtained PTFE.
- the crude composition obtained by polymerizing the monomer (I) may be a composition obtained by polymerization after polymerization, or a composition obtained by diluting or concentrating the composition obtained after polymerization by polymerization. Or may have been subjected to dispersion stabilization treatment or the like. In order to smoothly carry out ultrafiltration, microfiltration or dialysis membrane treatment, it is also preferable to adjust the viscosity of the crude composition by these treatments.
- the content of the polymer of the monomer (I) in the crude composition is not particularly limited and may be, for example, 0.1 to 20% by mass.
- the content of the polymer of the monomer (I) in the crude composition is preferably 18.0 mass% or less, and more preferably 15.0 mass% or less, from the viewpoint of removal efficiency of dimers and trimers. And more preferably 12.0 mass% or less, particularly preferably 10.0 mass% or less, preferably 0.5 mass% or more, more preferably 1.0 mass% or more, It is more preferably 1.2% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 1.5% by mass or more.
- the content of the polymer of the monomer (I) in the crude composition is, for example, the method of adding water to the crude composition obtained by the polymerization of the monomer (I), It can be adjusted by a method of concentrating the crude composition obtained by the polymerization.
- the pH of the crude composition is preferably 0 to 11, more preferably 0.5 to 8.0, still more preferably 1.0 to 7.0.
- the pH of the crude composition can be adjusted by adding a pH adjuster to the crude composition obtained by polymerizing the monomer (I).
- the pH adjuster may be an acid or an alkali, and examples thereof include phosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia and the like.
- the viscosity of the crude composition is preferably 25 mPa ⁇ s or less because ultrafiltration, microfiltration or dialysis membrane treatment proceeds smoothly.
- the viscosity of the crude composition is, for example, a method of adjusting the number average molecular weight of the polymer of the monomer (I), a method of adjusting the concentration of the polymer of the monomer (I) in the crude composition, or a crude composition. It can be adjusted by a method of adjusting the temperature of the object.
- the ultrafiltration or microfiltration is not limited to a cross-flow method or a dead-end method, but a cross-flow method is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing clogging of the membrane.
- the ultrafiltration can be performed using an ultrafiltration membrane.
- the ultrafiltration can be performed using, for example, an ultrafiltration device having an ultrafiltration membrane, and a centrifugal ultrafiltration method, a batch ultrafiltration method, a circulation ultrafiltration method, or the like can be adopted.
- the molecular weight cut-off of the ultrafiltration membrane is usually about 0.1 ⁇ 10 4 to 30 ⁇ 10 4 Da.
- the ultrafiltration membrane preferably has a molecular weight cutoff of 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more because it can prevent clogging of the membrane and efficiently reduce dimers and trimers.
- the molecular weight cut off is more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more, particularly preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more, and most preferably 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more.
- the molecular weight cut off may be 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more.
- the molecular weight cut-off is preferably 20 ⁇ 10 4 Da or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ 10 4 Da or less, from the viewpoint of efficiency of removing dimers and trimers.
- the molecular weight cut-off of the ultrafiltration membrane can be, for example, the molecular weight that allows 90% of polystyrene having a known weight average molecular weight to pass through the membrane to be blocked. Quantification of polystyrene can be performed using gel permeation chromatography.
- Examples of the shape of the ultrafiltration membrane include conventionally known ones and are not limited. Examples thereof include a hollow fiber type, a flat membrane type, a spiral type, and a tubular type. From the viewpoint of preventing clogging, the hollow fiber type is preferable.
- the inner diameter of the hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane is not limited, but may be, for example, 0.1 to 2 mm. It is preferably 0.8 to 1.4 mm.
- the length of the hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane is not limited, but may be, for example, 0.05 to 3 m. It is preferably 0.05 to 2 m.
- the material of the ultrafiltration membrane is not particularly limited, but includes cellulose, cellulose ester, polysulfone, sulfonated polysulfone, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether sulfone, chlorinated polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, Examples thereof include organic materials such as polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene, metals such as stainless steel, and inorganic materials such as ceramics.
- the material of the ultrafiltration membrane is preferably an organic material, more preferably chlorinated polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polysulfone, or polyether sulfone. Acrylonitrile or polyvinylidene fluoride is more preferred.
- ultrafiltration membrane examples include G-5 type, G-10 type, G-20 type, G-50 type, PW type, HWS UF type from DESAL; HFM-180 and HFM- from KOCH. 183, HFM-251, HFM-300, HFM-116, HFM-183, HFM-300, HFK-131, HFK-328, MPT-U20, MPS-U20P, MPS-U20S; SPE1, SPE3, SPE5 from Synder. , SPE10, SPE30, SPV5, SPV50, SOW30; Microza (registered trademark) UF series manufactured by Asahi Kasei; NTR7410 manufactured by Nitto Denko.
- the ultrafiltration is preferably performed at a pressure of 0.01 MPa or more from the viewpoint of efficiency of removing dimers and trimers.
- the pressure is more preferably 0.03 MPa or more, further preferably 0.05 MPa or more. Further, the above pressure is preferably 0.5 MPa or less, more preferably 0.25 MPa or less, and further preferably 0.2 MPa or less from the viewpoint of pressure resistance.
- the ultrafiltration is preferably performed at a flow rate of 10 mL / min or more, more preferably 50 mL / min or more, and at a flow rate of 5000 mL / min or less. It is preferable to perform it, and more preferable to perform it at a flow rate of 1000 mL / min or less.
- the microfiltration can be performed using a microfiltration membrane.
- the microfiltration membrane usually has an average pore size of 0.05 to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the microfiltration membrane preferably has an average pore diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more because it can efficiently remove dimers and trimers.
- the thickness is more preferably 0.075 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the average pore diameter is preferably 1.00 ⁇ m or less.
- the average pore diameter is more preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 0.25 ⁇ m or less.
- the average pore diameter of the microfiltration membrane can be measured according to ASTM F31603 (bubble point method).
- the shape of the microfiltration membrane is not particularly limited and may be a conventionally known one, and examples thereof include a hollow fiber type, a flat membrane type, a spiral type, and a tubular type. From the viewpoint of preventing clogging, the hollow fiber type is preferable.
- the inner diameter of the hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane is not limited, but may be, for example, 0.1 to 2 mm. It is preferably 0.8 to 1.4 mm.
- the length of the hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane is not limited, but may be, for example, 0.05 to 3 m. It is preferably 0.05 to 2 m.
- Examples of the material of the microfiltration membrane include cellulose-based, aromatic polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene, ceramics, metal and the like. Be done. Among them, aromatic polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polycarbonate or polytetrafluoroethylene are preferable, and polyacrylonitrile or polyvinylidene fluoride is particularly preferable.
- microfiltration membrane examples include Cefit manufactured by NGK Insulators Co., Ltd .; Microsa U series, Microsa P series manufactured by Asahi Kasei; Poreflon SPMW, Poaflon OPMW, Poaflon PM manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Co .; Trefil; Micro by Toray.
- Examples include NADIR MP005 and NADIR MV020 manufactured by Dyne Nadia; X-flow manufactured by Norit.
- the microfiltration is preferably performed at a pressure of 0.01 MPa or more from the viewpoint of the efficiency of removing dimers and trimers.
- the pressure is more preferably 0.03 MPa or more, further preferably 0.05 MPa or more. Further, the above pressure is preferably 0.5 MPa or less, more preferably 0.25 MPa or less, and further preferably 0.2 MPa or less from the viewpoint of pressure resistance.
- the microfiltration is preferably performed at a flow rate of 10 mL / min or more, more preferably at 50 mL / min or more, and at 5000 mL / min or less. It is preferable that the flow rate is 1000 mL / min or less.
- the dialysis membrane treatment is performed using a dialysis membrane.
- the dialysis membrane usually has a molecular weight cut off of 0.05 ⁇ 10 4 to 100 ⁇ 10 4 Da.
- the above dialysis membrane preferably has a molecular weight cutoff of 0.3 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more because it can prevent clogging of the membrane and efficiently remove dimers and trimers.
- the molecular weight cut off is more preferably 0.5 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more, still more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more, still more preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more, and 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da.
- the above is particularly preferable, 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more is particularly preferable, and 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more is most preferable.
- the molecular weight cut off may be 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 Da or more.
- the molecular weight cut-off is preferably 20 ⁇ 10 4 Da or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ 10 4 Da or less, from the viewpoint of efficiency of removing dimers and trimers.
- the molecular weight cut-off of the dialysis membrane can be measured, for example, by the same method as for the ultrafiltration membrane.
- the material of the dialysis membrane is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include cellulose, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, polysulfone, polyamide, polyester polymer alloy and the like.
- dialysis membrane examples include Spectra / Por (registered trademark) Float-A-Lyzer, Tube-A-Lyzer, dialysis tubing, 6dialysis tubing, and 7dialysis tubing manufactured by Spectrum Laboratories.
- the ultrafiltration, microfiltration or dialysis membrane treatment is preferably performed at a temperature of 10 ° C or higher.
- the temperature is more preferably 15 ° C. or higher, further preferably 20 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 30 ° C. or higher. By adjusting the temperature to the above range, dimers and trimers can be reduced more efficiently.
- the temperature is preferably 90 ° C or lower, more preferably 80 ° C or lower, further preferably 70 ° C or lower, and particularly preferably 60 ° C or lower.
- Ultrafiltration, microfiltration or dialysis membrane treatment can be performed while adding water to the crude composition or while adjusting the pH of the crude composition. Water may be added to the crude composition intermittently or continuously to the crude composition.
- the end point of ultrafiltration, microfiltration or dialysis membrane treatment may be appropriately determined and is not limited.
- the ultrafiltration, microfiltration or dialysis membrane treatment in order to improve the durability of the filtration membrane, it may be backwashed with water about once for a filtration time of 1 to 24 hours.
- the polymer (I) containing substantially no dimer and trimer is usually contained.
- An aqueous solution is obtained.
- the polymer (I) used in the above production method may be the polymer (I) contained in the obtained aqueous solution, or the polymer (I) obtained by separating the aqueous solution from the aqueous solution.
- the method for separating the polymer (I) from the aqueous solution is not particularly limited.
- the polymer (I) can be separated by a method such as coagulation of the polymer (I) in an aqueous solution, washing and drying.
- an aqueous solution containing the polymer (I) can be used as the polymer (I).
- the preferred content of the dimer and trimer of the monomer (I) with respect to the polymer (I) in the aqueous solution is the same as the content of the dimer and trimer in the polymer (1).
- two or more kinds of the polymer (I) may be used at the same time.
- the production method of the present disclosure includes a polymerization step of obtaining modified polytetrafluoroethylene by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer (I).
- the PTFE obtained by polymerizing TFE in an aqueous medium is usually obtained in the form of primary particles dispersed in an aqueous dispersion.
- the polymerization temperature and the polymerization pressure in the above-mentioned polymerization step are appropriately determined depending on the type of the monomer used, the molecular weight of the target modified PTFE, and the reaction rate.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably 10 to 150 ° C.
- the polymerization temperature is more preferably 30 ° C or higher, still more preferably 50 ° C or higher. Further, 120 ° C or lower is more preferable, and 100 ° C or lower is further preferable.
- the polymerization pressure is preferably 0.05 to 10 MPaG.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 0.3 MPaG or higher, still more preferably 0.5 MPaG or higher.
- the polymerization pressure is preferably 1.0 MPaG or more, more preferably 1.2 MPaG or more, further preferably 1.5 MPaG or more, and particularly preferably 1 MPa. It is at least 0.8 MPaG, most preferably at least 2.0 MPaG.
- the total amount of the modified monomer added in the above-mentioned polymerization step is preferably 0.00001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.0001% by mass or more, further preferably 0.0001% by mass or more based on the modified polytetrafluoroethylene obtained.
- the total amount of the modified monomer added during the polymerization is 1.0 mass% or less, 0.90 mass% or less, 0.50 mass% or less, 0.40 mass with respect to the resulting modified PTFE. % Or less, 0.30 mass% or less, 0.20 mass% or less, 0.15 mass% or less, 0.10 mass% or less, 0.05 mass% or less.
- the amount of the polymer (I) at the start of polymerization is preferably 1 mass ppm or more with respect to the aqueous medium.
- the amount of the polymer (I) at the start of polymerization is preferably 10 mass ppm or more, more preferably 50 mass ppm or more, still more preferably 100 mass ppm or more, still more preferably 200 mass ppm or more. Is. Although the upper limit is not particularly limited, for example, 100,000 mass ppm is preferable, and 50,000 mass ppm is more preferable.
- an aqueous dispersion liquid having a smaller average primary particle size and more excellent stability can be obtained. Also, the aspect ratio of the primary particles can be made smaller.
- the polymer (I) is preferably added in a total amount of 0.0001 to 15% by mass based on 100% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- a more preferable lower limit is 0.001% by mass, and a more preferable upper limit is 1% by mass. If it is less than 0.0001% by mass, the dispersing force may be insufficient, and if it exceeds 15% by mass, the effect commensurate with the added amount cannot be obtained.
- the amount of the polymer (I) added is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the target modified PTFE, and the like.
- the above-mentioned polymerization step is a step of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer (I).
- the step of continuously adding the polymer (I) is performed. It is also preferable to include.
- the continuous addition of the polymer (I) means that the polymer (I) is not added all at once, but over time and without interruption or division.
- the addition amount of the polymer (I) is preferably 0.001 to 10 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of the aqueous medium.
- a more preferable lower limit is 0.005% by mass
- a still more preferable lower limit is 0.01% by mass
- a more preferable upper limit is 5% by mass
- a still more preferable upper limit is 2% by mass.
- the production method of the present disclosure further comprises: before the initiation of polymerization, or when the concentration of the modified PTFE particles formed in the aqueous medium is 10.0% by mass or less, preferably 5.0% by mass or less. It is preferable to include a step of adding a modifying monomer.
- the modifying monomer is usually added to the reactor. By adding the modifying monomer at the initial stage of the polymerization, it is possible to obtain an aqueous dispersion having a small average primary particle size, a small primary particle aspect ratio, and excellent stability.
- the above-mentioned modified monomer may be added before the start of polymerization, may be added at the same time as the start of polymerization, or if the modified monomer is added during the period in which the nucleus of the modified PTFE particles is formed after the polymerization is started. Good.
- the modified monomer may be added at least before the initiation of polymerization or when the concentration of the modified PTFE particles formed in the aqueous medium is 10.0 mass% or less, and the concentration of the modified PTFE particles is 10.0.
- a modifying monomer may be further added when the content exceeds the mass%.
- the modified monomer may be continuously added from the time when the concentration of the modified PTFE particles is 10.0% by mass or less to any time when the concentration exceeds 10.0% by mass. Further, the modifying monomer may be added at least once when the concentration of the modified PTFE particles is 10.0% by mass or less, and the modifying monomer may be added at least once when the concentration exceeds 10.0% by mass. ..
- tetrafluoroethylene may be used to push the modified monomer into the reactor.
- the amount of the modifying monomer added is It is preferably 0.00001% by mass or more and 0.0001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.001% by mass or more, and 0.003% by mass or more based on the obtained modified polytetrafluoroethylene. More preferably. Further, the amount of the modifying monomer added before the initiation of polymerization or when the concentration of the modified PTFE particles formed in the aqueous medium is 10.0 mass% or less, preferably 5.0 mass% or less.
- the production method of the present disclosure preferably further includes a step of adding a polymerization terminator (radical scavenger) to the aqueous medium (hereinafter also referred to as “polymerization terminator addition step”).
- the polymerization may be polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and the above-mentioned modified monomer.
- the step of adding the polymerization terminator is performed during the polymerization step.
- the modified PTFE obtained has excellent stretchability.
- a compound having no re-initiating ability after being added or chain-transferred to a free radical in the polymerization system is used.
- a stable radical that easily undergoes a chain transfer reaction with a primary radical or a growing radical and then generates a stable radical that does not react with a monomer, or an easy addition reaction with a primary radical or a growing radical causes a stable radical.
- a compound having a function of generating is used.
- the activity of a so-called chain transfer agent is generally characterized by a chain transfer constant and a re-initiating efficiency.
- polymerization terminator examples include aromatic hydroxy compounds, aromatic amines, N, N-diethylhydroxylamine, quinone compounds, terpenes, thiocyanates, and cupric chloride (CuCl 2 ).
- aromatic hydroxy compound examples include unsubstituted phenol, polyhydric phenol, salicylic acid, m- or p-salicylic acid, gallic acid and naphthol.
- Examples of the above-mentioned unsubstituted phenol include o-, m- or p-nitrophenol, o-, m- or p-aminophenol, p-nitrosophenol and the like.
- Examples of polyhydric phenols include catechol, resorcin, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, phloroglucin, naphthresorcinol and the like.
- Examples of aromatic amines include o-, m- or p-phenylenediamine and benzidine.
- Examples of the quinone compound include hydroquinone, o-, m- or p-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and alizarin.
- thiocyanates examples include ammonium thiocyanate (NH 4 SCN), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN), and the like.
- NH 4 SCN ammonium thiocyanate
- KSCN potassium thiocyanate
- NaSCN sodium thiocyanate
- quinone compounds are preferable, and hydroquinone is more preferable.
- the above-mentioned polymerization terminator is preferably added before 90% by mass of all tetrafluoroethylene consumed in the polymerization reaction is polymerized. More preferably, 85% by mass, and even more preferably 80% by mass of the total tetrafluoroethylene is more preferably added before the polymerization. Further, it is preferable to add 5% by mass of all tetrafluoroethylene consumed in the polymerization reaction after polymerization, and more preferably 10% by mass after polymerization.
- the addition amount of the above polymerization terminator is preferably an amount corresponding to 0.1 to 20 mass ppm of the mass of the aqueous medium used, and more preferably an amount corresponding to 3 to 10 mass ppm.
- the production method further includes a step of adding a decomposing agent to the aqueous medium.
- a decomposing agent By adding a decomposing agent, the radical concentration during polymerization can be adjusted.
- the decomposer include sulfite, bisulfite, bromate, diimine, oxalic acid, copper salt, iron salt and the like.
- the sulfite include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- examples of the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- the amount of the above decomposing agent added is in the range of 25 to 300% by mass with respect to the amount of the oxidizing agent combined as a polymerization initiator (a redox initiator described later). It is preferably 25 to 150% by mass, more preferably 50 to 100% by mass. Further, it is preferable to add the decomposer after 5% by mass of all tetrafluoroethylene consumed in the polymerization reaction is polymerized, and more preferably after 10% by mass is polymerized.
- the amount of the decomposing agent added is preferably an amount corresponding to 0.1 to 20 mass ppm of the mass of the aqueous medium used, and more preferably an amount corresponding to 3 to 10 mass ppm.
- the method for producing a modified PTFE according to the present disclosure can be efficiently carried out by using at least one kind of the polymer (I).
- the modified PTFE of the present disclosure may be produced by using two or more kinds of the above-mentioned polymers (I) at the same time, or may have volatility or may remain in a molded product or the like made of modified PTFE. If so, a surfactant may be used at the same time for production.
- the above-mentioned polymerization step may be one in which tetrafluoroethylene and the modified monomer are further polymerized in the presence of a nucleating agent.
- the nucleating agent is added to the aqueous medium before the polymerization reaction is started or before the concentration of PTFE in the aqueous dispersion reaches 5.0% by mass as the polymerization reaction proceeds.
- a nucleating agent at the initial stage of polymerization, more particles can be generated during polymerization, and further, primary particles having a smaller average primary particle diameter and smaller aspect ratio can be obtained. That is, the nucleating agent may be added before the initiation of the polymerization, may be added at the same time as the initiation of the polymerization, or may be added during the period when the nuclei of the PTFE particles are formed after the initiation of the polymerization. ..
- the time for adding the nucleating agent is before the initiation of the polymerization or before the concentration of PTFE in the aqueous dispersion reaches 5.0% by mass due to the progress of the polymerization reaction, and preferably before the initiation of the polymerization or the concentration of PTFE. Before the start of polymerization or before the concentration of PTFE reaches 1.0% by mass, more preferably before the start of polymerization or the concentration of PTFE is 0.5% by mass. Before, particularly preferably before or at the same time as the initiation of polymerization.
- the amount of the nucleating agent to be added can generate more particles during the polymerization, and further, since the average primary particle diameter and the primary particles having a smaller aspect ratio can be obtained, relative to the aqueous medium, It is preferably 0.001 to 0.1 mass ppm.
- the lower limit of the amount of the nucleating agent is 0.01 mass ppm, 0.05 mass ppm, and 0.1 mass ppm in the preferred order.
- the upper limit of the amount of the nucleating agent is 2000 mass ppm, 1000 mass ppm, 500 mass ppm, 100 mass ppm, 50 mass ppm, and 10 mass ppm in the order of preference.
- the nucleating agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoropolyethers, nonionic surfactants, and chain transfer agents.
- the polymerization step is preferably a step of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modifying monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer (I) and the nucleating agent to obtain modified PTFE.
- the nucleating agent As the nucleating agent, more particles can be generated at the time of polymerization, and further, a primary transfer particle having a smaller average primary particle diameter and smaller aspect ratio is obtained, and therefore a chain transfer agent is more preferable, and a chain transfer agent is preferable. Further preferred are agents and one or both of nonionic surfactants and fluoropolyethers.
- the nucleating agent includes a combination of the chain transfer agent and the nonionic surfactant, a chain transfer agent. Combinations of agents and fluoropolyethers, chain transfer agents, nonionic surfactants and fluoropolyethers are included. Among them, a combination of a chain transfer agent and a nonionic surfactant is preferable as the nucleating agent.
- perfluoropolyether As the above-mentioned fluoropolyether, perfluoropolyether is preferable.
- the fluoropolyether itself provides a polymerization site and can serve as a nucleation site.
- the fluoropolyether preferably has repeating units represented by the formulas (1a) to (1d).
- (—CFCF 3 —CF 2 —O—) n (1a) (—CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —O—) n (1b) (—CF 2 —CF 2 —O—) n — (— CF 2 —O—) m
- (1c) (—CF 2 —CFCF 3 —O—) n — (— CF 2 —O—) m (1d)
- m and n are integers of 1 or more.
- fluoropolyether a fluoropolyether acid or a salt thereof is preferable, and the fluoropolyether acid is preferably a carboxylic acid, a sulfonic acid, a sulfonamide, or a phosphonic acid, and more preferably a carboxylic acid.
- fluoropolyether acids or salts thereof fluoropolyether acid salts are preferable, fluoropolyether acid ammonium salts are more preferable, and fluoropolyethercarboxylic acid ammonium salts are further preferable.
- the fluoropolyether acids or salts thereof can have any chain structure in which the oxygen atoms in the backbone of the molecule are separated by saturated fluorocarbon groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. More than one type of fluorocarbon group may be present in the molecule.
- the fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof has the following formula: CF 3 —CF 2 —CF 2 —O (—CFCF 3 —CF 2 —O—) n CFCF 3 —COOH, CF 3 —CF 2 —CF 2 —O (—CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —O— ) N —CF 2 —CF 2 COOH, or HOOC-CF 2 -O (-CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n - (- CF 2 -O-) m CF 2 COOH (In the formula, m and n are the same as above.)
- the compound represented by or a salt thereof is preferable.
- fluoropolyethers can have carboxylic acid groups or salts thereof at one or both ends.
- fluoropolyethers may have sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid groups or salts thereof at one or both ends.
- fluoropolyethers having acid functional groups on both ends may have different groups on each end.
- the other end of the molecule is usually perfluorinated, but may contain hydrogen or chlorine atoms.
- Fluoropolyethers having acid groups at one or both ends have at least 2 ether oxygens, preferably at least 4 ether oxygens, and even more preferably at least 6 ether oxygens.
- at least one of the fluorocarbon groups that dissociate the ether oxygen more preferably at least two of such fluorocarbon groups, have 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
- at least 50% of the fluorocarbon groups that separate the ether oxygen have 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
- the fluoropolyether has a total of at least 15 carbon atoms, eg a preferred minimum value for n or n + m in the above repeating unit structure is at least 5.
- fluoropolyether having acid groups at one or both ends can be used in the method according to the present disclosure.
- the fluoropolyether may contain multiple compounds at various ratios within the molecular weight range relative to the average molecular weight. ..
- the fluoropolyether preferably has a number average molecular weight of 800 g / mol or more. Since the fluoropolyether acid or its salt may be difficult to disperse in an aqueous medium, the number average molecular weight is preferably less than 6000 g / mol.
- the fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof has a number average molecular weight of more preferably 800 to 3,500 g / mol, further preferably 900 to 3,500 g / mol, and even more preferably 1,000 to 2,500 g / mol.
- the amount of the fluoropolyether is preferably from 5 to 5000 mass ppm, more preferably from 5 to 3000 mass ppm, even more preferably from 5 to 2000 mass ppm, and even more preferably to the aqueous medium.
- the lower limit is 10 mass ppm, 20 mass ppm, 30 mass ppm, 50 mass ppm in a preferable order, and the more preferable upper limit is 1000 mass ppm, 500 mass ppm, 100 mass ppm in a preferable order.
- the nonionic surfactant as the nucleating agent is preferably a nonionic surfactant containing no fluorine.
- ether type nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and polyoxyethylene alkylene alkyl ether; polyoxyethylene derivatives such as ethylene oxide / propylene oxide block copolymers; sorbitan fatty acid Ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid ester, glycerin fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester and other ester type nonionic surfactants; polyoxyethylene alkylamine, alkyl alkanolamide and other amine-based non-ionic surfactants Ionic surfactants; and the like.
- nonionic surfactants themselves provide a polymerization site and, by chain transfer of radicals initially, can provide many low molecular weight fluoropolymers to become nucleation sites.
- the nonionic surfactant may be a block copolymer of polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol.
- nonionic surfactants examples include Genapol X080 (product name, manufactured by Clariant) and Neugen TDS series (manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) such as Neugen TDS-80 (trade name).
- Leocall TD-90 trade name as an example Leocall TD series (made by Lion), Lionol (registered trademark) TD series (made by Lion), T-Det A138 (trade name) as an example T-Det A Examples include series (manufactured by Harcros Chemicals), Tartor (registered trademark) 15S series (manufactured by Dow Chemical).
- the hydrophobic group may be any of an alkylphenol group, a linear alkyl group and a branched alkyl group.
- nonionic surfactant examples include the following general formula (i) R 3 -OA 1 -H (i) (In the formula, R 3 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 8 to 18 carbon atoms, and A 1 is a polyoxyalkylene chain.) Can be mentioned.
- the carbon number of R 3 is preferably 10 to 16, and more preferably 12 to 16. When the carbon number of R 3 is 18 or less, good dispersion stability of the aqueous dispersion can be easily obtained. Further, when the carbon number of R 3 exceeds 18, the flow temperature is high and it is difficult to handle. When the carbon number of R 3 is less than 8, the surface tension of the aqueous dispersion becomes high, and the permeability and wettability are likely to decrease.
- the polyoxyalkylene chain may be composed of oxyethylene and oxypropylene.
- a polyoxyalkylene chain having an average number of repeating oxyethylene groups of 5 to 20 and an average number of repeating oxypropylene groups of 0 to 2, which is a hydrophilic group.
- the number of oxyethylene units can include either the broad or narrow unimodal distribution normally provided, or the broader or bimodal distribution obtained by blending.
- the average number of repeating oxypropylene groups is more than 0, the oxyethylene groups and oxypropylene groups in the polyoxyalkylene chain may be arranged in blocks or randomly.
- a polyoxyalkylene chain composed of an average number of repeating oxyethylene groups of 7 to 12 and an average number of repeating oxypropylene groups of 0 to 2 is preferable.
- a 1 has an oxypropylene group of 0.5 to 1.5 on average, low foaming property is good, which is preferable.
- R 3 is (R ′) (R ′′) HC—, where R ′ and R ′′ are the same or different straight chain, branched chain or cyclic alkyl groups. And the total amount of carbon atoms is at least 5, preferably 7 to 17. Preferably, at least one of R'or R '' is a branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ether examples include C 13 H 27 —O— (C 2 H 4 O) 10 —H, C 12 H 25 —O— (C 2 H 4 O) 10 —H and C 10 H 21 CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 —O— (C 2 H 4 O) 9 —H, C 13 H 27 —O— (C 2 H 4 O) 9 — (CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 O) — H, C 16 H 33 —O— (C 2 H 4 O) 10 —H, HC (C 5 H 11 ) (C 7 H 15 ) —O— (C 2 H 4 O) 9 —H and the like. ..
- Examples of commercially available products of the above polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers include Genapol X080 (product name, manufactured by Clariant), Neugen TDS series (manufactured by Clariant), and Neugen TDS series (manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), Reocor. Leocall TD series (manufactured by Lion Corporation), TD-90 (trade name), Lyonor (registered trademark) TD series (manufactured by Lion Corporation), and T-Det A series (T-Det A138 (trade name)) (Manufactured by Harcros Chemicals), Tartor (registered trademark) 15S series (manufactured by Dow Chemical), and the like.
- Genapol X080 product name, manufactured by Clariant
- Neugen TDS series manufactured by Clariant
- Neugen TDS series manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
- the nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylate of 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol having an average of about 4 to about 18 ethylene oxide units, and an average of about 6 to about 12 ethylene oxide units. Also preferred is the ethoxylate of 6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol, or a mixture thereof.
- This type of nonionic surfactant is also commercially available, for example, as TERGITOL TMN-6, TERGITOL TMN-10, and TERGITOL TMN-100X (both product names, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co.).
- the hydrophobic group of the nonionic surfactant may be any of an alkylphenol group, a linear alkyl group and a branched alkyl group.
- the polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether-based nonionic compound for example, the following general formula (ii) R 4 -C 6 H 4 -OA 2 -H (ii) (In the formula, R 4 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and A 2 is a polyoxyalkylene chain.)
- R 4 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms
- a 2 is a polyoxyalkylene chain.
- Specific examples of the polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether-based nonionic compound include Triton X-100 (trade name, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co.).
- nonionic surfactant also include polyol compounds. Specific examples thereof include those described in International Publication No. 2011/014715.
- Typical examples of the polyol compound include compounds having one or more sugar units as the polyol unit. The sugar unit may be modified to contain at least one long chain. Suitable polyol compounds containing at least one long chain moiety include, for example, alkyl glycosides, modified alkyl glycosides, sugar esters, and combinations thereof.
- Sugars include, but are not limited to, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and sorbitan. Monosaccharides include pentoses and hexoses.
- Typical examples of monosaccharides include ribose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, arabinose and xylose.
- Oligosaccharides include oligomers of 2-10 identical or different monosaccharides. Examples of oligosaccharides include, but are not limited to, saccharose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, and isomaltose.
- sugars suitable for use as the polyol compound include a five membered ring of four carbon atoms and one heteroatom (typically oxygen or sulfur, but preferably an oxygen atom). Or a cyclic compound containing a 6-membered ring of 5 carbon atoms and one hetero atom as described above, preferably an oxygen atom. They further contain at least 2 or at least 3 hydroxy groups (—OH groups) attached to carbon ring atoms.
- the sugar is the hydrogen atom of a hydroxy group (and / or hydroxyalkyl group) attached to a carbon ring atom, such that an ether or ester bond is created between the long chain residue and the sugar moiety. One or more of these are modified in that they are replaced by long chain residues.
- the sugar-based polyol may contain one sugar unit or a plurality of sugar units.
- the sugar unit or sugar units may be modified with long chain moieties as described above.
- Specific examples of sugar-based polyol compounds include glycosides, sugar esters, sorbitan esters, and mixtures and combinations thereof.
- a preferred class of polyol compounds are alkyl or modified alkyl glucosides. These types of surfactants contain at least one glucose moiety. (Wherein x represents 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and R 1 and R 2 independently represent H or a long chain unit containing at least 6 carbon atoms. Provided that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is not H). Typical examples of R 1 and R 2 include aliphatic alcohol residues.
- aliphatic alcohols examples include hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tetradecanol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), heptadecanol, octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), Eicosanoic acid, and combinations thereof.
- the above formula represents a specific example of an alkyl polyglucoside representing a pyranose form of glucose, other sugars or sugars of the same sugar but different enantiomers or diastereomeric forms may be used. To be understood.
- Alkyl glucosides are available, for example, by acid-catalyzed reactions of glucose, starch, or n-butyl glucosides with aliphatic alcohols, which typically yield a mixture of different alkyl glucosides (Alkylpolyglycylside, Romppp. , Lexikon Chemie, Version 2.0, Stuttgart / New York, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1999).
- aliphatic alcohols examples include hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tetradecanol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), heptadecanol, octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), Eicosanoic acid, and combinations thereof.
- Alkyl glucosides are also commercially available under the trade name GLUCOPON or DISPONIL from Cognis GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany.
- nonionic surfactants include bifunctional block copolymers supplied by BASF as Pluronic (R) R series, tridecyl alcohol alkoxylates supplied by BASF as Iconol (R) TDA series, Hydrocarbon-containing siloxane surfactants, preferably hydrocarbon surfactants, wherein the above hydrocarbyl groups are completely replaced by hydrogen atoms, where these may be replaced by halogens such as fluorine, thereby
- the siloxane surfactants of can also be considered hydrocarbon surfactants, ie the monovalent substituent on the hydrocarbyl group is hydrogen.
- Nonionic surfactant Polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ester, sorbitan alkyl ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl ester, glycerol ester and their derivatives.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene behenyl ether and the like.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ethers polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether and the like.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ester polyethylene glycol monolaurate, polyethylene glycol monooleate, polyethylene glycol monostearate and the like.
- sorbitan alkyl ester polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate and the like.
- polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl ester polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate and the like.
- glycerol ester glycerol monomyristate, glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate and the like.
- polyoxyethylene alkylamine polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl-formaldehyde condensate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate and the like.
- the ethers and esters may have an HLB value of 10-18.
- nonionic surfactant examples include Triton (registered trademark) X series (X15, X45, X100, etc.) manufactured by Dow Chemical Company, Tergitol (registered trademark) 15-S series, Tergitol (registered trademark) TMN series (TMN-). 6, TMN-10, TMN-100, etc.), Tergitol (registered trademark) L series, Pluronic (registered trademark) R series (31R1, 17R2, 10R5, 25R4 (m-22, n-23), manufactured by BASF), Iconol (Registered trademark) TDA series (TDA-6, TDA-9, TDA-10) and the like.
- the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant represented by the general formula (i) and a nonionic surfactant represented by the general formula (ii). At least one type is preferable.
- the amount of the nonionic surfactant is preferably 0.1 to 0.0000001% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 0.000001% by mass, based on the aqueous medium.
- the more preferable lower limit of the amount of the nonionic surfactant is 0.000005% by mass and 0.00001% by mass in a preferable order.
- the more preferable upper limit of the amount of the nonionic surfactant is 0.005% by mass, 0.001% by mass, 0.0005% by mass, and 0.0001% by mass in a preferable order.
- the chain transfer agent can become a nucleation site by providing a large number of low molecular weight fluoropolymers by initial chain transfer of radicals.
- chain transfer agent examples include esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. , Acetone, various mercaptans, various halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, and cyclohexane.
- Examples of the polymerization method using a bromine compound or iodine compound include a method of polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a bromine compound or iodine compound in a substantially oxygen-free state ( Iodine transfer polymerization method).
- Typical examples of the bromine compound or iodine compound used include, for example, the general formula: R a I x Br y (In the formula, x and y are each an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy 1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 2, and R a is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms or chlorofluoro. And a compound represented by a hydrocarbon group or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may contain an oxygen atom).
- a bromine compound or an iodine compound iodine or bromine is introduced into the polymer and functions as a crosslinking point.
- bromine compound or iodine compound examples include 1,3-diiodoperfluoropropane, 2-iodoperfluoropropane, 1,3-diiodo-2-chloroperfluoropropane, 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1 , 5-diiodo-2,4-dichloroperfluoropentane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, 1,8-diiodoperfluorooctane, 1,12-diiodoperfluorododecane, 1,16-diiodine perfluoro hexadecane, diiodomethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodo -n- propane, CF 2 Br 2, BrCF 2 CF 2 Br, CF 3 CFBrCF 2 Br, CFClBr 2, BrCF 2 CFCl
- alkanes and alcohols are preferable as the chain transfer agent from the viewpoints of polymerization reactivity, crosslinking reactivity, availability, and the like.
- the alkane preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms, further preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 3 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the alcohol preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and further preferably 3 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the chain transfer agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and alkanes having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and particularly, methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, methanol, ethanol, and At least one selected from the group consisting of isopropanol is preferable.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent is preferably 0.001 to 10000 mass ppm with respect to the aqueous medium.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent is more preferably 0.01 mass ppm or more, further preferably 0.05 mass ppm or more, particularly preferably 0.1 mass ppm or more, particularly preferably 0.5 mass ppm or more with respect to the aqueous medium. Particularly preferred.
- 1000 mass ppm or less is more preferable with respect to an aqueous medium, 500 mass ppm or less is still more preferable, 100 mass ppm or less is especially preferable, and 10 mass ppm or less is especially preferable.
- the chain transfer agent may be added to the reaction vessel all at once before the start of polymerization, may be added all at once after the start of polymerization, or may be added in multiple portions during polymerization. Alternatively, it may be added continuously during the polymerization.
- the mass ratio of the chain transfer agent and the nonionic surfactant is Since more particles can be generated, and further, primary particles having a smaller average primary particle diameter and aspect ratio are obtained, it is preferably 1000/1 to 1/5, more preferably 200 / It is 1 to 1/2, 100/1 to 1/1, and more preferably 50/1 to 2/1.
- an additive may be used to stabilize each compound, in addition to the above-mentioned polymer (I) and other compounds having a surface-active ability, which are optionally used.
- the additive include a buffer, a pH adjuster, a stabilizing aid, and a dispersion stabilizer.
- paraffin wax paraffin wax, fluorine-based oil, fluorine-based solvent, silicone oil and the like are preferable.
- the stabilizing aids may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Paraffin wax is more preferable as the stabilizing aid.
- the paraffin wax may be liquid, semi-solid or solid at room temperature, but saturated hydrocarbon having 12 or more carbon atoms is preferable.
- the melting point of paraffin wax is usually preferably 40 to 65 ° C, more preferably 50 to 65 ° C.
- the amount of the stabilizing aid used is preferably 0.1 to 12% by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 8% by mass, based on the mass of the aqueous medium used. It is desirable that the stabilizing aid is sufficiently hydrophobic so that it does not become a contaminant component by being completely separated from the modified PTFE dispersion after the modified PTFE polymerization. Further, the stabilizing aid is preferably removed from the aqueous dispersion obtained by the polymerization.
- pH adjusters include ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium citrate, and citric acid. Potassium acid, ammonium citrate, sodium gluconate, potassium gluconate, ammonium gluconate and the like can be used.
- the pH can be measured with a pH meter manufactured by orion.
- the pH of the aqueous medium when polymerizing TFE is preferably basic.
- the pH of the aqueous medium may be adjusted by adding a pH adjuster to the aqueous medium.
- the pH of the aqueous medium at the time of polymerizing TFE is preferably 7.1 or higher, more preferably 7.5 or higher.
- TFE may be polymerized in the presence of an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactant By using the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant, the stability of the aqueous dispersion produced by the polymerization is improved, and the TFE polymerization proceeds smoothly.
- TFE In the polymerization of TFE, TFE may be polymerized in the substantial absence of anionic hydrocarbon surfactant. In the TFE polymerization carried out in the presence of the polymer (I), the TFE polymerization proceeds smoothly without using an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant.
- substantially in the absence of anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant means that the amount of the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant is 10 mass ppm or less with respect to the aqueous medium, and preferably Is 1 mass ppm or less, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 1 mass ppb or less.
- the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant usually has a hydrophilic portion such as carboxylate, sulfonate or sulfate and a hydrophobic portion which is a long chain hydrocarbon portion such as alkyl.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include Versatic (registered trademark) 10 of Resolution Performance Products, Avanel S series (S-70, S-74, etc.) manufactured by BASF.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include RLM (wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituted group). It is a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a group, and when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle, or may form a ring.
- RLM wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituted group. It is a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a group, and when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle, or may form a ring.
- L is, -ArSO 3 -, -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, - PO 3 - or COO - and is, M is, H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, which may have a substituent imidazo Lithium, optionally substituted pyridinium or optionally substituted phosphonium, R 5 is H or an organic group, and —ArSO 3 — is an aryl sulfonate.) Also included are anionic surfactants.
- CH 3- (CH 2 ) n -LM as represented by lauric acid and lauryl sulfate (wherein n is an integer of 6 to 17; The same).
- a mixture of R is an alkyl group having 12 to 16 carbon atoms and LM is a sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can also be used.
- R 6 is a linear or branched chain having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent. Or an cyclic alkylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may include a monovalent or divalent heterocycle, or forming a good .L even if it, -ArSO 3 -, -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, - PO 3 - or COO - and is, M is, H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, substituents Imidazolium which may have, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, R 5 is H or an organic group, —ArSO 3 — is an aryl sulfonate
- the anionic surfactant represented by the formula (1) is also included.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include R 7 (-LM) 3 (in the formula, R 7 is a linear or branched chain having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent). Or a cyclic alkylidyne group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may include a monovalent or divalent heterocycle, forming a good .L even if it, -ArSO 3 -, -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, - PO 3 - or COO - and is, M is, H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, substituents Imidazolium which may have, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, R 5 is H or an organic group, —ArSO 3 — is an arylsulfonic acid Anionic surfactants represented by (salts) are also included.
- examples of the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant also include siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactants.
- examples of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant include Silicone Surfactants, R .; M. Hill, Marcel Dekker, Inc. , ISBN: 0-8247-00104.
- the structure of siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactants includes well-defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties.
- the hydrophobic portion comprises one or more dihydrocarbyl siloxane units, where the substituents on the silicone atom are wholly hydrocarbon.
- siloxane surfactants can also be considered hydrocarbon interfacial surfactants in the sense that the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group can be completely replaced by hydrogen atoms when they can be replaced by halogens such as fluorine. That is, the monovalent substituent on the carbon atom of the hydrocarbyl group is hydrogen.
- the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant is sulfate, sulfonate, phosphonate, phosphate ester, carboxylate, carbonate, sulfosuccinate, taurate (as free acid, salt or ester), phosphine oxide, betaine, betaine. It may also include one or more polar moieties containing ionic groups such as copolyols, quaternary ammonium salts and the like. The ionic hydrophobic portion may also include ionically functionalized siloxane grafts.
- siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants examples include polydimethylsiloxane-graft- (meth) acrylic acid salts, polydimethylsiloxane-graft-polyacrylate salts and polydimethylsiloxane-grafted quaternary amines. ..
- the polar portion of the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant is polyethylene oxide (PEO), and mixed polyethers such as polyethylene oxide / propylene oxide polyether (PEO / PPO); monosaccharides and disaccharides; and It may include nonionic groups formed by water-soluble heterocycles such as pyrrolidinone.
- the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide (EO / PO) can be varied in the mixed polyethylene oxide / propylene oxide polyether.
- the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactant may also include a combination of ionic and nonionic moieties.
- Such moieties include, for example, ionically end-functionalized or randomly functionalized polyethers or polyols.
- Preferred is a siloxane having a nonionic portion, that is, a nonionic siloxane surfactant.
- the arrangement of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties of the structure of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant is determined by the diblock polymer (AB), triblock polymer (ABA) (where "B” represents the siloxane moiety of the molecule), Alternatively, it may take the form of a multi-block polymer. Alternatively, the siloxane surfactant may include a graft polymer.
- Siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants are also disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,841,616.
- siloxane-based anionic hydrocarbon surfactant examples include Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. From Noveon® Consumer Specialties, SilSense TM PE-100 silicone, SilSense TM CA-1 silicone, and the like.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC sulfosuccinate surfactant Lankropol (registered trademark) K8300.
- examples of the sulfosuccinate surfactant include diisodecyl Na salt of sulfosuccinate, (Emulsogen (registered trademark) SB10 of Clariant), and diisotridecyl Na salt of sulfosuccinate (Polyrol (registered trademark) TR / LNA of Cesapinia Chemicals).
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactant examples include Omniva Solutions, Inc. PolyFox TM surfactants (PolyFox TM PF-156A, PolyFox TM PF-136A, etc.) are also listed.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactant examples include, for example, the general formula ( ⁇ ): R 10 -COOM ( ⁇ ) (Wherein, R 10 is a is .M monovalent organic group containing 1 or more carbon atoms, H, a metal atom, NR 11 4, good imidazolium be substituted, substituted Which is a pyridinium which may have a group or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 11 is H or an organic group, which may be the same or different. Can be mentioned. R 11 is preferably an H or C 1-10 organic group, more preferably an H or C 1-4 organic group. From the viewpoint of surface activity, the carbon number of R 10 is preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 3 or more.
- the carbon number of R 10 is preferably 29 or less, more preferably 23 or less.
- the metal atom of M include an alkali metal (group 1) and an alkaline earth metal (group 2), and Na, K or Li is preferable.
- M H, a metal atom or NR 11 4 is preferable, H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 11 4 is more preferable, and H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 is used. Is more preferred, Na, K or NH 4 is even more preferred, Na or NH 4 is particularly preferred, and NH 4 is most preferred.
- Examples of the compound ( ⁇ ) include R 12 —COOM (in the formula, R 12 is a linear or branched alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkylene group or alkenylene having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent).
- a monovalent or divalent heterocycle may be included, or a ring may be formed, and M is the same as described above. Specific examples thereof include those represented by CH 3 — (CH 2 ) n —COOM (wherein n is an integer of 2 to 28. M is the same as above).
- the compound ( ⁇ ) may not contain a carbonyl group (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group) from the viewpoint of emulsion stability.
- Examples of the carbonyl group-free hydrocarbon-containing surfactant include the following formula (A): R—COO—M (A) (wherein R is an alkyl group containing 6 to 17 carbon atoms).
- M has H, a metal atom, NR 11 4, good imidazolium be substituted, the substituent Preferred examples thereof include pyridinium which may be present, or phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 11 is the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- R is preferably an alkyl group or an alkenyl group (these may include an ether group).
- the alkyl group or alkenyl group in R may be linear or branched. Although the carbon number of R is not limited, it is, for example, 2 to 29.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 3 to 29, more preferably 5 to 23.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 5 to 35, more preferably 11 to 23.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 2 to 29, more preferably 9 to 23.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 2 to 29, more preferably 9 to 23.
- alkyl group and alkenyl group examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an isobutyl group, a t-butyl group, a vinyl group and the like.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant also include carboxylic acid-type hydrocarbon-based surfactants.
- carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant include butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, Margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, (9,12,15) -linolenic acid, (6,9,12) linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, arachidic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid , Mead acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, nervonic acid, cerotic acid, montanic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, myristoleic acid, palm
- the metal atom of the formula M hydrogen of the carboxyl groups mentioned above, NR 11 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a substituent Examples thereof include phosphonium which may be contained, but are not particularly limited.
- the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant for example, the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactants described in WO 2013/146950 and WO 2013/1466947 can be used.
- examples thereof include those having a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably 9 to 13 carbon atoms.
- the saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain may be linear or branched, and may have a cyclic structure.
- the hydrocarbon may be aromatic or may have an aromatic group.
- the hydrocarbon may have a hetero atom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include alkyl sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, alkyl aryl sulfate and salts thereof; aliphatic (carboxylic) acid and salts thereof; phosphoric acid alkyl ester, phosphoric acid alkyl aryl ester or salts thereof; Among them, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, aliphatic carboxylic acids or salts thereof are preferable.
- alkyl sulfate or its salt ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate are preferable.
- aliphatic carboxylic acid or salt thereof succinic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, undecenoic acid, lauric acid, hydrododecanoic acid, or salts thereof are preferable.
- the polymerization reactor is charged with an aqueous medium, the above-mentioned polymer (I), tetrafluoroethylene, a modified monomer and optionally other additives, and the contents of the reactor are stirred, and It can be carried out by keeping the reactor at a predetermined polymerization temperature and then adding a predetermined amount of a polymerization initiator to start the polymerization reaction. After the initiation of the polymerization reaction, a monomer, a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, the above-mentioned surfactant and the like may be additionally added depending on the purpose.
- the polymer (I) may be added after the polymerization reaction has started.
- the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it can generate radicals in the polymerization temperature range, and known oil-soluble and / or water-soluble polymerization initiators can be used. Furthermore, the polymerization can be initiated as a redox in combination with a reducing agent or the like. The concentration of the polymerization initiator is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer, the molecular weight of the target modified PTFE, and the reaction rate.
- an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator can be used as the above-mentioned polymerization initiator.
- the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known oil-soluble peroxide, for example, dialkyl peroxycarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and disec-butyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxycarbonate.
- dialkyl peroxycarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and disec-butyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxycarbonate.
- Peroxyesters such as isobutyrate and t-butylperoxypivalate, dialkylperoxides such as dit-butylperoxide, and the like, di ( ⁇ -hydro-dodecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide and di ( ⁇ -Hydro-tetradecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di ( ⁇ -hydro-hexadecafluorononanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluorobutyryl) peroxide, di (perfluorovaleryl) peroxide, di (Perfluorohexanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluorooctanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluorononanoyl) peroxide, di ( ⁇ -chloro-hexafluorobutyryl) Peroxide, di ( ⁇ -chloro-decafluor
- the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known water-soluble peroxide, and examples thereof include ammonium salts such as persulfuric acid, perboric acid, perchloric acid, perphosphoric acid and percarbonic acid, potassium salts and sodium salts. Examples thereof include organic peroxides such as disuccinic acid peroxide and diglutaric acid peroxide, t-butyl permaleate, and t-butyl hydroperoxide. A reducing agent such as sulfites and sulfites may also be included, and the amount thereof may be 0.1 to 20 times that of the peroxide.
- a redox initiator in which an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent are combined as a polymerization initiator.
- the oxidizing agent include persulfates, organic peroxides, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, ammonium cerium nitrate, and bromates.
- the reducing agent include sulfite, bisulfite, bromate, diimine, oxalic acid and the like.
- the persulfate include ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
- Examples of the sulfite include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- a copper salt and an iron salt to the combination of redox initiators.
- Examples of the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate, and examples of the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- Examples of the redox initiators include potassium permanganate / oxalic acid, ammonium persulfate / bisulfite / iron (II) sulfate, ammonium persulfate / sulfite / iron (II) sulfate, ammonium persulfate / sulfite, ammonium persulfate / Iron (II) sulfate, manganese triacetate / oxalic acid, cerium ammonium nitrate / oxalic acid, bromate / sulfite, bromate / bisulfite, etc., potassium permanganate / oxalic acid, ammonium persulfate / Sulfite / iron (II) sulfate is preferred.
- either the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent may be charged into the polymerization tank in advance, and then the other may be continuously or intermittently added to initiate the polymerization.
- a redox initiator either the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent may be charged into the polymerization tank in advance, and then the other may be continuously or intermittently added to initiate the polymerization.
- potassium permanganate / oxalic acid it is preferable to charge oxalic acid into a polymerization tank and continuously add potassium permanganate thereto.
- the addition amount of the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited, but an amount not exceeding a marked decrease in the polymerization rate (for example, several ppm vs. water concentration) is added in batch at the beginning of the polymerization, or sequentially or continuously. It may be added.
- the upper limit is a range in which the reaction temperature may be raised while the heat of the polymerization reaction is removed from the device side, and a more preferable upper limit is a range in which the heat of the polymerization reaction is removed from the device side.
- the aqueous medium is a reaction medium in which polymerization is performed and means a liquid containing water.
- the aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, and water, for example, a fluorine-free organic solvent such as alcohol, ether, and ketone, and / or a fluorine-containing organic solvent having a boiling point of 40 ° C. or lower. May be included.
- the polymerization step is preferably a step of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer in the substantial absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant.
- a fluorine-containing surfactant has been used for the polymerization of modified polytetrafluoroethylene, but the production method of the present disclosure uses the above-mentioned polymer (I), thereby eliminating the use of a fluorine-containing surfactant. Even modified polytetrafluoroethylene can be obtained.
- “substantially in the absence of a fluorinated surfactant” means that the fluorinated surfactant is 10 mass ppm or less with respect to the aqueous medium, and preferably 1 mass ppm or less. Yes, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 1 mass ppb or less.
- fluorine-containing surfactant examples include anionic fluorine-containing surfactant.
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be, for example, a surfactant containing a fluorine atom having a total carbon number of 20 or less in the portion excluding the anionic group.
- the fluorine-containing surfactant may be a surfactant containing fluorine having a molecular weight of 800 or less in the anionic portion.
- the "anionic portion” means the portion of the fluorine-containing surfactant excluding the cation. For example, in the case of F (CF 2 ) n1 COOM represented by the formula (I) described later, it is the “F (CF 2 ) n1 COO” portion.
- Examples of the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant also include fluorine-containing surfactants having a LogPOW of 3.5 or less.
- the Log POW is a partition coefficient between 1-octanol and water, and Log P [wherein P is the octanol in the octanol / water (1: 1) mixed solution containing the fluorine-containing surfactant in phase separation).
- P is the octanol in the octanol / water (1: 1) mixed solution containing the fluorine-containing surfactant in phase separation.
- the fluorinated surfactant concentration the fluorinated surfactant concentration ratio in water].
- fluorine-containing surfactant examples include U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0015864, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0015865, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0015866, and U.S. Patents. Application Publication No. 2007/0276103, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0117914, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/142541, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0015319, U.S. Patent No. 3,250,808. No., U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,341, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-119204, International Publication No. 2005/042593, International Publication No.
- anionic fluorine-containing surfactant As the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant, the following general formula (N 0 ): X n0- Rf n0- Y 0 (N 0 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl or and and F. Rf n0 has a carbon number of 3 to 20, and is a chain, branched chain or ring, and part or all of H is substituted with F. And an alkylene group which may contain one or more ether bonds, and some of H may be substituted with Cl. Y 0 is an anionic group.) Is mentioned. The anionic group of Y 0 may be —COOM, —SO 2 M, or —SO 3 M, or —COOM or —SO 3 M.
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 Is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom include alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), and the like, such as Na, K, or Li.
- R 7 may be an H or C 1-10 organic group, an H or a C 1-4 organic group, or an H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 7 4 and may be H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 7 4 , H, Na, K, Li or It may be NH 4 .
- Rf n0 may be one in which 50% or more of H is replaced by fluorine.
- Examples of the compound represented by the general formula (N 0 ) include The following general formula (N 1 ): X n0- (CF 2 ) m1- Y 0 (N 1 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl and F, m 1 is an integer of 3 to 15, and Y 0 is as defined above.)
- Rf n2 (CH 2 ) m3- (Rf n3 ) q -Y 0 (N 3 )
- Rf n2 is a partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 13 carbon atoms
- m3 is an integer of 1 to 3
- Rf n3 is a linear chain.
- X n2 , X n3, and X n4 may be the same or different, and may be H, F, or a linear or branched part or complete which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Rf n5 is a linear or branched partially or completely fluorinated alkylene group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and Lf is a linking group.
- Y 0 are as defined above, provided that the total carbon number of X n2 , X n3 , X n4 and Rf n5 is 18 or less.
- the compound represented by the general formula (N 0 ) is more specifically a perfluorocarboxylic acid (I) represented by the following general formula (I) and ⁇ -H represented by the following general formula (II).
- the perfluorocarboxylic acid (I) is represented by the following general formula (I) F (CF 2 ) n1 COOM (I) (Wherein, n1 is 3 is an integer of ⁇ 14, M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent or It is a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is represented by H or an organic group.).
- ⁇ -H perfluorocarboxylic acid is represented by the following general formula (II) H (CF 2 ) n2 COOM (II) (In the formula, n2 is an integer of 4 to 15, and M is as defined above.).
- the perfluoropolyethercarboxylic acid (III) has the following general formula (III) Rf 1 —O— (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) n3 CF (CF 3 ) COOM (III) (In the formula, Rf 1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, n3 is an integer of 0 to 3, and M is as defined above.). ..
- the perfluoroalkylalkylenecarboxylic acid (IV) has the following general formula (IV) Rf 2 (CH 2 ) n4 Rf 3 COOM (IV) (In the formula, Rf 2 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, Rf 3 is a linear or branched perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and n4 is 1 to 3 Is an integer and M is defined as above.).
- the alkoxyfluorocarboxylic acid (V) has the following general formula (V): Rf 4 —O—CY 1 Y 2 CF 2 —COOM (V) (In the formula, Rf 4 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and Y 1 and Y 2 are the same or different. Is H or F, and M is as defined above.).
- the perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid (VI) has the following general formula (VI) F (CF 2 ) n5 SO 3 M (VI) (In the formula, n5 is an integer of 3 to 14, and M is as defined above.).
- ⁇ -H perfluorosulfonic acid has the following general formula (VII) H (CF 2 ) n6 SO 3 M (VII) (In the formula, n6 is an integer of 4 to 14, and M is as defined above.).
- the perfluoroalkylalkylene sulfonic acid (VIII) has the following general formula (VIII) Rf 5 (CH 2 ) n7 SO 3 M (VIII) (In the formula, Rf 5 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, n7 is an integer of 1 to 3, and M is as defined above.). ..
- the alkylalkylenecarboxylic acid (IX) has the following general formula (IX) Rf 6 (CH 2 ) n8 COOM (IX) (In the formula, Rf 6 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, and n8 is an integer of 1 to 3, M is as defined above.).
- the fluorocarboxylic acid (X) is represented by the following general formula (X) Rf 7 -O-Rf 8 -O-CF 2 -COOM (X) (In the formula, Rf 7 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Rf 8 is 1 to 6 carbon atoms. It is a linear or branched, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group, and M is as defined above.).
- the above alkoxyfluorosulfonic acid (XI) has the following general formula (XI) Rf 9 —O—CY 1 Y 2 CF 2 —SO 3 M (XI) (In the formula, Rf 9 is a partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group which may have a linear or branched chain and may contain an ether bond having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and Y 1 and Y 2 are the same or different and each is H or F, and M is as defined above.).
- the compound (XII) has the following general formula (XII):
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 which may be the same or different, may be H, F and a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Rf 10 is an alkyl group
- Rf 10 is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- L is a linking group
- Y 0 is an anionic group.
- Y 0 may be —COOM, —SO 2 M, or —SO 3 M, —SO 3 M, or COOM, where M is as defined above.
- Examples of L include a single bond, a partially or fully fluorinated alkylene group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the compound (XIII) has the following general formula (XIII): Rf 11 —O— (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) n9 (CF 2 O) n10 CF 2 COOM (XIII) (In the formula, Rf 11 is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms including chlorine, n9 is an integer of 0 to 3, n10 is an integer of 0 to 3, and M is defined as above. It is represented by). As the compound (XIII), CF 2 ClO (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) n9 (CF 2 O) n10 CF 2 COONH 4 (mixture having an average molecular weight of 750, wherein n 9 and n 10 are as defined above). There is).
- examples of the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant include a carboxylic acid type surfactant and a sulfonic acid type surfactant.
- the modified monomer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) and (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene, and the polymerization temperature is 10 to 150 ° C.
- the concentration of the modified polytetrafluoroethylene particles formed before the initiation of polymerization or in an aqueous medium is 5.0% by mass or less, preferably 3.0% by mass or less, more preferably 1.0% by mass or less, and It is preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably, the step of adding the modified monomer to the reactor at the same time as the initiation of polymerization is preferable.
- the modified monomer also contains the modified monomer (A),
- the polymerization temperature is 10 to 150 ° C.
- the concentration of the modified polytetrafluoroethylene particles formed in the aqueous medium is 5.0% by mass or less, preferably 3.0% by mass or less, more preferably 1.0% by mass or less, and further preferably It is preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably, a step of adding the modified monomer to the reactor at the same time as the initiation of polymerization.
- the polymerization step it is preferable to generate particles of 0.6 ⁇ 10 13 particles / ml or more.
- the number of particles to be generated is, in a preferable order, 0.7 ⁇ 10 13 particles / mL or more, 0.8 ⁇ 10 13 particles / mL or more, 0.9 ⁇ 10 13 particles / mL or more, 1.0 ⁇ 10 13 particles.
- the number of cells / mL is 1.5 ⁇ 10 13 cells / mL or more.
- the upper limit of the number of particles to be generated is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 7.0 ⁇ 10 14 particles / mL.
- the particles generated by the polymerization of TFE are concentrated in the first half of the polymerization and hardly generated in the second half of the polymerization. Therefore, the number of particles in the polymerization step is almost the same as the number of particles generated in the first half of the polymerization. Therefore, the number of particles in the polymerization step can be predicted by measuring the number of primary particles in the finally obtained aqueous dispersion.
- a modified PTFE aqueous dispersion can be obtained by the method for producing modified PTFE according to the present disclosure.
- the solid content concentration of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is not limited, but may be, for example, 1.0 to 70% by mass.
- the solid content concentration is preferably 8.0% by mass or more, more preferably 10.0% by mass or more, and preferably 60.0% by mass or less, more preferably 50.0% by mass or less.
- the amount of adhesion is preferably 3.0% by mass or less, more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, and 1.0% by mass with respect to the finally obtained modified PTFE.
- 0.8% by mass or less is further preferable, 0.7% by mass or less is still more preferable, and 0.6% by mass or less is particularly preferable.
- the PTFE may be an aqueous PTFE dispersion in which primary PTFE particles are dispersed in an aqueous medium.
- the application of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is not particularly limited, and the aqueous dispersion may be applied as it is, coating by coating on a base material, drying, and then firing if necessary; nonwoven fabric, resin molded product, etc. After impregnation with the porous support, drying, and then preferably firing; impregnation; coating on a substrate such as glass and drying, and then immersing in water as necessary to peel off the substrate to form a thin film
- Examples of the application include an aqueous dispersion type paint, a tent film, a conveyor belt, a printed circuit board (CCL), a binder for electrodes, a water repellent for electrodes, and the like. Be done.
- the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is prepared by blending a known pigment, a thickener, a dispersant, an antifoaming agent, an antifreezing agent, a film-forming aid, or other compounding agent, or by further compounding another polymer compound. Then, it can be used as a water-based coating material. Further, as an additive application, it can be used as a binder for suppressing the fall of the active material of the electrode, a binder application, a compound application such as an anti-drip agent, and a dust suppressing treatment application for preventing the movement of earth and sand and dust.
- the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is also preferably used as a dust suppression treatment agent.
- the above-mentioned dust suppression treatment agent is a method in which a modified PTFE is fibrillated by mixing the mixture with a dust-generating substance and subjecting the mixture to compression-shearing at a temperature of 20 to 200 ° C. to suppress dust of the dust-generating substance.
- a modified PTFE is fibrillated by mixing the mixture with a dust-generating substance and subjecting the mixture to compression-shearing at a temperature of 20 to 200 ° C. to suppress dust of the dust-generating substance.
- the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion can be suitably used, for example, in the dust suppression treatment agent composition described in WO 2007/004250, and also in the dust suppression treatment method described in WO 2007/000812. It can be preferably used.
- the dust suppression treatment agent is a building material field, a soil stabilizing material field, a solidifying material field, a fertilizer field, a landfill disposal field of incinerated ash and harmful substances, an explosion proof field, a cosmetic field, sand for pet excretion represented by cat sand, etc. It is suitable for use in the dust control process.
- the modified PTFE production method of the present disclosure further includes a step of concentrating the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion obtained by the above-mentioned method or a dispersion stabilization treatment to obtain a dispersion, and a modified PTFE obtained by the method described below.
- the powder may be any of those dispersed in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant.
- the method for producing modified PTFE of the present disclosure further includes a step of recovering the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion obtained by the above-mentioned method, a step of aggregating the modified PTFE in the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion, and aggregating the modified PTFE. It can be suitably obtained by a production method including at least one of the steps and the step of drying the recovered modified PTFE at 100 to 300 ° C, preferably 100 to 250 ° C. By including such a step, a modified PTFE powder can be obtained.
- a powder can be produced by aggregating the modified PTFE contained in the above aqueous dispersion.
- the above-mentioned modified PTFE aqueous dispersion may be subjected to post-treatments such as concentration, if necessary, and then subjected to aggregation, washing and drying, and then used as a powder for various purposes.
- post-treatments such as concentration, if necessary, and then subjected to aggregation, washing and drying, and then used as a powder for various purposes.
- the aqueous dispersion obtained by polymerization of polymer latex or the like is usually used in water to obtain a polymer concentration of 10 to 20% by mass, preferably 10 to 20% by mass.
- stirring is performed more vigorously than stirring during the reaction in a container equipped with a stirrer.
- the aggregation may be performed while adding a water-soluble organic compound such as methanol or acetone, an inorganic salt such as potassium nitrate or ammonium carbonate, or an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid as a coagulant.
- the agglomeration may be continuously performed using an in-line mixer or the like.
- the modified PTFE fine particles have an average primary particle diameter of 100 to 500 nm, preferably 150 to 450 nm, and more preferably 200 to 400 nm.
- the stability of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is improved. However, if it is excessively stabilized, it takes time and labor to concentrate the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion or to apply the stirring shearing force to the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion to aggregate the modified PTFE fine particles to obtain the modified PTFE fine powder. , Production efficiency is often impaired. Further, when the average primary particle size of the modified PTFE fine particles is large, the stability of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is lowered, and the amount of aggregates during the polymerization of TFE increases, which is disadvantageous in terms of productivity, and the polymerization of TFE.
- the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion When the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is subsequently concentrated, a large amount of aggregates are generated in the concentration tank, the sedimentation stability of the concentrated solution is impaired and the storage stability is lowered, and the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is stirred.
- the modified PTFE fine particles are aggregated by applying a shearing force to obtain the modified PTFE fine powder, a large amount of aggregates are generated before reaching the aggregation tank from the polymerization tank to clog the pipe, and the yield is significantly increased. Many problems occur in manufacturing such as deterioration.
- the stability of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion is excellent to the extent that the subsequent processability and moldability are not deteriorated, and a molded article having excellent heat resistance and the like is obtained. Easy to obtain.
- the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion used for coagulation and agitation (hereinafter referred to as the modified PTFE dispersion for coagulation) has a modified PTFE solid content concentration of 10 to 25% by mass.
- the modified PTFE solid content concentration is preferably 10 to 22% by mass, more preferably 10 to 20% by mass.
- the modified PTFE solid content of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion for coagulation is high.
- the concentration of the modified PTFE solid content in the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion for coagulation is high, the degree of association of the modified PTFE primary particles increases, and the modified PTFE primary particles are closely associated and aggregated to be granulated.
- the modified PTFE solid content concentration of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion for coagulation is less than 10% by mass, the agglomeration density of the primary particles of the modified PTFE tends to be sparse, and it is difficult to obtain a modified PTFE fine powder having a high bulk density.
- the unaggregated modified PTFE solid content concentration in the coagulation wastewater is preferably low from the viewpoint of the productivity of the modified PTFE fine powder, more preferably less than 0.4% by mass, further preferably less than 0.3% by mass, It is particularly preferably less than 0.2% by mass.
- modified PTFE solid content concentration of the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion for coagulation exceeds 25% by mass, it is difficult to make the unaggregated modified PTFE solid content concentration of the coagulation wastewater less than 0.4% by mass.
- the modified PTFE solid content concentration in the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion obtained in the above step is about 10 to 45% by mass. Therefore, when the modified PTFE solid content concentration is high, a diluting solvent such as water may be added. Adjust to 10 to 25% by mass.
- the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion can be used as it is as the modified PTFE aqueous dispersion for coagulation.
- a pigment-containing or filler-modified PTFE containing a uniform mixture of the pigment and the filler is obtained.
- a powder can be obtained.
- the wet powder obtained by aggregating the modified PTFE is usually dried by using a means such as vacuum, high frequency, hot air or the like while keeping the wet powder in a state where it does not flow so much, preferably in a stationary state. Friction between powders, especially at high temperatures, generally has an unfavorable effect on fine powder type modified PTFE. This is because the particles made of this type of modified PTFE have the property of easily fibrillating even with a small shearing force and losing the original stable particle structure.
- the drying can be performed at a drying temperature of 10 to 300 ° C (preferably 10 to 250 ° C), preferably 100 to 300 ° C (preferably 100 to 250 ° C).
- the modified PTFE powder preferably has an average particle size (average secondary particle size) of 100 to 2000 ⁇ m.
- the lower limit of the average secondary particle diameter is more preferably 200 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 300 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the average secondary particle diameter is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 800 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 700 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter is a value measured according to JIS K6891.
- the modified PTFE powder is preferably used for molding, and suitable applications include hydraulic systems such as aircraft and automobiles, fuel tubes, flexible hoses such as chemicals and steam, and wire coating applications. It can also be used as a binder for batteries and as a dustproof application. Further, a stretched body can be produced from the modified PTFE powder.
- the present disclosure also provides a composition comprising modified PTFE and a polymer (I) containing polymerized units (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I).
- CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R (-CZ 1 Z 2 -A 0 ) m (I) (In the formula, X 1 and X 3 are each independently F, Cl, H or CF 3 ; X 2 is H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; A 0 is an anion.
- R is a linking group; Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; m is an integer of 1 or more.) As X 2 , F, Cl, H or CF 3 is preferable. Further, as Z 1 and Z 2 , F or CF 3 is preferable.
- the modified PTFE and the polymer (I) are the same as the modified PTFE and the polymer (I) described in the production method of the present disclosure.
- the form of the composition of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, an aqueous dispersion, a powder, a molded body, or a pellet, but is preferably a powder.
- the composition of the present disclosure contains modified polytetrafluoroethylene and a polymer (I), and the content of the polymer (I) is 0.0001% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less based on the modified polytetrafluoroethylene. Is preferred.
- the lower limit of the content of the polymer (I) is more preferably 0.001% by mass, further preferably 0.01% by mass, and 0.1% by mass with respect to the modified polytetrafluoroethylene. Is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit is more preferably 10% by mass, further preferably 6% by mass, even more preferably 4% by mass, particularly preferably 2% by mass or less, particularly preferably 1.5% by mass or less, and 1% by mass or less. Most preferred.
- the content of the polymer (I) contained in the composition of the present disclosure can be measured by solid-state NMR.
- AVANCE III HD400 manufactured by Bruker As a specific device, AVANCE III HD400 manufactured by Bruker, AVANCE300 manufactured by Bruker, or the like can be used.
- the rotation speed is set according to the resonance frequency of the device, and is set so that the spinning side band does not overlap the peak used for the content calculation of the fluoropolymer or the polymer (I).
- the rotation speed may be set to 30 kHz.
- the content of the copolymer of the monomer represented by (CF 2 OCFCF 3 COONH 4 ) can be obtained from the spectrum obtained by solid-state 19 F-MAS NMR measurement using the following formula.
- the content of the dimer and trimer of the monomer represented by the general formula (I) in the composition is preferably 1.0% by mass or less, more preferably 0% by mass based on the polymer (I). 0.1 mass% or less, more preferably 0.01 mass% or less, particularly preferably 0.001 mass% or less, and most preferably 0.0001 mass% or less.
- the content of the dimer and trimer of the monomer represented by the general formula (I) in the composition can be measured by the same method as the content of the dimer and trimer in the polymer (I) described later.
- the standard specific gravity (SSG) of the composition of the present disclosure is preferably 2.250 or less, and more preferably 2.200 or less. When the standard specific gravity is 2.250 or less, a stretchable composition can be obtained, and a stretched product having excellent stretchability and breaking strength can be obtained.
- the standard specific gravity is preferably 2.195 or less, more preferably 2.190 or less, and further preferably 2.185 or less.
- the lower limit of the standard specific gravity is not limited, but is 2.130, for example.
- the standard specific gravity is measured by a water displacement method based on ASTM D 792 using a sample molded according to ASTM D 4895-89.
- the composition of the present disclosure has an extrusion pressure of preferably 40.0 MPa or less, more preferably 35.0 MPa or less, more preferably 30.0 MPa or less, preferably 5.0 MPa or more, and 8.0 MPa or more. Is preferable, and it is more preferable that it is 10.0 MPa or more.
- the extrusion pressure is a value obtained by the following method according to the method described in JP-A-2002-201217. To 100 g of the powder of the composition of the present disclosure, 21.7 g of a lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon) is added, and mixed in a glass bottle for 3 minutes at room temperature.
- the glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25 ° C) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain the lubricated resin.
- the lubricant resin is extruded through an orifice (diameter: 2.5 mm, land length: 11 mm, introduction angle: 30 °) at room temperature at a reduction ratio of 100: 1 to obtain a uniform beading.
- the extrusion speed, or ram speed is 20 inches / minute (51 cm / minute).
- the extrusion pressure is a value obtained by measuring the load when the extrusion load is in an equilibrium state in the paste extrusion and dividing the load by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for the paste extrusion.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more.
- the breaking strength is more preferably 13.0 N or more, still more preferably 16.0 N or more, still more preferably 19.0 N or more. Further, it is preferably 20.0 N or more, more preferably 21.0 N or more, and particularly preferably 22.0 N or more. The higher the breaking strength, the better, but the upper limit of the breaking strength is, for example, 50.0N.
- the breaking strength is a value obtained by the following method. First, a stretching test of an extrusion bead is performed by the following method to prepare a sample for measuring breaking strength.
- the composition of the present disclosure is heat treated at 210 ° C.
- a lubricant is added and mixed in a glass bottle at room temperature for 3 minutes.
- the glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25 ° C) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain the lubricated resin.
- the lubricant resin is extruded through an orifice (diameter: 2.5 mm, land length: 11 mm, introduction angle: 30 °) at room temperature at a reduction ratio of 100: 1 to obtain a uniform beading.
- the extrusion speed, or ram speed is 20 inches / minute (51 cm / minute).
- the bead obtained by the above paste extrusion is heated at 230 ° C.
- the bead (extruded body) is cut to an appropriate length, each end is fixed to a clamp so that the clamp interval is 1.5 inches (38 mm), and the bead is heated to 300 ° C. in an air circulation furnace. ..
- the clamps are then released at the desired speed (stretch speed) until the separation distance corresponds to the desired stretch (total stretch) and a stretching test is performed.
- This stretching method essentially follows the method disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,576,869, except that the extrusion speed (51 cm / min instead of 84 cm / min) is different.
- “Stretch” is an increase in length due to stretching and is usually expressed as a ratio to the original length.
- the stretching speed is 1000% / sec, and the total stretching is 2400%.
- the stretched bead obtained in the above stretching test (produced by stretching the bead) was fixed by being sandwiched between movable jaws having a gauge length of 5.0 cm, and subjected to a tensile test at 25 ° C. at a speed of 300 mm / min.
- the strength at break is defined as the breaking strength.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably has a stress relaxation time of 50 seconds or longer, more preferably 80 seconds or longer, further preferably 100 seconds or longer, and may be 150 seconds or longer.
- the stress relaxation time is a value measured by the following method. Both ends of the drawn bead obtained in the above drawing test are connected to a fixture to form a taut bead sample having a total length of 8 inches (20 cm). Keep the oven at 390 ° C and insert the fixture into the oven through the (covered) slits on the side of the oven. The time required for the bead sample to rupture after being inserted into the oven is defined as the stress relaxation time.
- composition of the present disclosure is preferably stretchable.
- stretchable is judged based on the following criteria. 21.7 g of a lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon) is added to 100 g of PTFE powder, and mixed for 3 minutes in a glass bottle at room temperature. The glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25 ° C) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain the lubricated resin. The lubricating resin is extruded through an orifice (diameter 2.5 mm, land length 11 mm, introduction angle 30 °) at room temperature with a reduction ratio of 100: 1 to obtain a uniform bead.
- a lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon
- the extrusion speed is 20 inches / minute (51 cm / minute).
- the lubricant is removed from the beads by heating the beads obtained by paste extrusion at 230 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the bead extruded body
- each end is fixed to a clamp so that the clamp interval is 1.5 inches (38 mm), and the bead is heated to 300 ° C. in an air circulation furnace. ..
- the clamps are then released at the desired speed (stretch speed) until the separation distance corresponds to the desired stretch (total stretch) and a stretch test is performed.
- This stretching method essentially follows the method disclosed in US Pat. No.
- the total amount of the modified polytetrafluoroethylene and the polymer (I) is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 99% by mass or more, and substantially 100% by mass. More preferably,
- a fluorine-containing surfactant is contained.
- the composition containing a fluorinated surfactant and PTFE has an advantage that it can be stably produced with high productivity by using the fluorinated surfactant.
- the composition of the present disclosure preferably contains substantially no fluorine-containing surfactant.
- substantially free of a fluorine-containing surfactant means that the fluorine-containing surfactant is 10 mass ppm or less with respect to the modified polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the content of the fluorinated surfactant is preferably 1 mass ppm or less, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 1 mass ppb or less.
- the fluorine-containing surfactant is below the detection limit as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS).
- the amount of the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant can be quantified by a known method. For example, it can be quantified by LC / MS / MS analysis.
- the obtained aqueous dispersion, powder, a molded body, pellets, or a modified polytetrafluoroethylene that is a refined molded body is extracted into an organic solvent of methanol, From the LC / MS / MS spectrum of the extract, the molecular weight information is extracted to confirm the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate surfactant. Then, an aqueous solution having a concentration of 5 or more levels of the confirmed surfactant is prepared, and LC / MS / MS analysis of each concentration is performed to prepare a calibration curve with the area area.
- the obtained aqueous dispersion, powder, or powder obtained by crushing a molded body is subjected to Soxhlet extraction with methanol, and the extract can be quantitatively measured by performing LC / MS / MS analysis.
- the content of the fluorine-containing surfactant can be quantified by LC / MS / MS analysis, for example.
- methanol is added to the composition for extraction, and the obtained extract is subjected to LC / MS / MS analysis.
- Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic treatment or the like may be performed.
- the molecular weight information is extracted to confirm the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing surfactant.
- an aqueous solution containing 5 or more levels of the confirmed fluorine-containing surfactant was prepared, and LC / MS / MS analysis was performed on the aqueous solution of each content to determine the content and the area area for the content. Plot the relationship and draw a calibration curve. Then, using the calibration curve, the area area of the LC / MS / MS chromatogram of the fluorinated surfactant in the extract can be converted into the content of the fluorinated surfactant.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant is the same as the one exemplified in the manufacturing method of the present disclosure described above.
- a surfactant containing a fluorine atom having a total carbon number of 20 or less in the portion excluding an anionic group may be used, and a surfactant containing a fluorine having an molecular weight of 800 or less in the anionic portion may be used. It may be a fluorine-containing surfactant of 3.5 or less.
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant include the compounds represented by the general formula (N 0 ), specifically, the compounds represented by the general formula (N 1 ), the general formula (N 2 ).
- the composition of the present disclosure can be obtained by the production method of the present disclosure described above. Further, the composition satisfying the above breaking strength, stress relaxation time, standard specific gravity and extrusion pressure is in the presence of the polymer (I) containing the polymerized unit (I) based on the monomer represented by the general formula (I).
- a step of obtaining modified polytetrafluoroethylene by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer in an aqueous medium hereinafter also referred to as “polymerization step”
- a step of adding a polymerization terminator to the aqueous medium hereinafter, it is also described as “polymerization terminator addition step”).
- the present disclosure also provides a stretched body obtained by stretching the above composition.
- a stretched body obtained by stretching the above composition.
- conventionally known PTFE stretching methods and conditions can be adopted, and the stretching is not limited.
- the present disclosure further provides a stretched product characterized by containing a modified polytetrafluoroethylene and a polymer (I) containing a polymerized unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I).
- CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R (-CZ 1 Z 2 -A 0 ) m (I)
- X 1 and X 3 are each independently F, Cl, H or CF 3 ;
- X 2 is H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group;
- a 0 is an anion.
- R is a linking group; Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; m is an integer of 1 or more.) As X 2 , F, Cl, H or CF 3 is preferable. Further, as Z 1 and Z 2 , F or CF 3 is preferable.
- the above anionic group (A 0 ) is a sulfate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group or —C (CF 3 ) 2 OM (wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR 7 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is H or an organic group.) Is preferably an anionic group.
- the modified polytetrafluoroethylene and the polymer (I) are the same as those described for the composition of the present disclosure, and each can adopt a suitable aspect.
- the stretched product of the present disclosure preferably has a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more, more preferably 13.0 N or more, further preferably 16.0 N or more, and more preferably 19.0 N or more. Even more preferable.
- the breaking strength of the stretched body is fixed by sandwiching the stretched body between movable jaws having a gauge length of 5.0 cm, and a tensile test is performed at 25 ° C. at a speed of 300 mm / min. .
- the stretched body of the present disclosure preferably has a stress relaxation time of 50 seconds or more, more preferably 80 seconds or more, further preferably 100 seconds or more, and may be 150 seconds or more.
- the stress relaxation time is a value measured by the following method. The stress relaxation time of the above stretched product was measured by connecting both ends of the stretched product to a fixture and tightening the sample to a length of 8 inches (20 cm), keeping the oven at 390 ° C. Insert the fixture into the oven through the slit. The time required for the sample to break from the time of insertion into the oven is defined as the stress relaxation time.
- the stretched body of the present disclosure preferably has an endothermic peak temperature of 325 to 350 ° C. Further, it is preferable that the stretched body of the present disclosure has an endothermic peak temperature between 325 and 350 ° C and between 360 and 390 ° C.
- the endothermic peak temperature is a temperature corresponding to the maximum value in the heat of fusion curve when the stretched body is heated at a rate of 10 ° C./min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC].
- the stretched body of the present disclosure preferably has a porosity in the range of 50% to 99%.
- the porosity is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more. If the proportion of PTFE in the stretched body is too small, the strength of the stretched body may be insufficient, so the porosity is preferably 95% or less, more preferably 90% or less.
- the density ⁇ of the stretched body is obtained by measuring the mass of the sample cut into a certain length with a precision balance, and measuring the mass and outer diameter of the sample by the following formula. Calculate the density.
- ⁇ M / (r ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ L
- ⁇ density (g / cm 3 )
- M mass (g)
- r radius (cm)
- L length (cm)
- ⁇ circumferential ratio
- the outer diameter of the stretched body is measured using a laser displacement sensor. The radius is the value obtained by dividing the value by 2. The above measurement and calculation are performed at three points, and the average value thereof is taken as the density.
- the content of the polymer (I) is preferably 0.0001% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less based on polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the lower limit of the content of the polymer (I) is more preferably 0.001% by mass, further preferably 0.01% by mass, and 0.1% by mass with respect to polytetrafluoroethylene. Particularly preferred.
- the upper limit value is more preferably 10% by mass, further preferably 6% by mass, still more preferably 4% by mass, particularly preferably 2% by mass or less, particularly preferably 1.5% by mass or less, most preferably 1% by mass or less. preferable.
- the content of the polymer (I) is determined by solid-state NMR measurement.
- the stretched product of the present disclosure preferably contains substantially no fluorine-containing surfactant.
- substantially free of a fluorine-containing surfactant means that the fluorine-containing surfactant is 10 mass ppm or less with respect to the modified polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the content of the fluorinated surfactant is preferably 1 mass ppm or less, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, still more preferably 1 mass ppb or less.
- the fluorine-containing surfactant is below the detection limit as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS).
- the amount of the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant can be quantified by a known method. For example, it can be quantified by LC / MS / MS analysis.
- the miniaturized stretched product is extracted into an organic solvent of methanol, and the molecular weight information is extracted from the LC / MS / MS spectrum of the extract to confirm the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate surfactant.
- an aqueous solution having a concentration of 5 or more levels of the confirmed surfactant is prepared, and LC / MS / MS analysis of each concentration is performed to prepare a calibration curve with the area area.
- the powder obtained by crushing the obtained stretched body is subjected to Soxhlet extraction with methanol, and the extract can be quantitatively measured by performing LC / MS / MS analysis.
- the content of the fluorine-containing surfactant can be quantified by LC / MS / MS analysis, for example.
- methanol is added to the miniaturized stretched body to perform extraction, and the obtained extract is subjected to LC / MS / MS analysis.
- Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic treatment or the like may be performed.
- the molecular weight information is extracted to confirm the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing surfactant.
- an aqueous solution containing 5 or more levels of the confirmed fluorine-containing surfactant was prepared, and LC / MS / MS analysis was performed on the aqueous solution of each content to determine the content and the area area for the content. Plot the relationship and draw a calibration curve. Then, using the calibration curve, the area area of the LC / MS / MS chromatogram of the fluorinated surfactant in the extract can be converted into the content of the fluorinated surfactant.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant is the same as the one exemplified in the manufacturing method of the present disclosure described above.
- a surfactant containing a fluorine atom having a total carbon number of 20 or less in the portion excluding an anionic group may be used, and a surfactant containing a fluorine having an molecular weight of 800 or less in the anionic portion may be used. It may be a fluorine-containing surfactant of 3.5 or less.
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant include the compounds represented by the general formula (N 0 ), specifically, the compounds represented by the general formula (N 1 ), the general formula (N 2 ).
- the stretched body of the present disclosure can be obtained by stretching the composition of the present disclosure.
- the stretched body of the present disclosure has a shape of a membrane, tube, fiber, or rod.
- the stretched body of the present disclosure is a membrane (stretched membrane or porous membrane), it can be stretched by a known PTFE stretching method.
- a uniaxially stretched film can be obtained by roll-stretching a sheet-shaped or rod-shaped paste extrudate in the extrusion direction.
- a biaxially stretched film can be obtained by stretching the film in the width direction with a tenter or the like. It is also preferable to perform a semi-baking treatment before stretching.
- a stretching condition a speed of 5 to 2000% / sec and a stretching ratio of 200% or more are preferably adopted.
- the stretched body of the present disclosure is a porous body having a high porosity and can be suitably used as a filter material for various microfiltration filters such as air filters and chemical liquid filters, a support material for polymer electrolyte membranes, and the like. Further, it is also useful as a raw material for products used in the fields of textiles, medical fields, electrochemical fields, sealing fields, air filtration fields, ventilation / internal pressure adjustment fields, liquid filtration fields, general consumer products fields and the like. The specific uses are illustrated below.
- Electrochemical field Dielectric material prepreg EMI shielding material, heat transfer material, etc. More specifically, printed wiring boards, electromagnetic shielding materials, insulating heat transfer materials, insulating materials, etc. Seal material field Gaskets, packings, pump diaphragms, pump tubes, seal materials for aircraft, etc.
- Air filtration field ULPA filter for semiconductor manufacturing
- HEPA filter for hospital and semiconductor manufacturing
- cylindrical cartridge filter for industrial use
- bag filter for industrial use
- heat-resistant bag filter for exhaust gas treatment
- heat-resistant pleated filter Exhaust gas treatment
- SINBRAN filter for industrial use
- catalyst filter for exhaust gas treatment
- adsorbent filter for HDD incorporation
- adsorbent vent filter for HDD incorporation
- vent filter for HDD incorporation, etc.
- cleaning Machine filters for vacuum cleaners
- general-purpose multi-layer felt materials for GT cartridge filters (for compatible products for GT), cooling filters (for electronic device housings), etc.
- Ventilation / Internal pressure adjustment field Freeze-drying materials such as freeze-drying containers, automotive ventilation materials for electronic circuits and lamps, container applications such as container caps, electronic devices including small terminals such as tablet terminals and mobile phone terminals For protective ventilation, medical ventilation, etc.
- Liquid filtration field Semiconductor liquid filtration filter (for semiconductor production), hydrophilic PTFE filter (for semiconductor production), chemical filter (for chemical treatment), pure water production line filter (for pure water production), backwash liquid Filtration filter (for industrial wastewater treatment), etc.
- Textile field PTFE fiber fiber material
- sewing thread textile
- woven thread textile
- rope etc.
- Medical field Implants extended products
- artificial blood vessels catheters
- general surgery tissue reinforcing materials
- head and neck products dural replacement
- oral health tissue regenerative medicine
- orthopedics bandage
- Average primary particle size fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion was diluted with water until the solid content concentration became 0.15% by mass, and the transmittance of projection light of 550 nm per unit length of the obtained diluted latex, and a transmission electron microscope.
- a standard curve was created by measuring the number-based length average primary particle diameter determined by measuring the unidirectional diameter from the photograph. Using this calibration curve, the average primary particle diameter was determined from the measured transmittance of 550 nm projected light of each sample. The average primary particle size can be measured by the dynamic light scattering method.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion prepared by adjusting the fluoropolymer solid content concentration to about 1.0% by mass was prepared, and using ELSZ-1000S (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.) at 25 ° C., a total of 70 times. It was measured at.
- the refractive index of the solvent (water) is 1.3328, and the viscosity of the solvent (water) is 0.8878 mPa ⁇ s.
- Standard specific gravity Using a sample molded according to ASTM D4895-89, it was measured by a water displacement method according to ASTM D792.
- Endothermic peak temperature Regarding the PTFE powders obtained in the examples, using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC], a heat of fusion curve was drawn under the conditions of a temperature rising rate of 10 ° C./min. The temperature corresponding to the maximum value was defined as the endothermic peak temperature of PTFE.
- the content of PMVE unit was determined from the spectrum obtained by solid state 19 F-MAS NMR measurement using the following formula.
- Fluoropolymer solid content concentration 1 g of fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion was dried in a blower dryer at 150 ° C. for 60 minutes, and the ratio of the mass of the heating residue to the mass (1 g) of the aqueous dispersion was expressed as a percentage. The adopted value is adopted.
- the content of the polymer E contained in the PTFE powder was determined from the spectrum obtained by solid-state 19 F-MAS NMR measurement.
- the content of the polymer F contained in the PTFE powder was determined from the spectrum obtained by solid-state 19 F-MAS NMR measurement.
- a lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon) is added and mixed for 3 minutes at room temperature in a glass bottle. The glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25 ° C) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain the lubricated resin.
- the lubricant resin is extruded through an orifice (diameter: 2.5 mm, land length: 11 mm, introduction angle: 30 °) at room temperature at a reduction ratio of 100: 1 to obtain a uniform beading.
- the extrusion speed, or ram speed is 20 inches / minute (51 cm / minute).
- the extrusion pressure is a value obtained by measuring the load when the extrusion load is in an equilibrium state in paste extrusion and dividing by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for paste extrusion.
- Stretching test The beads obtained by the paste extrusion described above are heated at 230 ° C. for 30 minutes to remove the lubricant from the beads. Next, the bead (extruded body) is cut to an appropriate length, each end is fixed to a clamp so that the clamp interval is 1.5 inches (38 mm), and the bead is heated to 300 ° C. in an air circulation furnace. .. The clamps are then released at the desired speed (stretch speed) until the separation distance corresponds to the desired stretch (total stretch) and a stretch test is performed.
- This stretching method essentially follows the method disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,576,869, except that the extrusion speed (51 cm / min instead of 84 cm / min) is different. "Stretch" is an increase in length due to stretching and is usually expressed as a ratio to the original length. In the above manufacturing method, the stretching speed is 1000% / sec, and the total stretching is 2400%.
- Breaking strength The stretched bead obtained in the above stretching test (produced by stretching the bead) was fixed by being sandwiched between movable jaws having a gauge length of 5.0 cm and pulled at 25 ° C at a speed of 300 mm / min. A test is conducted and the strength at break is measured as the break strength.
- the PTFE aqueous dispersion diluted to have an aspect ratio solid content concentration of about 1% by mass was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and image processing was performed on 400 or more randomly extracted particles to determine the long diameter and It was calculated from the average of the ratios of the minor axis.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the limit of quantification in this measuring instrument configuration is 1 ng / mL.
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- Example 1 In a SUS reactor with a stirrer having an internal volume of 6 L, 3560 g of deionized water, 104 g of paraffin wax, 3.58 g of polymer A and 51.6 mg of modified monomer a were placed. Aqueous ammonia was added to adjust the pH to 9.0. Next, while the contents of the reactor were heated to 70 ° C. and sucked, the contents of the reactor were stirred by purging with TFE to remove oxygen in the reactor. After adding 0.8 g of HFP into the reactor, TFE was added until the pressure reached 0.73 MPaG.
- ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator dissolved in 20 g deionized water was injected into the reactor and the reactor was brought to a pressure of 0.83 MPaG. A drop in pressure occurred after injection of the initiator and the initiation of polymerization was observed.
- TFE was added to the reactor to keep the pressure constant at 0.78 MPaG. When the TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 180 g, the feeding and stirring of TFE were stopped. Subsequently, the gas in the reactor was slowly released until the pressure in the reactor reached 0.02 MPaG. Then, TFE was supplied until the pressure of the reactor reached 0.78 MPaG, stirring was started again, and the reaction was continued.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- the supply of TFE was stopped, the stirring was stopped, and the reaction was terminated. Then, the pressure in the reactor was evacuated to normal pressure, and the contents were taken out from the reactor and cooled. The supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 20.7% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 218 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of about 10% by mass, coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions, and the coagulated wet powder was dried at 210 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 2 Polymerization was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 51.6 mg of modified monomer a in Example 1 was 6.4 mg and HFP was PMVE.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 20.4% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 227 nm.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 3 Polymerization was carried out except that 3.58 g of the polymer A in Example 1 was 5.37 g, 51.6 mg of the modified monomer a was 430 mg, and the supply of TFE was stopped when the TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 1250 g. Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. The solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 26.1% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 227 nm. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 4 Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 51.6 mg of modified monomer a in Example 1 was 6.4 mg and 1.8 mg of polyoxyethylene (10) octylphenyl ether was added.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 20.3% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 227 nm.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 5 In a SUS reactor equipped with a stirrer and having an internal volume of 3 L, 1800 g of deionized water, 90 g of paraffin wax, 1.80 g of polymer A and 25.9 mg of modified monomer a were placed. Aqueous ammonia was added to adjust the pH to 9.1. Next, while the contents of the reactor were heated to 80 ° C. and sucked, at the same time, TFE was purged to remove oxygen in the reactor, and the contents were stirred. After adding 1.26 g of HFP into the reactor, TFE was added until the pressure reached 1.50 MPaG. 9.0 mg of ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator was injected into the reactor.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- TFE was added to the reactor to keep the pressure constant at 1.50 MPaG.
- the supply of TFE was stopped, stirring was stopped, and the reaction was completed.
- the pressure in the reactor was evacuated to normal pressure, and the contents were taken out from the reactor and cooled.
- the supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 23.5% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 202 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of about 10% by mass, coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions, and the coagulated wet powder was dried at 180 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 6 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that HFP in Example 1 was not added and the operation was not performed when TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 180 g.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 20.1% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 277 nm.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 7 3600 g of deionized water, 180 g of paraffin wax, 7.20 g of polymer A and 104 mg of modified monomer a were placed in a SUS reactor with a stirrer having an internal capacity of 6 L. Aqueous ammonia was added to adjust the pH to 9.1. Then, while the contents of the reactor were heated to 85 ° C. and sucked, the contents of the reactor were stirred by purging with TFE to remove oxygen in the reactor. TFE was added until the pressure reached 2.70 MPaG. As a polymerization initiator, 56 mg of ammonium persulfate (APS) and 289 mg of disuccinic acid peroxide (DSP) were charged. The initiator was injected into the reactor.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- DSP disuccinic acid peroxide
- TFE was added to the reactor to keep the pressure constant at 2.70 MPaG.
- the supply of TFE was stopped, stirring was stopped, and the reaction was completed.
- the pressure in the reactor was evacuated to normal pressure, and the contents were taken out from the reactor and cooled.
- the supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 21.0% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 197 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of about 10% by mass, coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions, and the coagulated wet powder was dried at 180 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 8 A glass reactor equipped with a stirrer having an internal capacity of 1 L was charged with 530 g of deionized water, 30 g of paraffin wax, 0.52 g of polymer A and aqueous ammonia to adjust the pH to 9.2. Next, while the contents of the reactor were heated to 70 ° C. and sucked, the contents of the reactor were simultaneously purged with TFE monomer to remove oxygen in the reactor. Then, the contents were stirred at 540 rpm. After adding 0.18 g of HFP into the reactor, the TFE monomer was added until the pressure reached 0.73 MPaG.
- ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator dissolved in 20 g deionized water was injected into the reactor and the reactor was brought to a pressure of 0.83 MPaG. A drop in pressure occurred after injection of the initiator and the initiation of polymerization was observed.
- the TFE monomer was added to the reactor to maintain the pressure, and the polymerization was continued until about 140 g of the TFE monomer was reacted. Then, the pressure in the reactor was evacuated to normal pressure, and the contents were taken out from the reactor and cooled. The supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 21.5% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 211 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water so that the solid content concentration was about 10% by mass, and coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions.
- the coagulated wet powder was dried at 150 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- the polymer B having a homopolymer (weight average molecular weight of 9.7 ⁇ 10 4 , number average molecular weight 3.3 ⁇ 10 4 ) and ammonia water were added to adjust the pH to 9.2.
- the contents of the reactor were heated to 70 ° C. and sucked, the contents of the reactor were simultaneously purged with TFE monomer to remove oxygen in the reactor. Then, the contents were stirred at 540 rpm.
- the TFE monomer was added until the pressure reached 0.73 MPaG.
- 2.75 mg ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator dissolved in 20 g deionized water was injected into the reactor and the reactor was brought to a pressure of 0.83 MPaG. A drop in pressure occurred after injection of the initiator and the initiation of polymerization was observed.
- the TFE monomer was added to the reactor to maintain the pressure, and the polymerization was continued until about 140 g of the TFE monomer was reacted. Then, the pressure in the reactor was evacuated to normal pressure, and the contents were taken out from the reactor and cooled. The supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 21.5% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 183 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water so that the solid content concentration was about 10% by mass, and coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions.
- the coagulated wet powder was dried at 150 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 10 The polymer B in Example 9 was a copolymer of TFE and a monomer represented by CH 2 ⁇ CF (CF 2 OCFCF 3 COONH 4 ) (weight average molecular weight: 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 , number average molecular weight: 5. Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the polymer C was 8 ⁇ 10 4 , and the content of polymerized units CH 2 ⁇ CF (CF 2 OCFCF 3 COONH 4 ) was 92.4 mol% based on all polymerized units. I went. The solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 19.6% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 350 nm. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Preparation example 1 To the reactor, 220 g of a monomer D represented by CH 2 ⁇ CF (CF 2 OCFCF 3 COOH) and 513 g of water were added, and further 0.5 mol% of ammonium persulfate (APS) was added to the monomer D. . The mixture was heated and stirred at 60 ° C. for 24 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polymer D aqueous solution D-1 containing a polymer D which was a homopolymer of CH 2 ⁇ CF (CF 2 OCFCF 3 COOH). The obtained polymer D aqueous solution D-1 was analyzed by GPC. As a result, the polymer D had a Mw of 180,000, a Mn of 86,000, and a dimer and trimer content of 2.0% by mass relative to the polymer D. It was
- the content of Mw 180,000, Mn 140,000, dimer and trimer of the polymer D was less than 1 mass ppm with respect to the polymer D.
- the concentration of the resulting polymer D aqueous solution D-2 was 5.0% by mass.
- Example 11 In a SUS reactor with a stirrer having an internal volume of 6 L, 3457 g of deionized water, 180 g of paraffin wax, 107.4 g of a polymer D aqueous solution D-2, and 1.1 g of a 1.0 mass% isopropanol aqueous solution were added. I put it in. Aqueous ammonia was added to adjust the pH to 9.1. Next, while the contents of the reactor were heated to 70 ° C. and sucked, the contents of the reactor were stirred by purging with TFE to remove oxygen in the reactor. After adding 0.54 g of PMVE into the reactor, TFE was added until the pressure reached 0.73 MPaG.
- ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator dissolved in 20 g deionized water was injected into the reactor and the reactor was brought to a pressure of 0.83 MPaG. A drop in pressure occurred after injection of the initiator and the initiation of polymerization was observed.
- TFE was added to the reactor to keep the pressure constant at 0.78 MPaG. When the TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 180 g, the feeding and stirring of TFE were stopped. Subsequently, the gas in the reactor was slowly released until the pressure in the reactor reached 0.02 MPaG. Then, TFE was supplied until the pressure of the reactor reached 0.78 MPaG, stirring was started again, and the reaction was continued.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of about 10% by mass, coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions, and the coagulated wet powder was dried at 210 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 12 Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the amount of the isopropanol aqueous solution added was changed to 2.1 g. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 13 The isopropanol aqueous solution was changed to 1.1 g of a 1.0% by mass concentration aqueous methanol solution, and the timing of stopping the supply of TFE was started from the time when the TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 1200 g, and the TFE consumed in the reaction was about Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the time point was changed to 900 g. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table. PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 14 Same as Example 11 except that the aqueous solution of isopropanol was changed to 1.8 g of 0.1% by mass concentration of Triton X-100 (trade name, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.) (hereinafter referred to as "Triton aqueous solution”). Was polymerized. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table. PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Triton X-100 trade name, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Example 15 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 11 except that 0.9 g of 0.1% by mass concentration of Triton aqueous solution was further charged into the reactor together with the isopropanol aqueous solution. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 16 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 11 except that 1.8 g of 0.1% by mass concentration of Triton aqueous solution was further charged into the reactor together with the isopropanol aqueous solution. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 17 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 11 except that PMVE was changed to 2.4 g of HFP. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 18 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 17, except that 1.8 g of a 0.1% by mass concentration Triton aqueous solution was further charged into the reactor together with the isopropanol aqueous solution. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 19 The Triton aqueous solution put in the reactor was changed to 1.25 g of the Triton aqueous solution having a concentration of 0.1% by mass, the amount of PMVE added was changed to 0.27 g, and when the TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 180 g, Polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 15 except that the pressure was kept constant without stopping the supply and stirring of TFE. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table. PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 20 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the isopropanol aqueous solution was not placed in the reactor. Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- PTFE powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, and various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF 2 COOH monomer E 10 g, water 30 g, APS (6.0 mol% with respect to monomer E) were added to the reactor, and under a nitrogen atmosphere at 80 ° C. for 23 hours.
- a polymer E aqueous solution E-1 containing a polymer E which is a homopolymer of CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF 2 COOH was obtained.
- the polymer E had Mw of 70,000 and Mn of 50,000.
- Example 21 In a glass reactor equipped with a stirrer and having an internal capacity of 1 L, 515 g of deionized water, 30 g of paraffin wax, 15.28 g of Polymer E aqueous solution E-2 and ammonia water were added to adjust the pH to 9.2. Next, while the contents of the reactor were heated to 70 ° C. and sucked, the contents of the reactor were simultaneously purged with TFE monomer to remove oxygen in the reactor. Then, the contents were stirred at 540 rpm. After adding 0.13 g of PMVE into the reactor, the TFE monomer was added until the pressure reached 0.73 MPaG.
- ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator dissolved in 20 g deionized water was injected into the reactor and the reactor was brought to a pressure of 0.83 MPaG. A drop in pressure occurred after injection of the initiator and the initiation of polymerization was observed.
- the TFE monomer was added to the reactor to maintain the pressure, and the polymerization was continued until about 140 g of the TFE monomer was reacted. Then, the pressure in the reactor was evacuated to normal pressure, and the contents were taken out from the reactor and cooled. The supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the PTFE aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 21.0% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 216 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water so that the solid content concentration was about 10% by mass, and coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions.
- the coagulated wet powder was dried at 150 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 22 Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 21 except that 0.13 g of PMVE was changed to 0.18 g of HFP, and the TFE monomer consumed in the reaction reached about 70 g, and the supply of the TFE monomer was stopped. I went.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 10.7% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 221 nm.
- the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was diluted with deionized water so that the solid content concentration was about 10% by mass, and coagulated under high-speed stirring conditions. The coagulated wet powder was dried at 150 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- the obtained polymer F aqueous solution F-1 was brought into contact with a dialysis membrane (fraction molecular weight: 35,000 Da, made of polyethylene) at 30 ° C. and filtered to obtain a polymer F aqueous solution F-2.
- a dialysis membrane fraction molecular weight: 35,000 Da, made of polyethylene
- the polymer F had a Mw of 90,000, a Mn of 60,000, a dimer of the monomer F, and a trimer content relative to the polymer F.
- the concentration of the obtained polymer F aqueous solution F-2 was 2.0% by mass.
- Example 23 Polymerization as in Example 21 except that 515 g of deionized water was changed to 500 g of deionized water and 15.28 g of Polymer E aqueous solution E-2 was changed to 27.50 g of Polymer F aqueous solution F-2. I went.
- the solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 20.8% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 200 nm.
- various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
- Example 24 515 g deionized water was changed to 500 g deionized water, 15.28 g polymer E aqueous solution E-2 was changed to 27.50 g polymer F aqueous solution F-2, and 0.13 g PMVE was adjusted to 0. Polymerization was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the amount of TFE monomer consumed in the reaction reached about 70 g and the supply of TFE monomer was stopped. The solid content concentration of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion was 13.8% by mass, and the average primary particle diameter was 190 nm. Further, in the same manner as in Example 21, after obtaining the PTFE powder, various physical properties of the obtained PTFE powder were measured. The results are shown in the table.
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Abstract
Description
ただし、式1においてRfは炭素数1~6のペルフルオロペルフルオロアルキレン基、Mはアルカリ金属イオンまたはアンモニウムイオンであり、式2においてXはフッ素原子または塩素原子である。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
本開示の製造方法は、更に、重合開始前、又は、水性媒体中に形成する変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粒子の濃度が5.0質量%以下であるときに、変性モノマーを添加する工程を含むことが好ましい。
上記変性モノマーの総量は、得られる変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンに対して0.00001質量%以上であることが好ましい。また、変性モノマーの総量は、得られる変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンに対して1.0質量%以下であることが好ましい。
上記変性モノマーは、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、パーフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)及び(パーフルオロアルキル)エチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましい。
上記変性モノマーはまた、下記一般式(4):
CXiXk=CXjRa-(CZ1Z2)k-Y3 (4)
(式中、Xi、Xj及びXkは、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;Y3は、親水基であり;Raは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F又はCF3であり、kは0又は1である)で表される化合物であることも好ましい。
上記重合工程は、更に核形成剤の存在下に、テトラフルオロエチレン及び変性モノマーを重合してもよい。上記核形成剤は、非イオン性界面活性剤であってよい。
上記変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンは、平均一次粒子径が500nm以下であることが好ましい。
上記変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンは、一次粒子のアスペクト比が2.00未満であることが好ましい。
上記アニオン性基は、サルフェート基、カルボキシレート基、ホスフェート基、ホスホネート基、スルホネート基又は-C(CF3)2OM(式中、Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウムまたは置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、Hまたは有機基である。)であるアニオン性基であることが好ましい。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
本開示の組成物は、破断強度が10.0N以上であることが好ましい。
本開示の組成物は、応力緩和時間が50秒以上であることが好ましい。
本開示の組成物は、押出圧力が10.0MPa以上30.0MPa以下であることが好ましい。
本開示の組成物は、吸熱ピーク温度が333~347℃の範囲に存在することが好ましい。
本開示の組成物は、標準比重が2.250以下であることが好ましい。
本開示の組成物において、上記変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンは、一次粒子のアスペクト比が2.00未満であることが好ましい。
上記アニオン性基は、サルフェート基、カルボキシレート基、ホスフェート基、ホスホネート基、スルホネート基又は-C(CF3)2OM(式中、Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウムまたは置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、Hまたは有機基である。)であるアニオン性基であることが好ましい。
本開示の組成物は、含フッ素界面活性剤を実質的に含まないことが好ましい。
本開示の組成物は、粉末であることが好ましい。
当該「有機基」の例は、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルカジエニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアリール基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアラルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよい非芳香族複素環基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいヘテロアリール基、
シアノ基、
ホルミル基、
RaO-、
RaCO-、
RaSO2-、
RaCOO-、
RaNRaCO-、
RaCONRa-、
RaOCO-
RaOSO2-、および、
RaNRbSO2-
(これらの式中、Raは、独立して、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルカジエニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアリール基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアラルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよい非芳香族複素環基
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいヘテロアリール基、
Rbは、独立して、Hまたは1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基である)
を包含する。
上記有機基としては、1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基が好ましい。
CH2=CRQ1-LRQ2
(式中、RQ1は、水素原子またはアルキル基を表す。Lは、単結合、-CO-O-*、-O-CO-*または-O-を表す。*はRQ2との結合位置を表す。RQ2は、水素原子、アルキル基またはニトリル基を表す。)で表されるモノマーが挙げられる。
(式中、Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるパーフルオロ不飽和化合物等が挙げられる。本開示において、上記「パーフルオロ有機基」とは、炭素原子に結合する水素原子が全てフッ素原子に置換されてなる有機基を意味する。上記パーフルオロ有機基は、エーテル酸素を有していてもよい。
一般式:CF2=CF-CF2-ORf
(式中、Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが挙げられる。
CH2=CH-Rf1 (3a)
(式中、Rf1は炭素数が1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基である。)
CF2=CF-O-Rf2 (3b)
(式中、Rf2は炭素数が1~2のパーフルオロアルキル基である。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2)nCF=CF2 (3c)
(式中、nは1又は2である。)
上記変性モノマーは、より好ましくは、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、パーフルオロ(メチルビニルエーテル)、パーフルオロ(プロピルビニルエーテル)、(パーフルオロブチル)エチレン、(パーフルオロヘキシル)エチレン、及び、(パーフルオロオクチル)エチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含むことである。
上記ヘキサフルオロプロピレン単位、パーフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)単位及び(パーフルオロアルキル)エチレン単位の合計量は、変性PTFEの全重合単位に対して、0.00001~1.0質量%の範囲であることが好ましい。上記合計量の下限としては、0.001質量%がより好ましく、0.005質量%が更に好ましく、0.009質量%が特に好ましい。上限としては、好ましい順に、0.50質量%、0.40質量%、0.30質量%、0.20質量%、0.15質量%、0.10質量%、0.08質量%、0.05質量%、0.01質量%である。
上記金属原子としては、1、2価の金属原子が挙げられ、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
エチレン性不飽和結合を有する基は、下記式:
CXeXg=CXfR-
(式中、Xe、XfおよびXgは、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H、CF3、CF2H、CFH2、または、CH3であり;Rは連結基である。)で示すことができる。Rの連結基としては後述するRaとしての連結基が挙げられる。好ましくは-CH=CH2、-CF=CH2、-CH=CF2、-CF=CF2、-CH2-CH=CH2、-CF2-CF=CH2、-CF2-CF=CF2、-(C=O)-CH=CH2、-(C=O)-CF=CH2、-(C=O)-CH=CF2、-(C=O)-CF=CF2、-(C=O)-C(CH3)=CH2、-(C=O)-C(CF3)=CH2、-(C=O)-C(CH3)=CF2、-(C=O)-C(CF3)=CF2、-O-CH2-CH=CH2、-O-CF2-CF=CH2、-O-CH2-CH=CF2、-O-CF2-CF=CF2等の不飽和結合を有する基が挙げられる。
CXiXk=CXjRa-(CZ1Z2)k-Y3 (4)
(式中、Xi、Xj及びXkは、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;Y3は、親水基であり;Raは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F又はCF3であり、kは0又は1である)で表される化合物が好ましい。
上記親水基としては、例えば、-NH2、-PO3M、-OPO3M、-SO3M、-OSO3M、-COOM(各式において、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7y 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7yは、H又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)が挙げられる。上記親水基としては、なかでも、-SO3M又は-COOMが好ましい。R7yにおける有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。R7yとしては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。上記金属原子としては、1、2価の金属原子が挙げられ、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記変性モノマー(A)を用いることによって、より平均一次粒子径が小さく、より安定性に優れる水性分散液を得ることができる。また、一次粒子のアスペクト比をより小さくすることもできる。
上記連結基は、鎖状又は分岐状、環状又は非環状構造、飽和又は不飽和、置換又は非置換であってよく、所望により硫黄、酸素、及び窒素からなる群から選択される1つ以上のヘテロ原子を含み、所望によりエステル、アミド、スルホンアミド、カルボニル、カーボネート、ウレタン、尿素及びカルバメートからなる群から選択される1つ以上の官能基を含んでよい。上記連結基は、炭素原子を含まず、酸素、硫黄又は窒素等のカテナリーヘテロ原子であってもよい。
Raが2価の有機基である場合、炭素原子に結合する水素原子は、フッ素以外のハロゲン、例えば塩素等で置き換えられてもよく、二重結合を含んでも含まなくてもよい。また、Raは、鎖状及び分岐状のいずれでもよく、環状及び非環状のいずれでもよい。また、Raは、官能基(例えば、エステル、エーテル、ケトン、アミン、ハロゲン化物等)を含んでもよい。
Raはまた、非フッ素の2価の有機基であってもよいし、部分フッ素化又は過フッ素化された2価の有機基であってもよい。
Raとしては、例えば、炭素原子にフッ素原子が結合していない炭化水素基、炭素原子に結合する水素原子の一部がフッ素原子で置換された炭化水素基、炭素原子に結合する水素原子の全てがフッ素原子で置換された炭化水素基、-(C=O)-、-(C=O)-O-、又は、-(C=O)-を含有する炭化水素基であってもよく、これらは酸素原子を含んでいてもよく、二重結合を含んでいてもよく、官能基を含んでいてもよい。
Raとして好ましくは、-(CH2)a-、-(CF2)a-、-O-(CF2)a-、-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-O(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(CF2)a-[O-(CF2)b]c-、-O(CF2)a-[O-(CF2)b]c-、-[(CF2)a-O]b-[(CF2)c-O]d-、-O[(CF2)a-O]b-[(CF2)c-O]d-、-O-[CF2CF(CF3)O]a-(CF2)b-、-(C=O)-、-(C=O)-O-、-(C=O)-(CH2)a-、-(C=O)-(CF2)a-、-(C=O)-O-(CH2)a-、-(C=O)-O-(CF2)a-、-(C=O)-[(CH2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-[(CF2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-O[(CF2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)a-O]b-(CH2)c-、-(C=O)-O[(CF2)a-O]b-(CF2)c-、-(C=O)-(CH2)a-O-(CH2)b-、-(C=O)-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(C=O)-O-(CH2)a-O-(CH2)b-、-(C=O)-O-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(C=O)-O-C6H4-、及び、これらの組み合わせから選択される少なくとも1種である。
式中、a、b、c及びdは独立して少なくとも1以上である。a、b、c及びdは独立して、2以上であってよく、3以上であってよく、4以上であってよく、10以上であってよく、20以上であってよい。a、b、c及びdの上限は、例えば、100である。
上記式中、nは1~10の整数である。
上記式中、nは1~10の整数である。
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g- (r1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1である)で表される2価の基が好ましく、下記一般式(r2):
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g- (r2)(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1である。)で表される2価の基も好ましい。
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (t1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、F又はCF3である)で表される2価の基も好ましく、式(t1)において、Z1及びZ2は、一方がFで他方がCF3であることがより好ましい。
また、上記一般式(4)において、-Ra-(CZ1Z2)k-としては、下記式(t2):
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (t2)
(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、F又はCF3である)で表される2価の基も好ましく、式(t2)において、Z1及びZ2は、一方がFで他方がCF3であることがより好ましい。
CF2=CF-O-Rf0-Y3 (4a)
(式中、Y3は親水基であり、Rf0は、過フッ素化されており、鎖状又は分岐状、環状又は非環状構造、飽和又は不飽和、置換又は非置換であってもよく、硫黄、酸素、及び窒素からなる群から選択される1つ以上のヘテロ原子を任意追加的に含有する過フッ素化二価連結基である。)
CH2=CH-O-Rf0-Y3 (4b)
(式中、Y3は親水基であり、Rf0は式(4a)で定義される過フッ素化二価連結基である。)
CX2=CY(-CZ2-O-Rf-Y3) (5)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Zは、同一又は異なって、-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基である。Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Y3は、前記と同じである。)で表される単量体、下記一般式(6):
CX2=CY(-O-Rf-Y3) (6)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Y3は、前記と同じである。)で表される単量体、及び、下記一般式(7):
CX2=CY(-Rf-Y3) (7)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Y3は、前記と同じである。)で表される単量体、からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
なお、上記炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基は、酸素原子が末端である構造を含まず、炭素炭素間にエーテル結合を含んでいるアルキレン基である。
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Yとしては、-H、-F又は-CF3が好ましく、-Fがより好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Zとしては、H、F又はCF3が好ましく、Fがより好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は2以上が好ましい。また、30以下が好ましく、20以下がより好ましく、10以下が更に好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基としては、-CF2-、-CH2CF2-、-CF2CF2-、-CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF(CF3)-、-CF(CF3)CF2-、-CF(CF3)CH2-等が挙げられる。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基としては、例えば、下記式:
上記エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基として具体的には、-CF(CF3)CF2-O-CF(CF3)-、-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)n-CF(CF3)-(式中、nは1~10の整数)、-CF(CF3)CF2-O-CF(CF3)CH2-、-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)n-CF(CF3)CH2-(式中、nは1~10の整数)、-CH2CF2CF2O-CH2CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CF2O-CF2CF2-、-CF2CF2CF2O-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2O-CF2-、-CF2CF2O-CF2CH2-等が挙げられる。上記エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R7yにおける有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。
R7yとしては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記Mとしては、-H、金属原子又は-NR7y 4が好ましく、-H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又は-NR7y 4がより好ましく、-H、-Na、-K、-Li又は-NH4が更に好ましく、-Na、-K又は-NH4が更により好ましく、-Na又は-NH4が特に好ましく、-NH4が最も好ましい。
上記Y3としては、-COOM又は-SO3Mが好ましく、-COOMがより好ましい。
CH2=CF(-CF2-O-Rf-Y3) (5a)
(式中、Rf及びY3は前記と同じ。)
CX2 2=CFCF2-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n5-CF(CF3)-Y3
(5b)
(式中、各X2は、同一であり、F又はHを表す。n5は、0又は1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
(式中、Rf及びY3は上記と同じ)
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Yとしては、-H、-F又は-CF3が好ましく、-Fがより好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は2以上が好ましい。また、含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は、30以下が好ましく、20以下がより好ましく、10以下が更に好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基としては、-CF2-、-CH2CF2-、-CF2CF2-、-CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF(CF3)-、-CF(CF3)CF2-、-CF(CF3)CH2-等が挙げられる。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
CF2=CF-O-(CF2)n1-Y3 (6a)
(式中、n1は、1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、-COOM、-SO3M又は-OSO3M(Mは、H、金属原子、NR7y 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7yは、H又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)である。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2C(CF3)F)n2-Y3 (6b)
(式中、n2は、1~5の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CFX1)n3-Y3 (6c)
(式中、X1は、F又はCF3を表し、n3は、1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFX1O)n4-(CF2)n6-Y3 (6d)
(式中、n4は、1~10の整数を表し、n6は、1または2を表し、Y3及びX1は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2CF2CFX1O)n5-CF2CF2CF2-Y3 (6e)
(式中、n5は、0~10の整数を表し、Y3およびX1は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-(CF2)n1-Y3 (7a)
(式中、n1は、1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体、及び、下記一般式(7b):
CF2=CF-(CF2C(CF3)F)n2-Y3 (7b)
(式中、n2は、1~5の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
上記Y3は、-SO3M又は-COOMが好ましく、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7y 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであることが好ましい。上記R7yは、H又は有機基を表す。
上記式(7a)で表されるパーフルオロビニルアルキル化合物としては、例えば、CF2=CFCF2COOM(式中、Mは上記定義と同じ。)が挙げられる。
上記変性モノマー(A)の使用量は、上記範囲であればよいが、例えば、上限を5000質量ppmとすることができる。また、上記製造方法では、反応中または反応後の水性分散液の安定性を向上させるために、反応途中で変性モノマー(A)を系中に追加してもよい。
また、上記平均一次粒子径は、動的光散乱法により測定することができる。上記平均一次粒子径は、固形分濃度約1.0質量%に調整した水性分散液を作成し、動的光散乱法を使用して、25℃、溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・s、積算70回にて測定できる。動的光散乱法としては、例えばELSZ-1000S(大塚電子社製)が使用できる。
水性分散液中で測定する場合、上記アスペクト比は、固形分濃度が約1質量%となるように希釈した変性PTFE水性分散液を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察し、無作為に抽出した400個以上の粒子について画像処理を行い、その長径と短径の比の平均より求める。
粉末で測定する場合、上記アスペクト比は、変性PTFE粉末に電子線を照射後、フッ素系界面活性剤水溶液に添加して、超音波にて再分散させることで、変性PTFE水性分散液を得ることが出来る。この変性PTFE水性分散液から上記水性分散液で測定する方法と同じ方法でアスペクト比を求める。
上記吸熱ピーク温度は、300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴がないPTFEについて示差走査熱量計〔DSC〕を用いて10℃/分の速度で昇温したときの融解熱曲線における極大値に対応する温度である。
上記非溶融二次加工性とは、ASTM D 1238及びD 2116に準拠して、結晶化融点より高い温度でメルトフローレートを測定できない性質、すなわち溶融温度領域でも容易に流動しない性質を意味する。
コアシェル構造を有するPTFEとしては、例えば、TFE単独重合体のコア部と変性PTFEのシェル部とを含むコアシェル構造、変性PTFEのコア部とTFE単独重合体のシェル部とを含むコアシェル構造、変性PTFEのコア部と、該コア部を構成する変性PTFEとは異なる単量体組成を有する変性PTFEのシェル部とを含むコアシェル構造が挙げられる。
上記コアシェル構造のPTFEは、例えば、先ずTFE及び必要に応じて変性モノマーを重合してコア部(TFE単独重合体又は変性PTFE)を製造し、次いで、TFE及び必要に応じて変性モノマーを重合してシェル部(TFE単独重合体又は変性PTFE)を製造することによって得ることができる。
上記シェル部は、PTFE一次粒子表面から粒子内部への所定の厚みを構成している部分を意味し、コア部は、シェル部の内部を構成している部分を意味する。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
X2としては、F、Cl、H又はCF3が好ましい。また、Z1及びZ2としては、FまたはCF3が好ましい。
次に、一般式(I)においてmが1である場合の好適な構成について説明する。
Rが2価の有機基である場合、炭素原子に結合する水素原子は、フッ素以外のハロゲン、例えば塩素等で置き換えられてもよく、二重結合を含んでも含まなくてもよい。また、Rは、鎖状及び分岐鎖状のいずれでもよく、環状及び非環状のいずれでもよい。また、Rは、官能基(例えば、エステル、エーテル、ケトン、アミン、ハロゲン化物等)を含んでもよい。
Rはまた、非フッ素の2価の有機基であってもよいし、部分フッ素化又は過フッ素化された2価の有機基であってもよい。
Rとしては、例えば、炭素原子にフッ素原子が結合していない炭化水素基、炭素原子に結合する水素原子の一部がフッ素原子で置換された炭化水素基、又は、炭素原子に結合する水素原子の全てがフッ素原子で置換された炭化水素基であってもよく、これらは酸素原子を含んでいてもよく、二重結合を含んでいてもよく、官能基を含んでいてもよい。
Rとして好ましくは、-(CH2)a-、-(CF2)a-、-O-(CF2)a-、-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-O(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(CF2)a-[O-(CF2)b]c-、-O(CF2)a-[O-(CF2)b]c-、-[(CF2)a-O]b-[(CF2)c-O]d-、-O[(CF2)a-O]b-[(CF2)c-O]d-、-O-[CF2CF(CF3)O]a-(CF2)b-、-[CF2CF(CF3)O]a-、-[CF(CF3)CF2O]a-、-(CF2)a-O-[CF(CF3)CF2O]a-、-(CF2)a-O-[CF(CF3)CF2O]a-(CF2)b-、及び、これらの組み合わせから選択される少なくとも1種である。
式中、a、b、c及びdは独立して少なくとも1以上である。a、b、c及びdは独立して、2以上であってよく、3以上であってよく、4以上であってよく、10以上であってよく、20以上であってよい。a、b、c及びdの上限は、例えば、100である。
-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g- (r1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1である)で表される2価の基が好ましく、下記一般式(r2):
-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g- (r2)
(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1である)で表される2価の基が好ましい。
-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g-CZ1Z2-
(s1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基である)で表されるものが好ましく、式(s1)において、Z1及びZ2は、FまたはCF3がより好ましく、一方がFで他方がCF3であることがさらに好ましい。
また、上記一般式(I)において、-R-CZ1Z2-としては、下記式(s2):
-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (s2)
(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、F又はCF3である)で表されるものが好ましく、式(s2)において、Z1及びZ2は、一方がFで他方がCF3であることがより好ましい。
上記Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記Mとしては、-H、金属原子又は-NR7 4が好ましく、-H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又は-NR7 4がより好ましく、-H、-Na、-K、-Li又は-NH4が更に好ましく、-Na、-K又は-NH4が更により好ましく、-Na又は-NH4が特に好ましく、-NH4が最も好ましい。
上記重合体(I)において、各重合単位(I)で異なるアニオン性基を有してもよいし、同じアニオン性基を有してもよい。
CF2=CF-O-Rf0-A0 (Ia)
(式中、A0はアニオン性基であり、Rf0は、過フッ素化されており、鎖状又は分岐鎖状、環状又は非環状構造、飽和又は不飽和、置換又は非置換であってもよく、硫黄、酸素、及び窒素からなる群から選択される1つ以上のヘテロ原子を任意追加的に含有する過フッ素化二価連結基である。)
CH2=CH-O-Rf0-A0 (Ib)
(式中、A0はアニオン性基であり、Rf0は式(Ia)で定義される過フッ素化二価連結基である。)
A0がサルフェート基である場合、一般式(I)で表される単量体としては、例えば、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2CH2OSO3M)、CH2=CH((CF2)4CH2OSO3M)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)4CH2OSO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)CH2OSO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2CH2OSO3M)、CH2=CH((CF2)4CH2OSO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OSO3M)、CH2=CH(CF2CF2CH2OSO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2CF2CF2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OSO3M)、CH2=CH(CF2CF2CF2CH2OSO3M)等が挙げられる。上記式中、Mは上記と同じである。
A0がスルホネート基である場合、一般式(I)で表される単量体としては、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2SO3M)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)3SO3M)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)4SO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)SO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO3M)、CH2=CH(CF2CF2SO3M)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2CF2CF2SO3M)、CH2=CH((CF2)4SO3M)、CH2=CH(CF2CF2SO3M)、CH2=CH((CF2)3SO3M)等が挙げられる。上記式中、Mは上記と同じである。
A0がホスフェートである場合、一般式(I)で表される単量体としては、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)4CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2CF2CF2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CH2=CH(CF2CF2CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CH2=CH((CF2)4CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CH2=CH(CF2CF2CH2OP(O)(OM)2)、CH2=CH((CF2)3CH2OP(O)(OM)2)等が挙げられる。上記式中、Mは上記と同じである。
CX2=CY(-CZ2-O-Rf-A) (1)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Zは、同一又は異なって、-H、-F、アルキル基又はフルオロアルキル基である。Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、-COOM、-SO3M、-OSO3MまたはC(CF3)2OM(Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基)である。但し、X、Y及びZの少なくとも1つはフッ素原子を含む。)
上記重合体(1)を含むものであることによって、より安定かつ効率的に変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンを含む本開示の組成物を製造することができる。また、高い得量で、高分子量の変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンを含む組成物を得ることができる。
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Zとしては、-H、-F又は-CF3が好ましく、-Fがより好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は2以上が好ましい。また、上記含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は、30以下が好ましく、20以下がより好ましく、10以下が更に好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基としては、-CF2-、-CH2CF2-、-CF2CF2-、-CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF(CF3)-、-CF(CF3)CF2-、-CF(CF3)CH2-等が挙げられる。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
例えば、下記式:
上記エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基として具体的には、-CF(CF3)CF2-O-CF(CF3)-、-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)n-CF(CF3)-(式中、nは1~10の整数)、-CF(CF3)CF2-O-CF(CF3)CH2-、-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)n-CF(CF3)CH2-(式中、nは1~10の整数)、-CH2CF2CF2O-CH2CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CF2O-CF2CF2-、-CF2CF2CF2O-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2O-CF2-、-CF2CF2O-CF2CH2-等が挙げられる。上記エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記Mとしては、-H、金属原子又は-NR7 4が好ましく、-H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又は-NR7 4がより好ましく、-H、-Na、-K、-Li又は-NH4が更に好ましく、-Na、-K又は-NH4が更により好ましく、-Na又は-NH4が特に好ましく、-NH4が最も好ましい。
上記Aとしては、-COOM又は-SO3Mが好ましく、-COOMがより好ましい。
CX2=CFCF2-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n5-CF(CF3)-A (1a)
(式中、各Xは、同一であり、F又はHを表す。n5は0又は1~10の整数を表し、Aは、上記定義と同じ。)で表されるフルオロアリルエーテル化合物が好適なものとして例示される。
上記式(1a)において、上記n5は一次粒子径が小さいPTFE粒子を得ることができる点で0又は1~5の整数であることが好ましく、0、1又は2であることがより好ましく、0又は1であることが更に好ましい。上記Aは、適度な水溶性と界面活性が得られる点で-COOMであることが好ましく、上記Mは、不純物として残留しにくく、得られた成形体の耐熱性が向上する点で、H又はNH4であることが好ましい。
上記重合体(1)は、一般式(1a)で表されるフルオロアリルエーテル化合物の単独重合体であってもよいし、他の単量体との共重合体であってもよい。
CH2=CF(-CF2-O-Rf-A) (1A)
(式中、Rf、Aは前記と同じ。)
上記重合体(1)は、一般式(1A)で表される単量体の単独重合体であってもよいし、他の単量体との共重合体であってもよい。
(式中、Rf及びAは前記と同じ。)
CX2=CY(-O-Rf-A) (2)
(式中、Xは、同一または異なって、-HまたはFであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、または、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、前記と同じである。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2)n1-A (2a)
(式中、n1は、1~10の整数を表し、Aは前記と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2C(CF3)F)n2-A (2b)
(式中、n2は、1~5の整数を表し、Aは、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CFX1)n3-A (2c)
(式中、X1は、FまたはCF3を表し、n3は、1~10の整数を表し、Aは、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFX1O)n4-(CF2)n6-A (2d)
(式中、n4は、1~10の整数を表し、n6は、1~3の整数であり、AおよびX1は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2CF2CFX1O)n5-CF2CF2CF2-A (2e)
(式中、n5は、0~10の整数を表し、AおよびX1は、前記定義と同じ。)
CX2=CY(-Rf-A) (3)
(式中、Xは、同一または異なって、-Hまたは-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、または、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、前記と同じである。)
CF2=CF-(CF2)n1-A (3a)
(式中、n1は、1~10の整数を表し、Aは、前記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体、および、一般式(3b):
CF2=CF-(CF2C(CF3)F)n2-A (3b)
(式中、n2は、1~5の整数を表し、Aは、前記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
CF2=CF-CF2-O-QF1-CF(-QF2-CZ1Z2-A)2 (4a)
(式中、Z1、Z2およびAは上記定義と同じ、QF1およびQF2は、同一又は異なって、単結合、炭素炭素間にエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキレン基または炭素炭素間にエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素オキシアルキレン基である)
CF2=CF-O-QF1-CF(-QF2-CZ1Z2-A)2 (4b)
(式中、Z1、Z2、A、QF1およびQF2は上記定義と同じ)
なかでも、共重合性が良好である点で、テトラフルオロエチレン(CF2=CF2)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン(CF2=CFCl)及びフッ化ビニリデン(CH2=CF2)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、テトラフルオロエチレンがより好ましい。従って、上記他の単量体に基づく重合単位は、テトラフルオロエチレンに基づく重合単位であることが好ましい。上記他の単量体に基づく重合単位は、各出現において、同一または異なっていてもよく、重合体(I)は、2種以上の異なる他の単量体に基づく重合単位を含んでいてもよい。
CH2=CHO-Rf5 (n2-2)
(式中、Rf5は炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキル基または炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキル基)で表される含フッ素ビニルエーテルも挙げられる。
CH2=CHCH2O-Rf6 (n2-3)
(式中、Rf6は炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキル基または炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキル基)で表される含フッ素アリルエーテル、式(n2-4):
CH2=CH-Rf7 (n2-4)
(式中、Rf7は炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキル基または炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキル基)で表される含フッ素ビニル単量体等も挙げられる。
これらの末端基は、一般的には、重合体(I)の形成に使用される開始剤又は連鎖移動剤から生成するか、又は連鎖移動反応中に生成する。
重合体(I)において、一般式(I)で表される単量体と共重合可能な他の単量体に基づく重合単位の含有量は、全重合単位に対して99.0モル%以下が好ましく、97.0モル%以下がより好ましく、95.0モル%以下が更に好ましく、90モル%以下が更により好ましく、80モル%以下が殊更好ましい。また、重合体(I)において、一般式(I)で表される単量体と共重合可能な他の単量体に基づく重合単位の含有量は、全重合単位に対して70モル%以下が好ましく、60モル%以下がより好ましく、40モル%以下が更に好ましく、20モル%以下が更により好ましく、10モル%以下が特に好ましく、実質的に0モル%が殊更に好ましい。重合体(I)は、他の単量体に基づく重合単位を含まないことが特に殊更好ましい。
上記数平均分子量及び後述の重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィ(GPC)により、単分散ポリスチレンを標準として分子量を算出する値である。また、GPCによる測定ができない場合には、NMR、FT-IR等により得られた末端基数から計算された数平均分子量とメルトフローレートとの相関関係により、重合体(1)の数平均分子量を求めることができる。メルトフローレートは、JIS K 7210に準拠して測定できる。
水性媒体中で一般式(I)で表される単量体(I)を重合することにより、単量体(I)の重合体を含有する粗組成物を得る工程、および、
前記粗組成物に含まれる単量体(I)のダイマーおよびトリマーを、前記粗組成物から除去することにより、単量体(I)のダイマーおよびトリマーの含有量が、重合体(I)に対して、1.0質量%以下である重合体(I)を得る工程、
重合体(I)の存在下に、水性媒体中でテトラフルオロエチレン及び変性モノマーを重合することにより変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンを得る重合工程
を含むことも好ましい。
具体的には、単量体(I)の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作成し、それぞれの含有量のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積(ピークの積分値)との関係をプロットし、単量体(I)の検量線を作成する。さらに、単量体(I)の検量線から、単量体(I)のダイマーおよびトリマーの検量線を作成する。
重合体(I)にメタノールを加えて混合物を調製し、遠心分離により混合物から抽出液(上澄み液)を回収し、得られた抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析する。
そして、検量線を用いて、単量体(I)のダイマーおよびトリマーのクロマトグラムのエリア面積(ピークの積分値)を、ダイマーおよびトリマーの含有量に換算することができる。
中空糸型限外濾過膜の内径は限定されないが、例えば、0.1~2mmであってよい。好ましくは、0.8~1.4mmである。
中空糸型限外濾過膜の長さは限定されないが、例えば、0.05~3mであってよい。好ましくは、0.05~2mである。
限外濾過膜の材質は、有機材料であることが好ましく、塩素化ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリアクリルニトリル、ポリスルホン、又は、ポリエーテルスルホンであることがより好ましく、ポリアクリルニトリル又はポリフッ化ビニリデンが更に好ましい。
上記精密濾過膜は、効率的にダイマーおよびトリマーの除去効率できることから、平均細孔径が0.1μm以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは0.075μm以上であり、更に好ましくは0.1μm以上である。また、平均細孔径が1.00μm以下であることが好ましい。より好ましくは平均細孔径が0.50μm以下であり、更に好ましくは0.25μm以下である。
上記精密濾過膜の平均細孔径は、ASTM F316 03(バブルポイント法)に準拠して測定することが可能である。
中空糸型限外濾過膜の内径は限定されないが、例えば、0.1~2mmであってよい。好ましくは、0.8~1.4mmである。
中空糸型限外濾過膜の長さは限定されないが、例えば、0.05~3mであってよい。好ましくは、0.05~2mである。
上記透析膜は、膜の目詰まりを抑制し、効率的にダイマーおよびトリマーを除去できることから、分画分子量が0.3×104Da以上であることが好ましい。上記分画分子量は、0.5×104Da以上がより好ましく、1.0×104Da以上が更に好ましく、1.5×104Da以上が更により好ましく、2.0×104Da以上が殊更に好ましく、3.0×104Da以上が特に好ましく、5.0×104Da以上が最も好ましい。上記分画分子量は8.0×104Da以上であってもよい。
また、上記分画分子量は、ダイマーおよびトリマーの除去効率の観点から、20×104Da以下が好ましく、10×104Da以下がより好ましい。
上記透析膜の分画分子量は、例えば、限外濾過膜と同じ方法で測定することができる。
例えば、重合温度が10~150℃であることが好ましい。重合温度は、30℃以上がより好ましく、50℃以上が更に好ましい。また、120℃以下がより好ましく、100℃以下が更に好ましい。
重合圧力が0.05~10MPaGであることが好ましい。重合圧力は、0.3MPaG以上がより好ましく、0.5MPaG以上が更に好ましい。また、5.0MPaG以下がより好ましく、3.0MPaG以下が更に好ましい。特に、PTFEの得量を向上させる観点から、重合圧力としては、好ましくは1.0MPaG以上であり、より好ましくは1.2MPaG以上であり、さらに好ましくは1.5MPaG以上であり、特に好ましくは1.8MPaG以上であり、最も好ましくは2.0MPaG以上である。
上記重合工程で添加する変性モノマーの総量は、得られる変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンに対して0.00001質量%以上であることが好ましく、0.0001質量%以上であることがより好ましく、更に好ましくは0.001質量%以上であり、更により好ましくは0.005質量%以上であり、特に好ましくは0.009質量%以上である。また、重合の際に添加する変性モノマーの総量は、得られる変性PTFEに対して、好ましい順に、1.0質量%以下、0.90質量%以下、0.50質量%以下、0.40質量%以下、0.30質量%以下、0.20質量%以下、0.15質量%以下、0.10質量%以下、0.05質量%以下である。
重合体(I)を連続的に添加するとは、例えば、重合体(I)を一括ではなく、経時的に、かつ、間断なく又は分割して、添加することである。
上記工程を含むことによって、すなわち、重合体(I)を連続的に添加することによって、より平均一次粒子径が小さく、より安定性に優れる水性分散液を得ることができる。また、一次粒子のアスペクト比をより小さくすることもできる。
重合初期に変性モノマーを添加することによって、平均一次粒子径が小さく、一次粒子のアスペクト比が小さく、安定性に優れる水性分散液を得ることができる。
上記変性モノマーは、重合開始前に添加してもよいし、重合開始と同時に添加してもよいし、重合を開始した後、変性PTFE粒子の核が形成される期間に変性モノマーを添加すればよい。
上記変性モノマーは、少なくとも、重合開始前、又は、水性媒体中に形成する変性PTFE粒子の濃度が10.0質量%以下であるときに添加されればよく、変性PTFE粒子の濃度が10.0質量%を超えるときに更に変性モノマーを追加してもよい。
例えば、上記変性PTFE粒子の濃度が10.0質量%以下であるときから、10.0質量%を超える任意のときまで連続して変性モノマーを添加してもよい。また、上記変性PTFE粒子の濃度が10.0質量%以下であるときに変性モノマーを少なくとも1回添加し、10.0質量%を超える任意のときに変性モノマーを少なくとも1回添加してもよい。
上記変性モノマーの添加方法としては、テトラフルオロエチレンにより変性モノマーを反応器中に押し込むものであってもよい。
一般的に連鎖移動剤と呼ばれるものは、その活性は連鎖移動定数と再開始効率で特徴づけられるが連鎖移動剤の中でも再開始効率がほとんど0%のものが重合停止剤と称される。本開示における上記重合停止剤としては、例えば、芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物、芳香族アミン類、N,N-ジエチルヒドロキシルアミン、キノン化合物、テルペン、チオシアン酸塩、及び、塩化第二銅(CuCl2)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物としては、非置換フェノール、多価フェノール、サリチル酸、m-又はp-のサリチル酸、没食子酸、ナフトール等が挙げられる。上記非置換フェノールとしては、о-、m-又はp-のニトロフェノール、о-、m-又はp-のアミノフェノール、p-ニトロソフェノール等が挙げられる。多価フェノールとしては、カテコール、レゾルシン、ハイドロキノン、ピロガロール、フロログルシン、ナフトレゾルシノール等が挙げられる。
芳香族アミン類としては、о-、m-又はp-のフェニレンジアミン、ベンジジン等が挙げられる。
上記キノン化合物としては、ハイドロキノン、о-、m-又はp-のベンゾキノン、1,4-ナフトキノン、アリザリン等が挙げられる。
チオシアン酸塩としては、チオシアン酸アンモン(NH4SCN)、チオシアン酸カリ(KSCN)、チオシアン酸ソーダ(NaSCN)等が挙げられる。
上記重合停止剤としては、なかでも、キノン化合物が好ましく、ハイドロキノンがより好ましい。
また、重合反応に消費される全テトラフルオロエチレンの5質量%が重合された後に添加することが好ましく、10質量%が重合された後に添加することがより好ましい。
上記重合停止剤の添加量は、使用される水性媒体の質量の0.1~20質量ppmに相当する量が好ましく、3~10質量ppmに相当する量がより好ましい。
分解剤としては、亜硫酸塩、重亜硫酸塩、臭素酸塩、ジイミン、シュウ酸、銅塩、鉄塩等が挙げられる。亜硫酸塩としては、亜硫酸ナトリウム、亜硫酸アンモニウムが挙げられる。銅塩としては、硫酸銅(II)、鉄塩としては硫酸鉄(II)が挙げられる。
上記分解剤の添加量は、重合開始剤(後述するレドックス開始剤)として組み合わされる酸化剤の量に対して、25~300質量%の範囲で添加する。好ましくは25~150質量%、更に好ましくは50~100質量%。
また、重合反応に消費される全テトラフルオロエチレンの5質量%が重合された後に分解剤を添加することが好ましく、10質量%が重合された後に添加することがより好ましい。
上記分解剤の添加量は、使用される水性媒体の質量の0.1~20質量ppmに相当する量が好ましく、3~10質量ppmに相当する量がより好ましい。
この場合、上記重合工程は、重合体(I)及び上記核形成剤の存在下に、水性媒体中でテトラフルオロエチレン及び変性モノマーを重合することにより変性PTFEを得る工程であることが好ましい。
(-CFCF3-CF2-O-)n (1a)
(-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-)n (1b)
(-CF2-CF2-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m (1c)
(-CF2-CFCF3-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m (1d)
(式(1a)~(1d)中、m及びnは1以上の整数である。)
CF3-CF2-CF2-O(-CFCF3-CF2-O-)nCFCF3-COOH、CF3-CF2-CF2-O(-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-)n-CF2-CF2COOH、又は、
HOOC-CF2-O(-CF2-CF2-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)mCF2COOH
(式中、m及びnは前記と同じ。)
で表わされる化合物又はそれらの塩であることが好ましい。
R3-O-A1-H (i)
(式中、R3は、炭素数8~18の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状の1級又は2級アルキル基であり、A1は、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖である。)により表される化合物が挙げられる。R3の炭素数は10~16が好ましく、12~16がより好ましい。R3の炭素数が18以下であると水性分散液の良好な分散安定性が得られやすい。またR3の炭素数が18を超えると流動温度が高いため取扱い難い。R3の炭素数が8より小さいと水性分散液の表面張力が高くなり、浸透性やぬれ性が低下しやすい。
水性分散液の粘度および安定性の点からは、オキシエチレン基の平均繰り返し数7~12およびオキシプロピレン基の平均繰り返し数0~2より構成されるポリオキシアルキレン鎖が好ましい。特にA1がオキシプロピレン基を平均して0.5~1.5有すると低起泡性が良好であり好ましい。
例えば、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル系非イオン性化合物としては、例えば、下記一般式(ii)
R4-C6H4-O-A2-H (ii)
(式中、R4は、炭素数4~12の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状の1級若しくは2級のアルキル基であり、A2は、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖である。)で示される化合物が挙げられる。上記ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル系非イオン性化合物として具体的には、トライトンX-100(商品名、ダウ・ケミカル社製)等が挙げられる。
ポリオール化合物の典型例としては、ポリオール単位として1個以上の糖単位を有する化合物が挙げられる。糖単位は、少なくとも1個の長鎖を含有するように変性されてもよい。少なくとも1つの長鎖部分を含有する好適なポリオール化合物としては、例えば、アルキルグリコシド、変性アルキルグリコシド、糖エステル、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。糖としては、単糖、オリゴ糖、及びソルビタンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。単糖としては、五炭糖及び六炭糖が挙げられる。単糖の典型例としては、リボース、グルコース、ガラクトース、マンノース、フルクトース、アラビノース、キシロースが挙げられる。オリゴ糖としては、2~10個の同一又は異なる単糖のオリゴマーが挙げられる。オリゴ糖の例としては、サッカロース、マルトース、ラクトース、ラフィノース、及びイソマルトースが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
糖系ポリオールは、1個の糖単位又は複数の糖単位を含有してもよい。1個の糖単位又は複数の糖単位は、上述のような長鎖部分で変性されてもよい。糖系ポリオール化合物の特定の例としては、グリコシド、糖エステル、ソルビタンエステル、並びにこれらの混合物及び組み合わせが挙げられる。
上記の式は、ピラノース形態のグルコースを示すアルキルポリグルコシドの特定の例を表すが、他の糖又は同じ糖であるが異なる鏡像異性体又はジアステレオマー形態である糖を用いてもよいことが理解される。
アルキルグルコシドは、例えば、グルコース、デンプン、又はn-ブチルグルコシドと脂肪族アルコールとの酸触媒反応によって入手可能であり、これからは、典型例に、様々なアルキルグルコシドの混合物が得られる(Alkylpolygylcoside,Rompp,Lexikon Chemie,Version 2.0,Stuttgart/New York,Georg Thieme Verlag,1999)。脂肪族アルコールの例としては、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール、ノナノール、デカノール、ウンデカノール、ドデカノール(ラウリルアルコール)、テトラデカノール、ヘキサデカノール(セチルアルコール)、ヘプタデカノール、オクタデカノール(ステアリルアルコール)、エイコサン酸、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。また、アルキルグルコシドは、Cognis GmbH,Dusseldorf,Germanyから商品名GLUCOPON又はDISPONILとして市販されている。
ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエステル、ソルビタンアルキルエステル、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンアルキルエステル、グリセロールエステル、それらの誘導体。
RaIxBry
(式中、xおよびyはそれぞれ0~2の整数であり、かつ1≦x+y≦2を満たすものであり、Raは炭素数1~16の飽和もしくは不飽和のフルオロ炭化水素基またはクロロフルオロ炭化水素基、または炭素数1~3の炭化水素基であり、酸素原子を含んでいてもよい)で表される化合物があげられる。臭素化合物又はヨウ素化合物を使用することによって、ヨウ素または臭素が重合体に導入され、架橋点として機能する。
R10-COOM (α)
(式中、R10は、1個以上の炭素原子を含有する1価の有機基である。Mは、H、金属原子、NR11 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウムまたは置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R11はHまたは有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。)で示される化合物(α)が挙げられる。R11としてはHまたはC1-10の有機基が好ましく、HまたはC1-4の有機基がより好ましい。界面活性能の観点から、R10の炭素数は2個以上が好ましく、3個以上がより好ましい。また、水溶性の観点から、R10の炭素数は、29個以下であることが好ましく、23個以下がより好ましい。上記Mの金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、KまたはLiが好ましい。Mとしては、H、金属原子またはNR11 4が好ましく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)またはNR11 4がより好ましく、H、Na、K、LiまたはNH4が更に好ましく、Na、KまたはNH4が更により好ましく、NaまたはNH4が特に好ましく、NH4が最も好ましい。
脂肪族カルボン酸またはその塩としては、コハク酸、デカン酸、ウンデカン酸、ウンデセン酸、ラウリン酸、ハイドロドデカン酸、またはそれらの塩が好ましい。
従来、変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンの重合には含フッ素界面活性剤が使用されてきたが、本開示の製造方法は、上記重合体(I)を用いることによって、含フッ素界面活性剤を使用しなくても変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンを得ることができる。
本開示において「実質的に含フッ素界面活性剤の非存在下に」とは、水性媒体に対して含フッ素界面活性剤が10質量ppm以下であることを意味し、好ましくは1質量ppm以下であり、より好ましくは100質量ppb以下であり、更に好ましくは10質量ppb以下であり、更により好ましくは1質量ppb以下である。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤は、例えば、アニオン性基を除く部分の総炭素数が20以下のフッ素原子を含む界面活性剤であってよい。
なお、上記「アニオン性部分」は、上記含フッ素界面活性剤のカチオンを除く部分を意味する。例えば、後述する式(I)で表されるF(CF2)n1COOMの場合には、「F(CF2)n1COO」の部分である。
上記LogPOWは、カラム;TOSOH ODS-120Tカラム(φ4.6mm×250mm、東ソー(株)製)、溶離液;アセトニトリル/0.6質量%HClO4水=1/1(vol/vol%)、流速;1.0ml/分、サンプル量;300μL、カラム温度;40℃、検出光;UV210nmの条件で、既知のオクタノール/水分配係数を有する標準物質(ヘプタン酸、オクタン酸、ノナン酸及びデカン酸)についてHPLCを行い、各溶出時間と既知のオクタノール/水分配係数との検量線を作成し、この検量線に基づき、試料液におけるHPLCの溶出時間から算出する。
Xn0-Rfn0-Y0 (N0)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl又は及びFである。Rfn0は、炭素数3~20で、鎖状、分枝鎖状または環状で、一部または全てのHがFにより置換されたアルキレン基であり、該アルキレン基は1つ以上のエーテル結合を含んでもよく、一部のHがClにより置換されていてもよい。Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
Y0のアニオン性基は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-COOM、又は、-SO3Mであってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、例えば、Na、K又はLiである。
R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子又はNR7 4であってよく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR7 4であってよく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4であってよい。
上記Rfn0は、Hの50%以上がフッ素に置換されているものであってよい。
下記一般式(N1):
Xn0-(CF2)m1-Y0 (N1)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl及びFであり、m1は3~15の整数であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N2):
Rfn1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)m2CFXn1-Y0 (N2)
(式中、Rfn1は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、m2は、0~3の整数であり、Xn1は、F又はCF3であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N3):
Rfn2(CH2)m3-(Rfn3)q-Y0 (N3)
(式中、Rfn2は、炭素数1~13のエーテル結合を含み得る、部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、m3は、1~3の整数であり、Rfn3は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状の炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基であり、qは0又は1であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N4):
Rfn4-O-(CYn1Yn2)pCF2-Y0 (N4)
(式中、Rfn4は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Yn1及びYn2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、pは0又は1であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、及び、下記一般式(N5):
F(CF2)n1COOM (I)
(式中、n1は、3~14の整数であり、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。)で表されるものである。
H(CF2)n2COOM (II)
(式中、n2は、4~15の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n3CF(CF3)COOM (III)
(式中、Rf1は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、n3は、0~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf2(CH2)n4Rf3COOM (IV)
(式中、Rf2は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、Rf3は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状の炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基、n4は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf4-O-CY1Y2CF2-COOM (V)
(式中、Rf4は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Y1及びY2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
F(CF2)n5SO3M (VI)
(式中、n5は、3~14の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
H(CF2)n6SO3M (VII)
(式中、n6は、4~14の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf5(CH2)n7SO3M (VIII)
(式中、Rf5は、炭素数1~13のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、n7は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf6(CH2)n8COOM (IX)
(式中、Rf6は、炭素数1~13のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分岐鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、n8は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf7-O-Rf8-O-CF2-COOM (X)
(式中、Rf7は、炭素数1~6のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Rf8は、炭素数1~6の直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf9-O-CY1Y2CF2-SO3M (XI)
(式中、Rf9は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状であって、塩素を含んでもよい、部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Y1及びY2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Y0は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-SO3M、又は、COOMであってよい(式中、Mは上記定義したものである。)。
Lとしては、例えば、単結合、炭素数1~10のエーテル結合を含みうる部分又は完全フッ素化されたアルキレン基が挙げられる。
Rf11-O-(CF2CF(CF3)O)n9(CF2O)n10CF2COOM (XIII)
(式中、Rf11は、塩素を含む炭素数1~5のフルオロアルキル基であり、n9は、0~3の整数であり、n10は、0~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。化合物(XIII)としては、CF2ClO(CF2CF(CF3)O)n9(CF2O)n10CF2COONH4(平均分子量750の混合物、式中、n9およびn10は上記定義したものである。)が挙げられる。
重合温度が10~150℃であり、
重合開始前、又は、水性媒体中に形成する変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粒子の濃度が5.0質量%以下、好ましくは3.0質量%以下、より好ましくは1.0質量%以下、さらに好ましくは0.5質量%以下、特に好ましくは、重合開始と同時であるときに、変性モノマーを反応器に添加する工程を含むものであることが好ましい。
また添加剤用途として、電極の活物質の脱落を抑える結着剤、バインダー用途、ドリップ防止剤などのコンパウンド用途、土砂や埃等の舞い立ちを防止する塵埃抑制処理用途等に用いることができる。
上記変成PTFE水性分散液は、例えば、国際公開第2007/004250号に記載の塵埃抑制処理剤組成物に好適に用いることができ、国際公開第2007/000812号に記載の塵埃抑制処理方法にも好適に用いることができる。
なお、上記工程で得られる変性PTFE水性分散液中の変性PTFE固形分濃度は、およそ10~45質量%であるので、変性PTFE固形分濃度が高い場合は、水等の希釈溶媒を添加して10~25質量%に調整する。また、重合後の変性PTFE水性分散液中の変性PTFE固形分濃度が10~25質量%である場合は、変性PTFE水性分散液を、そのまま凝析用変性PTFE水性分散液として用いることができる。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
X2としては、F、Cl、H又はCF3が好ましい。また、Z1及びZ2としては、FまたはCF3が好ましい。
上記変性PTFE及び上記重合体(I)としては、本開示の製造方法において記載した変性PTFE及び重合体(I)と同じである。
本開示の組成物の形態は特に限定されず、たとえば、水性分散液、粉末、成形体、ペレットなどであってよいが、粉末であることが好ましい。
本開示の組成物に含まれる重合体(I)の含有量は、固体NMRから測定することができる。
また、上記重合体(I)の含有量の測定方法としては、国際公開第2014/099453号、国際公開第2010/075497、国際公開第2010/075496号、国際公開第2011/008381、国際公開第2009/055521号、国際公開第1987/007619号、特開昭61-293476号公報、国際公開第2010/075494号、国際公開第2010/075359号、国際公開第2012/082454号、国際公開第2006/119224号、国際公開第2013/085864号、国際公開第2012/082707号、国際公開第2012/082703号、国際公開第2012/082454号、国際公開第2012/082451号、国際公開第2006/135825号、国際公開第2004/067588号、国際公開第2009/068528号、特開2004-075978号公報、特開2001-226436号公報、国際公開第1992/017635号、国際公開第2014/069165号、特開平11-181009号公報などに記載のそれぞれの重合体の測定方法が記載されている。
上記組成物における上記重合体(I)の含有量は、例えば固体19F-MAS NMR測定により求めることができる。
具体的な装置としてはBruker社製 AVANCE III HD400や、Bruker社製 AVANCE300などを用いることができる。
回転数は装置の共鳴周波数に応じて設定し、スピニングサイドバンドが上記フルオロポリマーや上記重合体(I)の含有量計算に使用するピークに重ならないように設定する。
例えば、上記組成物で重合体(I)がTFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体の場合、組成物中のTFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体の含有量を求める際は、ブルカージャパン(株)製 AVANCE300を用いた場合、回転数を30kHzに設定してもよい。
例えば、上記組成物で重合体(I)がTFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体の場合、組成物中のTFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体の含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから、下記式を用いて求めることができる。
Y=(400B/(5xA+3xB))×100
Y:TFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体の含有量(mol%)
A:-120ppmのシグナルの積分値
B:-83ppmのCF2及びCF3シグナルの積分値の合計
ケミカルシフト値はPTFEの主鎖由来のシグナルのピークトップを-120ppmとした際のものを用いた。
x:TFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体中の、CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位の割合(mol%)
標準比重は、2.195以下が好ましく、2.190以下がより好ましく、2.185以下が更に好ましい。標準比重の下限は限定されないが、例えば、2.130である。
上記標準比重は、ASTM D 4895-89に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定する。
本開示の組成物の粉末100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合する。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得る。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得る。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とする。押出圧力は、ペースト押出において押出負荷が平衡状態になった時の負荷を測定し、ペースト押出に用いたシリンダーの断面積で除した値である。
上記破断強度は、下記方法で求めた値である。
まず、下記方法で押出ビードの延伸試験を行い、破断強度測定用のサンプルを作製する。
本開示の組成物を210℃で熱処理する。熱処理して得られた粉末100gに、潤滑剤21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合する。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得る。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得る。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とする。
上記のペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去する。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱する。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、延伸試験を実施する。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従う。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。上記作製方法において、上記ストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%である。
上記延伸試験で得られた延伸ビード(ビードをストレッチすることによって作製されたもの)について、5.0cmのゲージ長の可動ジョーに挟んで固定し、25℃で300mm/分の速度で引っ張り試験を行い、破断した時の強度を破断強度とする。
上記延伸試験で得られた延伸ビードの両方の末端を固定具につなげ、ぴんと張られた全長8インチ(20cm)のビードサンプルとする。オーブンを390℃に保ち、オーブン側部にある(覆われた)スリットを通して固定具をオーブン中に挿入する。オーブンに挿入した時点からビードサンプルが破断するまでに要する時間を応力緩和時間とする。
PTFEの粉末100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合する。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得る。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビードを得る。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とする。ペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去する。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱する。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、ストレッチ試験を実施する。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従う。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。上記作製方法において、上記ストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%である。この延伸試験で切断せずに、均一な外観を持つ延伸ビードが得られることを意味する。
その後、確認された界面活性剤を5水準以上の濃度の水溶液を作成し、それぞれの濃度のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、エリア面積との検量線を作成する。
得られた水性分散液、粉末、又は成形体を粉砕した粉末をメタノールにてソックスレー抽出を行ない、抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析を行なうことで定量測定することが出来る。
まず、組成物にメタノールを加え、抽出を行ない、得られた抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析する。さらに抽出効率を高めるために、ソックスレー抽出、超音波処理等による処理を行ってもよい。
得られたLC/MS/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素界面活性剤の構造式との一致を確認する。
その後、確認された含フッ素界面活性剤の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描く。
そして、検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素界面活性剤のLC/MS/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素界面活性剤の含有量に換算することができる。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤としては、上記一般式(N0)で表される化合物が挙げられ、具体的には、一般式(N1)で表される化合物、一般式(N2)で表される化合物、一般式(N3)で表される化合物、一般式(N4)で表される化合物、及び、一般式(N5)で表される化合物が挙げられる。より具体的には、一般式(I)で表されるパーフルオロカルボン酸(I)、一般式(II)で表されるω-Hパーフルオロカルボン酸(II)、一般式(III)で表されるパーフルオロポリエーテルカルボン酸(III)、一般式(IV)で表されるパーフルオロアルキルアルキレンカルボン酸(IV)、一般式(V)で表されるパーフルオロアルコキシフルオロカルボン酸(V)、一般式(VI)で表されるパーフルオロアルキルスルホン酸(VI)、一般式(VII)で表されるω-Hパーフルオロスルホン酸(VII)、一般式(VIII)で表されるパーフルオロアルキルアルキレンスルホン酸(VIII)、一般式(IX)で表されるアルキルアルキレンカルボン酸(IX)、一般式(X)で表されるフルオロカルボン酸(X)、一般式(XI)で表されるアルコキシフルオロスルホン酸(XI)、一般式(XII)で表される化合物(XII)、下記一般式(XIII)で表される化合物(XIII)などが挙げられる。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
X2としては、F、Cl、H又はCF3が好ましい。また、Z1及びZ2としては、FまたはCF3が好ましい。
上記アニオン性基(A0)は、サルフェート基、カルボキシレート基、ホスフェート基、ホスホネート基、スルホネート基又は-C(CF3)2OM(式中、Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウムまたは置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、Hまたは有機基である。)であるアニオン性基であることが好ましい。
上記延伸体の破断強度は、延伸体を5.0cmのゲージ長の可動ジョーに挟んで固定し、25℃で300mm/分の速度で引っ張り試験を行い、破断した時の強度を破断強度とする。
上記延伸体の応力緩和時間は、延伸体の両方の末端を固定具につなげ、ぴんと張られた全長8インチ(20cm)のサンプルとし、オーブンを390℃に保ち、オーブン側部にある(覆われた)スリットを通して固定具をオーブン中に挿入する。オーブンに挿入した時点からサンプルが破断するまでに要する時間を応力緩和時間とする。
延伸体の空孔率は、見掛け密度ρを用いて下記式から算出することができる。
空孔率(%)=[(2.2-ρ)/2.2]×100
上記式中、2.2はPTFEの真密度(g/cm3)である。
上記延伸体の密度ρは、延伸体が膜またはシート状の場合、特定の大きさにカットした試料の質量を精密天秤にて測定し、測定した資料の質量及び膜厚みから、以下の式により試料の密度を計算する。
ρ=M/(4.0×12.0×t)
ρ=密度(膜密度)(g/cm3)
M=質量(g)
t=膜厚み(cm)
3か所について上記測定および計算を行い、それらの平均値を膜密度とする。
膜厚みは、膜厚計を使用し、延伸体を5枚重ねて全体の膜厚みを測定し、その値を5で割った数値を1枚の膜厚みとする。
延伸体が円柱状の場合、上記延伸体の密度ρは、一定の長さにカットした試料の質量を精密天秤にて測定し、測定した試料の質量及び外径から、以下の式により試料の密度を計算する。
ρ=M/(r×r×π)×L
ρ=密度(g/cm3)
M=質量(g)
r=半径(cm)
L=長さ(cm)
π=円周率
延伸体の外径はレーザ式変位センサを使用して測定する。半径はその値を2で割った数値とする。
3か所について上記測定および計算を行い、それらの平均値を密度とする。
上記重合体(I)の含有量は、固体NMR測定より求められる。
上記含フッ素界面活性剤量は、公知な方法で定量できる。例えば、LC/MS/MS分析にて定量することが出来る。まず、微細化された延伸体をメタノールの有機溶剤に抽出し、抽出液をLC/MS/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる界面活性剤の構造式との一致を確認する。
その後、確認された界面活性剤を5水準以上の濃度の水溶液を作成し、それぞれの濃度のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、エリア面積との検量線を作成する。
得られた延伸体を粉砕した粉末をメタノールにてソックスレー抽出を行ない、抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析を行なうことで定量測定することが出来る。
まず、微細化された延伸体にメタノールを加え、抽出を行ない、得られた抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析する。さらに抽出効率を高めるために、ソックスレー抽出、超音波処理等による処理を行ってもよい。
得られたLC/MS/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素界面活性剤の構造式との一致を確認する。
その後、確認された含フッ素界面活性剤の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描く。
そして、検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素界面活性剤のLC/MS/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素界面活性剤の含有量に換算することができる。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤としては、上記一般式(N0)で表される化合物が挙げられ、具体的には、一般式(N1)で表される化合物、一般式(N2)で表される化合物、一般式(N3)で表される化合物、一般式(N4)で表される化合物、及び、一般式(N5)で表される化合物が挙げられる。より具体的には、一般式(I)で表されるパーフルオロカルボン酸(I)、一般式(II)で表されるω-Hパーフルオロカルボン酸(II)、一般式(III)で表されるパーフルオロポリエーテルカルボン酸(III)、一般式(IV)で表されるパーフルオロアルキルアルキレンカルボン酸(IV)、一般式(V)で表されるパーフルオロアルコキシフルオロカルボン酸(V)、一般式(VI)で表されるパーフルオロアルキルスルホン酸(VI)、一般式(VII)で表されるω-Hパーフルオロスルホン酸(VII)、一般式(VIII)で表されるパーフルオロアルキルアルキレンスルホン酸(VIII)、一般式(IX)で表されるアルキルアルキレンカルボン酸(IX)、一般式(X)で表されるフルオロカルボン酸(X)、一般式(XI)で表されるアルコキシフルオロスルホン酸(XI)、一般式(XII)で表される化合物(XII)、下記一般式(XIII)で表される化合物(XIII)などが挙げられる。
好ましくは、シート状または棒状のペースト押出物を押出方向にロール延伸することで、一軸延伸膜を得ることができる。
更に、テンター等により幅方向に延伸して、二軸延伸膜も得ることができる。
延伸前に半焼成処理を行うことも好ましい。
延伸条件としては、5~2000%/秒の速度、200%以上の延伸倍率が好ましく採用される。
以下に、具体的な用途を例示する。
誘電材料プリプレグ、EMI遮蔽材料、伝熱材料等。より詳細には、プリント配線基板、電磁遮蔽シールド材、絶縁伝熱材料、絶縁材料等。
シール材分野
ガスケット、パッキン、ポンプダイアフラム、ポンプチューブ、航空機用シール材等。
ULPAフィルター(半導体製造用)、HEPAフィルター(病院・半導体製造用)、円筒カートリッジフィルター(産業用)、バグフィルター(産業用)、耐熱バグフィルタ-(排ガス処理用)、耐熱プリーツフィルター(排ガス処理用)、SINBRANフィルター(産業用)、触媒フィルター(排ガス処理用)、吸着剤付フィルター(HDD組込み)、吸着剤付ベントフィルター(HDD組込み用)、ベントフィルター(HDD組込み用他)、掃除機用フィルター(掃除機用)、汎用複層フェルト材、GT用カートリッジフィルター(GT向け互換品用)、クーリングフィルター(電子機器筐体用)等。
凍結乾燥用の容器等の凍結乾燥用材料、電子回路やランプ向けの自動車用換気材料、容器キャップ向け等の容器用途、タブレット端末や携帯電話端末等の小型端末を含む電子機器向け等の保護換気用途、医療用換気用途等。
半導体液ろ過フィルター(半導体製造用)、親水性PTFEフィルター(半導体製造用)、化学薬品向けフィルター(薬液処理用)、純水製造ライン用フィルター(純水製造用)、逆洗型液ろ過フィルター(産業排水処理用)等。
衣類、ケーブルガイド(バイク向け可動ワイヤ)、バイク用衣服、キャストライナー(医療サポーター)、掃除機フィルター、バグパイプ(楽器)、ケーブル(ギター用信号ケーブル等)、弦(弦楽器用)等。
PTFE繊維(繊維材料)、ミシン糸(テキスタイル)、織糸(テキスタイル)、ロープ等。
体内埋設物(延伸品)、人工血管、カテーテル、一般手術(組織補強材料)、頭頸部製品(硬膜代替)、口内健康(組織再生医療)、整形外科(包帯)等。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液を水で固形分濃度が0.15質量%になるまで希釈し、得られた希釈ラテックスの単位長さに対する550nmの投射光の透過率と、透過型電子顕微鏡写真により定方向径を測定して決定した数基準長さ平均一次粒子径とを測定して、検量線を作成した。この検量線を用いて、各試料の550nmの投射光の実測透過率から平均一次粒子径を決定した。
また、平均一次粒子径は、動的光散乱法により測定できる。動的光散乱法においては、フルオロポリマー固形分濃度約1.0質量%に調整したフルオロポリマー水性分散液を作成し、ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子社製)を使用して25℃、積算70回にて測定した。溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・sとする。
ASTM D4895-89に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定した。
実施例により得られたPTFE粉末について、示差走査熱量計〔DSC〕を用いて、昇温速度10℃/分の条件にて融解熱曲線を描き、上記融解熱曲線に現れる吸熱ピークの極大値に対応する温度をPTFEの吸熱ピーク温度とした。
HFP単位の含有量は、PTFE粉末をプレス成形することで薄膜ディスクを作成し、薄膜ディスクをFT-IR測定した赤外線吸光度から、982cm-1における吸光度/935cm-1における吸光度の比に0.3を乗じて求めた。
PMVE単位の含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから、下記式を用いて求めた。
X=(4B/3)/(A+(B/3))×100
X:PMVE単位の含有量(mol%)
A:-120ppmのシグナルの積分値
B:-52ppmのCFシグナルの積分値
ケミカルシフト値はPTFEの主鎖由来のシグナルのピークトップを-120ppmとした際のものを用いた。
CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)(変性モノマーa)単位の含有量は、仕込んだ全変性モノマーaの量から導出した。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液1gを、送風乾燥機中で150℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、水性分散液の質量(1g)に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表した値を採用する。
PTFE粉末中に含まれる重合体Aの含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから、下記式を用いて求めた。
Y=(4B/(5A+3B))×100
Y:重合体Aまたは重合体Dの含有量(mol%)
A:-120ppmのシグナルの積分値
B:-83ppmのCF2及びCF3シグナルの積分値の合計
ケミカルシフト値はPTFEの主鎖由来のシグナルのピークトップを-120ppmとした際のものを用いた。
PTFE粉末中に含まれる重合体Bの含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから、下記式を用いて求めた。
Y=(4B/(10A+3B))×100
Y:重合体Bの含有量(mol%)
A:-120ppmのシグナルの積分値
B:-81及び-83ppmのCF2及びCF3シグナルの積分値の合計
ケミカルシフト値はPTFEの主鎖由来のシグナルのピークトップを-120ppmとした際のものを用いた。
PTFE粉末中に含まれる重合体Cの含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから、下記式を用いて求めた。
Y=(4B/(4.62A+2.77B))×100
Y:重合体Cの含有量(mol%)
A:-120ppmのシグナルの積分値
B:-83ppmのCF2及びCF3シグナルの積分値の合計
ケミカルシフト値はPTFEの主鎖由来のシグナルのピークトップを-120ppmとした際のものを用いた。
PTFE粉末中に含まれる重合体Eの含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから求めた。
PTFE粉末中に含まれる重合体Fの含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから求めた。
微粉末100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合する。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得る。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得る。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とする。押出圧力は、ペースト押出において押出負荷が平衡状態になった時の負荷を測定し、ペースト押出に用いたシリンダーの断面積で除した値とする。
上記のペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去する。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱する。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、ストレッチ試験を実施する。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従う。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。上記作製方法において、上記ストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%である。
上記延伸試験で得られた延伸ビード(ビードをストレッチすることによって作製されたもの)について、5.0cmのゲージ長の可動ジョーに挟んで固定し、25℃で300mm/分の速度で引っ張り試験を行い、破断した時の強度を破断強度として測定する。
上記延伸試験で得られた延伸ビードの両方の末端を固定具につなげ、ぴんと張られた全長8インチ(20cm)のビードサンプルとする。オーブンを390℃に保ち、オーブン側部にある(覆われた)スリットを通して固定具をオーブン中に挿入する。オーブンに挿入した時点からビードサンプルが破断するまでに要する時間を応力緩和時間として測定する。
上記延伸試験で得られた延伸ビード(ビードをストレッチすることによって作製されたもの)の外観を目視で観察する。
均一 :延伸ビードの外観が均一であった。
不均一 :延伸ビードに亀裂やウネリ、疎密が観察されるなど、延伸ビードの外観が不均一であった。
固形分濃度が約1質量%となるように希釈したPTFE水性分散液を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察し、無作為に抽出した400個以上の粒子について画像処理を行い、その長径と短径の比の平均より求めた。
(1)水溶液からの抽出
重合体の水溶液の固形分を測定し、重合体の固形分0.2gに相当する量の水溶液を秤量した。その後、水溶液中に含まれている水と合わせ、水とメタノールとの体積比が50/50(体積%)となるように、水とメタノールを加え、重合体ならびに水およびメタノールを含有する混合液を得た。その後、得られた混合液を用いて、4000rpmで1時間遠心分離を行い、重合体を含む上澄み液を抽出液として回収した。
液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて、抽出液の分析を行い、抽出液のクロマトグラムを得た。
抽出液に含まれる単量体のダイマーおよびトリマーの含有量は、抽出液のクロマトグラムに現れる単量体のダイマーおよびトリマーに由来するピークの積分値を、検量線を用いて、単量体のダイマーおよびトリマーの含有量に換算することにより求めた。
1ng/mL~100ng/mLの含有量既知の単量体のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。それぞれの単量体の含有量と、その含有量に対するピークの積分値との関係をプロットし、各単量体の検量線(一次近似)を作成した。次に、各単量体の検量線(一次近似)を用いて、各単量体のダイマーおよびトリマーの検量線を作成した。
CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)
で表される単量体(以下「変性モノマーa」という)の単独重合体(数平均分子量9万、重量平均分子量19万)(以下「重合体A」という)を用いた。
重合体の数平均分子量及び重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィ(GPC)により、東ソー(株)製のGPC HLC-8020を用い、Shodex社製のカラム(GPC KF-801を1本、GPC KF-802を1本、GPC KF-806Mを2本直列に接続)を使用し、溶媒としてテトラハイドロフラン(THF)を流速1ml/分で流して測定し、単分散ポリスチレンを標準として分子量を算出した。
内容量6Lの撹拌機付きSUS製反応器に、3560gの脱イオン水、104gのパラフィンワックス、3.58gの重合体A及び51.6mgの変性モノマーaを入れた。アンモニア水を加えてpHを9.0に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFEでパージして反応器内の酸素を除き、内容物を攪拌した。反応器中に0.8gのHFPを加えた後、0.73MPaGの圧力となるまでTFEを加えた。20gの脱イオン水に溶解した17.9mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。反応器にTFEを加えて圧力を0.78MPaG一定となるように保った。反応で消費したTFEが約180gに達した時点でTFEの供給と撹拌を停止した。続いて反応器の圧力が0.02MPaGに達するまで反応器内のガスをゆっくりと放出した。その後、反応器の圧力が0.78MPaGになるまでTFEを供給し、再び撹拌を開始して引き続き反応を行った。反応で消費したTFEが約900gに達した時点でTFEの供給を止め、撹拌を停止して反応を終了した。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は20.7質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は218nmであった。得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させ、凝固した湿潤粉末を210℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例1における51.6mgの変性モノマーaを6.4mgとし、HFPをPMVEとした以外は実施例1と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は20.4質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は227nmであった。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例1における3.58gの重合体Aを5.37gとし、51.6mgの変性モノマーaを430mgとし、反応で消費したTFEが約1250gに達した時点でTFEの供給を止めた以外は実施例1と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は26.1質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は227nmであった。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例1における51.6mgの変性モノマーaを6.4mgとし、1.8mgのポリオキシエチレン(10)オクチルフェニルエーテルを添加した以外は実施例1と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は20.3質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は227nmであった。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
内容量3Lの攪拌機付きSUS製反応器に、1800gの脱イオン水、90gのパラフィンワックス、1.80gの重合体A及び25.9mgの変性モノマーaを入れた。アンモニア水を加えてpHを9.1に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を80℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFEでパージして反応器内の酸素を除き、内容物を攪拌した。反応器中に1.26gのHFPを加えた後、1.50MPaGの圧力となるまでTFEを加えた。9.0mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入した。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。反応器にTFEを加えて圧力を1.50MPaG一定となるように保った。反応で消費したTFEが約510gに達した時点でTFEの供給を止め、撹拌を停止し、反応を終了した。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は23.5質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は202nmであった。得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させ、凝固した湿潤粉末を180℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例1におけるHFPを加えないとし、反応で消費したTFEが約180gに達した時点での操作を行わないとした以外は実施例1と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は20.1質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は277nmであった。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
内容量6Lの攪拌機付きSUS製反応器に、3600gの脱イオン水、180gのパラフィンワックス、7.20gの重合体A及び104mgの変性モノマーaを入れた。アンモニア水を加えてpHを9.1に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を85℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFEでパージして反応器内の酸素を除き、内容物を攪拌した。2.70MPaGの圧力となるまでTFEを加えた。重合開始剤として56mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)、289mgのジコハク酸パーオキサイド(DSP)を仕込んだ。開始剤を反応器に注入した。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。反応器にTFEを加えて圧力を2.70MPaG一定となるように保った。反応で消費したTFEが約900gに達した時点でTFEの供給を止め、撹拌を停止し、反応を終了した。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は21.0質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は197nmであった。得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させ、凝固した湿潤粉末を180℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
内容量1Lの撹拌機付きガラス製反応器に、530gの脱イオン水、30gのパラフィンワックス及び0.52gの重合体Aとアンモニア水を入れてpHを9.2に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFE単量体でパージして反応器内の酸素を除いた。その後、内容物を540rpmで攪拌した。反応器中に0.18gのHFPを加えた後、0.73MPaGの圧力となるまでTFE単量体を加えた。20gの脱イオン水に溶解した2.75mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。TFE単量体を反応器に加えて圧力を保ち、約140gのTFE単量体が反応し終わるまで重合を続けた。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。
得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は21.5質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は211nmであった。
得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させた。凝固した湿潤粉末を150℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
内容量1Lの撹拌機付きガラス製反応器に、530gの脱イオン水、30gのパラフィンワックス及び0.55gのCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の単独重合体(重量平均分子量が9.7×104、数平均分子量3.3×104)の重合体Bとアンモニア水を入れてpHを9.2に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFE単量体でパージして反応器内の酸素を除いた。その後、内容物を540rpmで攪拌した。反応器中に0.13gのPMVEを加えた後、TFE単量体を0.73MPaGの圧力となるまで加えた。20gの脱イオン水に溶解した2.75mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。TFE単量体を反応器に加えて圧力を保ち、約140gのTFE単量体が反応し終わるまで重合を続けた。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。
得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は21.5質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は183nmであった。
得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させた。凝固した湿潤粉末を150℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例9における重合体BをTFEとCH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)で表される単量体の共重合体(重量平均分子量が20.0×104、数平均分子量5.8×104、重合単位CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COONH4)の含有量が全重合単位に対して92.4モル%)の重合体Cとした以外は実施例9と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は19.6質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は350nmであった。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
反応器に、CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COOH)で表される単量体D220g、水513gを加え、さらに、過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)を単量体Dに対して0.5mol%加えた。窒素雰囲気下にて60℃で24時間加熱撹拌し、CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COOH)の単独重合体である重合体Dを含む重合体D水溶液D-1を得た。得られた重合体D水溶液D-1をGPC分析した結果、重合体Dは、Mw18万、Mn8.6万、ダイマーおよびトリマーの含有量が、重合体Dに対して2.0質量%であった。
内容量6Lの撹拌機付きSUS製反応器に、3457gの脱イオン水、180gのパラフィンワックス、107.4gの重合体D水溶液D-2及び、1.1gの1.0質量%濃度のイソプロパノール水溶液を入れた。アンモニア水を加えてpHを9.1に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFEでパージして反応器内の酸素を除き、内容物を攪拌した。反応器中に0.54gのPMVEを加えた後、0.73MPaGの圧力となるまでTFEを加えた。20gの脱イオン水に溶解した17.9mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。反応器にTFEを加えて圧力を0.78MPaG一定となるように保った。反応で消費したTFEが約180gに達した時点でTFEの供給と撹拌を停止した。続いて反応器の圧力が0.02MPaGに達するまで反応器内のガスをゆっくりと放出した。その後、反応器の圧力が0.78MPaGになるまでTFEを供給し、再び撹拌を開始して引き続き反応を行った。反応で消費したTFEが約540gに達した時点で20gの脱イオン水に溶解した14.3mgのハイドロキノンを反応器に注入し、引き続き反応を行った。反応で消費したTFEが約1200gに達した時点でTFEの供給を止め、撹拌を停止して反応を終了した。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
イソプロパノール水溶液の添加量を2.1gに変更した以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
イソプロパノール水溶液を、1.1gの1.0質量%濃度のメタノール水溶液に変更し、TFEの供給を止める時機を、反応で消費したTFEが約1200gに達した時点から、反応で消費したTFEが約900gに達した時点に変更した以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
イソプロパノール水溶液を、1.8gの0.1質量%濃度のトライトンX-100(商品名、ダウ・ケミカル社製)の水溶液(以下「トライトン水溶液」という)に変更した以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
イソプロパノール水溶液とともに、反応器に0.9gの0.1質量%濃度のトライトン水溶液をさらに入れた以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
イソプロパノール水溶液とともに、反応器に1.8gの0.1質量%濃度のトライトン水溶液をさらに入れた以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
PMVEを、2.4gのHFPに変更した以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
イソプロパノール水溶液とともに、反応器に1.8gの0.1質量%濃度のトライトン水溶液をさらに入れた以外は、実施例17と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
反応器に入れるトライトン水溶液を、1.25gの0.1質量%濃度のトライトン水溶液に変更し、PMVEの添加量を0.27gに変更し、反応で消費したTFEが約180gに達した時点でTFEの供給と撹拌を停止せずに、圧力を一定に保持した以外は、実施例15と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
反応器にイソプロパノール水溶液を入れなかった以外は、実施例11と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
実施例11と同様にしてPTFE粉末を得て、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
CF2=CFOCF2CF2COOHで表される単量体E10g、水30g、APS(単量体Eに対して6.0mol%)を反応器に加え、窒素雰囲気下にて80℃で23時間加熱撹拌し、CF2=CFOCF2CF2COOHの単独重合体である重合体Eを含む重合体E水溶液E-1を得た。得られた重合体E水溶液E-1のGPC分析した結果、重合体Eは、Mw0.7万、Mn0.5万であった。
内容量1Lの撹拌機付きガラス製反応器に、515gの脱イオン水、30gのパラフィンワックス及び15.28gの重合体E水溶液E-2とアンモニア水を入れてpHを9.2に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFE単量体でパージして反応器内の酸素を除いた。その後、内容物を540rpmで攪拌した。反応器中に0.13gのPMVEを加えた後、0.73MPaGの圧力となるまでTFE単量体を加えた。
20gの脱イオン水に溶解した2.75mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。TFE単量体を反応器に加えて圧力を保ち、約140gのTFE単量体が反応し終わるまで重合を続けた。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをPTFE水性分散液から取り除いた。
得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は21.0質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は216nmであった。
得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させた。凝固した湿潤粉末を150℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
0.13gのPMVEを0.18gのHFPに変更し、反応で消費したTFE単量体を約70gに達した時点でTFE単量体の供給を止めた以外は、実施例21と同様に重合を行った。
得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は10.7質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は221nmであった。
得られたPTFE水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が約10質量%となるように希釈し、高速撹拌条件下で凝固させた。凝固した湿潤粉末を150℃で18時間乾燥した。得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOHで表される単量体F4.1gとCF2=CF25.2g、APS(単量体Fに対して8.8モル%)を反応器に加え、窒素雰囲気下にて80℃で7時間加熱撹拌し、CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOHで表される単量体FとCF2=CF2の共重合体(重合体F)を含む重合体F水溶液F-1を得た。得られた重合体F水溶液F-1のGPC分析した結果、重合体Fは、Mw0.7万、Mn0.4万あった。
515gの脱イオン水を500gの脱イオン水に変更し、15.28gの重合体E水溶液E-2を27.50gの重合体F水溶液F-2に変更した以外は実施例21と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は20.8質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は200nmであった。
また、実施例21と同様にして、PTFE粉末を得た後、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
515gの脱イオン水を500gの脱イオン水に変更し、15.28gの重合体E水溶液E-2を27.50gの重合体F水溶液F-2に変更し、0.13gのPMVEを0.18gのHFPに変更し、反応で消費したTFE単量体が約70gに達した時点でTFE単量体の供給を止めた以外は実施例2と同様に重合を行った。得られたPTFE水性分散液の固形分濃度は13.8質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は190nmであった。
また、実施例21と同様にして、PTFE粉末を得た後、得られたPTFE粉末の各種物性を測定した。結果を表に示す。
Claims (21)
- 下記一般式(I)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(I)を含む重合体(I)の存在下に、水性媒体中でテトラフルオロエチレン及び変性モノマーを重合することにより変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンを得る重合工程を含むことを特徴とする変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンの製造方法。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。) - 更に、重合開始前、又は、水性媒体中に形成する変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粒子の濃度が5.0質量%以下であるときに、変性モノマーを添加する工程を含む請求項1記載の製造方法。
- 変性モノマーの総量は、得られる変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンに対して0.00001質量%以上である請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- 変性モノマーの総量は、得られる変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンに対して1.0質量%以下である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記変性モノマーは、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、パーフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)及び(パーフルオロアルキル)エチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記変性モノマーは、下記一般式(4):
CXiXk=CXjRa-(CZ1Z2)k-Y3 (4)
(式中、Xi、Xj及びXkは、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;Y3は、親水基であり;Raは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F又はCF3であり、kは0又は1である)で表される化合物である請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の製造方法。 - 重合工程は、更に核形成剤の存在下に、テトラフルオロエチレン及び変性モノマーを重合する請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記核形成剤は、非イオン性界面活性剤である請求項7記載の製造方法。
- 前記変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンは、平均一次粒子径が500nm以下である請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンは、一次粒子のアスペクト比が2.00未満である請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記アニオン性基は、サルフェート基、カルボキシレート基、ホスフェート基、ホスホネート基、スルホネート基又は-C(CF3)2OM(式中、Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウムまたは置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、Hまたは有機基である。)であるアニオン性基である請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンと、
下記一般式(I)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(I)を含む重合体(I)を含むことを特徴とする組成物。
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基または含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。) - 破断強度が10.0N以上である請求項12記載の組成物。
- 応力緩和時間が50秒以上である請求項12または13記載の組成物。
- 押出圧力が10.0以上30.0MPa以下である請求項12~14のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 吸熱ピーク温度が333~347℃の範囲に存在する請求項12~15のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 標準比重が2.250以下である請求項12~16のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記変性ポリテトラフルオロエチレンは、一次粒子のアスペクト比が2.00未満である請求項12~16のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記アニオン性基は、サルフェート基、カルボキシレート基、ホスフェート基、ホスホネート基、スルホネート基又は-C(CF3)2OM(式中、Mは、-H、金属原子、-NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウムまたは置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、Hまたは有機基である。)であるアニオン性基である請求項12~18のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 含フッ素界面活性剤を実質的に含まない請求項12~19のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 粉末である請求項12~20のいずれかに記載の組成物。
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP3885372A4 (en) | 2022-08-17 |
| JPWO2020105651A1 (ja) | 2021-09-27 |
| CN116836340A (zh) | 2023-10-03 |
| US12435213B2 (en) | 2025-10-07 |
| JP7174272B2 (ja) | 2022-11-17 |
| EP3885372A1 (en) | 2021-09-29 |
| US20220002531A1 (en) | 2022-01-06 |
| CN113039213A (zh) | 2021-06-25 |
| CN113039213B (zh) | 2023-07-28 |
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