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WO2020039229A1 - Dissociation photocatalytique de l'eau par combinaison de nano-structures semi-conductrices avec un métal et/ou un alliage métallique fabriqué ou un métal et/ou un alliage métallique de rebut pour générer de l'hydrogène gazeux - Google Patents

Dissociation photocatalytique de l'eau par combinaison de nano-structures semi-conductrices avec un métal et/ou un alliage métallique fabriqué ou un métal et/ou un alliage métallique de rebut pour générer de l'hydrogène gazeux Download PDF

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WO2020039229A1
WO2020039229A1 PCT/IB2018/056265 IB2018056265W WO2020039229A1 WO 2020039229 A1 WO2020039229 A1 WO 2020039229A1 IB 2018056265 W IB2018056265 W IB 2018056265W WO 2020039229 A1 WO2020039229 A1 WO 2020039229A1
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metal
titanium dioxide
beer
metal alloy
different
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Randika KARUNARATHNA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C01B3/042—Decomposition of water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight

Definitions

  • This invention is related to photocatalytic water splitting method by combining semiconductor nano-structures (SNSs) with metal and/or metal alloy to generate hydrogen gas.
  • SNSs semiconductor nano-structures
  • This method of the invention comprises
  • Photon wave and particle like, bundle or packet of energy from the sun of light with sufficient frequency, excites semiconductor nano-structures, it produces a negative charge (electron) and positive charge (hole). Electrons hop to the conduction band (CB) by absorbing the energy of the photons and leaving the holes in the valence band (VB). These exited electrons generated from the photons are called photoelectrons which reduce the hydrogen atoms of water molecules and form hydrogen gas while the positively charge holes oxidize the oxygen atoms of the water molecules to form oxygen gas.
  • CB conduction band
  • VB valence band
  • Metal and/or Metal alloy is the obstacle to the recombination of negatively charge photoelectrons with positively charge holes with respect to the attractive electrical properties of the metal and/or metal alloy which allows transfer the stream of photoelectrons from the semiconductor nano structures to the metal and/or metal alloy. This effect leads and increase the redox reactions by acting metal and/or metal alloy as a best photoelectron acceptor and barrier to the rapid recombination process of photoelectrons and holes in order to increase the yield of hydrogen gas. BACKGROUND ART OF THE INVENTION.
  • the electron can rapidly transfer to the metal/metal alloy and hydrogen generation ensues.
  • the photocatalysts illumination of photon it is subjected to separate positive and negative charge from each other due to the electrical property of the metal and/or metal alloy.
  • one type of charge leaves the semiconductor material and occupy the metal and/or metal alloy and the opposite charge remains in the semiconductor material.
  • this charge separation between the metal and/or metal alloy and semiconductor nanostructures rapid recombination process decrease by increasing the redox reactions, leads to the more yield of hydrogen gas.
  • researchers who are interested about photocatalytic hydrogen generation around the world are attempting to invent low cost, high efficient and environmentally friendly hydrogen generation system and they have enormous disadvantages as below.
  • CdSe-Au and CdSe-Pt nanodumbbells were prepared in international publication number WO 2008/102351 A2 as a photocatalysts and here describes when a photon absorb with sufficient energy by semiconductor region of nanodumbbell it is subjected to separate charge particle.
  • inventors were grown Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) nano rods by using high temperature pyrolysis. In the pyrolysis process they have used suitable precursors with a coordinating solvent containing a mixture of trioctylphosphineoxide and phosphonic acid. And used the AuCl 3 and PtCl 4 as a gold and platinum source.
  • Various methods are account of preparation of semiconductor structures and/or size such as aerosol process, sol gel method, inert gas condensation, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical plating so on.
  • Nagaveni et al. given the comparison description about photocatalytic activity between of size, nanocrystal structures and Degussa P-25 nanoparticles of titanium dioxide by giving precise details to understand the variation of the band gap energy in order to size and nanocrystal structure. They were pursued solution combustion method to develop titanium dioxide nanocrystals.
  • This variation of structures and sizes lead to avoid poor respond of visible light of solar radiation.
  • photocatalytic activity is stiffen to short time of period and it is disadvantage. Rapid recombination is also reduce the life time of photoactivity of this nanostructures.
  • Titanium dioxide ( Ti0 2 ) has considerable properties when compared with other semiconductors such as ZnO, Fe 2 0 3 , W 0 3 , CdS, CdSe and SiC so on.
  • Ti0 2 Is reliable semiconductor able to utilize as photocatalyst because of its high chemical stability, non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, photostability, nontoxicity, abundant, redox efficiency, and cost efficiency.
  • Another photocatalytic water splitting system under visible light performed by preparing mixture of Pt- W0 3 and the Pt-SrTi0 3 (Cr-Ta doped) as photocatalyst in Nal or NaI0 3 aqueous solution by Sayama et al.
  • titanium dioxide utilize by taking the advance of semiconductor properties which have discussed above.
  • nano structures of titanium dioxide was synthesized by following hydrothermal process of P-25 of Ti0 2 .
  • the mixed-phase Ti0 2 nanocomposit was prepared by hydrothermal method by Li et al. This process cannot use industrially due to several chemicals employing and various treatment steps and they were not included water splitting ability of the photocatalyst.
  • titania (Ti0 2 ) nanotubes photocatalyst Another good approach to the synthesis of titania (Ti0 2 ) nanotubes photocatalyst was published by Akilavasan et al. They were used hydrothermal method and performed hydrothermal process on Degussa P25 Ti0 2 nanoparticles. In this experiment they were pursued several treatment steps to achieve the titanium dioxide nanotubes as an ultimate goal and here they were used only one temperature 150 C° (423.15 k) for the hydrothermal process. This hydrothermal method has good potential in order to make titania nanoparticles but above method is too long and it consume the time. In the present invention also use the hydrothermal method to synthesis titanium dioxide nanostructures but with range of temperatures and very short treatment process also pH control is unnecessary.
  • the present invention describes the method to development and utility of photocatalyst which is based on semiconductor and metal and/or metal alloy combination.
  • Photocatalyst absorb the photon of the light, photon with sufficient energy excites the valance electron in order to increase the kinetic energy of the valance electron.
  • This excited electron leave the valance band of the semiconductor due to its high energy and find the suitable quantum state for this energy in order to make nearly free or free electrons which are allowed to produce the stream of electrons in the semiconductor.
  • the energy level(s) which the photoexcited electrons are occupied is known as conduction band (CB).
  • a photocatalyst comprises a titanium dioxide nanostructures and metal and/or metal alloy. Titanium dioxide nanocomposite was synthesized from the simple hydrothermal method by using P25 (Degussa) titanium dioxide nanoparticles as the starting material.
  • Synthesized titanium dioxide nanostructures was mixed with the metal and/or metal alloy of the cleaned beer can by using spraying method or any other suitable methods or by following simple mixing method and ethanol, methanol, water or any other suitable chemicals can be used as a solvent and/or mixing agents.
  • Various particle sizes and structures and/or any other shapes of metal and/or metal alloy of cleaned and/or non cleaned beer cans could be used.
  • Different ratios in any parameters of titanium dioxide nanostructures and metal and/or metal alloy of beer cans able to be used.
  • This photocatalyst can be mix/combined with any other photocatalysts which are exist in the universe in order to make different photocatalysts.
  • Photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst is observed in the single structure and the bulk of the structures. According to the preparation method of photocatalyst, it is absorb the wide range of wave length in the electromagnetic spectrum. The absorption capacity is wider from visible to near infrared region (UV absorption is obvious). The minimum hydrogen volume generating rate of the 3g of catalyst is 1.6874 ml / min.
  • Electrons jump to the conduction band (CB) by absorbing photon energy while holes are remaining in the valance band (VB).
  • Photoexcited electron in the semiconductor material able to donates this electron to any other species which prefer to accept the electron.
  • photoexcited hole reduces by oxidizing any other species that prefer to oxidize. Accordingly, following problems are occur.
  • Titanium dioxide is inexpensive, nontoxic and abundant semiconductor.
  • Ti0 2 is a good promising semiconductor because of its photostability. So in this invention used these properties as advantages for water splitting and/or any kind of oxidation and reduction system.
  • the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which use in hydrothermal process increase the pH of water and/or aqueous media by releasing hydroxyl (OH-) groups, these hydroxyl groups able to come closer and donate the electron(s) to the hole(s). Both two mechanism minimize the rapid recombination of photoexcited electron and hole.
  • the hydroxyl (-OH) groups alter the polarity on titanium dioxide nanostructures which makes the solubility of these nanostructures in a water and/or polar solution.
  • the different nanostructures and sizes lead to absorb various wavelength of incident light to excite more electrons in the semiconductor nanostructures, using the metal and/or metal alloy conductor and hydroxyl groups act as a barrier in order to minimize or stop the rapid recombination of photoelectrons and photoexcited holes.
  • the rate of redox reaction is increase due to above facts.
  • metal and/or metal alloy collect more photoexcited electrons and release the electron(s) for the reduction purpose so the reaction take place even in the dark, metal and/or metal alloy and hydroxyl groups minimized or stop the recombination those ensure the life time and production ability of the photocatalytic system.
  • Metal and/or metal alloy is highly corrosive. Nevertheless, by combining with this non corrosive titanium dioxide nanostructures the metal and/or metal alloy protect from the corrosion and the waste metal and/or metal alloy is resist to the corrosion. So in the sea water the photocatalytic activity ensure with same rate.
  • Waste metal and/or metal alloy made to achieve the non-corrosive property with combining metal complex. So this property is highly regarded in this invention.
  • Photocatalyst able to change the physical property (nanoparticles, microparticles, layers, powder, dust so on) upon the purpose without reducing the rate of redox reaction. So it is easy to handle and transport.
  • the row materials can be used again for the same purpose by following the same preparation methods.
  • Hydroxyl groups alter the polarity on photocatalyst in order to disperse in the water and/or any aqueous solution.
  • Beer cans can find everywhere around the environment, in this invention beer can use as the metal and/or metal alloy source and it is reduce the environmental pollution, cleaning cost and labor hours.
  • Beer cans are non-corrosive so directly able to use beer can as a metal and/or metal alloy without further modification for achieve non-corrosive properties it save the time and cost.
  • Titanium dioxide nanostructures and metal and/or metal alloy of beer cans both are non- corrosive so in any aqueous medium the photocatalyst is being stable and ensure the redox reaction in order to achieve ultimate goal.
  • Any stirring techniques can use to disperse titanium dioxide in the sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.
  • Titanium dioxide and beer cans are abundant then the photocatalyst is reliable and promising for the water splitting or any other purpose which required the property of this photocatalyst.
  • Hydrogen is a green energy generating hydrogen by using waste beer cans accelerate the rate of development of green energy world like a catalyst.
  • this invention is inexpensive, environmentally friendly, stable, wide usability, non-corrosive, time saving, reliable, non-toxic, re-usable, promising so on and very simple water splitting method able to use in vast industrial application.
  • the titanium dioxide nanostructures there is at least one nanostructure combine with the metal and/or metal region which absorb the visible to near infrared region.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanoregion absorbed by a wave length range of 200 nm to 3 mhi.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanoregion absorb the wave length of 380 nm to 1.1 mth.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanoregion absorb the wave length of 380nm to 420 nm.
  • other elemental semiconductors and/or their compositions and/or alloy thereof such as Si, Ge and some elements from the groups V and VI such as P, S, Se, Te etc. and Eu and Mn and binary compound such as GaAs, ZnSe, ZnS, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CdSe, CdS, CdTe, Pbl 2 and MoS 2 and binary compound formed from groups IV and VI elements such as PbS, PbTe, SnS so on and the oxides semiconductors such as CuO, Cu0 2 , Cu 2 0, Si0 2 and La 2 Cu0 4 and alloy thereof such as CdZnSe, CdSeTe, ZnCdSe, SbSI, AgGaS 2 , ZnSiP 2 , As 2 Se 3 and Cd 1-x Mn x Te and mixtures thereof and organic semiconductors such as polyacetylene [(CH 2 ) n ], polydiacetylene [(CH
  • the same nanostructures and different nanocomposite combined with same metal and/or metal alloy and/or different metal and/or metal alloy are discuss herein as a nanoregion absorbed the photon energy and excite the electron to ensure the photocatalytic activity.
  • At least one grain of metal and/or metal alloy is combined with at least one titanium dioxide nanoregion. In some other embodiments, at least two grains of metal and/or metal alloy are combined with at least one titanium dioxide nanoregion.
  • the metal and/or metal alloy can be produce my mixing different composition/ratios of the metal which used in to production of beer cans.
  • the metal and/or metal alloy can be made by using different combination and/or different ratios of Al, Mg, Mn, Cu, Si, Fe, Zn, Ga, V , Ti and alloy thereof.
  • the metal and/or metal alloy can be made by combining with above metal and/or different composition of above metal by mixing with different metal and/or metal alloy composition and/or any suitable element(s).
  • the metal and/or metal alloy can be made by combining different metal such as Pt, Mo, Ru, Rh, W, Ag, Au, Zn, Hg, Cn, In, Tl, Nh, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Me, Po, Fl, Lv, As, Ts, Hf, Rf, Ba, Cs, Fr, Rb, Se, I, Te, Os, Hs, Bh, Db, Ta, Ir, Re, Na, Li, element in lanthanide series and actinide series etc. and/or metal alloy thereof and any suitable element(s) and alloy thereof with metal and/or metal alloy of beer cans and/or red bull cans or any other waste metal and/or metal alloy.
  • different metal such as Pt, Mo, Ru, Rh, W, Ag, Au, Zn, Hg, Cn, In, Tl, Nh, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Me, Po, Fl, Lv, As, Ts, Hf, Rf, Ba, Cs
  • any transition metal and or any metal and alloy thereof and there are non-limiting instances of semiconductors and mixtures thereof and metal and metal alloy and mixtures thereof could be investigate with the present photocatalyst and there are various non-limited processing techniques and methods to fabrication of this photocatalyst and mixtures thereof such as chemical vapor deposition method, hydrothermal methods, ion implantation method, Czochralski Method, Birdman Method, Metal-Organic chemical vapor deposition, Molecular beam epitaxy and Liquid phase epitaxy, spraying methods, sintering methods/techniques, cooling methods/techniques so on.
  • processing techniques and methods to fabrication of this photocatalyst and mixtures thereof such as chemical vapor deposition method, hydrothermal methods, ion implantation method, Czochralski Method, Birdman Method, Metal-Organic chemical vapor deposition, Molecular beam epitaxy and Liquid phase epitaxy, spraying methods, sintering methods/techniques, cooling methods/techniques so on.
  • the temperature 100 °C to 170 °C or above 170 °C and time 6 hours to 72 hours or above 72 hours, different temperature and different time combination thereof for the hydrothermal process are different temperature and different time combination thereof for the hydrothermal process.
  • same temperature with different time combinations for the hydrothermal process same temperature with different time combinations for the hydrothermal process.
  • different amount of Degussa P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles dispersed in the different concentrations of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution above 10 M or below 10 M.
  • the various composition of titanium dioxide nanostructures can be obtain by applying different temperature and time combinations and different volume of Teflon lined autoclave for the hydrothermal method.
  • the metal and/or metal alloy can select from the waste such as beer cans, red bull cans and/or any other cans which made by beer can composition and/or red bull can composition and/or any other suitable metal and/or metal alloy and/or metal and/or metal alloy sheets of beer cans and/or red bull can or any other suitable metal and/or metal alloy and/or mixture thereof.
  • Metal and/or Metal alloy is accept the electron and make the electron rich surface and act as a barrier to the rapid recombination process of electron and hole. This phenomenon ensure the life time of oxidative and reductive reactions in order to splitting water to oxygen and hydrogen. So the combining with low cost metal and/or metal alloy with this synthesized semiconductor facilitate the utilization of the present invention in industrial purpose.
  • Fig. 1 shows the gas chromatography data of hydrogen generation volume in milliliter of 30 ml of water and 3 g of photocatalyst at the room temperature.
  • Fig. 2 shows the gas chromatography data of the hydrogen generation volume in milliliter of 30 ml of water and 3g of photocatalyst at the room temperature, after seventeen hours and ten minutes from the end point value of time axis of the Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 shows the gas chromatography data of the hydrogen generation volume in milliliter of 30 ml of water and 3g of photocatalyst at the room temperature, after twenty three hours from the end point value of time axis of the Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 4 shows the hydrogen generation in micromole of 30 ml of water and 3 g of photocatalyst at the room temperature.
  • Fig. 5 shows the hydrogen generation in micromole of 30 ml of water and 3 g of photocatalyst at the room temperature, after seventeen hours and ten minutes from the end point value of time axis of the Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 6 shows the hydrogen generation in micromole of 30 ml of water and 3 g of photocatalyst at the room temperature, after twenty three hours from the end point value of time axis of the Fig. 5.
  • P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used as a titanium dioxide source in order to synthesis of titanium dioxide nanostructures as a semiconductor material.
  • 4 g and 6 g (or different amount ) of P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles were dispersed in 21 ml and 31.5 ml of 10 M (or above 10 M) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution by using magnetic stirrer for about 30 minutes respectively. After 30 minutes (or > 5 minutes), the mixtures were transferred into Teflon lined autoclave with capacity 28 ml and 42 ml respectively. After that, Teflon autoclaves were kept at 170 °C for 24 hours in a furnace. Then, after the hydrothermal process the product was ready for the combine with waste metal and/or metal alloy without further treatments.
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • any kind of beer cans as a waste metal and/or metal alloy (and/or red bull can or any other suitable waste metal and/or metal alloy) and beer cans were cleaned by using sand paper and/or suitable chemical or method.
  • Synthesized titanium dioxide nanocomposite ( ⁇ 4g wet) was dispersed in approximately 40 ml of ethanol by using magnetic stirrer for about 5 minutes and it was transferred into a solution container of spray gun. This nanocomposite was sprayed by using air compressor onto the both sides of cleaned beer can and obtained a thin layer of titanium dioxide nanocomposite on the clean beer can. After that, it was kept at 420 °C for 3 hours in an oven.
  • the synthesized titanium dioxide nanocomposite was mixed with various size of cleaned beer can such as nanoparticle, microparticle, powder, dust, small pieces so on and mixture thereof. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and various states of beer can were mixed in different ratios in weight such as, Ti0 2 nanoparticle: beer can particle, 1 : 1, 2: 1, 1:2 and 3: 1 so on. Mixtures were sintered to the same temperature and time in an oven as above. After, photocatalytic activity was performed.
  • Sodium hydroxide concentration equal or higher than 10 M (> 10 M) is more preferred for the hydrothermal process.
  • temperature and time combinations were performed in an oven. Temperature from 412 °C to 450 °C and from 1 to 5 hour(s) any combination is more preferred for the oven.
  • nanostructures or“nanocomposite” used because of there may be various structures and sizes such as nano rods, nanosheets, nanocylinders so on.
  • the synthesized nanocomposite there may be a various type of structures and sizes, absorb the different wavelength of light.
  • Hydroxyl groups alter the polarity on the nanostructures in order to dissolve in water and/or aqueous media.
  • Hydroxyl groups increase the pH of media, travel to the nanostructure and oxidize and minimize the rapid recombination, Increase the redox reaction. Hydrogen production ensure.
  • Beer cans used as waste metal and/or metal alloy reduce the environmental pollution and reduce the cost and time and increase the efficiency of the hydrogen production.
  • Corrosion resistance is another benefit of the beer can.
  • Beer can, metal and/or metal alloy collect the photoelectron and donate to the hydrogen atom to reduce to hydrogen molecule.
  • Photoexcited electron occupy the metal and/or metal alloy of beer can by leaving the titania nanostructure and reduce the recombination process and increase the redox reaction.
  • the redox reactions ensure in the dark due to collection of photoexcited electrons in the metal and/or metal alloy of beer can.
  • Metal and/or metal alloy can be made by mixing the different ratio of element which in beer can.
  • the catalytic activity of synthesized photocatalyst was studied in room temperature and dark.
  • the gas chromatography was carried out and the hydrogen production of 3g of photocatalyst in 30 ml of distilled water and the ratio of Ti0 2 nanostructures to beer can particles were 2: 1 and hydrogen generation rate is 1.6874 ml / min
  • the photocatalyst has wide range of industrial applications due to its chemical, physical and other properties such as high chemical stability, non-corrosive, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, extensive life span, non-toxic, reaction efficiency, low synthesis process, high solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency, easy to handle, easy transportation and simple so on. According to the beautiful properties of the photocatalyst it is a reliable and promising source for the photo-oxidation and photo-reduction or photocatalytic applications and also light induce charge separation such as electrochemical and photovoltaic cell.
  • the present invention has great potential for the photocatalytic water splitting to generate hydrogen gas as an energy carrier for all kind of energy requirement.
  • photocatalyst absorb the photon energy and split the water molecule in to the hydrogen and oxygen by using reduction and oxidation half reaction known as redox reaction. So the ultimate product of this invention solve the big problem of the world by releasing the hydrogen molecules as an energy carrier. So as an energy carrier hydrogen gas employ enormous industrial applications are discuss herein below.
  • Fossil fuel which used in combustion engine can replace by hydrogen gas to do the same thing but in high efficiency and hydrogen release more energy than fossil fuel (petrol, diesel etc.) and the product is the pure water of this reaction. No harmful gases.
  • Hydrogen fuel cell convert the hydrogen molecule in to the protons and release the electrons to produce the electric current for any purpose which can utilized electric current. Protons are travel through the proton exchange membrane and react with oxygen in order to make the water molecule. Hydrogen fuel cell can use for the electrical vehicle and can connect to the electrical grid for the electricity.
  • Combustion energy of hydrogen can use as a heat energy to produce the energy to water for make the steam for a steam power plant.

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Abstract

Il existe divers types de sources d'énergie sur la terre. Certaines énergies sont dérivées des ressources telles que le soleil et le vent qui peuvent facilement être reconstituées, ces énergies étant connues sous le nom d'énergies renouvelables. Les ressources non renouvelables sont des sources d'énergie telles que le pétrole, le gaz naturel, le charbon et l'énergie nucléaire qui prennent des millions d'années à se former. Elles ne peuvent pas être recréées sur une courte période de temps. Le vent, le feu, l'eau (hydroélectricité), l'énergie géothermique, la marine (océan) et la puissance bioénergétique sont des exemples de sources d'énergie renouvelables. Il existe un risque de sources d'énergie non renouvelables et divers inconvénients sont pris en compte. La demande d'énergie ne diminue pas. Des sources d'énergie renouvelables respectueuses de l'environnement, peu coûteuses et efficaces sont les plus importantes pour le monde vert. La méthode de dissociation photocatalytique de l'eau de l'invention se présente comme une approche nouvelle et compétente pour générer de l'hydrogène comme vecteur d'énergie en tant qu'énergie de premier plan dans le monde vert. Les nanoparticules Degussa P25 sont dispersées dans la solution aqueuse d'hydroxyde de sodium (≥ 10 M) et le procédé hydrothermique a été réalisé dans la gamme de combinaisons de température et de temps et le dioxyde de titane synthétisé a été pulvérisé sur la canette de bière nettoyée et/ou mélangé avec les diverses tailles de métal et/ou d'alliage métallique de canette de bière, et un mélange correspondant et un procédé de frittage a été réalisé dans les diverses combinaisons de température et de temps. L'activité photocatalytique a été réalisée à température ambiante ainsi que dans l'obscurité. La génération d'hydrogène a été mesurée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (GC) et d'autres caractérisations ont été réalisées par spectroscopie UV-VIS, XRD et MEB. Le résultat de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse montre l'efficacité de la génération d'hydrogène photocatalytique et le taux de génération d'hydrogène peut être contrôlé en changeant les divers paramètres du catalyseur ainsi que les conditions de traitement.
PCT/IB2018/056265 2018-08-20 2018-08-20 Dissociation photocatalytique de l'eau par combinaison de nano-structures semi-conductrices avec un métal et/ou un alliage métallique fabriqué ou un métal et/ou un alliage métallique de rebut pour générer de l'hydrogène gazeux Ceased WO2020039229A1 (fr)

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PCT/IB2018/056265 WO2020039229A1 (fr) 2018-08-20 2018-08-20 Dissociation photocatalytique de l'eau par combinaison de nano-structures semi-conductrices avec un métal et/ou un alliage métallique fabriqué ou un métal et/ou un alliage métallique de rebut pour générer de l'hydrogène gazeux

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