WO2020009606A1 - Method for reducing compaction of the soil during agricultural operations and agricultural unit for carrying out said method - Google Patents

Abstract

The group of inventions relates to the field of agricultural production. A method for reducing compaction of the soil during agricultural operations and an agricultural unit for carrying out said method comprise the use of a self-propelled power-operated vehicle which is capable of functioning on tyres having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of less than 60 kPa and with an attached or trailing item of equipment, and also with the use of a control system with an autopilot without a driver or remote control system. The control system can be equipped with a computer, the memory of which stores a map or maps of fields being cultivated. The trailing item of equipment is used only on tyres having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of less than 60 kPa. A ratio of the weight of a load-bearing heavy-duty structure of the power-operated vehicle together with a propulsion unit to the weight of the system for control of said vehicle is formed by the relationship 6≤Р1/Р2≤400, where P1 is the weight of the load-bearing heavy-duty structure without a cab, without systems for protecting a driver and providing comfort necessities for said driver, and without control levers, sensors and visual monitoring systems, and P2 is the weight of the controlling system without actuators. The negative action of an item of agricultural equipment on the soil is reduced, as is compaction of the soil.

Description

 5

. A method of reducing soil compaction during agricultural work, and an agricultural complex for its implementation. The invention relates to agricultural production, namely to the production of sowing agricultural (s / x) crops.

 Recently, one of the problems of obtaining a high and high-quality crop yield of agricultural crops is not only the problem of their timely sowing, moisture retention in the soil, weed control, but also the preservation and restoration of the natural soil fertility.

 It is known that at first the productivity of virgin and fallow lands was much higher than the same lands in subsequent years. This also happens due to the negative impact of agricultural production technology on its natural fertility, including due to soil compaction. According to 20 existing technologies for growing crops, the number of operations (machine passes) in one field varies from 10-15 to 20-25 times. As a result of this, the compaction area exceeds 2-3 times the area of the field. For example, the area of compaction of 1 ha during the cultivation of winter wheat is 22-26 thousand m2. Only in the spring during three operations up to 84-91% 25 of the field’s area is covered by passages of machine-tractor units.

Soil compaction negatively affects the water-physical properties. Porosity, water filtration, aeration are reduced, and conditions for the development of the plant root system are sharply worsened. As a result, crop yields are reduced by 10-30%. The experiments of the Institute of Agriculture and the Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of the UAAS (1982-1985) showed a decrease yield with a three-time pass of the tractor: grain of winter wheat by 4-18%, oats - 2-13, green mass of corn - by 4-14%. Sod-podzolic sandy loamy soil less resistant to machine compaction. The shortage of barley grain due to re-compaction of these soils was 2.1–5.6 kg / ha (9–24%), and 1.7–4.6 kg / ha (4–12%) on chernozems (Chernigov Experimental Station). Compaction of soil agricultural machines in technological processes increases by 10-17% traction resistance and reduces the productivity of aggregates by 8-12%, affects the quality of processing as a whole (Malienko A.M., Kolomiyets M.V.).

 A known method of production of crops, including loosening the soil, forming a comb profile of the soil, sowing the seed by laying and pressing it, followed by mulching (see RF patent J 22378815 class IPC A01C7 / 00 of 04.17.2008).

 A known method of production of crops, including the operation of autumn and spring loosening of the soil, sowing seeds in the cultivated soil and compaction of the sowing furrow (see "Technology and technical means for strip sowing ^ grass seed in sod." Recommendations NIISH North-East named after N.V. .Rudnitsky - Kirov, 2000 - 58c - prototype).

 A common disadvantage of the known methods are the low efficiency of agricultural technology, because even the performance of work on physically mature soils with existing traditional agricultural machinery and equipment with traditional energy and technological means leads to a significant compaction of the soil, which negatively affects its fertility and productivity, both sown crops and crops of the future agricultural period.

 Aggregates are known (see RF patent N <> 2227966 dated 05/10/2004; or RF patent JV "2297126 dated 04/20/2007, IPC A01B49 \ 06)

A common disadvantage of the known devices are high mass and size characteristics, and as a result, a significant compaction of the treated soil by them. Known c \ x unit (see RF patent N ° 2594532 from 04/23/2013., IPC A01B49 \ 06 - prototype). In this unit, a Bars-271 type device is used as an energy-technological means, capable of operating on tires of ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa and with a pressure of 5 soils less than bOkPa.

 However, the known device controlled by the operator located in it with its comfortable life support system also has sufficiently high mass characteristics, which increases the specific pressure on the soil and, to some extent, leads to its compaction

w The objective of the invention is to reduce the negative impact of agricultural technology and agricultural equipment used for its implementation on the soil, reduce soil compaction down to its natural density of uncultivated soil (meadow soil density, forest edge, etc.).

 15 The problem is solved in that in the known method of reducing soil compaction during agricultural (s / x) work based on reducing specific pressure on the soil through the use of s / x complex with a self-propelled energy - technological tool that can operate on ultra-low pressure tires 5 - BOKPA with a pressure of 20 soil less than BOKPA and mounted or trailed equipment, according to the invention, in a self-propelled energy - technological tool use its control system with an autopilot without water of Tell or remote control system, wherein the primary structure of the carrier weight ratio Energy - process means 25 with driving force, the weight of its associated ratio control system 6 <P1 / P2 <400, wherein:

P1-. the weight of the load-bearing power structure without a cab, without protection systems for comfortable life support for the driver, control levers, sensors and visual control systems, P2 is the weight of the control system without the executive bodies, in addition, trailed equipment is used only on ultra-low pressure tires 5-60 kPa with ground pressure less than bOKPa, and the towed equipment is driven by an additional internal combustion engine, which is located on the equipment frame or energy-technological means and which is equipped with a speed and torque control device, an output shaft which, kinematically associated with \ x equipment.

 In addition, before starting the work of the energy - technological means, a marker track is performed on the field.

 The proposed method is implemented using an agricultural complex containing self-propelled energy-technological means capable of operating on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa with ground pressure less than bOKPa, in which, according to the invention, the self-propelled energy-technological means is equipped with a control system with autopilot without a driver or a remote control system, moreover, the ratio of the weight of the supporting power structure together with the mover to the weight of the control system is connected ootnosheniem 6 <P1 / P2 <400, where:

 P1-. weight of the load-bearing power structure (without cab, without protection systems and comfortable life support for the driver, control levers, sensors and visual control systems).

 P2 - weight of the control system (without executive bodies),

and the trailed equipment is used on tires of ultra-low pressure of 5 bOKPa with ground pressure less than bOKPa, in addition, the control system is equipped with a computer in whose memory a map or maps of the processed fields are stored, and the trailed equipment is driven by an additional internal combustion engine, which is located on a frame with agricultural equipment or energy - technological means and which is equipped with a device for adjusting the speed and torque, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected with agricultural equipment. The indicated set of features exhibits new properties, namely, due to their use, there is a significant reduction in the negative impact of agricultural technology on the soil and the agricultural equipment used for its implementation, reduction of soil compaction 5 occurs up to its natural density (uncultivated soil) .

The principal effect is that if the soil compaction technique does not work on the field at all, then in a few years the soil will acquire its natural density, comfortable for all types of necessary bacteria and other living creatures to exist in it, which will lead to the restoration of its ecosystem and increase fertility.

 Thus, the proposed set of features exhibits new properties, namely, due to their use, soil compaction is significantly reduced, down to natural, which in general leads to an increase in the efficiency of agricultural work, an increase in yield with a decrease in the amount of chemicals introduced, and an increase in environmental friendliness .

 Therefore, the present invention meets the criteria of "Novelty" and "Inventive step".

 20 In FIG. 1 schematically shows the proposed technical solutions for implementing the proposed method, where:

1 self-propelled energy vehicle on tires in excess of low 25 pressure,

 2 tires over low pressure,

 3 trailer equipment on tires over low pressure (cutter),

 4 additional engine

5 device for adjusting the frequency of revolutions and torque, zo 6 output shaft 7 milling cutter

C \ x complex for implementing the method according to claim 1, contains a self-propelled energy - technological tool 1, capable of functioning on 5 tires 2 ultra-low pressure 5-60kPa with ground pressure less than bOkPa. Self-propelled energy - technological tool 1 is equipped with a control system with autopilot without a driver or a remote control system, and the ratio of the weight of the load-bearing power structure together with the propulsion to the weight of the control system is connected by the ratio 6 <P1 / P2 <w 400, where:

 P1-. weight of the load-bearing power structure (without cab, without protection systems and comfortable life support for the driver, control levers, sensors and visual control systems).

 P2 - weight of the control system (without executive bodies),

 15 and on trailed equipment 3, ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa with ground pressure less than bOKPa are used, in addition, the control system is equipped with a computer in whose memory a map or maps of the processed fields are stored. The towing equipment 3 is driven by an additional internal combustion engine 4,

20 located on its frame and which is equipped with a device for adjusting the speed and torque 5, the output shaft 6 of which is kinematically connected with the equipment. Testing of the proposed method was carried out in NPF Belagrospetsmash, which is a developer and manufacturer of agricultural equipment on ultra-low pressure tires. NPF 25 “Belagrospetsmash” is seriously engaged in research, both technology itself and agricultural technologies based on it.

In the agricultural season of 2017 The following tests were conducted on the NPF's own experimental field. The field was divided into two sections. On one s \ x the work was carried out in the traditional way and traditional s \ x3 equipment, and on the other according to the invention. Was measured soil density on the field (1.6 g / cm3) and on its uncultivated outskirts near the forest belt (1.15 g / cm3).

 Bean culture - lupine was chosen as the test culture. In the spring, after the snow cover disappeared and the beginnings of the formation of the roots of the root 5 weed system began, with an absolute soil moisture of about 65%, an operation of surface loosening of the soil and removal of the weed buds was carried out. For this operation, a self-propelled energy and technology tool was used that can operate on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa and with ground pressure less than bOkPa UTES-271 Bars W manufactured by Belagrospetsmash NPF, which was aggregated by a milling cutter (also Belagrospetsmash NPF's own design) on ultra-low pressure tires, functioning, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, with the possibility of adjusting the width of the processing. (When transferring the cutter to the transport position, including during the turn, the tire pressure inside 15 changes from 5 to 55 kPa, the contact spot increases, and soil compaction does not increase.)

 The serial UTES-271 “Bars” was finalized, namely: an option was implemented with a control system with autopilot without a driver. (The imported autopilot 20 autopilot system with a GPS navigator was used as a control device. An agricultural complex with a remote control system (in the sense of reducing soil compaction) works in a similar way).

This experimental version of UTES-271 “Bars” was performed without a cab, without protection systems and comfortable life support for the driver, without 25 control levers, sensors and visual control systems, i.e. the ratio of the weight of the load-bearing power structure together with the mover to the weight of the control system was fulfilled satisfying the ratio: 6 <P1 / P2 <400, where: PI is the weight of the load-bearing power structure (without a cab, without protection systems and comfortable life support for the driver, control levers, sensors and visual control systems).

 P2 - weight of the control system (without executive bodies),

 5 which significantly, approximately 19% reduced the total weight of UTES-271 Bars, and, consequently, the specific pressure on the soil, thereby reducing its compaction to a minimum. An engine equipped with a speed and torque control device was installed on the cutter frame 3, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected with the equipment (cutter 7). This arrangement of the engine more evenly distributed its weight throughout the complex, and reduced local specific pressure on the soil.

 As a result of the agricultural operation, all weeds that began to grow were destroyed, due to the use of a transport and technological complex, which includes a self-propelled transport and energy tool on tires with ultra-low pressure, which functions, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, that exert pressure of the soil is less than bOCP, of aggregated equipment on tires over low pressure, functioning, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting pressure on the soil less than bOCP, at which stage 20 There was no significant compaction of the soil, despite the very high soil moisture.

The next operation to implement the inventive method was sowing, which was carried out when the soil temperature warmed up to the minimum value for this crop. For sowing, a self-propelled 25 energy-technological tool was also used, capable of functioning on tires of ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa and with a ground pressure of less than bOkPa. and as a seeder - a Lyubava seeder (developed and manufactured by Belagrospetsmash NPF on super-low pressure tires, which functions, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting less than 60 kP pressure on the soil). Soil moisture during sowing was very high, about 70%. Also it was raining heavily. However, due to the use of the proposed complex and the ability to function at high humidity with minimal soil compaction effect, productivity increased due to increased speed (moisture became lubricant, soil density decreased, and the negative impact of friction on the coulters decreased). Due to the practically absent (in comparison with traditional technology) soil compaction, and sowing in waterlogged soil, the lupine shoots were strong and friendly (you’ll be a prince in the mud, the Russian proverb says).

The next operation to implement the claimed method was operation y "harrowing on seedlings" because after seedlings of lupine, weeds of the second wave began to sprout. For this operation, UTES-271 Bars was also used by Belagrospetsmash NPF, which was aggregated with a harrow (also developed by Belagrospetsmash NPF) on tires with ultra-low pressure, functioning, including at pressures from 5 to 15 60 kPa exerting less than bOCP pressure on the soil.

 This operation was repeated twice more during the agricultural season - to destroy the third and fourth wave weeds. Despite the fact that it was carried out on germination, but due to low pressure on the soil, the plants were damaged slightly and quickly recovered.

20 The final step in the implementation of the proposed technology was cleaning. However, due to the fact that currently there are no commercially available harvesting units based on self-propelled vehicles and energy vehicles on ultra-low pressure tires, which function, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting pressure on the soil of less than bOkP, and 25 Since the prototypes are not able to work on the field with a full load, the main part of the crop was harvested by traditional harvesting equipment with a pressure on the soil more than bOKPa. Harvesting was carried out at an absolute soil moisture of 22%, which allowed minimizing the harmful effects on the soil, i.e. its compaction, (because at such humidity the soil is quite hard and does not perceive the pressure so sensitively). The main result, to which the proposed invention was directed, was a decrease in its compaction due to exposure to agricultural technology and agricultural devices, for its implementation. (The soil density of the experimental field was 1.25 g / cm3.)

 5 As a result of the work on the use of the invention, a serious economic effect was obtained, namely, the cost of the products obtained on the experimental field was more than two times lower than on the neighboring, cultivated in the traditional way and traditional equipment.

In addition, as a result of the technical result, it became:

-Reducing the loss of spring moisture reserves in the soil (since the work was carried out at a time when the absolute soil moisture was more than 2% higher than the upper limit of the humidity of the physical ripeness of the soil and most of its 15 remains in the soil),

 -optimization of the sowing time (since the work was carried out at a time when the absolute humidity was more than 2% higher than the upper limit of the moisture content of the physical ripeness of the soil, i.e. at that time when it was optimal for agricultural indicators),

 20 - obtaining energetically strong seedlings (due to the optimal period of sowing and seedlings of crops with high soil moisture),

 -shifting the range of sowing work dates to an earlier period (since the work was carried out at a time when the absolute soil moisture was more than 2% higher than the upper limit of the moisture content of the physical maturity of the soil),

25 -increasing the environmental friendliness of agricultural production, and, consequently, the production of sown crops (which is the result of a general decrease in the use of herbicides and mineral fertilizers for this method with increased yield of sown crops. In this experiment, no chemicals were used at all). -increasing the speed of sowing work (which contributes to weaker soil resistance to the working elements of the complex, due to more liquid soil),

 -increase in the period of vegetative development of crops (which is facilitated by earlier agricultural work),

 -decrease in specific fuel consumption (due to increased speeds carrying out agricultural work and weaker soil resistance to the working elements of the complex),

 -reducing the weight and size characteristics of the sowing complex (the possibility appears due to reduced loads on the elements of the complex),

- reduction of the negative effect of the soil on the elements of the complex (due to more liquid soil, the soil has a weaker effect on the elements of the complex). Due to the decrease in the total total specific pressure on the soil, when using the proposed invention, the soil is compacted much less and its density values are close to natural (as on an untreated site). The results of soil analysis showed that its structure became ideal for sowing on it in the next s / x period of sugar beets.

Claims

Claim 1. A method of reducing soil compaction during agricultural (s / x) 5 operations based on reducing specific pressure on the soil through the use of a / s complex with a self-propelled energy - technological tool that can operate on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-bOKPa with less than ground pressure BOKPA and mounted or trailed equipment, characterized in that in a self-propelled energy technological means they use a control system with autopilot without a driver or a remote control system, except Secondly, trailed equipment is used only on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa with ground pressure less than bOKPa, and the ratio of the weight of the load-bearing power structure to the energy-technological means together with the mover, 15 to the weight of its control system is connected by the ratio 6 <P1 / P2 <400, Where:  P1-. the weight of the load-bearing power structure without a cab, without protection systems for a comfortable life support for the driver, control levers, sensors and visual control systems,  P2 is the weight of the control system without executive bodies.  20  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the towed equipment is driven by an additional internal combustion engine, which is located on the frame of the equipment or energy - technological means and which is equipped with a speed control device and 25 torque, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected with \ x equipment. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that before starting the work of the energy - technological means on the field perform marker zo track. 4. An agricultural complex for implementing the method according to claim 1, comprising a self-propelled energy and technological tool capable of functioning on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa with a pressure of 5 soil less than bOKPa, characterized in that the self-propelled energy - technological tool is equipped with a control system with autopilot without a driver, and the ratio of the weight of the load-bearing power structure together with the propulsion to the weight of the control system is connected by the ratio 6 <P1 / P2 < 400, where: yu P1-. weight of the load-bearing power structure (without cab, without protection systems and comfortable life support for the driver, control levers, sensors and visual control systems).  P2 - weight of the control system (without executive bodies),  and towing equipment is only used on ultra-low tires 15 pressures of 5-60 kPa with ground pressure less than bOKPa, in addition, the control system is equipped with a computer in whose memory a map or maps of the processed fields are stored.  5. The agricultural complex according to claim 4, characterized in that the towing equipment is driven by an additional engine 20 internal combustion, which is located on the frame with agricultural equipment or energy - technological means and which is equipped with a speed control device: i torque, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected with the agricultural equipment. 25 zo