WO2019121327A1 - Stator tooth and stator having good electrical insulation and, at the same time, very high thermal conductivity for increasing the performance of electric motors - Google Patents
Stator tooth and stator having good electrical insulation and, at the same time, very high thermal conductivity for increasing the performance of electric motors Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019121327A1 WO2019121327A1 PCT/EP2018/084778 EP2018084778W WO2019121327A1 WO 2019121327 A1 WO2019121327 A1 WO 2019121327A1 EP 2018084778 W EP2018084778 W EP 2018084778W WO 2019121327 A1 WO2019121327 A1 WO 2019121327A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- stator
- heat
- winding
- electrical insulation
- thermal conductivity
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/46—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
- H02K3/52—Fastening salient pole windings or connections thereto
- H02K3/521—Fastening salient pole windings or connections thereto applicable to stators only
- H02K3/522—Fastening salient pole windings or connections thereto applicable to stators only for generally annular cores with salient poles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/32—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation
- H02K3/34—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation between conductors or between conductor and core, e.g. slot insulation
- H02K3/345—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation between conductors or between conductor and core, e.g. slot insulation between conductor and core, e.g. slot insulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K2203/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the windings
- H02K2203/12—Machines characterised by the bobbins for supporting the windings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
- H02K2213/03—Machines characterised by numerical values, ranges, mathematical expressions or similar information
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a stator tooth for a stator of a rotating field machine according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Known induction machines or electric motors are generally designed as per-inner-respiratory motors or external-rotor motors. These are increasingly being used as the electric drive motor of two-wheeled vehicles, passenger cars, trucks, as well as propulsion-driven propulsion systems in the maritime sector and aviation.
- Efficiency is the primary design factor, in particular for vehicles, ships and, more recently, electric aircraft powered by batteries or Li-ion batteries, since the efficiency primarily determines the size of the battery and thus the overall costs.
- the costs of the electric motor must also be taken into account, so that a cost-efficient use of various materials is necessary and relevant.
- the power density In the aviation sector, in particular in the case of electrically driven aircraft, the power density must be taken into account in addition to the efficiency, which is why the use of permanent magnets is generally preferred.
- single tooth technique as well as winding of single or double teeth is favored.
- the exciter coil can be wound precisely, which increases the degree of copper filling in electric motors.
- winding technology with a bending stator as described in EP0815860, is also used.
- materials with high temperature resistance in particular permanent magnets with high remanence and at the same time high coercive force H Cj, are increasingly being used. This high temperature resistance leads to very high costs, since, for example, such permanent magnets have a high proportion of dysprosium.
- stator laminations with very low losses (sheet thickness 0, 1-0.2 mm) or high degree of saturation (eg Co-iron sheets) are very expensive.
- a double rotor with a very complex water cooling is realized.
- the cooling channels are realized in a thermoset injection molding process and run between the excitation coils from the housing to the winding head and deflected at the winding head.
- Such a cooling is extremely cost-intensive and also not optimal, since winding space for copper coils is lost.
- thermoset material can be used to improve the heat transfer from the winding head of the exciter coils to the housing.
- thermoset injection molding primarily the strength must be taken into account, and thus, in the selection of the material, it is not only possible to emphasize the heat conduction properties.
- the process with a material with simultaneously high strength and high thermal conductivity is very cost-intensive, since the complete stator only obtains its final stability and thermal conductivity in the Duroplastvergussclar.
- the stator teeth must be fixed very solid during the casting process, as the thermoset injection molding process is performed with high injection pressures.
- a high material input with very expensive fillers heat conductor, for example, boron nitride, strength-improving materials, such as carbon fiber or glass fiber
- the concept of the double-rotor motor allows thermal conduction only in one direction, as a matter of principle.
- this isolation technique is primarily used to improve the degree of copper filling of the electric motors.
- An improved cooling performance does not result because usually the coil is not applied to the Kapton film and thus a certain air gap between the hot coil and the heat dissipation Kapton film and the exciting coil is due to the lack of precision in the winding technique.
- the object of the invention is to improve the heat dissipation of the windings on the stator tooth or stator.
- stator tooth according to claim 1 and a stator according to claim 11.
- Advantageous embodiments of the stator tooth or stator result from the features of the subclaims.
- the invention is based on the idea of improving the heat dissipation from the windings via the stator teeth or teeth.
- the necessary electrical insulation is made of a material with a high electrical breakdown strength, wherein at the same time the insulation has, wholly or in places, a high thermal conductivity, in particular greater than 1 W / mK, particularly preferably greater than 5 W / mK.
- the electrical insulation may be formed in one or more parts, wherein at least a portion or region of the insulation or the entire insulation has a heat conductivity of greater than 1 W / mK, preferably greater than 5 W / mK.
- the stator tooth has a pole shoe and a pole core and in each case has two longitudinal and end sides, wherein in particular the pole core is completely or partially covered or sheathed by the electrical insulation, which serves to electrically insulate the winding with respect to the stator tooth.
- the electrical insulation can have two or more insulating bodies each encompassing an end face of one or more stator teeth. These can advantageously on their winding-facing outer grooves for guiding the coil wires of Have winding (s).
- This insulating body can be pushed in the axial direction of the stator tooth or stator.
- the insulating body are molded onto the stator tooth or stator. They can be formed from a thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic.
- the electrical insulation is formed by a potting compound, which is applied by means of an injection molding process to the stator tooth or all stator teeth of the stator simultaneously.
- This potting compound can be formed from a thermoplastic or duroplastic. If, apart from the potting compound, no further measures for increasing the thermal conductivity of the insulation are provided, the potting compound is formed by a thermoset having a thermal conductivity of greater than 1 W / mK, preferably greater than 5 W / mK.
- At least one, in particular solid and dimensionally stable, heat-conducting element in particular in the form of a plate, abut against at least one longitudinal side of one or all of the pole cores in the two embodiments described above.
- Each heat-conducting element can be inserted in a recess of the electrical insulation provided for this purpose, in particular a window-like recess, which is formed by pushed-on insulating bodies or an injection molding compound.
- the heat-conducting element can advantageously have a thermal conductivity of greater than 5 W / mK.
- the heat-conducting elements are arranged in the axial direction between two insulating bodies, which are each injected in the axial direction on the end faces of the stator tooth or stator sprayed onto the end faces.
- the insulating bodies can extend axially along the heat-conducting element to form a window for accommodating the heat-conducting element, such that the two touch each other on opposite end faces.
- at least the heat-conducting element has a thermal conductivity of greater than 5 W / mK.
- the heat-conducting elements are advantageously applied directly to as large a part as possible of the side surface or the entire longitudinal side of the pole core and can be made of ceramic or ceramic-based.
- the heat-conducting element can have a greater thickness than the adjacent wall region of the insulating body or the insulation, so that it is ensured that the heat-conducting element is in good contact with the coil wires of the winding (s).
- the side of the heat-conducting element facing the winding is adapted to the contour of the winding, e.g. in cross-section concave or convex and / or provided with grooves, is formed, so that as far as possible all outside coil wires of the adjacent winding (s) abut the heat conducting element with the largest possible area and thus the best possible heat transfer is ensured.
- stator tooth described above can be a stator tooth of an external stator or an internal stator.
- stator which has a plurality of stator teeth described above.
- stator teeth can be formed as known from the prior art.
- they can be connected to each other via an inner ring (inner stator) or outer ring (outer stator). They can be integrally formed with the ring or pushed axially with its pole core on the ring and held in a form-fitting manner in the radial direction.
- the stator according to the invention may have axially end-side insulating body, which engage around several or all stator teeth of the stator end side according to the first embodiment described above.
- the electrical insulation may be formed by means of an injection molding compound (second possible embodiment), wherein the injection molding compound may be a duroplastic or a thermoplastic and at least enclose the pole cores completely or with the exception of recesses for receiving heat conducting elements ,
- two adjacent stator teeth each form a winding groove, the groove base of which is formed by the wall of the ring connecting the stator teeth with one another.
- the electrical insulation can also cover the groove bottom of the winding grooves. This is how the previously written end-side insulating also extend over the groove bottom.
- the injection molding compound forming the electrical insulation it is also possible for the injection molding compound forming the electrical insulation to cover the groove base and thus form the electrical insulation.
- separate inserts which extend axially along the groove base and rest against it. These may have, on their side facing the winding groove, a shape which is adapted to the adjacent windings, so that their outer coil wires abut against the insert part and good heat transfer is achieved.
- the space between the windings in the winding grooves can be cast in all previously described possible embodiments advantageously additionally by means of a further potting compound, such that no air between the coil wires of the windings longer exists.
- This potting compound may advantageously have a thermal conductivity of greater than 0.25 W / mK, preferably greater than 1.0 W / mK.
- insulating heat conductors for the heat-conducting elements ie special materials with very good heat transfer properties> 1 to 100 W / mK and at the same time high dielectric strength> 5 kV / mm (plates, pins preferably made of boron nitride). or other ceramics, such as aluminum oxide or nitride with thermal conductivities of up to 30 to 100 W / mK and silicon carbide of up to 130 W / mKj, the heat transfer from the exciting coils due to the copper losses to the stator can be optimized.
- a composite material made of a plastic compound with admixtures of heat-conductive material can be used, whereby any desired heat conductivity properties can be achieved with cost-effective manufacturability at low material costs This makes us an advantageous e the lowest possible specific temperature gradient relative to the engine losses DT / R n, engine between heat sink and the loss sources inside the engine is reached.
- the invention advantageously achieves broadening of the thermally stable power range of the electric motor, since the components of the electric motor are only permitted up to a respective maximum operating temperature.
- excitation coils up to 200 ° C as well as permanent magnets of the rotor can be used for magnetic opposing fields up to max. 160 ° C are operated.
- the temperature gradient between the heat sink and the loss source is optimized by very good heat conduction, the copper losses are reduced, since the copper resistance decreases with temperature and, secondly, the electric motor can be operated with higher currents or, alternatively, with the same power through better Heat dissipation less copper can be used. Less copper reduces weight and manufacturing costs.
- cost optimization to expensive stator laminations eg with 0.1 - 0.2 mm sheet thickness can be dispensed with, if the higher losses are optimized by appropriate heat conduction.
- Fig. 1 stator tooth with insulating typically Kapton, according to the prior art
- Fig. 2a perspective view of an inventive
- Fig. 2b a cross-sectional view through the stator tooth like. Fi gur 2a in the region of an insulating body;
- Fig. 2c and 2d side views of the insulating body
- FIG. 2e side view and cross-sectional view through a heat-conducting element
- Fig. 3 Stator leopard as in Figure lb, but with the front side
- FIG. 4 shows a stator tooth according to the invention with an overmolded insulation, which forms two recesses on each pole core longitudinal side for receiving one heat-conducting element each;
- FIG. 5 shows a stator tooth according to the invention with an overmoulded insulation made of a thermosetting plastic with a material with good thermal conductivity
- FIG. 6 shows four possible embodiments of a stator, wherein in each case one quadrant A to D shows a possible embodiment of a stator.
- insulating bodies 2 are preferably made of low-cost and injection-moldable plastics and at the same time, by means of the surface 2 a, 2 d, provide the insulating body 2 with support in terms of manufacturability.
- the geometry 2a, 2d of the insulator 2 the windability of the first conductor layer of the stator winding can be specified and has an advantageous effect on the degree of filling of the copper on the stator tooth.
- the disadvantage is that the plastic of the insulating body 2 and the insulating film 3 not only reduce the electrical conductivity, but also have an insulating effect thermally.
- FIG. 2 a shows a possible embodiment of a stator tooth 1 according to the invention, which, like the stator tooth 1 shown in FIG. 1, is provided with insulating bodies 2 on the winding head, but with the difference that the conventionally used insulation film 3, which typically consists of Kapton is made, has been replaced by a heat meleitelement 4 in the form of a plate.
- the heat-conducting element 4 has a white considerably higher thermal conductivity and high dielectric strength. It can be made of a material such as ceramic or ceramic-based material.
- At least one heat-conducting element 4 is advantageously arranged on each longitudinal side L of the core lb, whereby this (s) bears on the pole core 1b as extensively as possible, particularly preferably on the entire longitudinal side L of the pole core 1b.
- the thus significantly increased thermal conductivity in the groove makes it possible to significantly improve the cooling path from the exciter coil 5 to the stator tooth 1.
- the insulating body 2 lies with its inside over the entire surface against the pole core 1 b as well as regions of the magnetic return of the pole, that is to say the pole return lc and the pole shoe 1 a.
- Each insulating body has an end-side region 2a, to which a collar-shaped section 2b adjoins in the region of the transition from the pole core 1b to the pole shoe 1a.
- a collar-shaped section 2c also adjoins the central region 2a.
- the insulating body 2 rests not only on the end face 1 of the stator tooth 1, but also engages laterally around it and also abuts a short section of the longitudinal side L of the stator tooth, in particular in the region of the pole core 1b with its region 2d (FIGS 2c and 2d).
- the region 2d also has grooves on its outer surface for guiding the first layer of the coil wires of the exciter winding.
- the area of the pole core lb forms together with the
- Pole conclusion lc and the pole piece la a groove N for receiving the coil wires or the winding.
- FIG. 2e shows a possible embodiment of the heat-conducting element 4 according to the invention, which is designed as a rectangular plate with a thickness D.
- the thickness D should advantageously be made thicker than the thickness of the lateral projections 2d of the insulating parts 2, so that it is ensured that the heat conducting element 4 is in direct contact with the inner layer of the coil wires.
- the heat-conducting element 4 is made of a material with high thermal conductivity (> 5 W / mK) at the same time has a high electrical insulation ability. For example, it can be made of boron nitride.
- FIG. 3 shows a further possible possibility for optimizing the stator tooth according to the invention shown and described in FIGS. 2a-e.
- an insulating body 2 is arranged on the two winding heads of the stator tooth 1, wherein the insulating body 2 in addition to the function of electrical insulation and the improvement of the coil winding ability also a holding device for the both sides of the pole core lb arranged heat-conducting elements 4 form.
- the heat-conducting element 4 can be the same as in the embodiment according to FIGS. 2a to 2f.
- FIG. 4 shows a further possible embodiment of a stator tooth 1 according to the invention, in which the electrical insulation 200 is injected directly onto the stator core 1b.
- the upper collar 200b and the lower collar 200c as well as the groove bottom can be formed with grooves 200a for improved wire guidance during the encapsulation process.
- one or more recesses 200e for subsequently insertable heat-conducting elements 4a are kept free during the extrusion-coating process by means of at least one slide.
- the outer contour 200a can be exposed by machine.
- FIG. 5 shows a further variant of the Stator leopardumspritzung, in which the insulation body 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d in the thermoset process is injected directly to the stator core lb.
- the granules used for stator injection already contain the ceramic inserts required for optimized heat conduction. This results in a component, which is optimized both in terms of mechanical and thermal stability, electrical insulation and heat-conducting effect.
- the insulating heat-conducting elements 4, 4a are mounted between the coil and the stator along the axial extent of the stator tooth and serve for significantly improved heat transfer between coil and stator over approximately the entire axial length of the stator ,
- wire-guiding and insulating plastic end pieces in the form of insulating bodies 2, 20 are provided, which can be placed or molded on.
- the heat-conducting elements 4, 4a can either be conclusively positioned by the insulating body 2, 20 or positively connected to the stator tooth, so that if possible, a very small distance and sufficient stability can be realized.
- the stator tooth can be encapsulated with a standard plastic in the thermoplastic injection molding method and a region can be recessed along the side surfaces of the pole core 1b, so that in a subsequent step one or more heat-conducting plates 4a and / or ., a composite concept can be inserted with multiple heat conducting elements.
- stator tooth as shown in FIG. 5, can be made completely by the die-casting process using a thermally conductive material having a high specific conductance, e.g. Boron nitride thermoset material to be encapsulated.
- a thermally conductive material having a high specific conductance e.g. Boron nitride thermoset material to be encapsulated.
- this is far less complicated than overmolding the entire stator since the injection mold can be made significantly simpler.
- potting material a material with acceptable thermal conductivity can be used, with a specific conductivity of 0.25 - 1 W / mK.
- a potting material with moderate thermal conductivity is always a factor of 10 better than air, because air has a very low specific conductance of only
- FIG. 6 shows four possible embodiments of an inner stator 100 using the example of an external rotor in its four quadrants AD
- the quadrant AD has in common that the stator teeth are connected to one another in an integral manner via an inner ring 1f.
- the inner stator can be made laminated.
- the embodiments shown may of course also be provided in an external stator of an internal rotor.
- the quadrant A an embodiment is shown in which the entire stator 100 is encapsulated with a duroplastic, as in the embodiment according to FIG. 5, wherein no additional heat-conducting elements are provided any longer.
- the thermoset has a thermal conductivity of more than 1 W / mK.
- the winding groove WN can be cast or sprinkled after the winding process with an additional potting compound F in order to completely avoid air inclusions between the copper wires and the stator insulation close to the coil and thus to further optimize the thermal transition between the exciter coil and the stator.
- stator teeth or pole cores 1b are encapsulated with a thermoplastic, wherein in recesses 200e in the thermoplastic in the region of the longitudinal sides L of the pole cores lb are provided, in the after the injection process heat conducting 4th , 4a can be inserted.
- the stator teeth are formed analogous to those shown in Figure 4.
- the heat-conducting elements are thicker than the insulation and preferably convex.
- Embodiments of a stator 100 according to the invention are shown in quadrants C and D, in which insulation 7 is provided by means of a spraying method analogous to the variants in quadrant A or B, with heat-conducting elements 4, 4 a not additionally shown along the pole core longitudinal sides can be provided.
- additional Einlegmaschine 9, 10 are arranged, which rest against the groove bottom G over the entire surface and, if necessary, have a corresponding to the groove bottom G curved wall.
- These inserts 9, 10 are also designed as townleitele- elements and preferably have a high thermal conductivity, in particular greater than 5 W / mK on. You can z. B. be made of boron nitride.
- the inserts 9 are plate-shaped or shell-shaped, whereas in the quadrant D they have an extending in the axial direction web-shaped projection which presses with its two sides against the radial inner side of the windings 5.
- heat-conducting elements 11, which are made of the same material as the parts 9, 10, can also still be inserted between the pole piece 1 a and the radial winding end 5 a of the windings.
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Abstract
Description
Statorzahn und Stator mit guter elektrischer Isolierung und gleichzeitig sehr hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit zur Leistungssteigerung von Elektromotoren Stator tooth and stator with good electrical insulation and at the same time very high thermal conductivity to increase the performance of electric motors
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Statorzahn für einen Stator einer Drehfeldmaschine nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. The present invention relates to a stator tooth for a stator of a rotating field machine according to the preamble of claim 1.
Stand der Technik: State of the art:
Bekannte Drehfeldmaschinen bzw. Elektromotoren sind in der Regel als per- manenterregte Innen- oder Außenläufermotoren ausgeführt. Diese werden zunehmend als elektrischer Antriebsmotor von Zweiradfahrzeugen, Personen- kraftwagen (PKW), Lastkraftwagen (LKW), sowie in mittels Propeller angetrie- benen Antriebssystemen im maritimen Bereich und der Luftfahrt eingesetzt. Effizienz ist insbesondere bei mittels Batterien bzw. Li-Ionen-Batterie ange- triebenen Fahrzeugen, Schiffen und auch neuerdings Elektroflugzeuge die pri- märe Auslegungsgröße, da durch die Effizienz die Größe der Batterie und somit die Gesamtkosten primär bestimmt werden. In der Gesamtbetrachtung sind jedoch auch die Kosten des E-Motors zu beachten, wodurch ein kosteneffizien- ter Einsatz von verschiedensten Materialien notwendig und relevant ist. Im Luftfahrtbereich, insbesondere bei elektrisch angetriebenen Flugzeugen ist ne- ben der Effizient zudem die Leistungsdichte zu beachten, weshalb der Einsatz von Permanentmagneten im Allgemeinen bevorzugt wird. Known induction machines or electric motors are generally designed as per-inner-respiratory motors or external-rotor motors. These are increasingly being used as the electric drive motor of two-wheeled vehicles, passenger cars, trucks, as well as propulsion-driven propulsion systems in the maritime sector and aviation. Efficiency is the primary design factor, in particular for vehicles, ships and, more recently, electric aircraft powered by batteries or Li-ion batteries, since the efficiency primarily determines the size of the battery and thus the overall costs. In the overall consideration, however, the costs of the electric motor must also be taken into account, so that a cost-efficient use of various materials is necessary and relevant. In the aviation sector, in particular in the case of electrically driven aircraft, the power density must be taken into account in addition to the efficiency, which is why the use of permanent magnets is generally preferred.
Um eine hohe Effizienz und Leistungsdichte zu erreichen, werden neben dem Einsatz von Permanentmagneten diverse Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der Verluste vorgenommen. Unterschieden werden Kupferverluste in den Spulen, die Eisenverluste in allen eisenhaltigen und magnetkreisrelevanten Motorkom- ponenten und die Reibungsverluste in den Lagern. In order to achieve high efficiency and power density, various measures are taken to reduce the losses in addition to the use of permanent magnets. Differences are copper losses in the coils, the iron losses in all ferrous and magnetic circuit relevant engine components and the friction losses in the bearings.
Um Kupferverluste zu reduzieren, wird die Einzelzahntechnik sowie Wickelung von Einzelzähnen bzw. Doppelzähnen favorisiert. Mit der Einzelzahnwickel- technik kann die Erregerspule präzise gewickelt werden, wodurch der Kupfer- füllgrad bei Elektromotoren erhöht wird. Bei Außenläufern wird neben Einzel- zahltechnik auch Wickeltechnik mit Biegestator, wie in EP0815860 beschrie- ben, eingesetzt. In order to reduce copper losses, single tooth technique as well as winding of single or double teeth is favored. With the single-tooth winding technique, the exciter coil can be wound precisely, which increases the degree of copper filling in electric motors. In the case of external rotors, in addition to single-number technology, winding technology with a bending stator, as described in EP0815860, is also used.
Um Eisenverluste zu reduzieren, werden geblechte Statoren mit geringer Blechdicke, insbesondere Si-Fe-Bleche mit Blechdicken <= 0,3 mm sowie ge- blechte Rotoren bzw. optional zur Reduzierung der Wirbelstromverluste auch gestückelte Permanentmagnete eingesetzt. Zudem werden zunehmend Mate- rialien mit hoher Temperaturbeständigkeit, insbesondere Permanentmagnete mit hoher Remanenz und gleichzeitig hoher Koerzitivfeldstärke HCj eingesetzt. Diese hohe Temperaturbeständigkeit führt zu sehr hohen Kosten, da z.B. der- artige Permanentmagnete einen hohen Dysprosium-Anteil aufweisen. Zudem sind Statorbleche mit sehr geringen Verlusten (Blechdicke 0, 1-0,2 mm) oder hohem Sättigungsgrad (z.B. Co-Eisen-Bleche) sehr teuer. In order to reduce iron losses, laminated stators with a small sheet thickness, in particular Si-Fe sheets with sheet thicknesses <= 0.3 mm as well as sheet-metal rotors or, as an option, edged-current permanent magnets are used to reduce eddy current losses. In addition, materials with high temperature resistance, in particular permanent magnets with high remanence and at the same time high coercive force H Cj, are increasingly being used. This high temperature resistance leads to very high costs, since, for example, such permanent magnets have a high proportion of dysprosium. In addition, stator laminations with very low losses (sheet thickness 0, 1-0.2 mm) or high degree of saturation (eg Co-iron sheets) are very expensive.
Aus dem Stand der Technik sind jedoch wenige Ansätze bekannt, wie die Leis- tung des Motors durch sehr effiziente Wärmeleitung zur Erhöhung der Wärme- abfuhr des Motors gesteigert werden kann. However, few approaches are known from the prior art as to how the power of the engine can be increased by very efficient heat conduction to increase the heat dissipation of the engine.
In WO 2010/099974 ist zum Beispiel ein Doppelrotor mit einer sehr aufwändi- gen Wasserkühlung realisiert. Die Kühlkanäle werden in einem Duroplast- Spritzgießprozess realisiert und verlaufen zwischen den Erregerspulen vom Gehäuse zum Wickelkopf und am Wickelkopf umgelenkt. Eine derartige Küh- lung ist extrem kostenintensiv und zudem nicht optimal, da Wickelraum für Kupferspulen verloren geht. In WO 2010/099974, for example, a double rotor with a very complex water cooling is realized. The cooling channels are realized in a thermoset injection molding process and run between the excitation coils from the housing to the winding head and deflected at the winding head. Such a cooling is extremely cost-intensive and also not optimal, since winding space for copper coils is lost.
Ein anderer Ansatz zur Wärmeleitung ist in W02010/099975 realisiert. Bei die- sem Doppelrotormotor wird der Stator mit einem Duroplastmaterial mit guten Wärmeleiteigenschaften umspritzt. Gleichzeitig muss bei der Auswahl des Duroplastmaterials Wert auf Steifigkeit gelegt werden, da die Umspritzung des Stators im wesentlich zur Stabilität des freitragenden Stators im Betrieb bei- trägt. Weiter ist in W02010/099975 offenbart, dass durch den Verguss und der guten Wärmeleiteigenschaften des Duroplastmaterials der Wärmeüber- gang vom Wickelkopf der Erregerspulen zum Gehäuse verbessert werden kann. Another approach to heat conduction is realized in W02010 / 099975. In this double-rotor motor, the stator is overmoulded with a duroplastic material with good thermal conduction properties. At the same time, when selecting the thermoset material, emphasis must be placed on rigidity, since the overmoulding of the Stators contributes significantly to the stability of the cantilever stator during operation. Furthermore, it is disclosed in WO2010 / 099975 that the encapsulation and the good thermal conduction properties of the thermoset material can be used to improve the heat transfer from the winding head of the exciter coils to the housing.
Die in W02010/099975 offenbarte Lösung hat jedoch einige Schwächen. Zum einem muss beim Duroplast-Spritzguss primär die Festigkeit beachtet werden und somit kann bei der Auswahl des Materials nicht ausschließlich auf die Wärmeleiteigenschaften Wert gelegt werden. Zudem ist das Verfahren mit ei- nem Material mit zugleich hoher Festigkeit und hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit sehr kostenintensiv, da der komplette Stator erst im Duroplastvergussverfahren seine finale Stabilität und Wärmeleitfähigkeit erhält. Die Statorzähne müssen während des Gussverfahrens sehr solide fixiert werden, da beim Duroplast- Spritzguss mit hohen Einspritzdrücken gearbeitet wird. Zudem ist ein hoher Materialeinsatz mit sehr teuren Füllstoffen (Wärmeleiter z.B. Bor-Nitrid, festig- keitsverbessernde Materialen wie z.B. Kohlefaser oder Glasfaser) erforderlich. Zuletzt erlaubt das Konzept des Doppelrotormotors eine Wärmeleitung prin- zipbedingt nur in eine Richtung. However, the solution disclosed in WO2010 / 099975 has some weaknesses. On the one hand, in thermoset injection molding, primarily the strength must be taken into account, and thus, in the selection of the material, it is not only possible to emphasize the heat conduction properties. In addition, the process with a material with simultaneously high strength and high thermal conductivity is very cost-intensive, since the complete stator only obtains its final stability and thermal conductivity in the Duroplastvergussverfahren. The stator teeth must be fixed very solid during the casting process, as the thermoset injection molding process is performed with high injection pressures. In addition, a high material input with very expensive fillers (heat conductor, for example, boron nitride, strength-improving materials, such as carbon fiber or glass fiber) is required. Finally, the concept of the double-rotor motor allows thermal conduction only in one direction, as a matter of principle.
Weitere gängige Optimierungsmethoden sind der Einsatz von Statorzahnend- stücken aus Kunststoff sowie die Isolation des Mittelbereichs durch eine dünne Kapton-Folie mit akzeptablem Leitwert (0,12-0,3 W/mK) und ausreichender Durchschlagfestigkeit > 2 kV. Eine derartige Ausgestaltung des Statorzahns ist in Figur 1 illustriert. Diese spezifische Wärmeleitfähigkeit von den nicht dar- gestellten Wicklungen hin zum Statorzahn ist vergleichbar mit den in der Regel aus Kunststoff hergestellten Endstücken. Durch die Dünnwandigkeit der Kap- ton-Folie kann jedoch über diesen Wärmepfad mehr Wärme übertragen wer- den. Durch die dünne Folie wird die Wärmestrecke von Erregerspule zum Sta- tor hin reduziert sowie der Kupferfüllgrad erhöht, da die dünnwandige Kapton- Folie mehr Raum für die Kupferspulen im Wickelfenster zulässt. Diese Isolati- onstechnik wird jedoch in erster Linie eingesetzt, um den Kupferfüllgrad der Elektromotoren zu verbessern. Eine verbesserte Kühlleistung resultiert daraus nicht, da üblicherweise die Spule nicht an der Kapton-Folie anliegt und somit sich ein gewisser Luftspalt zwischen der heißen Spule und der wärmeabfüh- renden Kapton-Folie und der Erregerspule befindet, was bedingt ist durch die fehlende Präzision in der Wickeltechnik. Further common optimization methods are the use of plastic stator teeth end pieces and the insulation of the middle area by a thin Kapton foil with an acceptable conductance (0.12-0.3 W / mK) and sufficient dielectric strength> 2 kV. Such a configuration of the stator tooth is illustrated in FIG. This specific thermal conductivity of the windings, not shown, towards the stator tooth is comparable to the end pieces, which are usually made of plastic. However, due to the thinness of the Kapton foil, more heat can be transferred via this heat path. The thin film reduces the heat path from the excitation coil to the stator and increases the degree of copper filling, since the thin-walled Kapton film allows more space for the copper coils in the winding window. However, this isolation technique is primarily used to improve the degree of copper filling of the electric motors. An improved cooling performance does not result because usually the coil is not applied to the Kapton film and thus a certain air gap between the hot coil and the heat dissipation Kapton film and the exciting coil is due to the lack of precision in the winding technique.
Aufgabe der Erfindung Object of the invention
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die Wärmeabfuhr von den Wicklungen über den Statorzahn bzw. Stator zu verbessern. The object of the invention is to improve the heat dissipation of the windings on the stator tooth or stator.
Lösung der gestellten Aufgabe Solution of the task
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß mit einem Statorzahn nach Anspruch 1 bzw. einem Stator nach Anspruch 11 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen des Statorzahns bzw. Stators ergeben sich durch die Merkmale der Unteransprü- che. This object is achieved with a stator tooth according to claim 1 and a stator according to claim 11. Advantageous embodiments of the stator tooth or stator result from the features of the subclaims.
Der Erfindung liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, die Wärmeabfuhr von den Wick- lungen über den bzw. die Statorzähne zu verbessern. Die notwendige elektri- sche Isolierung ist aus einem Material mit hoher elektrischer Durchschlagfes- tigkeit, wobei gleichzeitig die Isolierung ganz oder bereichsweise eine hohe Wärmeleitfähigkeit, insbesondere von größer 1 W/mK, besonders bevorzugt von größer 5W/mK, aufweist. Die elektrische Isolierung kann dabei ein- oder mehrteilig ausgebildet sein, wobei mindestens ein Teil oder Bereich der Isolie- rung oder die gesamte Isolierung eine Wärmeleiteigenschaft von größer 1 W/mK, bevorzugt größer 5 W/mK, aufweist. The invention is based on the idea of improving the heat dissipation from the windings via the stator teeth or teeth. The necessary electrical insulation is made of a material with a high electrical breakdown strength, wherein at the same time the insulation has, wholly or in places, a high thermal conductivity, in particular greater than 1 W / mK, particularly preferably greater than 5 W / mK. The electrical insulation may be formed in one or more parts, wherein at least a portion or region of the insulation or the entire insulation has a heat conductivity of greater than 1 W / mK, preferably greater than 5 W / mK.
Der Statorzahn weist einen Polschuh und einen Polkern auf und hat jeweils zwei Längs- und Stirnseiten wobei insbesondere der Polkern von der elektri- schen Isolierung ganz oder bereichsweise bedeckt oder ummantelt ist, welche zur elektrischen Isolation der Wicklung gegenüber dem Statorzahn dient. The stator tooth has a pole shoe and a pole core and in each case has two longitudinal and end sides, wherein in particular the pole core is completely or partially covered or sheathed by the electrical insulation, which serves to electrically insulate the winding with respect to the stator tooth.
In einer vorteilhaften ersten Ausführungsform kann die elektrische Isolierung zwei oder mehrere jeweils eine Stirnseite eines oder mehrerer Statorzähne umgreifende Isolierkörper aufweisen. Diese können vorteilhaft an ihrer der Wicklung zugewandten Außenseite Rillen zur Führung der Spulendrähte der Wicklung(en) aufweisen. Diese Isolierkörper können in axialer Richtung auf den Statorzahn bzw. Stator aufgeschoben werden. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, dass die Isolierkörper an den Statorzahn bzw. Stator angespritzt werden. Sie können aus einem Thermoplast oder Duroplast gebildet sein. In an advantageous first embodiment, the electrical insulation can have two or more insulating bodies each encompassing an end face of one or more stator teeth. These can advantageously on their winding-facing outer grooves for guiding the coil wires of Have winding (s). This insulating body can be pushed in the axial direction of the stator tooth or stator. However, it is also possible that the insulating body are molded onto the stator tooth or stator. They can be formed from a thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic.
In einer zweiten möglichen Ausführungsform ist die elektrische Isolierung durch eine Vergussmasse gebildet, welche mittels eines Spritzgussverfahrens um den Statorzahn bzw. aller Statorzähne des Stators gleichzeitig aufgebracht wird. Diese Vergussmasse kann aus einem Thermoplast oder Duroplast gebil- det sein. Sofern außer der Vergussmasse keine weiteren Maßnahmen zur Er- höhung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Isolierung vorgesehen sind, ist die Ver- gussmasse durch ein Duroplast mit einer Wärmeleitfähigkeit von größer 1 W/mK, bevorzugt größer 5 W/mK, gebildet. In a second possible embodiment, the electrical insulation is formed by a potting compound, which is applied by means of an injection molding process to the stator tooth or all stator teeth of the stator simultaneously. This potting compound can be formed from a thermoplastic or duroplastic. If, apart from the potting compound, no further measures for increasing the thermal conductivity of the insulation are provided, the potting compound is formed by a thermoset having a thermal conductivity of greater than 1 W / mK, preferably greater than 5 W / mK.
Vorteilhaft kann bei den beiden zuvor beschriebenen Ausführungsformen an mindestens einer Längsseite eines oder aller Polkerne jeweils mindestens ein, insbesondere festes und formstabiles, Wärmeleitelement, insbesondere in Form einer Platte, anliegen. Jedes Wärmeleitelement kann dabei in einer für es vorgesehenen, insbesondere fensterartigen, Ausnehmung der elektrischen Iso- lierung, welche durch aufgeschobene Isolierkörper oder eine Spritzgussmasse gebildet ist, einliegen. Vorteilhaft kann das Wärmeleitelement eine Wärmeleit- fähigkeit von größer 5 W/mK aufweisen. Advantageously, at least one, in particular solid and dimensionally stable, heat-conducting element, in particular in the form of a plate, abut against at least one longitudinal side of one or all of the pole cores in the two embodiments described above. Each heat-conducting element can be inserted in a recess of the electrical insulation provided for this purpose, in particular a window-like recess, which is formed by pushed-on insulating bodies or an injection molding compound. The heat-conducting element can advantageously have a thermal conductivity of greater than 5 W / mK.
Es ist jedoch auch möglich, dass die Wärmeleitelemente in axialer Richtung zwischen zwei Isolierkörpern angeordnet sind, welche jeweils in axialer Rich- tung auf die Stirnseiten des Statorzahns bzw. Stators aufgeschoben auf die Stirnseiten aufgespritzt sind. Dabei können sich die Isolierkörper zur Bildung eines Fensters zur Aufnahme des Wärmeleitelementes axial entlang des Wär- meleitelementes erstrecken, derart, dass sich die beiden auf gegenüberliegen- den Stirnseiten angeordneten Isolierkörper berühren. Bei dieser Ausführungs- form weist zumindest das Wärmeleitelement eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von grö- ßer 5 W/mK auf. However, it is also possible that the heat-conducting elements are arranged in the axial direction between two insulating bodies, which are each injected in the axial direction on the end faces of the stator tooth or stator sprayed onto the end faces. In this case, the insulating bodies can extend axially along the heat-conducting element to form a window for accommodating the heat-conducting element, such that the two touch each other on opposite end faces. In this embodiment, at least the heat-conducting element has a thermal conductivity of greater than 5 W / mK.
Die Wärmeleitelemente liegen vorteilhaft unmittelbar an einem möglichst gro- ßen Teil der Seitenfläche oder der ganzen Längsseite des Polkerns an und können aus Keramik oder auf Keramikbasis gefertigt sein. Vorteilhaft kann das Wärmeleitelement eine größere Dicke aufweisen als der angrenzende Wandbereich des Isolierkörpers bzw. der Isolierung, so dass si- chergestellt ist, dass das Wärmeleitelement in gutem Kontakt mit den Spulen- drähten der Wicklung(en) ist. The heat-conducting elements are advantageously applied directly to as large a part as possible of the side surface or the entire longitudinal side of the pole core and can be made of ceramic or ceramic-based. Advantageously, the heat-conducting element can have a greater thickness than the adjacent wall region of the insulating body or the insulation, so that it is ensured that the heat-conducting element is in good contact with the coil wires of the winding (s).
Ebenfalls vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die der Wicklung zugewandte Seite des Wär- meleitelementes der Kontur der Wicklung angepasst ist, z.B. im Querschnitt konkav oder konvex und/oder mit Rillen versehen, ausgebildet ist, so dass möglichst alle außen liegenden Spulendrähte der angrenzenden Wicklung(en) an dem Wärmeleitelement mit möglichst großer Fläche anliegen und damit ein bestmöglicher Wärmeübergang gewährleistet ist. It is also advantageous if the side of the heat-conducting element facing the winding is adapted to the contour of the winding, e.g. in cross-section concave or convex and / or provided with grooves, is formed, so that as far as possible all outside coil wires of the adjacent winding (s) abut the heat conducting element with the largest possible area and thus the best possible heat transfer is ensured.
Es versteht sich von selbst, dass der zuvor beschriebene Statorzahn ein Statorzahn eines Außenstators oder eines Innenstators sein kann. It goes without saying that the stator tooth described above can be a stator tooth of an external stator or an internal stator.
Ebenso wird ein Stator beansprucht, welcher mehrere zuvor beschriebene Statorzähne aufweist. Dabei können die Statorzähne selbstverständlich, wie aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt geblecht ausgebildet sein. Zudem können sie über einen inneren Ring (Innenstator) bzw. äußeren Ring (Außenstator) mit einander in Verbindung sein. Sie können dabei mit dem Ring einstückig ausgebildet oder mit ihrem Polkern auf den Ring axial aufgeschoben und in radialer Richtung formschlüssig gehalten sein. Likewise, a stator is claimed which has a plurality of stator teeth described above. Of course, the stator teeth can be formed as known from the prior art. In addition, they can be connected to each other via an inner ring (inner stator) or outer ring (outer stator). They can be integrally formed with the ring or pushed axially with its pole core on the ring and held in a form-fitting manner in the radial direction.
Der erfindungsgemäße Stator kann axial stirnseitige Isolierkörper aufweisen, welche mehrere oder alle Statorzähne des Stators stirnseitig entsprechend der oben beschriebenen ersten Ausführungsform umgreifen. Es ist jedoch ebenso möglich, dass die elektrische Isolierung mittels einer Spritzgussmasse (zweite mögliche Ausführungsform) gebildet ist, wobei die Spritzgussmasse ein Duro- plast oder ein Thermoplast sein kann und zumindest die Polkerne vollständig oder mit Ausnahme von Ausnehmungen zur Aufnahme von Wärmeleitelemen- ten umschließen. The stator according to the invention may have axially end-side insulating body, which engage around several or all stator teeth of the stator end side according to the first embodiment described above. However, it is likewise possible for the electrical insulation to be formed by means of an injection molding compound (second possible embodiment), wherein the injection molding compound may be a duroplastic or a thermoplastic and at least enclose the pole cores completely or with the exception of recesses for receiving heat conducting elements ,
Dabei bilden zwei benachbarte Statorzähne zwischen sich jeweils eine Wick- lungsnut, deren Nutgrund durch die Wandung des die Statorzähne miteinander verbindenden Rings gebildet ist. Die elektrische Isolierung kann dabei auch den Nutgrund der Wicklungsnuten bedecken. So können sich die zuvor be- schriebenen stirnseitigen Isolierteile auch über den Nutgrund erstrecken. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, dass die die elektrische Isolierung bildende Spritzguss- masse den Nutgrund bedeckt und so die elektrische Isolierung bildet. Auch können gesonderte Einlegeteile, die sich axial entlang des Nutgrundes erstre- cken und an diesem anliegen, vorgesehen sein. Diese können an ihrer der Wicklungsnut zugewandten Seite eine Form aufweisen, welche den angren- zenden Wicklungen angepasst ist, so dass deren außenliegenden Spulendrähte an dem Einlegeteil anliegen und ein guter Wärmeübergang erzielt wird. In this case, two adjacent stator teeth each form a winding groove, the groove base of which is formed by the wall of the ring connecting the stator teeth with one another. The electrical insulation can also cover the groove bottom of the winding grooves. This is how the previously written end-side insulating also extend over the groove bottom. However, it is also possible for the injection molding compound forming the electrical insulation to cover the groove base and thus form the electrical insulation. It is also possible to provide separate inserts which extend axially along the groove base and rest against it. These may have, on their side facing the winding groove, a shape which is adapted to the adjacent windings, so that their outer coil wires abut against the insert part and good heat transfer is achieved.
Der Raum zwischen den Wicklungen in den Wicklungsnuten kann bei allen zu- vor beschriebenen möglichen Ausführungsformen vorteilhaft zusätzlich mittels einer weiteren Vergussmasse vergossen sein, derart, dass keine Luft zwischen den Spulendrähten der Wicklungen mehr vorhanden ist. Diese Vergussmasse kann vorteilhaft eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von größer 0,25 W/mK, bevorzugt größer 1,0 W/mK aufweisen. The space between the windings in the winding grooves can be cast in all previously described possible embodiments advantageously additionally by means of a further potting compound, such that no air between the coil wires of the windings longer exists. This potting compound may advantageously have a thermal conductivity of greater than 0.25 W / mK, preferably greater than 1.0 W / mK.
Durch den gezielten Einsatz von isolierenden Wärmeleitern für die erfindungs- gemäßen Wärmeleitelemente, d.h. speziellen Materialien mit sehr guten Wär- meleiteigenschaften > 1 bis 100 W/mK und gleichzeitig hoher elektrischen Durchschlagfestigkeit >5 kV/mm (Platten, Stifte vorzugsweise aus Bor-Nitrid- oder anderen Keramiken, wie z.B. Aluminiumoxid oder -nitrid mit Wärmeleit- werten von bis zu 30 bis 100 W/mK und Siliziumcarbid von bis zu 130 W/mKj kann der Wärmetransport von den sich aufgrund der Kupferverluste erwär- menden Erregerspulen zum Stator optimiert werden. Alternativ kann ein Ver- bundmaterial aus einem Kunststoff-Compound mit Beimischungen von wärme- leitfähigem Material eingesetzt werden, wodurch beliebige Wärmeleiteigen- schaften bei kostengünstiger Herstellbarkeit bei niedrigen Materialkosten er- möglicht werden. Diese Compounde werden vorteilhafterweise bei der Kom- plettumspritzung von Statoren oder Einzelzähnen verwendet. Hierdurch wir ein vorteilhafterweise ein möglichst geringes spezifisches Temperaturgefälle rela- tiv zu den Motorverlusten DT/Rn, Motor zwischen Wärmesenke und den Verlust- quellen im Innenbereich des Motors erreicht. Through the targeted use of insulating heat conductors for the heat-conducting elements according to the invention, ie special materials with very good heat transfer properties> 1 to 100 W / mK and at the same time high dielectric strength> 5 kV / mm (plates, pins preferably made of boron nitride). or other ceramics, such as aluminum oxide or nitride with thermal conductivities of up to 30 to 100 W / mK and silicon carbide of up to 130 W / mKj, the heat transfer from the exciting coils due to the copper losses to the stator can be optimized. Alternatively, a composite material made of a plastic compound with admixtures of heat-conductive material can be used, whereby any desired heat conductivity properties can be achieved with cost-effective manufacturability at low material costs This makes us an advantageous e the lowest possible specific temperature gradient relative to the engine losses DT / R n, engine between heat sink and the loss sources inside the engine is reached.
Durch die Erfindung wird vorteilhaft eine Verbreiterung des thermisch stabilen Leistungsbereichs des Elektromotors erreicht, da die Bauteile des Elektromo- tors nur bis zu einer jeweiligen maximalen Betriebstemperatur zugelassen sind. So können Erregerspulen in der Regel bis 200 °C sowie Permanentmag- nete des Rotors bei magnetischem Gegenfeld bis max. 160 °C betrieben wer- den. Wird das Temperaturgefälle zwischen Wärmesenke und Verlustquelle durch sehr gute Wärmeleitung optimiert, reduzieren sich zum einem die Kup- ferverluste, da der Kupferwiderstand mit Temperatur abnimmt und zum ande- ren kann der Elektromotor mit höheren Strömen betrieben werden oder alter- nativ bei gleicher Leistung durch bessere Wärmeabfuhr weniger Kupfer einge- setzt werden. Weniger Kupfer reduziert das Gewicht sowie die Herstellkosten. Auch kann im Sinne der Kostenoptimierung auf teure Statorblechpakete, z.B. mit 0,1 - 0,2 mm Blechdicke verzichtet werden, wenn die höheren Verluste durch entsprechende Wärmeleitung optimiert werden. The invention advantageously achieves broadening of the thermally stable power range of the electric motor, since the components of the electric motor are only permitted up to a respective maximum operating temperature. As a rule, excitation coils up to 200 ° C as well as permanent magnets of the rotor can be used for magnetic opposing fields up to max. 160 ° C are operated. If the temperature gradient between the heat sink and the loss source is optimized by very good heat conduction, the copper losses are reduced, since the copper resistance decreases with temperature and, secondly, the electric motor can be operated with higher currents or, alternatively, with the same power through better Heat dissipation less copper can be used. Less copper reduces weight and manufacturing costs. Also in terms of cost optimization to expensive stator laminations, eg with 0.1 - 0.2 mm sheet thickness can be dispensed with, if the higher losses are optimized by appropriate heat conduction.
Nachfolgend werden mögliche Ausführungsformen der Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Hereinafter, possible embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to drawings.
Es zeigen : Show it :
Fig. 1 : Statorzahn mit Isolierfolie typischerweise aus Kapton, nach dem Stand der Technik; Fig. 1: stator tooth with insulating typically Kapton, according to the prior art;
Fig. 2a : perspektivische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Fig. 2a: perspective view of an inventive
Statorzahns mit zwei stirnseitigen Isolierkörpern und axial dazwischen angeordnetem Wärmeleitelement; Statorzahns with two end-side insulating bodies and axially interposed heat conducting element;
Fig. 2b: eine Querschnittsdarstellung durch den Statorzahn gern. Fi gur 2a im Bereich eines Isolierkörpers; Fig. 2b: a cross-sectional view through the stator tooth like. Fi gur 2a in the region of an insulating body;
Fig. 2c und 2d : Seitenansichten auf den Isolierkörper; Fig. 2c and 2d: side views of the insulating body;
Fig. 2e: Seitenansicht und Querschnittsdarstellung durch ein Wärme- leitelement; FIG. 2e: side view and cross-sectional view through a heat-conducting element; FIG.
Fig. 3: Statorzahn wie in Figur lb, wobei jedoch die stirnseitigen Fig. 3: Statorzahn as in Figure lb, but with the front side
Isolierkörper über die gesamte axiale Länge des Statorzahns mit möglichst kleiner Trennfuge bedecken und zusammen jeweils eine fensterartige Ausnehmung für die Aufnahme ei- nes Wärmeleitelementes an mindestens einer Polkernlängs- seite bilden. Cover the insulating body over the entire axial length of the stator tooth with the smallest possible parting line and together each have a window-like recess for receiving a form heat-conducting element on at least one Polkernlängs- side.
Fig. 4: erfindungsgemäßer Statorzahn mit einer umspritzten Isolie- rung, welche an jeder Polkernlängsseite zwei Ausnehmungen zur Aufnahme von jeweils einem Wärmeleitelement bildet; 4 shows a stator tooth according to the invention with an overmolded insulation, which forms two recesses on each pole core longitudinal side for receiving one heat-conducting element each;
Fig. 5: erfindungsgemäßer Statorzahn mit einer umspritzten Isolie- rung aus einem Duroplast mit einem Material mit guter Wärmeleitfähigkeit; FIG. 5 shows a stator tooth according to the invention with an overmoulded insulation made of a thermosetting plastic with a material with good thermal conductivity; FIG.
Fig. 6: vier mögliche Ausführungsformen eines Stators, wobei je- weils in einem Quadranten A bis D eine mögliche Ausfüh- rungsform eines Stators dargestellt ist. 6 shows four possible embodiments of a stator, wherein in each case one quadrant A to D shows a possible embodiment of a stator.
Die Figur 1 zeigt einen Statorzahn 1 in Einzelzahnwickeltechnik mit Isolier- körpern 2 an der Stirnseite S des Statorzahns 1 und einer Isolationsfolie 3 in der Nut im Bereich des Polkerns lb gemäß dem Stand der Technik. Diese so- genannten Isolierkörper 2 werden vorzugsweise aus günstigen und spritzguss- fähigen Kunststoffen gefertigt und bieten zugleich durch die Oberfläche 2a, 2d der Isolierkörper 2 Unterstützung bei der Fertigbarkeit. Im speziellen kann durch die Geometrie 2a, 2d der Isolierkörper 2 die Wickelbarkeit der ersten Leiterlage der Statorwicklung vorgegeben werden und wirkt sich vorteilhaft auf den Füllgrad des Kupfers am Statorzahn aus. Nachteilig hingegen ist, dass der Kunststoff des Isolierkörpers 2 sowie die Isolationsfolie 3 nicht nur die elektri- sche Leitfähigkeit vermindert, sondern auch thermisch eine isolierende Wir- kung besitzt. 1 shows a stator tooth 1 in single-tooth winding technology with insulating bodies 2 on the front side S of the stator tooth 1 and an insulating film 3 in the groove in the region of the pole core 1b according to the prior art. These so-called insulating bodies 2 are preferably made of low-cost and injection-moldable plastics and at the same time, by means of the surface 2 a, 2 d, provide the insulating body 2 with support in terms of manufacturability. In particular, by the geometry 2a, 2d of the insulator 2, the windability of the first conductor layer of the stator winding can be specified and has an advantageous effect on the degree of filling of the copper on the stator tooth. On the other hand, the disadvantage is that the plastic of the insulating body 2 and the insulating film 3 not only reduce the electrical conductivity, but also have an insulating effect thermally.
Die Figur 2a zeigt eine mögliche Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen perspektivisch dargestellten Statorzahns 1, welcher wie der in Figur 1 darge- stellte Statorzahn 1 mit Isolierkörpern 2 am Wickelkopf versehen ist, jedoch mit dem Unterschied, dass die herkömmlich verwendete Isolationsfolie 3, wel- che typischerweise aus Kapton gefertigt ist, ersetzt worden ist durch ein Wär- meleitelement 4 in Form einer Platte. Das Wärmeleitelement 4 weist eine we- sentlich höhere Wärmeleitfähigkeit und eine hohe elektrische Durchschlagfes- tigkeit auf. Es kann aus einem Werkstoffe wie z.B. Keramik bzw. Werkstoff auf Keramikbasis gefertigt sein. So ist vorteilhaft an jeder Längsseite L des Pol- kerns lb mindestens ein Wärmeleitelement 4 angeordnet, wobei diese(s) möglichst großflächig an dem Polkern lb anliegt(en), besonders bevorzugt an der gesamten Längsseite L des Polkerns lb. Die hierdurch wesentlich erhöhte Wärmeleitfähigkeit in der Nut erlaubt es, den Kühlpfad von der Erregerspule 5 zum Statorzahn 1 signifikant zu verbessen. FIG. 2 a shows a possible embodiment of a stator tooth 1 according to the invention, which, like the stator tooth 1 shown in FIG. 1, is provided with insulating bodies 2 on the winding head, but with the difference that the conventionally used insulation film 3, which typically consists of Kapton is made, has been replaced by a heat meleitelement 4 in the form of a plate. The heat-conducting element 4 has a white considerably higher thermal conductivity and high dielectric strength. It can be made of a material such as ceramic or ceramic-based material. Thus, at least one heat-conducting element 4 is advantageously arranged on each longitudinal side L of the core lb, whereby this (s) bears on the pole core 1b as extensively as possible, particularly preferably on the entire longitudinal side L of the pole core 1b. The thus significantly increased thermal conductivity in the groove makes it possible to significantly improve the cooling path from the exciter coil 5 to the stator tooth 1.
Wie in Figur 2b zu erkennen ist, liegt der Isolierkörper 2 mit seiner Innenseite vollflächig an den Polkern lb sowie Bereichen des magnetischen Rückschlus- ses des Pols, also des Polrückschlusses lc und des Polschuhs la an. As can be seen in FIG. 2 b, the insulating body 2 lies with its inside over the entire surface against the pole core 1 b as well as regions of the magnetic return of the pole, that is to say the pole return lc and the pole shoe 1 a.
Jeder Isolierkörper weist einen stirnseitigen Bereich 2a auf, an den sich im Be- reich des Übergangs vom Polkern lb hin zum Polschuh la ein kragenförmiger Abschnitt 2b angrenzt. Im Bereich des Übergangs vom Polkern lb hin zum Polrückschluss lc grenzt ebenfalls ein kragenförmiger Abschnitt 2c an den mittleren Bereich 2a an. Der Isolierkörper 2 liegt nicht nur an der Stirnseite 1 des Statorzahns 1 an, sondern greift auch noch seitlich um diesen herum und liegt auch an einem kurzen Abschnitt der Längsseite L des Statorzahns insbe- sondere im Bereich des Polkerns lb mit seinem Bereich 2d an (Figuren 2c und 2d). Der Bereich 2d weist im Bereich des Polkerns lb zudem an seiner Außenfläche Rillen für die Führung der ersten Lage der Spulendrähte der Erre- gerwicklung auf. Der Bereich des Polkerns lb bildet zusammen mit dem Each insulating body has an end-side region 2a, to which a collar-shaped section 2b adjoins in the region of the transition from the pole core 1b to the pole shoe 1a. In the region of the transition from the pole core 1b to the pole return lc, a collar-shaped section 2c also adjoins the central region 2a. The insulating body 2 rests not only on the end face 1 of the stator tooth 1, but also engages laterally around it and also abuts a short section of the longitudinal side L of the stator tooth, in particular in the region of the pole core 1b with its region 2d (FIGS 2c and 2d). In the region of the pole core 1b, the region 2d also has grooves on its outer surface for guiding the first layer of the coil wires of the exciter winding. The area of the pole core lb forms together with the
Polrückschluss lc und dem Polschuh la eine Nut N zur Aufnahme der Spulen- drähte bzw. der Wicklung. Pole conclusion lc and the pole piece la a groove N for receiving the coil wires or the winding.
Figur 2e zeigt eine mögliche Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Wär- meleitelements 4, welches als rechteckige Platte mit einer Dicke D ausgebildet ist. Die Dicke D sollte dabei vorteilhaft dicker ausgestaltet sein als die Dicke der seitlichen Vorsprünge 2d der Isolierteile 2, damit sichergestellt ist, dass das Wärmeleitelement 4 in unmittelbarem Kontakt mit der inneren Lage der Spulendrähte ist. Das Wärmeleitelement 4 ist aus einem Material mit hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit (> 5 W/mK) weist zugleich eine hohe elektrische Isolati- onsfähigkeit auf. So kann es z.B. aus Bor-Nitrid gefertigt sein. Die Figur 3 zeigt eine weitere mögliche Optimierungsmöglichkeit des in den Figuren 2a-e dargestellten und beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen Stator- zahns. Dabei ist jeweils ein Isolationskörper 2 an den beiden Wickelköpfen des Statorzahns 1 angeordnet, wobei die Isolationskörper 2 neben der Funktion der elektrischen Isolation und der Verbesserung der Spulenwickelbarkeit auch eine Haltevorrichtung für die beidseits des Polkerns lb angeordneten Wärme- leitelemente 4 bilden. Das Wärmeleitelement 4 kann dabei das gleiche sein wie in der Ausführungsform gemäß der Figuren 2a bis 2f. FIG. 2e shows a possible embodiment of the heat-conducting element 4 according to the invention, which is designed as a rectangular plate with a thickness D. The thickness D should advantageously be made thicker than the thickness of the lateral projections 2d of the insulating parts 2, so that it is ensured that the heat conducting element 4 is in direct contact with the inner layer of the coil wires. The heat-conducting element 4 is made of a material with high thermal conductivity (> 5 W / mK) at the same time has a high electrical insulation ability. For example, it can be made of boron nitride. FIG. 3 shows a further possible possibility for optimizing the stator tooth according to the invention shown and described in FIGS. 2a-e. In each case, an insulating body 2 is arranged on the two winding heads of the stator tooth 1, wherein the insulating body 2 in addition to the function of electrical insulation and the improvement of the coil winding ability also a holding device for the both sides of the pole core lb arranged heat-conducting elements 4 form. The heat-conducting element 4 can be the same as in the embodiment according to FIGS. 2a to 2f.
Die Figur 4 zeigt eine weitere mögliche Ausführungsform eines erfindungs- gemäßen Statorzahns 1, bei dem die elektrische Isolierung 200 direkt an den Statorkern lb gespritzt ist. Dabei können beim Umspritzvorgang gleichzeitig der obere Kragen 200b und der untere Kragen 200c sowie der Nutgrund mit Rillen 200a zur verbesserten Drahtführung ausgebildet werden. Zudem werden beim Umspritzvorgang mittels mindestens eines Schiebers eine oder mehrere Aussparungen 200e für anschließend einlegbare Wärmeleitelemente 4a freige- halten. Alternativ kann nach dem Umspritzen die äußere Kontur 200a maschi- nell freigelegt werden. FIG. 4 shows a further possible embodiment of a stator tooth 1 according to the invention, in which the electrical insulation 200 is injected directly onto the stator core 1b. In this case, at the same time, the upper collar 200b and the lower collar 200c as well as the groove bottom can be formed with grooves 200a for improved wire guidance during the encapsulation process. In addition, one or more recesses 200e for subsequently insertable heat-conducting elements 4a are kept free during the extrusion-coating process by means of at least one slide. Alternatively, after the extrusion coating, the outer contour 200a can be exposed by machine.
Die Figur 5 zeigt eine weitere Variante der Statorzahnumspritzung, bei der der Isolationskörper 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d im Duroplastverfahren direkt an den Statorkern lb gespritzt wird. Das Granulat, welches zur Statorumspritzung verwendet wird, enthält bereits die zu einer optimierten Wärmeführung benö- tigten Keramikbeifügungen. Es entsteht somit ein Bauteil, was sowohl hin- sichtlich mechanischer und thermischer Stabilität, elektrischem Isolationsgrad und wärmeleitender Wirkung optimiert ist. 5 shows a further variant of the Statorzahnumspritzung, in which the insulation body 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d in the thermoset process is injected directly to the stator core lb. The granules used for stator injection already contain the ceramic inserts required for optimized heat conduction. This results in a component, which is optimized both in terms of mechanical and thermal stability, electrical insulation and heat-conducting effect.
Bei den Ausführungsformen der Figuren 2 bis 4 werden die isolierenden Wär- meleitelemente 4, 4a zwischen Spule und Stator entlang der axialen Erstre- ckung des Statorzahns angebracht und dienen einem deutlich verbesserten Wärmeübergang zwischen Spule und Stator über annähernd die gesamte axia- le Länge des Stators. Im Wickelkopfbereich bzw. Stirnseite S der Statorzähne 1 werden vorzugsweise drahtführende und isolierende Kunststoffendstücke in Form von Isolierkörpern 2, 20 vorgesehen, welche aufgesetzt oder angespritzt sein können. Dabei können die Wärmeleitelemente 4, 4a entweder kraft- schlüssig durch die Isolierkörper 2, 20 positioniert oder formschlüssig mit dem Statorzahn verbunden sein, so dass möglichst ein sehr geringer Abstand und eine ausreichende Stabilität realisiert werden. In the embodiments of FIGS. 2 to 4, the insulating heat-conducting elements 4, 4a are mounted between the coil and the stator along the axial extent of the stator tooth and serve for significantly improved heat transfer between coil and stator over approximately the entire axial length of the stator , In the winding head region or end face S of the stator teeth 1, preferably wire-guiding and insulating plastic end pieces in the form of insulating bodies 2, 20 are provided, which can be placed or molded on. The heat-conducting elements 4, 4a can either be conclusively positioned by the insulating body 2, 20 or positively connected to the stator tooth, so that if possible, a very small distance and sufficient stability can be realized.
Alternativ kann der Statorzahn, wie in Figur 4 dargestellt und beschrieben im Thermoplast-Spritzgussverfahren mit einem Standard-Kunststoff umspritzt werden und ein Bereich entlang der Seitenflächen des Polkerns lb ausgespart sein, so dass dort in einem nachfolgenden Schritt eine oder mehrere Wärme- leitplatten 4a bzw. ein Verbundkonzept mit mehreren Wärmeleitelementen eingefügt werden kann. Alternatively, as illustrated and described in FIG. 4, the stator tooth can be encapsulated with a standard plastic in the thermoplastic injection molding method and a region can be recessed along the side surfaces of the pole core 1b, so that in a subsequent step one or more heat-conducting plates 4a and / or ., a composite concept can be inserted with multiple heat conducting elements.
Weiterhin kann der Statorzahn, wie in Figur 5 dargestellt, komplett im Duro- plast-Spritzgussverfahren mit einem wärmeleitenden Material mit hohem spe- zifischen Leitwert, z.B. Bor-Nitrid Duroplastmaterial umspritzt werden. Verfah- renstechnisch ist dies weit weniger aufwändig als den kompletten Stator zu umspritzen, da die Spritzgussform deutlich einfacher gestaltet werden kann. Auch muss hier nicht auf festigkeitssteigernde Füllstoffe Wert gelegt werden, sondern es kann ausschließlich ein gut wärmeleitender und zugleich isolieren- der Werkstoff ausgewählt werden. Furthermore, the stator tooth, as shown in FIG. 5, can be made completely by the die-casting process using a thermally conductive material having a high specific conductance, e.g. Boron nitride thermoset material to be encapsulated. In terms of process technology, this is far less complicated than overmolding the entire stator since the injection mold can be made significantly simpler. Also, it is not necessary to place emphasis on strength-enhancing fillers, but only a material which is both highly thermally conductive and insulating at the same time can be selected.
Bei allen vorbeschriebenen Ausführungsformen ist es sinnvoll, nach dem Wi- ckelprozess den Stator zu vergießen bzw. zu verträufeln, um Lufteinschlüsse zwischen den Kupferdrähten und an der spulennahen Statorisolation möglichst vollständig zu vermeiden und somit den thermischen Übergang zwischen Erre- gerspule und Stator weiter zu optimieren. Als Vergussmaterial kann sinnvoll- erweise ein Material mit akzeptablen Wärmeleiteigenschaften eingesetzt wer- den, mit einem spezifischen Leitwert von 0,25 - 1 W/mK. Ein Vergussmaterial auch mit moderaten Wärmeleiteigenschaften ist immer Faktor 10 besser als Luft, da Luft einen sehr niedrigen spezifischen Leitwert von lediglich In all the embodiments described above, it makes sense to cast or cast the stator after the winding process in order to completely avoid air pockets between the copper wires and the stator insulation close to the coil and thus to further optimize the thermal transition between the exciter coil and the stator , As potting material, a material with acceptable thermal conductivity can be used, with a specific conductivity of 0.25 - 1 W / mK. A potting material with moderate thermal conductivity is always a factor of 10 better than air, because air has a very low specific conductance of only
0,026 W/mK aufweist. Durch den Einsatz des Vergussmaterials kann der Übergang zwischen den Spulenlagen am Stator und der Isolationsfolie sowie zwischen den Spulenlagen, z.B. erste und zweite Spulenlage, somit deutlich verbessert werden. 0.026 W / mK. Through the use of the potting material, the transition between the coil layers on the stator and the insulating film as well as between the coil layers, e.g. first and second coil layer, thus significantly improved.
Die Figur 6 zeigt am Beispiel eines Außenläufers in ihren vier Quadranten A-D vier mögliche Ausführungsformen eines Innenstators 100. Allen Statoren in den Quadranten A-D ist gemeinsam, dass die Statorzähne über einen inneren Ring lf miteinander einstückig verbunden sind . Der Innenstator kann geblecht ausgeführt sein. Die gezeigten Ausführungsformen können selbstverständlich ebenso bei einem Außenstator eines Innenläufers vorgesehen werden. FIG. 6 shows four possible embodiments of an inner stator 100 using the example of an external rotor in its four quadrants AD The quadrant AD has in common that the stator teeth are connected to one another in an integral manner via an inner ring 1f. The inner stator can be made laminated. The embodiments shown may of course also be provided in an external stator of an internal rotor.
Im Quadranten A ist eine Ausführungsform gezeigt, bei der der gesamte Sta- tor 100 mit einem Duroplast umgossen ist, wie bei der Ausführungsform ge- mäß Figur 5, wobei keine zusätzlichen Wärmeleitelemente mehr vorgesehen sind . Das Duroplast hat eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von größer 1 W/mK. Optional kann die Wicklungsnut WN nach dem Wickelprozess mit einer zusätzlichen Vergußmasse F vergossen bzw. verträufelt werden, um Lufteinschlüsse zwi- schen den Kupferdrähten und an der spulennahen Statorisolation möglichst vollständig zu vermeiden und somit den thermischen Übergang zwischen Erre- gerspule und Stator weiter zu optimieren. In the quadrant A, an embodiment is shown in which the entire stator 100 is encapsulated with a duroplastic, as in the embodiment according to FIG. 5, wherein no additional heat-conducting elements are provided any longer. The thermoset has a thermal conductivity of more than 1 W / mK. Optionally, the winding groove WN can be cast or sprinkled after the winding process with an additional potting compound F in order to completely avoid air inclusions between the copper wires and the stator insulation close to the coil and thus to further optimize the thermal transition between the exciter coil and the stator.
Im Quadranten B ist eine Ausführungsform dargestellt, bei der die Statorzähne bzw. Polkerne lb mit einem Thermoplast umspritzt sind, wobei in Aussparun- gen 200e im Thermoplast im Bereich der Längsseiten L der Polkerne lb vorge- sehen sind, in die nach dem Spritzvorgang Wärmeleitelemente 4, 4a eingelegt werden können. Die Statorzähne sind dabei analog den in Figur 4 dargestellten ausgebildet. In the quadrant B, an embodiment is shown, in which the stator teeth or pole cores 1b are encapsulated with a thermoplastic, wherein in recesses 200e in the thermoplastic in the region of the longitudinal sides L of the pole cores lb are provided, in the after the injection process heat conducting 4th , 4a can be inserted. The stator teeth are formed analogous to those shown in Figure 4.
Die Wärmeleitelemente sind dicker als die Isolierung und vorzugsweise konvex ausgebildet. The heat-conducting elements are thicker than the insulation and preferably convex.
In den Quadranten C und D sind Ausführungsformen eines erfindungsgemäßen Stators 100 dargestellt, bei der eine Isolierung 7 mittels eines Spritzverfah- rens analog zu den Varianten im Quadranten A oder B vorgesehen sind, wobei zusätzlich noch nicht dargestellte Wärmeleitelemente 4, 4a entlang der Pol- kernlängsseiten vorgesehen sein können. Am Nutgrund G der Wicklungsnuten WN sind noch zusätzliche Einlegteile 9, 10 angeordnet, welche am Nutgrund G vollflächig anliegen und ggfs eine entsprechend des Nutgrundes G gekrümmte Wandung aufweisen. Diese Einlegeteile 9, 10 sind ebenfalls als Wärmeleitele- mente ausgebildet und weisen bevorzugt eine hohe Wärmeleitfähigkeit, insbe- sondere größer 5 W/mK, auf. Sie können z. B. aus Bor-Nitrid hergestellt sein.Embodiments of a stator 100 according to the invention are shown in quadrants C and D, in which insulation 7 is provided by means of a spraying method analogous to the variants in quadrant A or B, with heat-conducting elements 4, 4 a not additionally shown along the pole core longitudinal sides can be provided. At the groove bottom G of the winding grooves WN additional Einlegteile 9, 10 are arranged, which rest against the groove bottom G over the entire surface and, if necessary, have a corresponding to the groove bottom G curved wall. These inserts 9, 10 are also designed as Wärmeleitele- elements and preferably have a high thermal conductivity, in particular greater than 5 W / mK on. You can z. B. be made of boron nitride.
In der Ausführungsform im Quadranten C sind die Einlegeteile 9 plattenförmig oder schalenförmig ausgebildet, wohingegen sie im Quadranten D einen sich in axialer Richtung erstreckenden stegförmigen Vorsprung aufweisen, der mit seinen beiden Seiten gegen die radiale Innenseite der Wicklungen 5 drückt. Zusätzlich können auch noch zwischen dem Polschuh la und dem radialen Wicklungsende 5a der Wicklungen noch Wärmeleitelemente 11 einliegen, wel- che aus dem gleichen Material wie die Teile 9, 10 hergestellt sind. In the embodiment in quadrant C, the inserts 9 are plate-shaped or shell-shaped, whereas in the quadrant D they have an extending in the axial direction web-shaped projection which presses with its two sides against the radial inner side of the windings 5. In addition, heat-conducting elements 11, which are made of the same material as the parts 9, 10, can also still be inserted between the pole piece 1 a and the radial winding end 5 a of the windings.
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017130361.8A DE102017130361A1 (en) | 2017-12-18 | 2017-12-18 | Stator tooth and stator with good electrical insulation and at the same time very high thermal conductivity to increase the performance of electric motors |
| DE102017130361.8 | 2017-12-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2019121327A1 true WO2019121327A1 (en) | 2019-06-27 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/EP2018/084778 Ceased WO2019121327A1 (en) | 2017-12-18 | 2018-12-13 | Stator tooth and stator having good electrical insulation and, at the same time, very high thermal conductivity for increasing the performance of electric motors |
Country Status (2)
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| DE (1) | DE102017130361A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2019121327A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4047789A1 (en) * | 2021-02-18 | 2022-08-24 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Thermally enhanced electric motor |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102020100618A1 (en) | 2020-01-14 | 2021-07-15 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Stator for an electric motor |
| DE102020212993A1 (en) | 2020-10-15 | 2022-04-21 | Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG | Method for reducing noise pollution from an iron core of a transformer, iron core and transformer |
| FR3151445A1 (en) * | 2023-07-18 | 2025-01-24 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Axial flux electric machine with thermal guide between each coil and each associated tooth |
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