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WO2019105657A1 - Procédé de surveillance de processus - Google Patents

Procédé de surveillance de processus Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019105657A1
WO2019105657A1 PCT/EP2018/079083 EP2018079083W WO2019105657A1 WO 2019105657 A1 WO2019105657 A1 WO 2019105657A1 EP 2018079083 W EP2018079083 W EP 2018079083W WO 2019105657 A1 WO2019105657 A1 WO 2019105657A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
medium
probe electrode
media
container
determined
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2018/079083
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Armin Wernet
Kaj Uppenkamp
Raphael KUHNEN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Endress and Hauser SE and Co KG
Original Assignee
Endress and Hauser SE and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Endress and Hauser SE and Co KG filed Critical Endress and Hauser SE and Co KG
Publication of WO2019105657A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019105657A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/26—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
    • G01F23/263—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
    • G01F23/266—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors measuring circuits therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/24—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/26—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/80—Arrangements for signal processing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for condition monitoring of a device for the capacitive determination and / or monitoring of at least one process variable of at least one medium in a container.
  • the process variable is, for example, a fill level of the medium in the container, the electrical conductivity of the medium or else the permittivity of the medium. In the case of level measurement, it can be both a continuous level determination and the detection of a predefinable limit level.
  • the container is in turn, for example, a container or a pipe.
  • Capacitive level gauges generally have a substantially cylindrical sensor unit with at least one sensor electrode, which is at least partially insertable into a container.
  • a substantially cylindrical sensor unit with at least one sensor electrode, which is at least partially insertable into a container.
  • vertically extending into the container rod-shaped sensor units are widely used.
  • sensor units which can be introduced into the side wall of a respective container have become known.
  • the sensor unit is supplied with a starting signal, generally in the form of an alternating current signal.
  • the filling level can then be determined from the response signal received by the sensor unit. This is dependent on the capacity of the sensor electrode and the wall of the
  • Container or the capacitor formed by the sensor electrode and a second electrode.
  • the medium itself or an insulation of the sensor electrode forms the dielectric of this capacitor.
  • the amount of apparent current flowing through the sensor unit is measured.
  • the apparent current in itself has an active and a reactive component, in the case of a
  • the frequency of the applied AC voltage due to resonance effects, is to be selected the lower, the longer the sensor unit is designed.
  • the influence of deposit formation in particular the approach of a conductive medium, decreases in principle with increasing frequency.
  • the guard electrode is arranged coaxially around the respective sensor electrode and electrically separated from it by an insulation. It is also at the same potential as the sensor electrode.
  • the gain in measurement accuracy by means of an additional guard electrode depends, on the one hand, on the thickness of an attachment layer and on the conductivity of the attachment. Particularly in the case of conductive lugs, resistive components of the lug for lower frequencies of the starting signal dominate the high-impedance measuring impedance determined on the basis of the received signal, by means of which the respective process variable is usually determined.
  • Guard electrode in principle no constant measurement accuracy regardless of the medium and its tendency to form approach can be achieved, if you want to forego high frequencies for the excitation signal.
  • multi-sensors are known from the documents DE102011004807A1, DE102013102055A1 or DE102014107927A1, in which by means of a single measuring device both a capacitive and a conductive determination of a
  • Level has various media-specific properties, such as the electrical conductivity of the medium, or even a dielectric property of the medium, such as
  • the object of the present invention is to expand the field of application of a capacitive measuring probe. This object is achieved by the method according to claim 1, as well as by the device according to claim 13,
  • the object on which the invention is based is achieved by a method for condition monitoring of a device for the capacitive determination and / or monitoring of at least one process variable of at least one medium in a container, comprising the following method step:
  • Impinging a probe electrode with an electrical stimulation signal in the form of a triangular signal Impinging a probe electrode with an electrical stimulation signal in the form of a triangular signal
  • Probe electrode at least based on the received signal
  • a running in the respective container process can be monitored.
  • the process may be directed to a single medium, for example a filling or emptying of the respective container, or to a plurality of media, for example a mixing of at least two media.
  • the probe electrode of a capacitive level gauge is described according to the invention by the measuring capacity and the media Z-attachment resistance.
  • the respective process variable is determined on the basis of the received signal, which has the form of an alternating current.
  • the respective process variable is determined on the basis of the measuring capacity and / or on the basis of the media Zänsaiz resistance.
  • the method according to the invention can be applied to all types of measuring probes which are suitable for the capacitive measuring method.
  • the measuring probe can have both a single probe electrode, one wall of the container representing a second electrode, or else at least two electrodes.
  • one of the further electrodes may, for example, be a
  • the measuring capacity reflects the capacitance between the probe electrode and another electrode or the wall of the container. This measuring capacity is thus in principle the size dependent on the respective process variable.
  • the media Z-attachment resistance again comprises ohmic contributions of the medium and possibly contributions of an approach, if available.
  • the probe electrode is either surrounded by air if there is no attachment. Otherwise, the probe electrode surrounds a media-formed liner layer followed by air and the media / neck resistor $ is composed of these two components. In the case that the probe electrode in contrast
  • the measuring capacitance is determined on the basis of the received signal at a time of a zero crossing excitation signal.
  • the measuring capacity and the M edien- / Asatz-iderstand be determined in a particularly simple manner and in particular independently of each other.
  • An embodiment of the method includes that the measurement capacitance and / or the attachment / media resistance is determined by means of an equivalent circuit of the probe electrode comprising at least one parallel connection of the measurement capacitance and the media / attack resistor.
  • determination equations for the measuring capacity and / or the batch media resistance can then be determined on the basis of the equivalent circuit diagram.
  • a determination equation for determining the measurement capacity does not depend on the batch / media resistance and vice versa.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment includes that a conductivity of the medium is determined based on the media / approach resistance.
  • Another particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention includes that based on the measuring capacity a permittivity, or a
  • the degree of coverage is defined as the ratio of a current that can be tapped off from the probe electrode and a current that can be tapped off at a guard electrode of the respective measuring device.
  • Covering the probe electrode, or on the basis of a time course of at least one of the mentioned variables can advantageously be made a statement about a respective running process, or the respective process, which statfindet in the container, are monitored.
  • the present invention thus enables comprehensive process monitoring beyond the determination of a value of a relevant process variable.
  • the received signal advantageously consists of two sub-signals: a triangular component whose slope is proportional to the reciprocal of the ohmic approach / media resistor, and a rectangular component which is proportional to the measuring capacity.
  • the starting signal is preferably an electrical voltage and the received signal is an electrical current.
  • the media Z-tail resistor is determined on the basis of a slope of the received signal within a predefinable time interval.
  • An embodiment of the method according to the invention includes that a fill level of the medium in the container is determined and / or monitored. For example, it can be determined whether a specifiable fill level of the medium in the container has been reached. In this case, condition monitoring is carried out, for example, when the predefinable fill level has been reached.
  • the specifiable fill level is, for example, a fill level which corresponds to a predefinable coverage of the
  • Probe electrode through the medium preferably a complete coverage of the probe electrode through the medium corresponds.
  • the status indicator is preferably a statement about an approach in at least one partial area of the probe electrode.
  • the status indicator can be a statement about a process in which the device is used.
  • the process is preferably the mixing of at least two media, compliance with a recipe, or a cleaning process.
  • a mixing of at least two media is in particular a mixing operation of at least a first and a second medium.
  • it can be monitored whether at least two media essentially exist are homogeneously mixed, or whether a specifiable ratio of at least the first and the second medium is maintained in the container.
  • Such status monitoring is preferably specified for a specific application and the respective status indicators are specifically adapted to the respective process. In particular, intentional and unwanted changes of media, or changes in the medium in each case in the container can be detected.
  • the object according to the invention is also achieved by a device for the capacitive determination and / or monitoring of at least one process variable comprising at least one medium in a container
  • a sensor unit with at least one probe electrode
  • An electronics unit which electronic unit is designed to perform at least one inventive method.
  • the sensor unit comprises at least two electrodes.
  • it may be a device with two probe electrodes, or with a probe electrode and a ground electrode.
  • Fig. 2 is an exemplary electrical equivalent circuit diagram for the description of
  • Probe electrode based on measurement capacity and media / neck resistance
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the excitation signal and the received signal composed of two partial signals for illustrating the determination of the measuring capacity and the media / neck resistance
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration for monitoring a cleaning process in a container by means of an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic drawing of a typical on the capacitive
  • Measuring principle based field device 1 shown in the prior art shows a sensor unit 2 with two cylindrical electrodes 5, 6, which protrudes from the starting via a process connection 3a from the top into a partially filled with medium 4 container 3. It is understood, however, that numerous embodiments of a capacitive measuring device are known with different numbers of electrodes, all of which fall under the present invention.
  • the present invention is also on front flush sensor units, which substantially complete the Bewand ung the container 3 or such sensor units 3, which be introduced into this via a side wall of the container 3, applicable,
  • the sensor unit 2 itself is composed in the present example of a probe electrode 5 and a sensor electrode 5 coaxially surrounding and isolated from this
  • Electronic unit 7 which is responsible for signal acquisition, evaluation and / or - supply. In particular, it determines and / or monitors
  • At least the probe electrode 5 is acted upon by a start signal A and the process variable is determined on the basis of the receive signal E received by the probe electrode 5, which usually has the form of an alternating current.
  • the guard electrode 6 is preferably, as described for example in DE 32 12 434 C2, operated at the same potential as the sensor electrode 5.
  • Component of the capacitor formed by the probe electrode 5 and a wall of the container 3 or a second electrode which u.a. from the level of the medium 4 in the container 3 depends. Rather, ohmic resistance and numerous other influences also play a role. For example, an approach that forms at least in the region of the probe electrode 5 also contributes to the received signal E, which can lead to a reduction of the measuring accuracy. In the worst case can
  • a level of the medium 4 in the container 3 can no longer be reliably determined and / or monitored.
  • the received signal E itself is not further processed, but the measuring capacitance C mess and / or the media / batch resistor RM, A are further processed to determine a status indicator.
  • the measuring capacitance C mess and / or the media / batch resistor RM, A are further processed to determine a status indicator.
  • the measuring capacitance C mess is a measure of the capacitance between the probe electrode 5 and a further electrode or the wall of the container 3, Ohmic influences of the medium 4 or a possibly existing approach layer in the region of the probe electrode 5, however, contribute to the media / approach Resistance R M, A at.
  • the probe electrode 5 is either surrounded by air when there is no projection. Otherwise, the probe electrode 5 surrounds a media formed from remaining rest layer followed by air and the media / neck resistance R M , A is composed of these two components together.
  • a contribution through the attachment usually does not matter since the probe electrode 5 is already covered with the medium 4.
  • the mutual influence of the capacitance between the probe electrode 5 is advantageous and a further electrode or the wall of the container 3 and the ohmic influences of Medium 4 or a possibly existing approach layer in the region of the probe electrode 5 low, so that the measuring capacitance C mess and the media / Ansatz- resistance RM, A can be readily considered separately.
  • the sensor unit 3 or the probe electrode 5 is acted upon by a start signal Ai in the form of a triangular signal, and receive a receive signal Ei.
  • the received signal Ei is then advantageously composed of two partial signals: a triangular component E IR whose slope is proportional to the reciprocal of the ohmic approach / media resistance RM.A, and a rectangular portion Eie, which is proportional to the measurement capacitance C mess .
  • FIG. 3 shows the triangular excitation signal Ai, the first sub-signal E I R and the sum of the first E 1R and second sub-signal Eicdes the received signal Ei, each as a function of the time t.
  • the second partial signal E 1c flowing through the measuring capacitance C mess is a rectangular signal which is proportional to the measuring capacitance C mess .
  • the measuring capacitance C mess can be determined independently of the batch / media resistance R M, A. The latter can be determined, for example, from the slope of the superposed triangular portion E IR .
  • the measuring probe 2 it is first determined whether the measuring probe 2 is at least partially in contact with the medium 4. For example, it can be checked whether the measuring probe 2 is substantially completely covered by the medium 4. This is advantageous, for example, if a mixing of at least two different media 4 is monitored. Alternatively, it is also possible to check whether the measuring probe 2 is at least partially covered by a thin film of the medium 4. Preferably, in this case, the measuring probe is at least about 50% covered by the medium 4. For condition monitoring or process monitoring, it is then possible for example to record the time profile of at least the electrical conductivity s, or the permittivity e of the at least one medium 4. In addition, the
  • Degree of coverage of the probe electrode 5 are used. With regard to the determination of the electrical conductivity s or the dielectric constant e of a medium 4, reference is made to DE102014107927A1.
  • the degree of coverage B is in turn defined as the ratio of a sensor current tapped off from the sensor electrode 5 and a guard current tapped on the guard electrode 6.
  • FIG. 1 The process to be monitored is a mixing process of a first 4a and a second medium 4b in the container 3.
  • the figure shows a graphic representation of the degree of coverage B, the electrical conductivity s and the permittivity e as a function of the time t.
  • a suitable display element By means of a suitable display element [not shown], such a representation
  • the display unit may be, for example, a graphic slave pointer or logger.
  • the measuring device 1 is configured directly to carry out at least one embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • the measuring device 1 is configured directly to carry out at least one embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • the measuring device 1 can also be connected via one, in particular digital,
  • Communication interface for example, an I / O link interface have. Both wired and wireless interfaces are possible in this context. It is conceivable, for example, for the respective method to be carried out in an external unit [not shown], for example a computer. For this purpose, the method may be in the form of a
  • the method can also be implemented on a computer-readable medium
  • the probe electrode 5 is in air.
  • the time M1 becomes a
  • a predeterminable fill level of the first medium 4a in the container 3 is achieved.
  • the predetermined level corresponds in the present example to a substantially complete covering of the probe electrode 5 with the first medium 4a.
  • a second medium 4b is filled into the container and a mixing process of the two media 4a and 4b started.
  • a heating process of the two mixed media 4a and 4b also takes place at the time M3 started and the container 3 is vacuumized.
  • the electrical conductivity s and the consistency of the media 4a and 4b in the container 3 change continuously.
  • a third medium 4c is added to the container 3 and a mixing process within the container 3 is started again. Again, the homogeneity of the mixing can be detected, for example, by means of a constant electrical conductivity s. This is the case in the present example at time M5.
  • a second exemplary condition monitoring is the subject of FIG. 5. This is a cleaning process taking place in the container 3. to
  • the container 3 is usually at least partially filled with a suitable cleaning liquid.
  • a cleaning process comprises several cycles in which one or more cleaning liquids are introduced into the container 3.
  • the cleaning process has not started yet.
  • the electrical conductivity s decreases in proportion to the progress of the cleaning.
  • Cleaning process started. As soon as it is detected at time M3 that the electrical conductivity is substantially constant for a predefinable time period, the cleaning process can be ended. A progress of the cleaning process can thus be monitored by means of a change in the electrical conductivity s, the permittivity e and / or the degree of coverage B. Likewise, it can be monitored on the basis of at least one of these variables, whether after completion of a cleaning cycle
  • Residues of the medium 4 remain in the container 3.
  • a cleaning process can be reliably monitored both when the probe electrode 5 during the individual cycles substantially completely covered by the cleaning liquid, which corresponds to the monitoring of a cleaning process the respective medium 4, as well as in the case that
  • Probe electrode 5 is covered by a thin film of the cleaning liquid 4. This corresponds to a thin spray film on the probe electrode 5.
  • reference values or Reference curves can be recorded and deposited. These reference values or reference curves then correspond to a correct process. At predeterminable time intervals, or during the performance of the respective process to be monitored, correspondingly measured values or curves, for example for the electrical conductivity s, the permittivity e and / or the degree of coverage B can then be recorded and compared with the reference values or reference curves. If a deviation between the respectively measured values or curves and the respectively associated reference values or reference curves exceeds a predefinable limit value, then it is possible to deduce, for example, an error in the respective process and if necessary generate and output a message.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de surveillance d'état d'un dispositif de détermination capacitive et/ou de surveillance d'au moins une grandeur de processus d'un milieu. Le procédé comprend les étapes suivantes : - soumettre une électrode de sonde à un signal d'excitation électrique sous la forme d'un signal triangulaire, - recevoir un signal de réception électrique de l'électrode de sonde, - déterminer une capacité de mesure et/ou une résistance de raccord de milieu de l'électrode de sonde au moins sur la base du signal de réception, et - déterminer un indicateur d'état en fonction de la capacité de mesure et/ou de la résistance de raccord de milieu. De même, la présente invention concerne un dispositif adapté à la mise en œuvre d'un procédé de l'invention.
PCT/EP2018/079083 2017-11-30 2018-10-24 Procédé de surveillance de processus Ceased WO2019105657A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102017128420.6 2017-11-30
DE102017128420.6A DE102017128420A1 (de) 2017-11-30 2017-11-30 Verfahren zur Prozessüberwachung

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2019105657A1 true WO2019105657A1 (fr) 2019-06-06

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DE (1) DE102017128420A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2019105657A1 (fr)

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CN114502966A (zh) * 2019-09-16 2022-05-13 恩德莱斯和豪瑟尔欧洲两合公司 用于确定介电值的测量装置

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DE102023127823A1 (de) * 2023-10-11 2025-04-17 Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung eines Messwerts einer Leitfähigkeit

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DE3212434C2 (de) 1982-04-02 1984-06-14 Endress U. Hauser Gmbh U. Co, 7867 Maulburg Fuellstandsgrenzschalter fuer elektrisch leitende fuellgueter
US4820973A (en) * 1986-11-21 1989-04-11 Alvarez Jose A Impedance measuring system
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DE102013102055A1 (de) 2013-03-01 2014-09-18 Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Überwachung eines vorgegebenen Füllstands eines Mediums in einem Behälter
DE102013104781A1 (de) 2013-05-08 2014-11-13 Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg Verfahren zur Überwachung zumindest einer medienspezifischen Eigenschaft eines Mediums
DE102014107927A1 (de) 2014-06-05 2015-12-17 Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Überwachung des Füllstandes eines Mediums in einem Behälter

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114502966A (zh) * 2019-09-16 2022-05-13 恩德莱斯和豪瑟尔欧洲两合公司 用于确定介电值的测量装置

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