WO2018221685A1 - 改変されたCas9タンパク質及びその用途 - Google Patents
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- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a modified Cas9 protein in which a more targetable region is expanded and its use.
- CRISPR Clustered Regularly Arranged Short Palindromic Repeats
- Cas Cas-associated genes
- exogenous DNA is cleaved into fragments of about 30 bp by the Cas protein family and inserted into CRISPR.
- Cas1 and Cas2 proteins which are one of the Cas protein family, recognize a base sequence called proto-spacer adadient motif (PAM) of foreign DNA, cut the upstream, and insert it into the CRISPR sequence of the host. It becomes immune memory of bacteria.
- RNA generated by transcription of a CRISPR sequence including immune memory (referred to as pre-crRNA) is part of the Cas protein family by pairing with partially complementary RNA (trans-activating crRNA). It is incorporated into Cas9 protein.
- the pre-crRNA and tracrRNA incorporated into Cas9 are cleaved by RNaseIII to form small RNA fragments (CRISPR-RNAs: crRNAs) containing a foreign sequence (guide sequence) to form a Cas9-crRNA-tracrRNA complex.
- CRISPR-RNAs crRNAs
- the Cas9-crRNA-tracrRNA complex binds to a foreign invasive DNA complementary to crRNA, and the Cas9 protein, which is an enzyme that cleaves the DNA, cleaves the foreign invasive DNA, thereby invading DNA from outside. Suppress and eliminate the function of
- Cas9 protein recognizes the PAM sequence in the foreign invading DNA and cleaves the double-stranded DNA upstream of it so as to be a blunt end.
- the length and base sequence of the PAM sequence vary depending on the bacterial species, and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) recognizes 3 bases of “NGG”.
- Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) has two Cas9 and recognizes 5-6 bases of “NGGNG” or “NNAGAA” as PAM sequences, respectively.
- Francisella novicida (F. novicida) recognizes three bases “NGR”. The number of bps upstream of the PAM sequence depends on the bacterial species.
- crRNA and tracrRNA are fused and expressed as a tracrRNA-crRNA chimera (hereinafter referred to as guide RNA (gRNA)) and utilized.
- gRNA guide RNA
- nuclease RNA-guided nuclease: RGN
- the CRISPR-Cas system includes type I, II, and III. However, the type II CRISPR-Cas system is exclusively used for genome editing. In type II, Cas9 protein is used as RGN. S.
- the pyogenes-derived Cas9 protein recognizes three bases, NGG, as a PAM sequence, it can be cleaved upstream as long as there is a sequence of two guanines.
- NGG nuclease
- TALEN transactivator-like activator
- Patent Document 1 S.A. A genome editing technique utilizing a CRISPR-Cas system derived from pyogenes is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 S.A. A genome editing technique using a C. thermophilus-derived CRISPR-Cas system is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that the D31A or N891A mutant of Cas9 protein functions as a nickase that is a DNA cleaving enzyme that inserts nick into only one DNA strand. Furthermore, it has been shown that homologous recombination efficiency comparable to that of the wild-type Cas9 protein is maintained while the incidence of non-homologous end joining, which is likely to cause mutations such as insertion deletion, in the repair mechanism after DNA cleavage remains small.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes S.I. CRISPR-Cas system using Casogen derived from pyogenes, using a D10A mutant of two Cas9 proteins and a pair of target-specific guide RNAs forming a complex with the D10A mutant Is disclosed.
- the D10A variant of each Cas9 protein and the target-specific guide RNA complex make only one nick in the DNA strand that is complementary to the guide RNA.
- the pair of guide RNAs is shifted by about 20 bases and recognizes only the target sequence located on the opposite strand of the target DNA.
- the pyogenes-derived Cas9 (also referred to herein as SpCas9) protein has two bases with a recognizable PAM sequence of “NGG (N is an arbitrary base)”.
- N is an arbitrary base
- SpCas9 protein is used, and two recognizable PAM sequences are present in each of the sense strand and the antisense strand in the target sequence. This further restricts the target sequence that can be edited.
- the conventional Cas9 protein has a problem in that the target sequence that can be edited is limited because the PAM sequence that can be recognized is limited.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a modified Cas9 protein in which the restriction of the target sequence is relaxed while maintaining the binding ability to the guide RNA and the use thereof.
- the present inventors paid attention to the SpCas9 protein as the Cas9 protein and intensively studied to solve the above problems.
- the conventional NGG N is an arbitrary base
- the present PAM sequence was successfully converted to a single base sequence of NG, and the present invention was completed.
- the Cas9 protein before introducing a mutation may be referred to as a wild-type Cas9 protein
- the Cas9 protein after introducing a mutation may be referred to as a modified Cas9 protein or a mutant Cas9 protein. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- arginine at position 1335 is selected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, valine, threonine, asparagine and aspartic acid
- a protein comprising a sequence containing an amino acid sequence substituted with one amino acid and having the ability to bind to a guide RNA.
- arginine at position 1335 is selected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, valine, threonine, asparagine and aspartic acid.
- a protein comprising an amino acid sequence substituted with one amino acid and further having a mutation at position 1219, and having a binding ability to a guide RNA.
- arginine at position 1335 is selected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, valine, threonine, asparagine and aspartic acid.
- a protein comprising an amino acid sequence substituted with one amino acid and further having a mutation at position 1322, and having a binding ability to a guide RNA.
- amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 further has a mutation at at least one position selected from the group consisting of positions 1111, 1135, 1218 and 1337.
- the protein in any one of.
- the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 further has mutations in at least two positions selected from the group consisting of positions 1111, 1135, 1218, and 1337. protein.
- the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 further has mutations in at least three positions selected from the group consisting of positions 1111, 1135, 1218, and 1337. protein.
- the mutation at position 1111 is substitution of leucine with arginine, histidine or lysine;
- the mutation at position 1135 is a substitution of aspartic acid for valine;
- the mutation at position 1218 is a substitution of glycine for arginine, histidine or lysine;
- [16] The protein according to any one of [1] to [15] above, which has 80% or more identity at a site other than the position where the mutation of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been performed.
- [17] Any one of [1] to [15] above, wherein 1 to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted and / or added at a site other than the position where the mutation of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been performed.
- Protein. [18] The protein according to any one of [1] to [17] above, which has RNA-inducible DNA endonuclease activity.
- a mutation that partially or entirely lacks nuclease activity is selected from the group consisting of (i) positions 10, 762, 839, 983, and 986 in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1. And / or (ii) a mutation at a position selected from the group consisting of positions 840 and 863 or at a position corresponding thereto, [19].
- a method for site-specific modification of a target double-stranded polynucleotide comprising: Mixing and incubating the target double-stranded polynucleotide, the protein, and the guide RNA; Modifying the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a binding site located upstream of the PAM sequence;
- the target double-stranded polynucleotide has a PAM sequence consisting of NG (N means any base, G means guanine),
- the protein is the protein according to any one of [1] to [24] above,
- the method wherein the guide RNA includes a polynucleotide having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence from 1 base upstream to 20 bases to 24 bases upstream of the PAM sequence in the target double-stranded polynucleotide.
- [31] A method for reducing expression of a target gene in a cell, comprising expressing the protein according to [24] above and one or more guide RNAs for the target gene in the cell, Method. [32] The method described in [30] or [31] above, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell. [33] The method according to [30] or [31] above, wherein the cell is a yeast cell, plant cell or animal cell.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a Cas9 protein in which recognition of a PAM sequence is widespread while maintaining a binding force to a guide RNA.
- 1A is a diagram showing the results of agarose gel electrophoresis in a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 1.
- FIG. “TGT” was used as the PAM sequence, and EcoRI was used as the restriction enzyme.
- 1B is a diagram showing the results of agarose gel electrophoresis in a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 1.
- FIG. “TGG” was used as the PAM sequence, and HindIII was used as the restriction enzyme.
- 1C is a diagram showing the results of agarose gel electrophoresis in a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 1.
- FIG. “TGNA” was used as the PAM sequence, and BamHI was used as the restriction enzyme.
- FIG. 1D is a diagram showing the results of agarose gel electrophoresis in a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 1.
- FIG. “TGN” was used as the PAM sequence, and BamHI was used as the restriction enzyme.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of agarose gel electrophoresis in the DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 2.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 3. “TGA” was used as the PAM sequence, and BamHI was used as the restriction enzyme.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 4.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of a DNA cleavage activity measurement test in Example 5.
- the protein of this embodiment is a Cas9 protein in which recognition of a PAM sequence is widespread while maintaining a binding force to a guide RNA. According to the protein of the present embodiment, a site-specific genome editing technique can be provided simply and quickly for a target sequence.
- the “guide RNA” is a mimic of the hairpin structure of tracrRNA-crRNA, preferably from 20 to 24 bases from one base upstream of the PAM sequence in the target double-stranded polynucleotide. More preferably, the 5 ′ end region contains a polynucleotide comprising a base sequence complementary to a base sequence of 22 to 24 bases. Furthermore, it comprises one or more polynucleotides comprising a base sequence that is non-complementary to the target double-stranded polynucleotide, arranged so as to be symmetrically complementary with one point as an axis, and can have a hairpin structure. You may go out.
- the guide RNA has a function of binding to the mutant Cas9 protein of the present invention and guiding the protein to the target DNA.
- the guide RNA has a sequence complementary to the target DNA at its 5 ′ end, and binds to the target DNA via the complementary sequence, thereby leading the mutant Cas9 protein of the present invention to the target DNA.
- the mutant Cas9 protein functions as a DNA endonuclease
- the DNA can be cleaved at a site where the target DNA exists, for example, the function of the target DNA can be specifically lost.
- the guide RNA is designed and prepared based on the sequence information of the target DNA to be cleaved or modified. Specific examples include sequences as used in the examples.
- “endonuclease” means an enzyme that cleaves the middle of a nucleotide chain. Therefore, the Cas9 protein having endonuclease activity and widespread recognition of the PAM sequence of this embodiment is induced by the guide RNA and has an enzyme activity that cleaves the middle of the DNA strand.
- polypeptide means polymers of amino acid residues and are used interchangeably. It also means an amino acid polymer in which one or more amino acids are chemical analogues or modified derivatives of the corresponding naturally occurring amino acids.
- sequence means a nucleotide sequence having an arbitrary length, which is deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide, linear, circular, or branched, single-stranded or double-stranded. Is a chain.
- PAM sequence means a sequence that exists in the target double-stranded polynucleotide and can be recognized by the Cas9 protein, and the length and base sequence of the PAM sequence vary depending on the bacterial species.
- a sequence that can be recognized by the Cas9 protein, in which the recognition of the PAM sequence of this embodiment is widespread, can be represented by “5′-NG-3 ′”.
- N means any one base selected from the group consisting of adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine
- A means adenine
- G means guanine
- C means Cytosine
- T means thymine
- R means a base having a purine skeleton (adenine or guanine)
- Y means a base having a pyrimidine skeleton (cytosine or thymine).
- polynucleotide refers to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer that is in a linear or circular conformation and is in either a single-stranded or double-stranded form, and the length of the polymer. Is not to be construed as limiting. Also included are known analogs of natural nucleotides, as well as nucleotides (eg, phosphorothioate backbones) that are modified in at least one of a base moiety, a sugar moiety and a phosphate moiety. In general, analogs of specific nucleotides have the same base-pairing specificity, for example, analogs of A base-pair with T.
- the present invention provides a protein (Aspect 1) comprising an amino acid sequence having a mutation at position 1335 in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 and having an ability to bind to a guide RNA.
- the protein of embodiment 1 has RNA-induced DNA endonuclease activity.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 is the full-length amino acid sequence of SpCas9 protein.
- the sequence of the PAM sequence recognition site in the SpCas9 protein is an amino acid sequence consisting of 271 residues from the 1097th to the 1368th of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the mutation at position 1335 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is specifically selected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, valine, asparagine and aspartic acid of arginine at position 1335 Substitution to one amino acid. Substitution with alanine is preferable. Another preferred mutation at position 1335 is substitution with isoleucine, methionine, threonine or valine. Since the mutation at position 1335 eliminates the hydrogen bond with the third guanine (5′-NG “G” -3 ′) in the PAM sequence, recognition of the PAM sequence of the protein can be broadened.
- the present invention provides a protein having a mutation at position 1219 and capable of binding to a guide RNA (Aspect 2) in addition to the mutation of Aspect 1 above.
- the protein of aspect 2 has RNA-induced DNA endonuclease activity.
- the mutation at position 1219 is specifically a substitution of glutamic acid at position 1219 for phenylalanine. Mutations at position 1219 can contribute to an increase (maintenance) in the rate of expression of RNA-induced DNA endonuclease activity.
- the present invention in addition to the mutation of the aspect 1 or 2, the present invention further comprises a protein having a mutation at position 1322 and having a binding ability to a guide RNA (aspect 3).
- the protein of aspect 3 has RNA-induced DNA endonuclease activity.
- the mutation at position 1322 is specifically a substitution of alanine at position 1322 with arginine, histidine or lysine. Preference is given to substitution with arginine.
- a mutation at position 1322 may contribute to increased activity (maintenance of activity) of RNA-induced DNA endonuclease activity.
- the present invention provides at least one selected from the group consisting of positions 1111, 1135, 1218 and 1337, in addition to the mutation of the above aspects 1, 2 or 3.
- the present invention provides a protein having a mutation at all two positions, preferably two, more preferably three, and particularly preferably all four, and capable of binding to a guide RNA (Aspect 4).
- the protein of embodiment 4 has RNA-induced DNA endonuclease activity.
- the mutation at the 1111 position is specifically a substitution of leucine at the 1111 position with arginine, histidine or lysine. Preference is given to substitution with arginine.
- the mutation at position 1135 is specifically a substitution of aspartic acid at position 1135 with valine.
- the mutation at position 1218 is specifically a substitution of glycine at position 1218 with arginine, histidine or lysine. Preference is given to substitution with arginine.
- the mutation at position 1337 is specifically a substitution of threonine at position 1337 with arginine, histidine or lysine. Preference is given to substitution with arginine.
- the present invention in addition to the mutation of the above-described aspects 1, 2, 3, or 4, the present invention further comprises (i) positions 10, 762, 839, 983, and 986.
- a protein having a mutation in at least one position selected from the group and / or (ii) a position selected from the group consisting of positions 840 and 863 and having the ability to bind to a guide RNA (Aspect 5) I will provide a.
- the mutation at position 10 is specifically a substitution of aspartic acid at position 10 with alanine or asparagine.
- the mutation at position 762 is substitution of glutamic acid at position 762 with glutamine.
- the mutation at position 839 is specifically a substitution of aspartic acid at position 839 with alanine or asparagine.
- the mutation at position 983 is specifically a substitution of histidine at position 983 with asparagine or tyrosine.
- the mutation at position 986 is specifically a substitution of aspartic acid for aspartic acid at position 986.
- the mutation at position 840 is specifically a substitution of histidine at position 840 with alanine, asparagine or tyrosine.
- the mutation at position 863 is specifically a substitution of asparagine at position 863 with aspartic acid, serine or histidine.
- Aspect 5 is preferably a protein in which aspartic acid at position 10 is substituted with alanine or asparagine, or histidine at position 840 is substituted with alanine, asparagine or tyrosine.
- the protein of embodiment 5 having the mutation (i) or the mutation (ii) has nickase activity.
- the protein of embodiment 5 having the mutation (i) and the mutation (ii) binds to the guide RNA and is carried to the target DNA, but the endonuclease activity is inactivated.
- the present invention provides a protein (Aspect 6) that is functionally equivalent to the protein of Aspects 1-5.
- a protein (Aspect 6) that is functionally equivalent to the protein of Aspects 1-5.
- the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 80% or more of the sequence at a site other than the position where the mutation was performed in the first to fifth aspects It has identity and has the ability to bind to guide RNA.
- the “site other than the position where the mutation has been applied” can be interpreted as “the site other than the position corresponding to the position where the mutation has been applied”.
- amino acid sequence identity can be determined by a method known per se. For example, amino acid sequence identity (%) can be determined using a program commonly used in the art (eg, BLAST, FASTA, etc.) by default. In another aspect, identity (%) is determined by any algorithm known in the art, such as Needleman et al. (1970) (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 444-453), Myers and Miller (CABIOS, 1988, 4: 11-17) can be used.
- Needleman et al.'S algorithm is incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at www.gcg.com), and the percent identity is, for example, BLOSUM 62 matrix or PAM250 matrix, and gap weight: 16, It can be determined by using either 14, 12, 10, 8, 6 or 4 and length weight: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
- the Myers and Miller algorithms are also incorporated into the ALIGN program that is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When using the ALIGN program to compare amino acid sequences, for example, PAM120 weight residue table, gap length penalty 12, gap penalty 4 can be used.
- one to several amino acids at a site other than the position where the mutation was performed in the first to fifth aspects Is substituted, deleted, inserted and / or added, and a protein having the ability to bind to a guide RNA (Aspect 7) is provided.
- the “site other than the position where the mutation has been applied” can be interpreted as “the site other than the position corresponding to the position where the mutation has been applied”.
- a technique for artificially performing “amino acid substitution, deletion, insertion and / or addition” for example, conventional site-directed mutagenesis is performed on DNA encoding a predetermined amino acid sequence, and then this is performed.
- a technique for expressing DNA by a conventional method is mentioned.
- the site-directed mutagenesis method include a method using amber mutation (gapped duplex method, Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 9441-9456 (1984)), and a PCR method using a mutagenesis primer. Etc.
- the number of amino acids modified as described above is at least one residue, specifically one or several, or more. Of the substitutions, deletions, insertions or additions, amino acid substitution is particularly preferred.
- substitution is more preferably substitution with an amino acid having similar properties such as hydrophobicity, charge, pK, and steric features.
- substitutions include, for example, i) glycine, alanine; ii) valine, isoleucine, leucine; iii) aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; iv) serine, threonine; v) lysine, arginine; vi) phenylalanine, Substitution within the tyrosine group.
- arginine at position 1335 is alanine (R1335A), leucine at position 1111, is arginine (L1111R), and aspartic acid at position 1135 Is valine (D1135V), glycine at position 1218 is arginine (G1218R), glutamic acid at position 1219 is phenylalanine (E1219F), alanine at position 1322 is arginine (A1322R), and threonine at position 1337 is arginine (T1337R) And a protein containing the mutated amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18).
- arginine at position 1335 is isoleucine (R1335I), methionine (R1335M), threonine (R1335T) or valine (R1335V) (more preferably R1335M and R1335V), and leucine at position 1111 is arginine (L1111R).
- Aspartic acid is valine (D1135V)
- glycine at position 1218 is arginine (G1218R)
- glutamic acid at position 1219 is phenylalanine (E1219F)
- alanine at position 1322 is arginine (A1322R)
- threonine at position 1337 is arginine
- a protein containing an amino acid sequence mutated to (T1337R) is also preferred as the Cas9 protein with broad recognition of the PAM sequence of the present invention.
- Each of the proteins corresponds to a protein comprising an amino acid sequence in which alanine at position 1335 in SEQ ID NO: 18 is mutated to isoleucine, methionine, threonine, or valine.
- the alphabet displayed on the left side of the number representing the number of amino acid residues up to the substitution site indicates the single letter code of the amino acid before substitution
- the alphabet displayed on the right side indicates the single letter code of the amino acid after substitution.
- the Cas9 protein with widespread PAM recognition in the present embodiment can be prepared by, for example, the following method. First, a host is transformed with a vector containing a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 protein in which PAM recognition is widespread. Subsequently, the host is cultured to express the protein. Conditions such as medium composition, culture temperature, time, addition of inducer, etc. can be determined by those skilled in the art according to known methods so that transformants grow and the protein is efficiently produced. For example, when an antibiotic resistance gene is incorporated into an expression vector as a selection marker, a transformant can be selected by adding an antibiotic to the medium.
- the host is not particularly limited, and examples include animal cells, plant cells, insect cells, or microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast.
- the present invention relates to the protein shown in ⁇ Cas9 protein with wide recognition of PAM sequence> described above and one of the PAM (Proto-spacer Adjacent Motif) sequences in the target double-stranded polynucleotide.
- a protein-RNA complex comprising a guide RNA containing a polynucleotide having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence from 20 bases to 24 bases upstream from the base upstream.
- the PAM sequence is widened, and the site-specific target double-stranded polynucleotide can be edited easily and rapidly.
- the protein and the guide RNA can form a protein-RNA complex by mixing under mild conditions in vitro and in vivo.
- Mild conditions indicate a temperature and pH at which protein is not degraded or denatured, and the temperature is preferably 4 ° C. or higher and 40 ° C. or lower, and the pH is preferably 4 or higher and 10 or lower.
- the time for mixing and incubating the protein and the guide RNA is preferably 0.5 hours or more and 1 hour or less.
- the complex of the protein and the guide RNA is stable, and can remain stable even when left at room temperature for several hours.
- the present invention provides a first vector comprising a gene encoding the protein shown in ⁇ Cas9 protein with extensive recognition of PAM sequence> described above, and a PAM in a target double-stranded polynucleotide.
- a CRISPR-Cas vector system comprising a second vector containing a guide RNA containing a polynucleotide consisting of a base sequence complementary to a base sequence from 1 base upstream to 20 bases to 24 bases upstream of the sequence.
- the PAM sequence is widened, and the site-specific target double-stranded polynucleotide can be edited easily and rapidly.
- the guide RNA consists of a base sequence complementary to a base sequence of preferably 20 to 24 bases, more preferably 22 to 24 bases from one base upstream of the PAM sequence in the target double-stranded polynucleotide. What contains a polynucleotide in a 5 'terminal area
- polynucleotides comprising a base sequence that is non-complementary to the target double-stranded polynucleotide, arranged so as to be symmetrically complementary with one point as an axis, and can have a hairpin structure. You may go out.
- the vector of this embodiment is preferably an expression vector.
- the expression vector is not particularly limited.
- plasmids derived from E. coli such as pBR322, pBR325, pUC12, and pUC13
- plasmids derived from Bacillus subtilis such as pUB110, pTP5, and pC194
- plasmids derived from yeast such as pSH19 and pSH15
- Bacteriophages viruses such as adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, lentiviruses, vaccinia viruses, baculoviruses; and modified vectors thereof.
- the Cas9 protein and the guide RNA expression promoter are not particularly limited.
- These promoters can be appropriately selected depending on the types of cells that express the Cas9 protein and the guide RNA, or the Cas9 protein and the guide RNA.
- the above-described expression vector may further have a multicloning site, an enhancer, a splicing signal, a poly A addition signal, a selection marker, a replication origin, and the like.
- the present invention is a method for site-specific modification of a target double-stranded polynucleotide comprising: Mixing and incubating a target double-stranded polynucleotide, protein and guide RNA; modifying the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a binding site where the protein is located upstream of a PAM sequence; With The target double-stranded polynucleotide has a PAM sequence consisting of NG (N means any base, G means guanine), The protein is the protein shown in the above ⁇ Cas9 protein with wide recognition of PAM sequence>
- the guide RNA includes a method comprising a polynucleotide having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence from 1 base upstream to 20 bases to 24 bases upstream of the PAM sequence in the target double-stranded polynucleo
- the target double-stranded polynucleotide can be modified in a simple, rapid and site-specific manner with respect to the target sequence. Can do.
- the target double-stranded polynucleotide is not particularly limited as long as it has a PAM sequence composed of NG (N means any base and G means guanine).
- the protein and the guide RNA are as described in the above ⁇ Cas9 protein in which recognition of the PAM sequence is widespread>.
- the protein and the guide RNA are mixed and incubated under mild conditions.
- the mild conditions are as described above.
- the incubation time is preferably 0.5 hours or more and 1 hour or less.
- the complex of the protein and the guide RNA is stable, and can remain stable even when left at room temperature for several hours.
- the protein and the guide RNA form a complex on the target double-stranded polynucleotide.
- the protein recognizes a PAM sequence consisting of “5′-NG-3 ′” and binds to the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a binding site located upstream of the PAM sequence.
- the polynucleotide When the protein has endonuclease activity, the polynucleotide is cleaved at the site.
- the Cas9 protein recognizes the PAM sequence, and starting from the PAM sequence, the double helix structure of the target double-stranded polynucleotide is stripped, and the base complementary to the target double-stranded polynucleotide in the guide RNA By annealing with the sequence, the double helix structure of the target double-stranded polynucleotide is partially loosened.
- the Cas9 protein cleaves the phosphodiester bond of the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a cleavage site located upstream of the PAM sequence and a cleavage site located upstream of the sequence complementary to the PAM sequence. .
- the above-described CRISPR-Cas vector system is used to further combine the protein shown in ⁇ Cas9 protein with wide recognition of PAM sequence> and guide RNA.
- An expression step for expression may be provided.
- Cas9 protein and guide RNA are expressed using the above-described CRISPR-Cas vector system.
- a host is transformed using an expression vector containing a gene encoding Cas9 protein and an expression vector containing a guide RNA.
- the host is cultured to express Cas9 protein and guide RNA.
- Conditions such as medium composition, culture temperature, time, addition of inducer, etc. can be determined by those skilled in the art according to known methods so that the transformant grows and the fusion protein is efficiently produced.
- an antibiotic resistance gene is incorporated into an expression vector as a selection marker, a transformant can be selected by adding an antibiotic to the medium.
- Cas9 protein and guide RNA expressed by the host are purified by an appropriate method to obtain Cas9 protein and guide RNA.
- the present invention is a method for site-specific modification of a target double-stranded polynucleotide comprising: Mixing and incubating the target double-stranded polynucleotide, protein and guide RNA; and binding the protein to the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a binding site located upstream of the PAM sequence; Obtaining the modified target double-stranded polynucleotide in a region determined by complementary binding of the guide RNA and the target double-stranded polynucleotide, and The target double-stranded polynucleotide has a PAM sequence consisting of NG (N means any base, G means guanine),
- the protein is the above-described ⁇ Cas9 protein with wide recognition of PAM sequence>
- the protein shown in The guide RNA includes a method comprising a polynucle
- RNA-induced DNA endonuclease with a wide PAM sequence, a target double-stranded polynucleotide is modified in a simple and rapid manner and site-specifically with respect to the target sequence. can do.
- the above-described ⁇ Cas9 protein with wide recognition of PAM sequence> and ⁇ target double-stranded polynucleotide are site-specifically modified. As shown in the method for
- the steps up to site-specific binding to the target double-stranded polynucleotide are the same as the steps shown in ⁇ Method for cleaving target double-stranded polynucleotide site-specifically>. Subsequently, in the region determined by the complementary binding of the guide RNA and the double-stranded polynucleotide, a target double-stranded polynucleotide that has been modified according to the purpose can be obtained.
- modification means that the base sequence of the target double-stranded polynucleotide is changed.
- cleavage of the target double-stranded polynucleotide change of the base sequence of the target double-stranded polynucleotide by insertion of exogenous sequence after cleavage (insertion by physical insertion or replication through homologous directed repair), non-breaking after cleavage
- NHEJ homologous end ligation
- changes in the base sequence of the target double-stranded polynucleotide due to the addition of a functional protein or base sequence can be mentioned.
- the modification of the target double-stranded polynucleotide in the present embodiment can introduce mutations into the target double-stranded polynucleotide or destroy or alter the function of the target double-stranded polynucleotide.
- the above-described CRISPR-Cas vector system prior to the incubation step, is used to further combine the protein shown in ⁇ Cas9 protein with wide recognition of PAM sequence> and guide RNA.
- An expression step for expression may be provided.
- Cas9 protein and guide RNA are expressed using the above-described CRISPR-Cas vector system.
- the specific method for the expression is the same as the method exemplified in [Second Embodiment] in ⁇ Method for modifying site-specifically target double-stranded polynucleotide> described above.
- the present invention is a method for site-specific modification of a target double-stranded polynucleotide in a cell comprising: An expression step of introducing the above-described CRISPR-Cas vector system into a cell, and expressing the above-described ⁇ Cas9 protein in which recognition of the PAM sequence is widespread> and a guide RNA; The protein binds to the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a binding site located upstream of the PAM sequence; Obtaining the modified target double-stranded polynucleotide in a region determined by complementary binding of the guide RNA and the target double-stranded polynucleotide, The target double-stranded polynucleotide has a PAM sequence consisting of NG (N means any base, G means guanine),
- the guide RNA includes a method comprising
- Cas9 protein and guide RNA are expressed in cells using the above-described CRISPR-Cas vector system.
- Examples of organisms from which cells to which the method of this embodiment is applied include prokaryotes, yeasts, animals, plants, insects, and the like. There is no special limitation as said animal, For example, a human, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a rabbit, a pig, a cow, a mouse, a rat etc. are mentioned, It is not limited to these.
- the type of organism from which the cells are derived can be arbitrarily selected depending on the type, purpose, etc. of the desired target double-stranded polynucleotide.
- animal-derived cells to which the method of the present embodiment is applied include, for example, germ cells (sperm, ova, etc.), somatic cells constituting the living body, stem cells, progenitor cells, cancer cells separated from living bodies, living bodies Cells that have been isolated from the body and have acquired immortalization and are stably maintained outside the body (cell lines), cells that have been isolated from the living body and have been artificially genetically modified, and cells that have been isolated from the living body and have been artificially exchanged in the nucleus
- germ cells sperm, ova, etc.
- somatic cells constituting the living body
- stem cells progenitor cells
- cancer cells separated from living bodies living bodies
- living bodies Cells that have been isolated from the body and have acquired immortalization and are stably maintained outside the body (cell lines)
- cells that have been isolated from the living body and have been artificially genetically modified cells that have been isolated from the living body and have been artificially exchanged in the nucleus
- somatic cells constituting the living body include skin, kidney, spleen, adrenal gland, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, uterus, stomach, colon, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, prostate, testis, thymus, muscle, connective tissue, Examples include, but are not limited to, cells collected from any tissue such as bone, cartilage, vascular tissue, blood, heart, eye, brain, and nerve tissue.
- somatic cells for example, fibroblasts, bone marrow cells, immune cells (for example, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, etc.), erythrocytes, platelets, bone cells Bone marrow cells, pericytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells, epidermal cells, endothelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, hepatocytes, islet cells (eg, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, PP cells, etc.), chondrocytes, cumulus cells, glial cells, neurons (neurons), oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, cardiomyocytes, esophageal cells, muscle cells (For example, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, etc.), melanocytes, mononucle
- Stem cells are cells that have both the ability to replicate themselves and the ability to differentiate into other multiple cell lines.
- Stem cells include, for example, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), embryonic tumor cells, embryonic germ stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hepatic stem cells, pancreatic stem cells , Muscle stem cells, germ stem cells, intestinal stem cells, cancer stem cells, hair follicle stem cells, and the like.
- Cancer cells are cells that are derived from somatic cells and have acquired unlimited proliferative capacity.
- cancers from which cancer cells are derived include breast cancer (eg, invasive breast cancer, non-invasive breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer, etc.), prostate cancer (eg, hormone-dependent prostate).
- pancreatic cancer eg, pancreatic duct cancer, etc.
- stomach cancer eg, papillary adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, etc.
- lung cancer eg, Non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma, etc.
- colon cancer eg, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- rectal cancer eg, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- colorectal cancer eg, Familial colorectal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, etc.
- small intestine cancer eg, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, etc.
- esophageal cancer duodenal cancer, tongue Cancer, pharyngeal cancer (eg, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, hypophary
- a cell line is a cell that has acquired infinite proliferative capacity through artificial manipulation in vitro.
- Examples of cell lines include HCT116, Huh7, HEK293 (human embryonic kidney cells), HeLa (human cervical cancer cell line), HepG2 (human hepatoma cell line), UT7 / TPO (human leukemia cell line), CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cell line), MDCK, MDBK, BHK, C-33A, HT-29, AE-1, 3D9, Ns0 / 1, Jurkat, NIH3T3, PC12, S2, Sf9, Sf21, High Five, Vero, etc. However, it is not limited to these.
- a method for introducing the CRISPR-Cas vector system into cells it can be performed by a method suitable for the living cells to be used. Electroporation method, heat shock method, calcium phosphate method, lipofection method, DEAE dextran method, microinjection method , Particle gun method, method using virus, FuGENE (registered trademark) 6 Transfection Reagent (manufactured by Roche), Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent (manufactured by Invitrogen), Lipofectamine LTX Reagent (manufactured by Invitrogen), Lipofectamine Reingen And methods using commercially available transfection reagents such as It is possible.
- FuGENE registered trademark 6 Transfection Reagent
- Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent manufactured by Invitrogen
- Lipofectamine LTX Reagent manufactured by Invitrogen
- Lipofectamine Reingen And methods using commercially available transfection reagents such as It is possible.
- the subsequent modification step is the same as the method described in [First embodiment] in ⁇ Method for site-specific modification of target double-stranded nucleotide> described above.
- the protein is the target double-stranded polynucleotide at a binding site located upstream of the PAM sequence. But can't stay there and cut. Therefore, for example, when a labeled protein such as a fluorescent protein (eg, GFP) is fused to the protein, the labeled protein can be bound to the target double-stranded polynucleotide via the guide RNA-mutated Cas9 protein.
- a labeled protein such as a fluorescent protein (eg, GFP)
- the labeled protein can be bound to the target double-stranded polynucleotide via the guide RNA-mutated Cas9 protein.
- Various functions can be imparted to the target double-stranded polynucleotide by appropriately selecting a substance to be bound to the mutant Cas9 protein.
- a transcriptional regulatory factor protein or domain can be linked to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the mutant Cas9 protein or a protein that lacks some or all of the cleavage enzyme activity from the mutant Cas9.
- Transcriptional regulators or domains thereof include transcriptional activators or domains thereof (eg, VP64, NF- ⁇ B p65) and transcription silencers or domains thereof (eg, heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1)) or transcriptional repressors or domains thereof (E.g., Kruppel related box (KRAB), ERF repressor domain (ERD), mSin3A interaction domain (SID)).
- Enzymes that modify the methylation state of DNA eg, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), TET
- enzymes that modify histone subunits eg, histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase
- Histone demethylase eg., DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), TET
- HAT histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC histone deacetylase
- Histone demethylase Histone demethylase
- the present invention provides methods and compositions for performing genome editing and treating genes.
- the method of this embodiment is efficient and inexpensive to implement and is adaptable to any cell or organism. Any segment of a cell or organism double-stranded nucleic acid can be modified by the gene therapy method of this embodiment.
- the gene therapy method of this embodiment utilizes both homologous recombination processes and non-homologous recombination processes that are endogenous to all cells.
- gene editing refers to a specific recombination or targeted mutation performed by a technique such as CRISPR / Cas9 system or Transcribing Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN). It means a new gene modification technology that performs gene disruption and knock-in of reporter gene.
- CRISPR / Cas9 system or Transcribing Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN). It means a new gene modification technology that performs gene disruption and knock-in of reporter gene.
- TALEN Transcribing Activator-Like Effector Nucleases
- the present invention also provides a gene therapy method for performing targeted DNA insertion or targeted DNA deletion.
- This gene therapy method includes a step of transforming a cell with a nucleic acid construct containing donor DNA.
- the scheme for DNA insertion and DNA deletion after target gene cleavage can be determined by those skilled in the art according to known methods.
- the present invention provides a gene therapy method that is used in both somatic cells and germ cells and performs genetic manipulation at a specific locus.
- the present invention also provides a gene therapy method for disrupting a gene in somatic cells.
- the gene overexpresses a product harmful to the cell or organism and expresses a product harmful to the cell or organism.
- Such genes can be overexpressed in one or more cell types that occur in the disease. Disruption of the overexpressed gene by the gene therapy method of the present embodiment can bring better health to an individual suffering from a disease caused by the overexpressed gene. That is, the destruction of only a small percentage of the cells in the cell works, reducing the expression level and producing a therapeutic effect.
- the present invention also provides a gene therapy method for disrupting a gene in a germ cell.
- a cell in which a specific gene is disrupted can be used to produce an organism that does not have the function of the specific gene.
- the gene can be knocked out completely. This loss of function in a particular cell can have a therapeutic effect.
- the present invention also provides a gene therapy method for inserting a donor DNA encoding a gene product.
- This gene product has a therapeutic effect when constitutively expressed.
- a method of inserting the donor DNA into an individual (patient) suffering from diabetes in order to cause insertion of a donor DNA encoding an active promoter and an insulin gene.
- the population of pancreatic cells containing the donor DNA can then produce insulin and treat diabetic patients.
- the donor DNA can be inserted into a plant to produce a pharmacologically related gene product.
- Protein product genes eg, insulin, lipase, or hemoglobin
- regulatory elements e.g., insulin, lipase, or hemoglobin
- Such protein products can then be isolated from the plant.
- Transgenic plants or animals use nucleic acid transfer techniques (McCreath, KJ et al. (2000) Nature 405: 1066-1069; Polejaeva, IA et al. (2000) Nature 407: 86-90). Can be produced by a method. Tissue type specific cells or cell type specific vectors can be utilized to provide gene expression only in selected cells.
- donor DNA can be inserted into the target gene, and cells having the designed genetic changes can be generated by all subsequent cell divisions.
- the gene therapy method of the present embodiment can be applied to, for example, any organism, cultured cell, cultured tissue, cultured nucleus (cultured cell, cultured tissue, or cultured nuclear intact can be used to regenerate the organism.
- Cell, tissue or nucleus cultured cell, cultured tissue, or cultured nuclear intact can be used to regenerate the organism.
- Cell, tissue or nucleus gametes (eg, eggs or sperm at various stages of development) and the like.
- the cell to which the gene therapy method of this embodiment is applied is derived from any organism (insects, fungi, rodents, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, other agriculturally important animals, and other Mammals (including, but not limited to, mammals such as, but not limited to, dogs, cats and humans) and the like.
- the gene therapy method of this embodiment can be used in plants.
- the plant to which the gene therapy method of the present embodiment is applied is not particularly limited, and can be applied to any variety of plant species (for example, monocotyledonous plants or dicotyledonous plants).
- Example 1 Preparation of wild type and mutant SpCas9 (1) Design of construct A wild type or mutant SpCas9 gene whose codon was optimized by gene synthesis was incorporated into pET vector (Novagen). Furthermore, a TEV recognition sequence was added between the His tag and the SpCas9 gene. The N-terminal of Cas9 expressed from the completed construct is designed such that 6-residue histidine is continuous (His tag) and a TEV protease recognition site is added. The base sequence of the used SpCas9 gene is as follows.
- WT base sequence of wild type SpCas9: SEQ ID NO: 2 m0 : base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A): SEQ ID NO: 3 m4 : base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A / G1218R): SEQ ID NO: 4 m18 : base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A / G1218R / T1337R): SEQ ID NO: 5 m19 : base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R): SEQ ID NO: 6 m20 : base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / D1332R): SEQ ID NO: 7 m21: Mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A / G1218R / T1337R / L111111
- m62 base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335L / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / A1322R / E1219F / D1135V): base sequence obtained by converting gcc at positions 4003 to 4005 to ctg with respect to the base sequence of m43 (SEQ ID NO: 18) .
- m63 base sequence of the mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335M / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / A1322R / E1219F / D1135V): base sequence obtained by converting gcc at positions 4003 to 4005 to atg relative to the base sequence of m43 (SEQ ID NO: 18) .
- m64 base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335F / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / A1322R / E1219F / D1135V): base sequence obtained by converting gcc at positions 4003 to 4005 to ttt with respect to the base sequence of m43 (SEQ ID NO: 18) .
- m65 base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335T / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / A1322R / E1219F / D1135V): base sequence obtained by converting gcc at positions 4003 to 4005 to acc with respect to the base sequence of m43 (SEQ ID NO: 18) .
- m66 base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335V / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / A1322R / E1219F / D1135V): base sequence obtained by converting gcc at positions 4003 to 4005 to gtg with respect to the base sequence of m43 (SEQ ID NO: 18) .
- Buffer E is changed from 10% to 50%.
- the target protein was eluted by applying a linear gradient (NaCl concentration from 200 mM to 1 M).
- the compositions of buffers A to E are shown below.
- Buffer A 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole Buffer B: 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1000 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole Buffer C: 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole Buffer D: 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 Buffer E: 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 2000 mM NaCl
- RNA sequence ggaaauuaggugcgcuuggc guuuuagagcuagaaauagcaaguuaaaauaaggcuaguccguuaucaacuugaaaaagug; SEQ ID NO: 19
- the underlined portion indicates a 20 base guide sequence, and the remainder corresponds to the scaffold portion (stem-loop 2).
- a T7 promoter sequence was added upstream of the guide RNA sequence and incorporated into a linearized pUC119 vector (TaKaRa). Based on the prepared vector, template DNA for in vitro transcription reaction was prepared using PCR.
- an in vitro transcription reaction with T7 RNA polymerase was performed at 37 ° C. for 4 hours.
- An equal amount of phenol chloroform was added to and mixed with the reaction solution containing the transcription product, followed by centrifugation (10,000 g, 2 minutes) at 20 ° C., and the supernatant was collected.
- 1/10 amount of 3M sodium acetate and 2.5 times amount of 100% ethanol were added to the supernatant, and the mixture was centrifuged at 4 ° C. (10,000 g, 3 minutes) to precipitate the transcription product.
- the supernatant was discarded, 70% ethanol was added, centrifuged at 4 ° C. (10,000 g, 3 minutes), and the supernatant was discarded again.
- the precipitate was air-dried, resuspended in TBE buffer, and purified by 7M Urea modified 10% PAGE. A band located at the molecular weight of the target RNA was cut out, and RNA was extracted with an Elutrap electroelution system (GE Healthcare). Thereafter, the extracted RNA was passed through a PD-10 column (GE Healthcare), and the buffer was exchanged with buffer H (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 150 mM NaCl).
- Plasmid DNA cleavage activity measurement test For use in a DNA cleavage activity measurement test, a vector into which a target DNA sequence and a PAM sequence were inserted was prepared. PAM sequences 1 to 4 were added to the target DNA sequence and incorporated into a linearized pUC119 vector. Target sequences and PAM sequences 1-4 are shown in Table 1.
- E. coli Mach1 strain (Life Technologies) was transformed and cultured at 37 ° C. in an LB medium containing 20 ⁇ g / mL ampicillin. After culturing, the cells were collected by centrifugation (8,000 g, 1 minute), and the plasmid DNA was purified using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (QIAGEN). Cleavage experiments were performed using target plasmid DNA to which the purified PAM sequence was added. Plasmid DNA was linearized with restriction enzymes. When wild-type or mutant SpCas9 cleaves the target DNA sequence in the linearized DNA, cleavage products of about 1,000 bp and about 2,000 bp are formed.
- cleavage buffer B As a buffer for cleavage, cleavage buffer B having the following composition was used. Composition of B ( ⁇ 10) 200 mM HEPES 7.5 1000 mM KCl 50% glycerol 10 mM DTT 5 mM EDTA 20 mM MgCl 2 The sample after the reaction was subjected to electrophoresis using a 1% concentration agarose gel, and the band of the cleavage product was confirmed. The results are shown in FIGS. 1A-D. In the figure, “Substrate” indicates a substrate, and “Product” indicates a cleavage product. PAM sequences and reaction conditions are shown in the figure.
- Wild type SpCas9 recognizes only when the third base of the PAM sequence is G, and the target plasmid DNA is cleaved, whereas mutant SpCas9 recognizes the PAM sequence other than G in the third base, The target plasmid DNA could be cleaved. Therefore, it was confirmed that the wild type SpCas9 recognizes the PAM sequence “NGG”, whereas the mutant SpCas9 recognizes the PAM sequence “NG”. From the above, it has been clarified that in the mutant SpCas9, the PAM sequence is widespread, and the site-specific target double-stranded polynucleotide can be cleaved with respect to the target sequence simply and rapidly.
- Example 2 Using the mutant SpCas9 (m43) prepared in Example 1, a plasmid DNA cleavage activity measurement test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in FIG. Wild type SpCas9 recognizes only when the third base of the PAM sequence is G, and the target plasmid DNA is cleaved, whereas mutant SpCas9 recognizes the PAM sequence other than G in the third base, The target plasmid DNA could be cleaved. Therefore, it was confirmed that the wild type SpCas9 recognizes the PAM sequence “NGG”, whereas the mutant SpCas9 recognizes the PAM sequence “NG”.
- Example 3 Using the mutant SpCas9 (m43, m61 to m66) prepared in Example 1, a plasmid DNA cleavage activity measurement test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. For detection of cleavage products, a MultiNA capillary electrophoresis apparatus (Shimadzu Corporation) was used. As the PAM sequence, 5′-TGC-3 ′, which is PAM sequence 4, was used. Cutting experiments were performed at 0.5 minutes (0.5 m) and 2 minutes (2 m). The results are shown in FIG. Excellent DNA cleavage activity was confirmed for m61, m63, m65 and m66.
- Example 4 Using the mutant SpCas9 (m43, m61, m63 and m66) prepared in Example 1, a plasmid DNA cleavage activity measurement test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1. Cutting experiments were performed at 0.5 minutes (0.5 m) and 2 minutes (2 m). The results are shown in FIG. In wild-type SpCas9, it recognizes only when the third base of the PAM sequence is G, and the target plasmid DNA is cleaved, whereas in mutant SpCas9, the third base recognizes a PAM sequence other than G, The target plasmid DNA could be cleaved. It was confirmed that m61, m63 and m66, particularly m63 and m66, can cleave DNA with high efficiency even when TGA and TGC PAM sequences, which were less efficient with m43, were used.
- Example 5 Using the wild-type SpCas9 and mutant SpCas9 (WT, m43) prepared in Example 1 and the following mutant SpCas9 prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, a plasmid DNA cleavage activity measurement test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. went. Cutting experiments were performed over time (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 minutes). The results are shown in FIG. The rise of cleavage activity comparable to WT was confirmed at m43.
- Base sequence of mutant SpCas9 gene (R1335A / G1218R / T1337R / L1111R / A1322R / D1135V): base sequence obtained by converting gac at positions 3403-3405 to gtt with respect to the base sequence of m25 (SEQ ID NO: 12).
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Abstract
Description
CRISPR-Casシステムには、typeI、II、IIIがあるが、ゲノム編集で用いるのはもっぱらtypeII CRISPR-Casシステムであり、typeIIではRGNとしてCas9タンパク質が用いられている。S.pyogenes由来のCas9タンパク質はNGGという3つの塩基をPAM配列として認識するため、グアニンが2つ並んだ配列がありさえすればその上流を切断できる。
CRISPR-Casシステムを用いた方法は、目的のDNA配列と相同な短いgRNAを合成するだけでよく、単一のタンパク質であるCas9タンパク質を用いてゲノム編集ができる。そのため、従来用いられていたジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ZFN)やトランス活性化因子様作動体(TALEN)のようにDNA配列ごとに異なる大きなタンパク質を合成する必要がなく、簡便かつ迅速にゲノム編集を行うことができる。
特許文献2には、S.thermophilus由来のCRISPR-Casシステムを活用したゲノム編集技術が開示されている。さらに、特許文献2には、Cas9タンパク質のD31A又はN891A変異体が、一方のDNA鎖のみにnickを入れるDNA切断酵素であるnickaseとして機能することが開示されている。さらに、DNA切断後の修復メカニズムで挿入欠失などの変異を起こしやすい非相同末端結合の発生率は少ないままで、野生型Cas9タンパク質と同程度の相同組み換え効率を有することが示されている。
非特許文献1には、S.pyogenes由来のCas9を使用したCRISPR-Casシステムであって、2つのCas9タンパク質のD10A変異体と、該D10A変異体と複合体を形成する1対の標的特異的ガイドRNAを利用するダブルニッカーゼシステムが開示されている。各Cas9タンパク質のD10A変異体及び標的特異的ガイドRNAの複合体は、ガイドRNAと相補するDNA鎖に1つだけニックを作る。一対のガイドRNAは約20塩基程度ずれており、標的DNAの反対鎖に位置する標的配列のみを認識する。各Cas9タンパク質のD10A変異体及び標的特異的ガイドRNAの複合体によって作られた2つのニックはDNA二本鎖切断(DNA double-strand break:DSB)を模倣する状態になり、一対のガイドRNAを利用することで高レベルの効率を維持しつつ、Cas9タンパク質媒介型遺伝子編集の特異性を改善できることが示されている。
特許文献3には、S.pyogenes由来のCas9タンパク質の各種変異体が、特許文献4には、F.novicida由来のCas9タンパク質の各種変異体が開示されている。
このように従来のCas9タンパク質には、認識可能なPAM配列に制限があるため、編集可能な標的配列が制限されるという問題点があった。
本発明は、ガイドRNAとの結合能は維持しつつ標的配列の制限が緩和された改変されたCas9タンパク質及びその用途を提供することを目的とする。
本明細書中、変異を導入する前のCas9タンパク質を野生型Cas9タンパク質、変異を導入した後のCas9タンパク質を改変されたCas9タンパク質あるいは変異型Cas9タンパク質と称する場合がある。
即ち、本発明は以下の通りである。
[2]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに1219位に変異を有する、上記[1]に記載のタンパク質。
[3]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに1322位に変異を有する、上記[1]又は[2]に記載のタンパク質。
[4]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1335位のアルギニンがアラニン、グリシン、システイン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、バリン、スレオニン、アスパラギン及びアスパラギン酸からなる群より選ばれる1つのアミノ酸で置換され、さらに1219位に変異を有するアミノ酸配列を含む配列からなり、且つ、ガイドRNAとの結合能を有するタンパク質。
[5]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1335位のアルギニンがアラニン、グリシン、システイン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、バリン、スレオニン、アスパラギン及びアスパラギン酸からなる群より選ばれる1つのアミノ酸で置換され、さらに1322位に変異を有するアミノ酸配列を含む配列からなり、且つ、ガイドRNAとの結合能を有するタンパク質。
[6]1335位のアルギニンの置換がアラニンへの置換である、上記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[7]1335位のアルギニンの置換がイソロイシン、メチオニン、スレオニン又はバリンへの置換である、上記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[8]1219位の変異がグルタミン酸のフェニルアラニンへの置換である、上記[2]又は[4]記載のタンパク質。
[9]1322位の変異がアラニンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である、上記[3]又は[5]記載のタンパク質。
[10]1322位の変異がアラニンのアルギニンへの置換である、上記[9]記載のタンパク質。
[12]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位からなる群より選択される少なくとも2つの位置に変異を有する、上記[11]に記載のタンパク質。
[13]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位からなる群より選択される少なくとも3つの位置に変異を有する、上記[11]に記載のタンパク質。
[14]配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位に変異を有する、上記[11]に記載のタンパク質。
[15]1111位の変異がロイシンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換であり;
1135位の変異がアスパラギン酸のバリンへの置換であり;
1218位の変異がグリシンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換であり;
1337位の変異がスレオニンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である、上記[11]~[14]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[16]配列番号1の変異が施された位置以外の部位において80%以上の同一性を有する、上記[1]~[15]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[17]配列番号1の変異が施された位置以外の部位において1~数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入及び/又は付加された、上記[1]~[15]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[18]RNA誘導性DNAエンドヌクレアーゼ活性を有する、上記[1]~[17]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[19]さらに、配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、ヌクレアーゼ活性を一部あるいは全部を欠失する変異を有する、上記[1]~[16]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[20]ヌクレアーゼ活性を一部あるいは全部欠失する変異が、配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列における、(i)10位、762位、839位、983位及び986位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの位置又はそれに相当する位置、及び/又は(ii)840位及び863位からなる群より選択される位置又はそれに相当する位置における変異である、上記[19]に記載のタンパク質。
840位のヒスチジンがアラニン、アスパラギン又はチロシンに置換している、上記[20]に記載のタンパク質。
[22]転写制御因子タンパク質又はドメインを連結した、上記[19]~[21]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質。
[23]転写制御因子が転写活性化因子である、上記[22]記載のタンパク質。
[24]転写制御因子が転写サイレンサー又は転写抑制因子である、上記[22]記載のタンパク質。
[25]上記[1]~[24]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質をコードする核酸。
[26]上記[1]~[24]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質と、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中のPAM(Proto-spacer Adjacent Motif)配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むガイドRNAと、を備えるタンパク質-RNA複合体。
[27]標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを部位特異的に改変するための方法であって、
標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドと、タンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを混合し、インキュベートする工程と、
前記タンパク質が、PAM配列の上流に位置する結合部位で前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを改変する工程と、を備え、
前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドは、NG(Nは任意の塩基を、Gはグアニンをそれぞれ意味する)からなるPAM配列を有し、
前記タンパク質は、上記[1]~[24]のいずれかに記載のタンパク質であり、
前記ガイドRNAは、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中の前記PAM配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むものである方法。
[28]改変が、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの部位特異的な切断である、上記[27]記載の方法。
[29]改変が、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドにおける部位特異的な、1以上のヌクレオチドの置換、欠失及び/又は付加である、上記[27]記載の方法。
[30]細胞の標的遺伝子の発現を増大させる方法であって、前記細胞内で上記[23]に記載のタンパク質と、前記標的遺伝子に対する1つ又は複数のガイドRNAとを発現させることを含む、方法。
[31]細胞の標的遺伝子の発現を減少させる方法であって、前記細胞内で上記[24]に記載のタンパク質と、前記標的遺伝子に対する1つ又は複数のガイドRNAとを発現させることを含む、方法。
[32]細胞が真核細胞である、上記[30]又は[31]に記載の方法。
[33]細胞が酵母細胞、植物細胞又は動物細胞である、上記[30]又は[31]に記載の方法。
本実施形態のタンパク質は、ガイドRNAへの結合力を保ちながら、PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質である。本実施形態のタンパク質によれば、簡便且つ迅速で標的配列に部位特異的なゲノム編集技術を提供することができる。
ガイドRNAは、本発明の変異型Cas9タンパク質と結合して、該タンパク質を標的DNAに導く機能を有する。ガイドRNAは、その5’末端に標的DNAに相補的な配列を有し、該相補的な配列を介して標的DNAに結合することにより、本発明の変異型Cas9タンパク質を標的DNAに導く。変異型Cas9タンパク質がDNAエンドヌクレアーゼとして機能する場合には、標的DNAが存在する部位でDNAを切断し、例えば、標的DNAの機能を特異的に喪失させることができる。
ガイドRNAは、切断あるいは修飾すべき標的DNAの配列情報に基づき設計され調製される。具体的には実施例で用いられるような配列が挙げられる。
本明細書中において、「PAM配列」とは、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中に存在し、Cas9タンパク質により認識可能な配列を意味し、PAM配列の長さや塩基配列は細菌種によって異なる。本実施形態のPAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質により認識可能な配列は、「5’-NG-3’」で表すことができる。
配列番号1は、SpCas9タンパク質の全長アミノ酸配列である。SpCas9タンパク質中のPAM配列認識部位の配列は、配列番号1の1097番目~1368番目までの271残基からなるアミノ酸配列である。
配列番号1の1335位における変異は、具体的には、1335位のアルギニンの、アラニン、グリシン、システイン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、スレオニン、バリン、アスパラギン及びアスパラギン酸からなる群より選ばれる1つのアミノ酸への置換である。好ましくはアラニンへの置換である。また、1335位における別の好ましい変異は、イソロイシン、メチオニン、スレオニン又はバリンへの置換である。
1335位における変異によりPAM配列中の3番目のグアニン(5’-NG『G』-3’)との水素結合がなくなるため、該タンパク質のPAM配列の認識を広範化することができる。
該1219位における変異は、具体的には、1219位のグルタミン酸のフェニルアラニンへの置換である。
1219位における変異は、RNA誘導性DNAエンドヌクレアーゼ活性の発現速度の上昇(維持)に寄与し得る。
該1322位における変異は、具体的には、1322位のアラニンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である。好ましくは、アルギニンへの置換である。
1322位における変異は、RNA誘導性DNAエンドヌクレアーゼ活性の活性上昇(活性維持)に寄与し得る。
該1111位における変異は、具体的には、1111位のロイシンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である。好ましくは、アルギニンへの置換である。
該1135位における変異は、具体的には、1135位のアスパラギン酸のバリンへの置換である。
該1218位における変異は、具体的には、1218位のグリシンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である。好ましくは、アルギニンへの置換である。
該1337位における変異は、具体的には、1337位のスレオニンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である。好ましくは、アルギニンへの置換である。
該10位における変異は、具体的には、10位のアスパラギン酸のアラニン又はアスパラギンへの置換である。
該762位における変異は、具体的には、762位のグルタミン酸のグルタミンへの置換である。
該839位における変異は、具体的には、839位のアスパラギン酸のアラニン又はアスパラギンへの置換である。
該983位における変異は、具体的には、983位のヒスチジンのアスパラギン又はチロシンへの置換である。
該986位における変異は、具体的には、986位のアスパラギン酸のアスパラギンへの置換である。
該840位における変異は、具体的には、840位のヒスチジンのアラニン、アスパラギン又はチロシンへの置換である。
該863位における変異は、具体的には、863位のアスパラギンのアスパラギン酸、セリン又はヒスチジンへの置換である。
態様5として好ましくは、10位のアスパラギン酸がアラニン若しくはアスパラギンに置換し、又は840位のヒスチジンが、アラニン、アスパラギン若しくはチロシンに置換したタンパク質である。
(i)の変異又は(ii)の変異を有する態様5のタンパク質は、ニッカーゼ活性を有する。
(i)の変異及び(ii)の変異を有する態様5のタンパク質は、ガイドRNAと結合し標的DNAへと運ばれるがエンドヌクレアーゼ活性が失活している。
「アミノ酸の置換、欠失、挿入及び/又は付加」を人為的に行う場合の手法としては、例えば、所定のアミノ酸配列をコードするDNAに対して慣用の部位特異的変異導入を施し、その後このDNAを常法により発現させる手法が挙げられる。ここで部位特異的変異導入法としては、例えば、アンバー変異を利用する方法(ギャップド・デュプレックス法、Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 9441-9456 (1984))、変異導入用プライマーを用いたPCRによる方法等が挙げられる。
前記で改変されるアミノ酸の数については、少なくとも1残基、具体的には1若しくは数個、またはそれ以上である。また前記置換、欠失、挿入または付加のうち、特にアミノ酸の置換が好ましい。当該置換は、疎水性、電荷、pK、立体構造上における特徴等の類似した性質を有するアミノ酸への置換がより好ましい。このような置換としては、例えば、i)グリシン、アラニン;ii)バリン、イソロイシン、ロイシン;iii)アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸、アスパラギン、グルタミン;iv)セリン、スレオニン;v)リジン、アルギニン;vi)フェニルアラニン、チロシンのグループ内での置換が挙げられる。
本明細書中、置換箇所までのアミノ酸残基数を表わす数字の左側に表示したアルファベットは置換前のアミノ酸の1文字表記を示し、右側に表示したアルファベットは置換後のアミノ酸の1文字表記を示している。
宿主としては、特に限定されず、動物細胞、植物細胞、昆虫細胞、又は、大腸菌、枯草菌、酵母等の微生物が挙げられる。
一実施形態において、本発明は、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>において示されたタンパク質と、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中のPAM(Proto-spacer Adjacent Motif)配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むガイドRNAと、を備えるタンパク質-RNA複合体を提供する。
一実施形態において、本発明は、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>において示されたタンパク質をコードする遺伝子を含む第1のベクターと、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中のPAM配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むガイドRNAを含む第2のベクターと、を備えるCRISPR-Casベクターシステムを提供する。
ガイドRNAは、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中のPAM配列の1塩基上流から、好ましくは20塩基以上24塩基以下、より好ましくは22塩基以上24塩基以下までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを5’末端領域に含むものを適宜設計すればよい。さらに、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドと非相補的な塩基配列からなり、一点を軸として対称に相補的な配列になるように並び、ヘアピン構造をとり得る塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを1つ以上含んでいてもよい。
elongation factor)プロモーター等の植物細胞における発現用のプロモーター、ポリヘドリンプロモーター、p10プロモーター等の昆虫細胞における発現用のプロモーター等を使用することができる。これらプロモーターは、前記Cas9タンパク質、及び前記ガイドRNA、又は前記Cas9タンパク質、及び前記ガイドRNAを発現する細胞の種類に応じて、適宜選択することができる。
[第1実施形態]
一実施形態において、本発明は、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを部位特異的に改変するための方法であって、
標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドと、タンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを混合し、インキュベートする工程と、前記タンパク質が、PAM配列の上流に位置する結合部位で前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを改変する工程と、を備え、
前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドは、NG(Nは任意の塩基を、Gはグアニンをそれぞれ意味する)からなるPAM配列を有し、
前記タンパク質は、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>において示されたタンパク質であり、
前記ガイドRNAは、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中の前記PAM配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むものである方法を提供する。
まず、前記タンパク質及び前記ガイドRNAを温和な条件で混合し、インキュベートする。温和な条件とは、上述のとおりである。インキュベートする時間は、0.5時間以上1時間以下が好ましい。前記タンパク質及び前記ガイドRNAによる複合体は、安定しており、室温で数時間静置しても安定性を保つことができる。
次に、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド上において、前記タンパク質及び前記ガイドRNAは複合体を形成する。前記タンパク質は、「5’-NG-3’」からなるPAM配列を認識し、PAM配列の上流に位置する結合部位で、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドに結合する。前記タンパク質がエンドヌクレアーゼ活性を有する場合当該部位で該ポリヌクレオチドを切断する。前記Cas9タンパク質がPAM配列を認識し、PAM配列を起点として、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの二重らせん構造が引き剥され、前記ガイドRNA中の前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドに相補的な塩基配列とアニーリングすることで、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの二重らせん構造が部分的にほぐれる。このとき、前記Cas9タンパク質は、PAM配列の上流に位置する切断部位、及びPAM配列と相補的な配列の上流に位置する切断部位で、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドのリン酸ジエステル結合を切断する。
本実施形態において、インキュベート工程の前に、さらに、上述のCRISPR-Casベクターシステムを用いて、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>において示されたタンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを発現させる発現工程を備えていてもよい。
[第1実施形態]
一実施形態において、本発明は、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを部位特異的に改変するための方法であって、
標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドと、タンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを混合し、インキュベートする工程と、前記タンパク質が、PAM配列の上流に位置する結合部位で前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドに結合する工程と、前記ガイドRNAと前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの相補的結合によって決定される領域において、修飾された前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを得る工程と、を備え、
前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドは、NG(Nは任意の塩基を、Gはグアニンをそれぞれ意味する)からなるPAM配列を有し、
前記タンパク質は、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>
において示されたタンパク質であり、
前記ガイドRNAは、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中の前記PAM配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むものである方法を提供する。
本実施形態において、インキュベート工程の前に、さらに、上述のCRISPR-Casベクターシステムを用いて、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>において示されたタンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを発現させる発現工程を備えていてもよい。
本実施形態の発現工程において、まず、上述のCRISPR-Casベクターシステムを用いて、Cas9タンパク質及びガイドRNAを発現させる。発現させる具体的な方法としては、上述の<標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを部位特異的に改変するための方法>の[第2実施形態]において例示された方法と同様である。
一実施形態において、本発明は、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを細胞内において部位特異的に改変するための方法であって、
上述のCRISPR-Casベクターシステムを細胞に導入し、上述の<PAM配列の認識が広範化されたCas9タンパク質>において示されたタンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを発現させる発現工程と、
前記タンパク質が、PAM配列の上流に位置する結合部位で前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドに結合する工程と、
前記ガイドRNAと前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの相補的結合によって決定される領域において、改変された前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを得る工程と、を備え、
前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドは、NG(Nは任意の塩基を、Gはグアニンをそれぞれ意味する)からなるPAM配列を有し、
前記ガイドRNAは、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中の前記PAM配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むものである方法を提供する。
本実施形態における標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの修飾により、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドへの変異の導入、又は、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの機能が破壊、改変された細胞を得ることができる。
さらに、変異型Cas9タンパク質あるいは変異型Cas9から一部あるいは全部の切断酵素活性を欠失したタンパク質のN末端あるいはC末端に転写制御因子タンパク質又はドメインを連結することができる。転写制御因子又はそのドメインとしては、転写活性化因子又はそのドメイン(例、VP64、NF-κB p65)及び転写サイレンサー又はそのドメイン(例、ヘテロクロマチンタンパク質1(HP1))又は転写抑制因子又はそのドメイン(例、クルッペル関連ボックス(KRAB)、ERFリプレッサードメイン(ERD)、mSin3A相互作用ドメイン(SID))が挙げられる。
DNAのメチル化状態を修飾する酵素(例、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ(DNMT)、TET)やヒストンサブユニットを修飾する酵素(例、ヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ(HAT)、ヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)、ヒストンメチルトランスフェラーゼ、ヒストンデメチラーゼ)を連結することもできる。
一実施形態において、本発明は、ゲノム編集を実行し、遺伝子を治療するための方法及び組成物を提供する。以前に知られている標的化された遺伝子組換えの方法と対照的に、本実施形態の方法は、実行が、効率的かつ安価であり、そして任意の細胞または生物に適応可能である。細胞又は生物の二本鎖核酸の任意のセグメントは、本実施形態の遺伝子治療方法により改変することができる。本実施形態の遺伝子治療方法は、全ての細胞に内在性である相同組換えプロセス及び非相同組換えプロセスの両方を利用する。
1.野生型及び変異型SpCas9の調製
(1)コンストラクトの設計
遺伝子合成によりコドンが最適化された野生型あるいは変異型SpCas9遺伝子を、pET vector(Novagen)に組み込んだ。さらに、HisタグとSpCas9遺伝子の間にTEV認識配列を付加した。完成したコンストラクトから発現するCas9のN末端には6残基のヒスチジンが連続し(Hisタグ)、TEVプロテアーゼ認識サイトが付加される設計になっている。
使用したSpCas9遺伝子の塩基配列は以下の通り。
WT:野生型SpCas9の塩基配列:配列番号2
m0:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A)の塩基配列:配列番号3
m4:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R)の塩基配列:配列番号4
m18:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R)の塩基配列:配列番号5
m19:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R)の塩基配列:配列番号6
m20:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/D1332R)の塩基配列:配列番号7
m21:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/D1332R/A1322R)の塩基配列:配列番号8
m22:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/D1332R/A1322R/D1284R/A1285R)の塩基配列:配列番号9
m23:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/L1111R/D1332R/A1322R)の塩基配列:配列番号10
m24:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/L1111R/D1332R/A1322R/D1284R/A1285R)の塩基配列:配列番号11
m25:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R)の塩基配列:配列番号12
m26:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/L1111R/A1322R)の塩基配列:配列番号13
m29:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/L1111R)の塩基配列:配列番号14
m32:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219M)の塩基配列:配列番号15
m33:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F)の塩基配列:配列番号16
m34:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219W)の塩基配列:配列番号17
m43:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:配列番号18
m61:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335I/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:m43の塩基配列(配列番号18)に対し、4003-4005位のgccがatcに変換した塩基配列。
m62:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335L/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:m43の塩基配列(配列番号18)に対し、4003-4005位のgccがctgに変換した塩基配列。
m63:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335M/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:m43の塩基配列(配列番号18)に対し、4003-4005位のgccがatgに変換した塩基配列。
m64:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335F/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:m43の塩基配列(配列番号18)に対し、4003-4005位のgccがtttに変換した塩基配列。
m65:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335T/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:m43の塩基配列(配列番号18)に対し、4003-4005位のgccがaccに変換した塩基配列。
m66:変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335V/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/E1219F/D1135V)の塩基配列:m43の塩基配列(配列番号18)に対し、4003-4005位のgccがgtgに変換した塩基配列。
作成したベクターを大腸菌Escherichia coli rosetta2 (DE3)株へ形質転換した。その後、20μg/mlカナマイシン及び20μg/mlクロラムフェニコールを含むLB培地で培養した。OD=0.8になるまで培養した時点で、発現誘導剤としてイソプロピル-β-チオガラクトピラノシド(Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside:IPTG)(終濃度1mM)を添加し、37℃で4時間培養した。培養後、大腸菌を遠心(5,000g、10分)により回収した。
(2)で回収した菌体を緩衝液Aで懸濁し、超音波破砕した。遠心(25,000g,30分)により上清を回収し、緩衝液Aで平衡化したNi-NTA Superflow樹脂 (QIAGEN)と混合し、1時間穏やかに転倒混和した。素通り画分を回収した後、4カラム容量の緩衝液A、さらに2カラム容量の高塩濃度緩衝液Bで洗浄を行った。
次いで、再度2カラム容量の緩衝液Aで洗浄した後、5カラム容量の高イミダゾール濃度緩衝液Cで目的タンパク質を溶出した。
次いで、粗精製したサンプルをHiTrapSP(GE Healthcare)にチャージした。次いで、5カラム容量分の緩衝液D(0M NaCl)92.5%及び緩衝液F(2M NaCl)7.5%の混合溶液で洗浄を行った後、緩衝液Eを10%から50%へ(NaCl濃度は200mMから1Mへ)直線勾配をかけて目的タンパク質を溶出した。
緩衝液A~Eの組成を以下に示す。
緩衝液B:20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1000 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole
緩衝液C:20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole
緩衝液D:20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0
緩衝液E:20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 2000 mM NaCl
目的のガイドRNA配列(ggaaauuaggugcgcuuggcguuuuagagcuagaaauagcaaguuaaaauaaggcuaguccguuaucaacuugaaaaagug;配列番号19)が挿入されたベクターの作製を行った。下線部が20塩基のガイド配列を示し、残りがscaffoldの部分(stem-loop 2)に相当する。ガイドRNA配列の上流にT7プロモーター配列を付加し、線状化したpUC119ベクター(TaKaRa)に組み込んだ。作製したベクターを元に、PCRを用いてin vitro転写反応の鋳型DNAを作製した。この鋳型DNAを用いて、37℃、4時間、T7 RNAポリメラーゼによるin vitro転写反応を行った。転写産物を含む反応液に等量のフェノールクロロホルムを加えて混合した後、20℃にて遠心(10,000g、2分)し、上清を回収した。上清に1/10量の3M 酢酸ナトリウムおよび2.5倍量の100%エタノールを添加し、4℃にて遠心(10,000g、3分)し、転写産物を沈殿させた。上清を廃棄して70%エタノールを添加し、4℃にて遠心(10,000g、3分)し再び上清を廃棄した。沈殿を風乾後、TBE緩衝液に再懸濁し、7M Urea変性10%PAGEにより精製した。目的RNAの分子量に位置するバンドを切り出し、Elutrap電気溶出システム(GE Healthcare)によりRNAを抽出した。その後、抽出したRNAをPD-10カラム(GE Healthcare)に通し、緩衝液を緩衝液H(10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)、150mM NaCl)に交換した。
DNA切断活性測定試験に用いるために、標的DNA配列およびPAM配列が挿入されたベクターの作製を行った。標的DNA配列にPAM配列1~4をそれぞれ付加し、線状化したpUC119ベクターに組み込んだ。標的配列およびPAM配列1~4を表1に示す。
培養後、菌体を遠心(8,000g、1分)により回収し、QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit(QIAGEN)を用いてプラスミドDNAを精製した。
精製したPAM配列が付加した標的プラスミドDNAを用いて切断実験を行った。プラスミドDNAは、制限酵素により1本に線状化した。この線状化DNA中の標的DNA配列を野生型、又は変異型のSpCas9が切断すると、約1,000bpと約2,000bpの切断産物ができる。切断の際のバッファーとしては下記の組成のcleavage buffer Bを用いた。
B(×10)の組成
200 mM HEPES 7.5
1000 mM KCl
50% glycerol
10 mM DTT
5 mM EDTA
20 mM MgCl2
反応後のサンプルについて、1%濃度のアガロースゲルを用いて電気泳動を行い、切断産物のバンドを確認した。結果を図1A~Dに示す。図中、「Substrate」とは基質を示し、「Product」とは切断産物を示す。PAM配列及び反応条件を図中に示す。
野生型SpCas9では、PAM配列の三番目の塩基がGの場合のみ認識し、標的プラスミドDNAが切断されたのに対し、変異型SpCas9では、三番目の塩基がG以外のPAM配列も認識し、標的プラスミドDNAを切断することができた。
よって、野生型のSpCas9ではPAM配列「NGG」を認識するのに対し、変異型のSpCas9ではPAM配列「NG」を認識することが確かめられた。
以上から、変異型のSpCas9ではPAM配列が広範化されており、簡便且つ迅速に標的配列に対し部位特異的な標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの切断を行えることが明らかとなった。
実施例1で調製した変異型SpCas9(m43)を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてプラスミドDNA切断活性測定試験を行った。結果を図2に示す。
野生型SpCas9では、PAM配列の三番目の塩基がGの場合のみ認識し、標的プラスミドDNAが切断されたのに対し、変異型SpCas9では、三番目の塩基がG以外のPAM配列も認識し、標的プラスミドDNAを切断することができた。
よって、野生型のSpCas9ではPAM配列「NGG」を認識するのに対し、変異型のSpCas9ではPAM配列「NG」を認識することが確かめられた。
実施例1で調製した変異型SpCas9(m43、m61~m66)を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてプラスミドDNA切断活性測定試験を行った。尚、切断産物の検出には、MultiNAキャピラリー電気泳動装置(島津製作所)を用いた。PAM配列としては、PAM配列4である5’-TGC-3’を用いた。切断実験は0.5分(0.5m)及び2分(2m)で行った。結果を図3に示す。m61、m63、m65及びm66に優れたDNA切断活性が確認された。
実施例1で調製した変異型SpCas9(m43、m61、m63及びm66)を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてプラスミドDNA切断活性測定試験を行った。切断実験は0.5分(0.5m)及び2分(2m)で行った。結果を図4に示す。
野生型SpCas9では、PAM配列の三番目の塩基がGの場合のみ認識し、標的プラスミドDNAが切断されるのに対し、変異型SpCas9では、三番目の塩基がG以外のPAM配列も認識し、標的プラスミドDNAを切断することができた。m61、m63及びm66、特にm63とm66はm43では効率の低かったTGA及びTGCのPAM配列を用いた場合でも高い効率でDNAを切断できることが確認された。
実施例1で調製した野生型SpCas9及び変異型SpCas9(WT、m43)及び実施例1と同様にして調製した下記の変異型SpCas9を用いて実施例1と同様にしてプラスミドDNA切断活性測定試験を行った。切断実験は、経時的(0、0.5、1、2、5分)に行った。結果を図5に示す。m43においてWTに匹敵する切断活性の立ち上がりが確認された。
変異型SpCas9遺伝子(R1335A/G1218R/T1337R/L1111R/A1322R/D1135V)の塩基配列:m25の塩基配列(配列番号12)に対し、3403-3405位のgacがgttに変換した塩基配列。
本出願は、日本で出願された特願2017-108556(出願日:2017年5月31日)を基礎としておりその内容は本明細書に全て包含されるものである。
Claims (33)
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1335位のアルギニンがアラニン、グリシン、システイン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、バリン、スレオニン、アスパラギン及びアスパラギン酸からなる群より選ばれる1つのアミノ酸で置換されているアミノ酸配列を含む配列からなり、且つ、ガイドRNAとの結合能を有するタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに1219位に変異を有する、請求項1に記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに1322位に変異を有する、請求項1又は2に記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1335位のアルギニンがアラニン、グリシン、システイン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、バリン、スレオニン、アスパラギン及びアスパラギン酸からなる群より選ばれる1つのアミノ酸で置換され、さらに1219位に変異を有するアミノ酸配列を含む配列からなり、且つ、ガイドRNAとの結合能を有するタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1335位のアルギニンがアラニン、グリシン、システイン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、バリン、スレオニン、アスパラギン及びアスパラギン酸からなる群より選ばれる1つのアミノ酸で置換され、さらに1322位に変異を有するアミノ酸配列を含む配列からなり、且つ、ガイドRNAとの結合能を有するタンパク質。
- 1335位のアルギニンの置換がアラニンへの置換である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- 1335位のアルギニンの置換がイソロイシン、メチオニン、スレオニン又はバリンへの置換である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- 1219位の変異がグルタミン酸のフェニルアラニンへの置換である、請求項2又は4記載のタンパク質。
- 1322位の変異がアラニンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である、請求項3又は5記載のタンパク質。
- 1322位の変異がアラニンのアルギニンへの置換である、請求項9記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの位置に変異を有する、請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位からなる群より選択される少なくとも2つの位置に変異を有する、請求項11に記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位からなる群より選択される少なくとも3つの位置に変異を有する、請求項11に記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、さらに、1111位、1135位、1218位及び1337位に変異を有する、請求項11に記載のタンパク質。
- 1111位の変異がロイシンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換であり;
1135位の変異がアスパラギン酸のバリンへの置換であり;
1218位の変異がグリシンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換であり;
1337位の変異がスレオニンのアルギニン、ヒスチジン又はリジンへの置換である、請求項11~14のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。 - 配列番号1の変異が施された位置以外の部位において80%以上の同一性を有する、請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- 配列番号1の変異が施された位置以外の部位において1~数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入及び/又は付加された、請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- RNA誘導性DNAエンドヌクレアーゼ活性を有する、請求項1~17のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- さらに、配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、ヌクレアーゼ活性を一部あるいは全部を欠失する変異を有する、請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- ヌクレアーゼ活性を一部あるいは全部欠失する変異が、配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列における、(i)10位、762位、839位、983位及び986位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの位置又はそれに相当する位置、及び/又は(ii)840位及び863位からなる群より選択される位置又はそれに相当する位置における変異である、請求項19に記載のタンパク質。
- 10位のアスパラギン酸がアラニン又はアスパラギンに置換し;又は
840位のヒスチジンがアラニン、アスパラギン又はチロシンに置換している、請求項20に記載のタンパク質。 - 転写制御因子タンパク質又はドメインを連結した、請求項19~21のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質。
- 転写制御因子が転写活性化因子である、請求項22記載のタンパク質。
- 転写制御因子が転写サイレンサー又は転写抑制因子である、請求項22記載のタンパク質。
- 請求項1~24のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質をコードする核酸。
- 請求項1~24のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質と、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中のPAM(Proto-spacer Adjacent Motif)配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むガイドRNAと、を備えるタンパク質-RNA複合体。
- 標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを部位特異的に改変するための方法であって、
標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドと、タンパク質と、ガイドRNAとを混合し、インキュベートする工程と、
前記タンパク質が、PAM配列の上流に位置する結合部位で前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドを改変する工程と、を備え、
前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドは、NG(Nは任意の塩基を、Gはグアニンをそれぞれ意味する)からなるPAM配列を有し、
前記タンパク質は、請求項1~24のいずれか1項に記載のタンパク質であり、
前記ガイドRNAは、前記標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチド中の前記PAM配列の1塩基上流から20塩基以上24塩基以下上流までの塩基配列に相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドを含むものである方法。 - 改変が、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドの部位特異的な切断である、請求項27記載の方法。
- 改変が、標的二本鎖ポリヌクレオチドにおける部位特異的な、1以上のヌクレオチドの置換、欠失及び/又は付加である、請求項27記載の方法。
- 細胞の標的遺伝子の発現を増大させる方法であって、前記細胞内で請求項23に記載のタンパク質と、前記標的遺伝子に対する1つ又は複数のガイドRNAとを発現させることを含む、方法。
- 細胞の標的遺伝子の発現を減少させる方法であって、前記細胞内で請求項24に記載のタンパク質と、前記標的遺伝子に対する1つ又は複数のガイドRNAとを発現させることを含む、方法。
- 細胞が真核細胞である、請求項30又は31に記載の方法。
- 細胞が酵母細胞、植物細胞又は動物細胞である、請求項30又は31に記載の方法。
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| EP18809170.6A EP3633034A4 (en) | 2017-05-31 | 2018-05-31 | MODIFIED Cas9 PROTEIN AND USE THEREOF |
| CN201880050453.1A CN110914423B (zh) | 2017-05-31 | 2018-05-31 | 经修饰的Cas9蛋白及其用途 |
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| WO2022097663A1 (ja) | 2020-11-06 | 2022-05-12 | エディットフォース株式会社 | FokIヌクレアーゼドメインの変異体 |
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| US20200277586A1 (en) | 2020-09-03 |
| CN110914423A (zh) | 2020-03-24 |
| JP6628385B2 (ja) | 2020-01-08 |
| JP2020043868A (ja) | 2020-03-26 |
| US11702645B2 (en) | 2023-07-18 |
| JP7213548B2 (ja) | 2023-01-30 |
| CN110914423B (zh) | 2024-02-06 |
| EP3633034A1 (en) | 2020-04-08 |
| EP3633034A4 (en) | 2021-03-24 |
| US11371030B2 (en) | 2022-06-28 |
| US20220333090A1 (en) | 2022-10-20 |
| JP6628385B6 (ja) | 2020-03-04 |
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