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WO2018138718A1 - Système et procédé de mesures à haute résolution en énergie de rayons x - Google Patents

Système et procédé de mesures à haute résolution en énergie de rayons x Download PDF

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WO2018138718A1
WO2018138718A1 PCT/IL2018/050061 IL2018050061W WO2018138718A1 WO 2018138718 A1 WO2018138718 A1 WO 2018138718A1 IL 2018050061 W IL2018050061 W IL 2018050061W WO 2018138718 A1 WO2018138718 A1 WO 2018138718A1
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photons
sample
ray
source
detector
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Sharon Shwartz
Shiran LEVY
Denis BORODIN
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Bar Ilan University
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Bar Ilan University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/20—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materials; by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
    • G01N23/207—Diffractometry using detectors, e.g. using a probe in a central position and one or more displaceable detectors in circumferential positions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to X-ray spectroscopy and more specifically to X-ray spectroscopy of non-linear medium, such as crystals.
  • X-ray diffraction was discovered more than 100 years ago and has been used as a key tool in the studying of the structures of known crystals (and quasi-crystals).
  • the information that can be obtained from X-ray diffraction is enormous and contains for example, the symmetry of materials, the locations of atoms within the unit cells, order or disorder of materials, variation of symmetry at phase transitions, chemical bond structures and many more. It is therefore an important tool in many fields of research including physics, material science, chemistry, and biology. Indeed, X-ray diffraction systems are widely used in the academia and in many industries. Furthermore, the market and the number of companies developing X-ray diffraction systems are growing rapidly during the last decades.
  • X-ray diffraction examination utilizes the fact that crystals have periodic structures and therefore an electromagnetic radiation that is scattered from the crystals experiences destructive interference in most directions except from one direction in which the interference is constructive.
  • X-ray diffraction has several fundamental limitations.
  • One of the major limitations is that the wavelength of the X-ray radiation has to be on the order of the distance between the atomic planes of the sample under investigation in order to satisfy the Bragg' s law. This limitation constrains the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation to be on the order of 10 "10 meters or less. Since the photon energies corresponding to this range of wavelengths are in the range of several kilo electron volts or more, which is on the same order as the binding energies of the core electrons, X-ray radiation interacts mainly with the core electrons in most materials. Consequently, X-ray diffraction in most cases does not provide information on the valence electrons.
  • valence electrons are the electrons that participate in the creations of molecules, a method that can be used to study their structure would provide evaluable insight into many electronic systems.
  • X-ray diffraction will not be sensitive to the light elements since the number of core electrons in heavy elements is much larger than the number of core electrons in light elements. Therefore, it would be desirable to develop a method that can provide an atomic selective diffraction so that information on each of the atom species in the sample can be accessible.
  • the present invention provides novel system and method for the study of electronic transitions in solids with atomic-scale resolution.
  • the system of the invention is powerful and has a large signal-to-noise ratio, yet has a simple and cost-effective setup.
  • the invention can be applied as an effective tool in solid-state physics, material science, chemistry, and biology.
  • Nonlinear interactions between X-rays and ultraviolet (UV) radiation have advanced the possibility that these types of interactions may be used to study the microscopic structures of chemical bonds and the density of valence electrons including the response to optical radiation with the atomic-scale resolution.
  • UV radiation ultraviolet
  • UV radiation is associated with photon energies on the order of the valence electron binding energies (tens of electron volts).
  • valence electron binding energies tens of electron volts.
  • the technique of the invention is based on the principles of X-ray spectroscopy of crystals utilizing parametric down conversion (PDC) occurring in crystals during X- ray pumping of a crystal, in order to evaluate the non-linear interaction between the X- ray and UV radiation in the sample, and thus determine various parameters of the sample.
  • PDC parametric down conversion
  • an incident x-ray photon generates an X- ray photon (of lower energy) and a UV photon which is absorbed by the irradiated material.
  • the principles of the PDC including energy and momentum conservations (phase- matching) between the three participating photons, enable obtaining the properties of the UV photon from the measurements of the incident (source) and generated (signal) X-ray photons.
  • the measurements can be therefore done in air, and not in vacuum in contrast to other methods such as UV spectroscopy, angular resolved photo-electron spectroscopy, and soft x-ray inelastic scattering that can provide information on valence electrons, and the results represent the bulk properties and not just the properties of the material surfaces. Since UV energies are comparable to the energies of valence electrons, PDC into the UV regime provides information on the electronic structure of the valence electrons and on their interactions with external perturbations such as light, electric fields, magnetic fields, temperature, and pressure.
  • the X-ray spectroscopy system of the invention utilizes a simple, relatively cheap and commercially available X-ray tube sources, which are being daily used in laboratories, while performing high -resolution measurements of PDC from x-ray into UV. This is enabled, inter alia, by utilizing frequency selection by angular displacement of Bragg-based analyzer (separately from a detection plane), as well as momentum and/or phase-matching adjustment by angular displacement of either source channel or detection channel (or both channels).
  • the system of the invention includes an X-ray detector which has a low dark count and thus has sufficiently high sensitivity enabling detection of weak signals, which enables to use a small, simple and cheap X-ray source that generates low-power photons, such as X-ray tube source.
  • the detector can be either a silicon drift detector, an avalanche photo-diode, or a camera with very low dark count.
  • a system for use in determining material properties of a sample of material comprising: an X-ray source configured and operable to generate a first X-ray radiation comprising source photons and direct them into an interaction region, such that when said sample is located in the interaction region said source photons affect parametric down conversion (PDC) effect of X-ray into ultraviolet (UV) in the sample; and a detector configured and operable to detect a second X-ray radiation comprising signal photons emerged from the sample in response to interaction between the source photons and the sample and generate data indicative thereof; wherein said source photons are of relatively low-power and said X-ray source and detector are positioned with respect to each other and with respect to the interaction region to meet a phase matching condition of the PDC effect, thereby enabling high energy-resolution measurements while operating with said relatively low-power source photons.
  • PDC parametric down conversion
  • a method for determining material properties of a sample of material comprising: irradiating the sample by a first X-ray radiation comprising low-power source photons propagating along a first optical path to thereby affect parametric down conversion (PDC) effect of X-ray into ultraviolet (UV) in the sample; and
  • PDC parametric down conversion
  • the X-ray source is an X-ray tube source, such as the laboratory X-ray sources used in normal laboratory conditions.
  • the source photons are of low-power not exceeding 10 9 photons per second.
  • the first X-ray radiation is monochromatic.
  • the detector has a low count rate detection resolution. In one example, the low count rate is about one count per a few minutes.
  • the detector is a silicon drift detector or an avalanche photo-diode detector or a low dark count rate camera.
  • the system further comprises an analyzer located in optical path of the second X-ray radiation and being configured and operable to allow only signal photons of a predefined energy matching the material UV properties to reach the detector.
  • the material properties being determined comprise properties of valence electrons of the material.
  • the material is a crystal.
  • the energy-resolution measurements are in the range of a few electron volts or a fraction thereof.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the phase-matching condition of X-ray parametric down conversion into UV interaction
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of one non-limiting example of a system configured according to one embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a method for determining properties of a material according a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention
  • Figs. 4A-4C illustrate a graph showing experimental results of the dependency of the signal count rate as a function of the deviation of the pump angle from the phase- matching angle;
  • Figs. 5A-5B illustrate a graph showing experimental results of the analyzer scans at different idler photon energies
  • Fig. 6 is a graph illustrating experimental results of the spectral dependence of the PDC in the LiF crystal, when the idler energy is chosen to be close to absorption edges of Li and F.
  • Parametric down-conversion (PDC) of X-rays into ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a second order nonlinear process in which a pump photon interacts with the vacuum field to generate an X-ray photon and a UV photon.
  • the X-ray photon is usually referred to as the "signal" photon and the UV photon is called the "idler” photon. Since the absorption length in the UV range is much shorter than the thickness of most samples, in a typical experiment, only the signal photon is measured. Due to energy and momentum conservations, the photon energies and the angles of propagation of the generated photons are correlated.
  • the rate of the signal photons depends on both the X-ray and UV properties of the material. Hence, it is possible to retrieve the information on the UV interactions from the measurements of the signal (X-ray) photons only. Since these interactions depend on the charge distribution and on the binding energies of the valence electrons, PDC of X-rays into UV can be used as a powerful tool for the studies of properties of the valence electrons in crystals.
  • the nonlinearity supporting X-ray PDC is originated from the Lorentz force and spatial distribution of the electron density. This type on second order nonlinearity can be observed even in centrosymmetric crystals. It was shown that far from resonances the linear optical response and nonlinear second order optical response are related via the following expression:
  • XQ ( ⁇ y ) is n-th order of the G-th Fourier component of the optical susceptibility at the y ' -th frequency.
  • the indices s and i represent signal and idler
  • psi is the polarization factor
  • e and m are the electron charge and mass respectively
  • c is the speed of light.
  • the generated photons satisfy energy and momentum conservation (phase matching).
  • Fig. 1 showing schematically the phase-matching condition of the X-Ray to UV PDC process.
  • k p , k s , and ki are the ⁇ -vectors of the pump, signal, and the idler beams respectively.
  • ⁇ ⁇ and are the angles with respect to the atomic planes of the pump, signal, and idler respectively
  • ks is the k-vector that satisfies the Bragg condition
  • ⁇ is the angular offset of the pump from the Bragg angle.
  • the system 100 includes an X-ray source 110, which in this example is configured as a laboratory x-ray tube source, for generating the first X-ray radiation, an analyzer 120 for filtering the signal photons before hitting the detector, and a detector 130 for detecting the filtered signal photons. Also shown, a sample 140, e.g. a non-linear crystal (the sample), located in the optical path from the source 110 to the analyzer 120.
  • X-ray source 110 which in this example is configured as a laboratory x-ray tube source, for generating the first X-ray radiation
  • an analyzer 120 for filtering the signal photons before hitting the detector
  • a detector 130 for detecting the filtered signal photons.
  • a sample 140 e.g. a non-linear crystal (the sample) located in the optical path from the source 110 to the analyzer 120.
  • the X-ray source 110 is configured to generate X-ray radiation including "source” low- power photons Sc and direct them along a first optical path OP1 into an interaction region 150 in which the sample 140 is located, to thereby cause for interaction between the source photons Sc and the sample 140 and affect PDC of X-ray into UV in the sample.
  • the detector 130 detects "signal" photons SI emerging from the sample along a second optical path OP2 in response to the PDC.
  • the analyzer 120 is positioned and angularly oriented with respect to the sample, and/or the signal photons emerging from the sample, in order to filter the signal photons by frequency and allow only the photons that are generated by the process of PDC and are correlated with the UV photons, which carry the information on the properties of the valence electrons of the sample material, to reach the detector. This increases the signal to noise ratio at the detector.
  • the experimental system used by the inventors was as follows:
  • the X-ray tube is a Rigaku Smartlab 9kW X-ray diffractometer (XRD) with a rotating anode.
  • the copper Kal beam is collimated and monochromatized by a parabolic multilayer mirror (112 in Fig. 1) and a Ge(220) channel-cut monochromator (114 in Fig. 1).
  • the receiving optics include a Ge(220) 2-bounce channel-cut analyzer and a silicon drift detector.
  • the analyzer 120 was calibrated in accord with copper Kal and Ka2 lines, and with bremsstrahlung radiation.
  • a certain wavelength is selected by the input monochromator, the Bragg reflection is found from a reference Si (400) crystal and then the corresponding angle of the analyzer is found.
  • the energy resolution of the analyzer 120 was estimated to be about 3 eV.
  • the incident flux (the source photons) is of low power being about 4x10 s photons/s.
  • the X-ray source can be configured to generate a low-power output of source photons as high as about 10 9 photons per second.
  • the expected signal is very weak, and the possible sources for noise are discussed below.
  • the main source is the tail of the Bragg scattering. This is because the efficiency of the elastic scattering is about 8 orders of magnitude higher than the efficiency of PDC. Indeed, even after the analyzer crystal 120, non-negligible photons from the Bragg tail are found.
  • the Bragg rocking curve is typically narrower than the PDC rocking curve, it is possible to distinguish between Bragg and PDC by scanning the angle of the source Sc relative to the Bragg angle.
  • the next potential noise is Compton scattering. This noise depends weakly on angles than PDC so it is not expected to measure a rocking curve of Compton scattering.
  • the Compton scattered photons are estimated to be with energy shift much larger than that of the signal photons (e.g., the Compton shift is about 95 eV and 150 eV for, respectively, the diamond and the Lithium Fluoride (LiF) experiments performed by the inventors as will be shown further below), thus the analyzer crystal 120 filters them out very efficiently.
  • Another source for noise is X-ray Raman scattering, but this effect is very weak far from resonances.
  • the Bragg reflection is found and the rocking curve is measured with the analyzer 120 tuned to the Co Kal line.
  • the source 110 and the detector 130 are moved to the PDC phase matching angles (corresponding to the first and second optical paths).
  • the analyzer 120 is set to the photon energy of the signal photon.
  • Slits 122 and 124 are used before and after the analyzer 120 to select a narrow angle range and to filter out residual elastic scattering.
  • a scan is done firstly over the angle of the source photons Sc with respect to the crystal 140. Then, the signal and signal to noise-ratio are optimized by scanning over the detector' s 130 arm and the analyzer' s 120 angle.
  • the (220) reflection is used for the measurements in diamond and the (400) reflection is used for the measurements in the LiF.
  • Fig. 3 illustrating a non-limiting example of a method, according to the present invention, for determining material properties.
  • the method can advantageously be used for determining the material properties on an atomic scale while using X-ray radiation generated by a laboratory X-ray tube.
  • the method enables energy- resolution measurements in the range of a fraction of an electron volt or up to a few electron volts.
  • properties of the valence shell of the material can be determined..
  • the method described herein below can be applied for example by using the system of Fig. 2.
  • a sample of material is positioned on a platform and is irradiated by a first X-ray radiation that includes low-power source photons propagating along a first optical path such that the photons impinge upon the sample and interact with the material.
  • the low-power source photons can be of a flow that do not exceed 10 9 photons per second. Accordingly, the source photons can be acquired from a simple X- ray tube.
  • the first X-ray radiation can be filtered/adjusted to be monochromatic and by this increase the efficiency, though a non-monochromatic radiation can be used as well.
  • the first X-ray radiation interacts with the material to thereby affect parametric down conversion (PDC) of X-ray into ultraviolet (UV) in the sample.
  • PDC parametric down conversion
  • UV ultraviolet
  • the source photons of the first X- ray radiation After interacting with the material, the source photons of the first X- ray radiation generate UV photons that are mostly absorbed in the material and signal photons that are emitted from the material.
  • the signal photons that emerge from the material while propagating along a second optical path, chosen to meet a phase- matching condition with the first optical path can be filtered to include only signal photons with a predetermined frequency or energy matching the material's UV properties, i.e.
  • the filtered signal photons are detected.
  • data indicative of the material properties can be generated based on the detected signal photons. For example, data about the valence shells of the material can be obtained.
  • the detection of the low-power flow of the signal photons is done by utilizing a detector having a low count rate detection resolution, e.g. one count per a few minutes.
  • Figs. 4A-4C show the dependency of the signal count rate as a function of the deviation of the pump angle from the phase matching angle, which is denoted . These measurements are done by scanning the angle of the source photons where all other angles are fixed. The solid lines are the theoretical calculations where the nonlinear susceptibility of Eq. 1 is used together with the coupled wave equations for the signal and idler operators in the slowly varying envelope approximation.
  • Fig. 4A depicts p scans for the diamond crystal.
  • the idler energy is 30 eV, and the phase matching angle is 2 mrad from the Bragg angle. It is clear that the PDC peak is shifted from the exact phase-matching angle. The same shift is shown in the theoretical calculations as well.
  • Figs. 4B and 4C the measurements for the LiF crystal with detector angles 0.3184 deg and -0.2185 deg in accord with Bragg angle condition are shown. These phase-matching angles are the two possible solutions of Eq. 2.
  • the idler energy is 40 eV and the offset from the Bragg angle is 5 mrad. The calculated count rates are smaller by a factor of about 5 from the measured count rates and the measured rocking curves are broader than the theoretical prediction.
  • the discrepancies in the widths can be explained by the mosaic spread of the LiF crystal.
  • the zero on the abscissa corresponds to the phase-matching condition.
  • Dots with error bars are the experimental measurements; the solid lines are theoretical simulation.
  • the PDC curves are the broad curves. The strong sharp peaks are due to the Bragg reflection.
  • the theoretical calculations for LiF are multiplied by a factor of 5.
  • the vertical error bars indicate counting statistics. To reconcile between the theoretical and measured efficiencies a quantum model, which considers local field correction for the nonlinearity, is most likely required.
  • Both the theoretical calculations and the experimental measurements show the shift of the maximum PDC effect from the exact phase-matching angle. The shift depends on the phase-matching equation solution and the offset from Bragg condition.
  • the measured efficiencies of the PDC for the two solutions of Eq. 2 (Fig. 4B and 4C) are not equal in agreement with the theoretical calculations.
  • Fig. 5A shows the analyzer scans at idler photon energies of 30 eV (empty circles), 40 eV (full circles), and 50 eV (triangles).
  • the size of the slit before the analyzer is 0.1 mm.
  • a broad peak is seen at each of the curves. The energy of this peak corresponds not to the selected idler photon energy but to the binding energy of 2p electrons in diamond at 11.3 eV.
  • Fig. 5B shows the analyzer scan for LiF crystal with idler photons at 40 eV.
  • inset (ii) reveals a bump near 20 eV, which corresponds to the 2p electrons of the Fluorine atoms.
  • inset (iii) shows a bump that corresponds to the signal for the chosen idler energy at 40 eV.
  • Fig. 6 describes the spectral dependence of the PDC effect in the LiF crystal, when the idler energy is chosen to be close to absorption edges.
  • Each of the points in this figure represents the peak of the rocking curve at the idler energy of the horizontal axis. A strong peak near the Li absorption edge of the Fluorine atoms is seen. The peak is shifted from the tabulated value for neutral fluorine atom. However, the LiF crystal is ionic and thus the absorption edge is shifted to lower energies due to local field effects.
  • the vertical solid lines represent the L edge of the neutral fluorine atom and the k edge of neutral lithium atom.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système et un procédé permettant de déterminer des propriétés matérielles d'un échantillon de matériau. Le système comprend une source de rayons X conçue pour et permettant de générer un premier rayonnement de rayons X comprenant des photons sources et de les diriger dans une zone d'interaction, de telle sorte que, lorsque l'échantillon est situé dans la zone d'interaction, les photons sources affectent l'effet de conversion descendante paramétrique (PDC) de rayons X en ultraviolet (UV) dans l'échantillon ; et un détecteur conçu pour et permettant de détecter un second rayonnement de rayons X comprenant des photons de signal tirés de l'échantillon en réponse à une interaction entre les photons de source et l'échantillon et générer des données indicatives correspondantes ; les photons sources étant de puissance relativement faible et ladite source de rayons X et ledit détecteur étant positionnés l'un par rapport à l'autre et par rapport à la zone d'interaction afin de satisfaire une condition de correspondance de phase de l'effet PDC, ce qui permet des mesures à haute résolution d'énergie dans le cadre d'un fonctionnement avec des photons de source de puissance relativement faible.
PCT/IL2018/050061 2017-01-24 2018-01-17 Système et procédé de mesures à haute résolution en énergie de rayons x Ceased WO2018138718A1 (fr)

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3688124A (en) * 1969-04-30 1972-08-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Spatially periodic nonlinear structures for frequency conversion of electromagnetic energy

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3688124A (en) * 1969-04-30 1972-08-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Spatially periodic nonlinear structures for frequency conversion of electromagnetic energy

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ADAMS ET AL.: "Parametric down conversion of X-ray photons", JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, vol. 7, 31 March 2000 (2000-03-31), pages 81 - 88, XP055529697 *
TAMASAKU ET AL.: "Visualizing the local optical response to extremeultraviolet radiation with a resolution of lambda/380", NATURE PHYSICS, vol. 7, no. 9, 30 September 2011 (2011-09-30), pages 705 - 708, XP055529692 *
TAMASAKU ET AL.: "X-ray two-photon absorption competing against single and sequential multiphoton processes", NATURE PHOTONICS, vol. 8, 30 April 2014 (2014-04-30), pages 313 - 316, XP055529694 *

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