WO2018138401A1 - Tunable cloaking device based on paraxial optics - Google Patents
Tunable cloaking device based on paraxial optics Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018138401A1 WO2018138401A1 PCT/ES2018/070058 ES2018070058W WO2018138401A1 WO 2018138401 A1 WO2018138401 A1 WO 2018138401A1 ES 2018070058 W ES2018070058 W ES 2018070058W WO 2018138401 A1 WO2018138401 A1 WO 2018138401A1
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- lens
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- invisibility
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
Definitions
- the present invention belongs in general to the field of optics, and more particularly to the invisibility devices that are being developed in fundamentally academic environments and in research centers for various applications, such as military, advertising, biomedical, leisure industry, etc.
- the object of the present invention is a novel device capable of generating a region of invisibility with the particularity that the position of at least one invisibility plane can be modified thanks to the use of at least one tunable focal length lens.
- the Choi and Howell system has significant advantages over previous devices. It is an extremely simple system, which allows its implementation by almost anyone following fairly simple instructions. In addition, the materials necessary for its manufacture are very low cost. However, this system has the disadvantage that it is static. That is, once a system of this type is assembled, the region of invisibility remains fixed and unchanged, as well as the position of the different planes of invisibility associated. This supposes a great limitation as far as the possible commercial applications of the device.
- the inventors of the present application have developed a solution for this problem that is based on a device similar to that described by Choi and HoweII where at least one of the conventional static lenses is replaced by a tunable lens of varying focal length.
- the modification of the focal length of said tunable lens allows the user to cause the invisibility condition to be fulfilled or not fulfilled, which allows the system to function in such a way that the invisibility planes are in certain positions.
- at least one invisibility plane located immediately behind the tunable lens changes position or fades. The result is that an object located in the position of said invisibility plane can be made visible or invisible at will simply by acting on the tunable lens.
- the inventors of the application have developed a feedback system designed to automatically maintain the invisibility condition of the system regardless of possible changes in the focal lengths of the lenses that make up the device, for example because of variations in the conditions environmental. That is, the system "pursues" the condition of stability against disturbances capable of modifying the optimum working point, so that it ensures that a certain plane of invisibility located behind the tunable lens remains motionless in its original position.
- Paraxial optics refers to optical systems in which the paths of light rays that pass through the device form small angles relative to the reference optical axis. This allows certain approaches (sin ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , tan ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , eos ⁇ ⁇ 1) to be used that simplify the mathematical analysis of the system.
- Light beam Any of the terms “light beam”, “light beam”, “light rays”, etc. refers to the set of rays of light that pass through the device. According to the known conditions of paraxial optics, these light rays form an angle with the reference optical axis less than a certain threshold angle. This set of light rays therefore crosses the entire device longitudinally from the input lens to the output lens. This term may refer to said set of light rays at any point along the optical reference axis of the device depending on the context in which it is used.
- a static lens This is a lens that does not allow a controlled modification of its refractive index and / or its geometry, and therefore its focal length.
- a static lens is usually made of materials such as glass, quartz or polished plastic. Note that, although these lenses are not intended to modify the focal length, it can vary uncontrollably as a result of environmental conditions.
- Tunable lens This is a lens whose geometry or focal length can be modified at will thanks to the variation of some physical parameter, such as electric current, voltage, temperature, pressure, or others. Its focal length is also affected by environmental conditions.
- Lens This generic term refers generally to both conventional and tunable lenses. In addition, the term lens not only refers to individual lenses themselves, but also to lens assemblies designed to carry out the function of a single lens, or to correct certain unwanted optical effects associated with the use of an individual lens.
- Region of invisibility This is a region of space, located within an essentially cylindrical or conical volume located between the input lens and the output lens of the device of the present invention, through which no light rays pass. The invisibility region is generated as a consequence of the concentration of the light rays in the direction of the optical reference axis, so that in the outer portion of said essentially cylindrical or conical volume a region appears through which said rays do not pass.
- the invisibility region has axial symmetry and its size is larger when the rays are more concentrated.
- Invisibility plane Within the invisibility region, it is a plane perpendicular to the reference optical axis and located at a point corresponding to a local maximum concentration of light rays (also called focus), so that the size of the region of invisibility in that plane presents a local maximum.
- a local maximum concentration of light rays also called focus
- Position This term refers to the location of a certain element along the optical reference axis.
- Invisibility condition This term refers generically to the relationships between the focal lengths of the lenses and the distances between the lenses that allow a correct functioning of the system with a certain position of the invisibility planes.
- Fig. 1 the invisibility condition for a system consisting of four lenses can be summarized in (see Fig. 1):
- the technical features of the preamble of the independent claim of the present invention correspond essentially to the Choi and Howell system described in the scientific article and the patent application mentioned above in this document.
- the device of the invention is not necessarily restricted to the use of four lenses, since a larger number of lenses can be used in an equivalent manner.
- a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a device that essentially comprises the following elements: a) An input lens that receives light rays. b) At least one first intermediate lens. c) At least a second intermediate lens. d) An output lens through which light rays come out.
- These lenses are aligned along an optical reference axis, according to the type of typical configuration of paraxial optics based systems.
- the distance between the lenses and their focal distances are selected such that each ray of light received by the input lens, according to an input direction, exits through the output lens according to an output direction essentially parallel to said input direction, provided that the angle of said input direction relative to the optical reference axis is less than a threshold angle.
- Threshold angle mentioned is the usual one to be able to use the paraxial approximation, and it can take values of approximately 5 ° -10 °.
- the lenses are configured to cause the concentration of the light rays received during their travel between the input lens and the output lens, so that between said input lens and said output lens a region of invisibility is generated by the one that does not pass the light rays that have an axially symmetrical shape along the optical reference axis.
- the light rays can converge essentially at one or more points of the reference optical axis located between the input lens and the output lens, so that the invisibility region can contain virtually complete invisibility planes except for the point itself of cutting of the plane with the optical axis of reference.
- the main distinguishing feature of the present invention in relation to said prior art device is that at least one of the lenses of the device of the present invention is a tunable focal length lens that allows to control the position of an invisibility plane located behind said tunable focal length lens.
- the modification of the focal length of the tunable lens causes a change in the path of the light rays that pass through it. If in an initial configuration where the invisibility condition is met there is an invisibility plane located in a certain position after the tunable lens, when the focal distance of the tunable lens is modified, the invisibility condition system is exited. That is, the paths of light rays along the device are modified such that the concentration positions of the light rays in the portion of the device after said tunable lens change. As a consequence, the position of the invisibility plane behind the tunable lens changes, or it it fades, so that an object located on that plane that was initially invisible becomes visible.
- the same device can include more than one tunable lens, which would allow controlling the position of more than one invisibility plane.
- the tunable lens can in principle be of any type as long as it allows the modification at will of its focal length by a user.
- the tunable lens can be chosen from the following: electrically tunable focal length lens, mechanically tunable focal length lens, and thermally tunable focal length lens.
- the tunable lens used is a lens whose focal length changes depending on the electric current applied thereto.
- An example of such a lens is essentially formed by a container in which an optical fluid is stored and which is also provided with an electromagnetic actuator.
- the electric current through the electromagnetic actuator is operated, which in turn exerts a variable pressure on the vessel that stores the optical fluid.
- the tunable lens may be based on a liquid crystal, which has electro-optical properties so that its refractive index varies under the application of an electric field.
- the device of the invention includes at least one tunable lens
- the fact that the device of the invention includes at least one tunable lens has the additional advantage that it is possible to implement a control loop to keep the position of at least one invisibility plane motionless regardless of variations in the environmental conditions cause changes in the focal length of the lens of the device. This makes it possible to ensure that an object that is desired to remain invisible, or visible, remains so even if the focal length of the integrating lenses changes unexpectedly due to environmental conditions.
- a feedback system configured to keep an invisibility plane still.
- the tunable focal length lens is considered to be located in a first position of the optical reference axis and the invisibility plane is located in a second position of the optical reference axis, where the second position is after the first position.
- the feedback system comprises: a) Means configured to obtain representative properties of the light rays in a third position of the optical reference axis, where the third position is located between the lenses immediately before and immediately after the second position.
- Means configured to control the focal length of the tunable lens so that said properties of the light rays remain unchanged in said third position, so that said invisibility plane is also kept unchanged in said second position.
- the system of feedback acts on the tunable lens to modify its focal length so that the properties of the beam of light rays in the third position return to their original value, so that the system returns to the optimum working point initially established at which they are met Invisibility condition
- the described feedback system can be implemented in different ways, although preferably it comprises at least the following elements: a) A beam splitter located in the third position of the optical reference axis, which deflects a portion of the said optical reference axis Light rays. b) A photodetector located outside the reference optical axis, which is configured to receive the deviated portion of the light rays and to determine the properties of said deviated portion of the light rays. c) A processing means connected to the photodetector, which is configured to receive from said photodetector the properties of said deviated portion of the light rays.
- the processing medium can be implemented through a microcontroller, a microprocessor, an FPGA, a DSP, an ASIC, or in general by any suitable device to carry out the functions described in this document.
- a drive means connected to the processing means and to the tunable lens, which is configured to receive from said processing means orders to modify the focal distance of said tunable lens so that the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays Stay unchanged.
- the drive means can be an independent element of the processing means, or it can be integrated into the processing medium itself as an output card or the like.
- this feedback system would be fundamentally the following. It starts from an initial state of the device to be maintained and in which the invisibility condition is met. In this initial situation, there is an invisibility plane located in a second position after the first position in which the tunable lens is located.
- the beam splitter located in a third position adjacent to the position of the invisibility plane to be controlled, deflects a portion of the light rays that pass through the device from the direction of the reference optical axis. That portion Deviated from the light rays, it affects a photodetector.
- a signal representative of the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays received by the photodetector is sent to the processing medium. Therefore, the processing means knows what are the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays that correspond to the fulfillment of the invisibility condition.
- the processing medium continuously receives the photodetector signal and monitors the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays. In case you detect any change, it will mean that there has been some modification in any of the lenses that make up the device and that it has left the invisibility condition. If this occurs, the processing means acts on the tunable lens to modify its focal length until the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays return to their original state. As a result, the device is returned to the invisibility condition in which the invisibility plane being controlled is in the initial position.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a device according to Choi and Howell that is formed by four static lenses.
- Figs. 2a and 2b show an example of a device according to the present invention that has a tunable lens respectively in a situation in which the invisibility condition is met and a situation in which the invisibility condition is not met.
- Figs. 3a-3c show in several situations an example of a device according to the present invention that has a feedback system for maintaining the invisibility plane in a certain position.
- Figs. 4a-4c schematically show the appearance of the deviated portion of the incident light rays on the photodetector.
- the device of the invention can use more than one tunable lens, thus allowing to control the visibility / invisibility of more than one object located respectively in more than one invisibility plane.
- the following examples show lenses having the same diameter, it should be interpreted that it is possible to implement the device of the invention using lenses of different diameters and introducing additional correction elements to make them compatible with the rest. The way in which this is carried out is known and common in this field, since the lenses necessary to carry out each assembly are not always commercially available with the same diameter.
- each lens of the device of the invention can be replaced by sets of two or more coupled lenses capable of exercising the same function as that.
- Fig. 2a shows a first example of a device, according to the present invention, specifically formed by four lenses (L1, L2, L3, L4), where the first lens (L1) or input lens, the second lens (L2), and the fourth lens (L4) or output lens is static, and the third lens (L3) is tunable.
- the tunable lens (L3) is of the type that allows the variation of its focal length as a function of the intensity of the electric current (I) applied to it.
- An arrow-shaped object has been placed at the entrance of the device, that is, to the left of the input lens (L1).
- the focal length ⁇ 3 (li) of the tunable lens (L3) should adopt a value of 75 mm, equal to the focal length of the second lens (L2) .
- the light beam enters from the input of the device in the first lens (L1) essentially parallel to the optical reference axis (EOR), focuses on the space between the first lens (L1) and the second lens ( L2) and reaches said second lens (L2), refocuses to a lesser extent than before in the space between the second lens (L2) and the third lens (L3) and reaches said third lens (L3), and returns to focus on the space between the third lens (L3) and the fourth lens (L4) and reaches said fourth lens (L4), after which the light beam again takes a direction parallel to the optical reference axis (EOR). Therefore, an observer located at the exit of the device, to the right of the output lens (L4), sees the object in the form of an arrow essentially in the same way as if there were no distance between the input lens (L1) and the output lens (L4).
- a region of invisibility (Rl) is formed in the areas between lenses in which the rays of light approach the optical reference axis (EOR).
- This region of invisibility (Rl) has cylindrical symmetry around the optical reference axis (EOR) and has the resulting form of subtracting the essentially conical volume occupied by the rays of light along its displacement, from the essentially cylindrical volume between the lens input (L1) and the output lens (L4).
- the invisibility region (Rl) described has three invisibility planes called (ph, p ⁇ 2, Pl), one between each pair of lenses, although we will see that in Fig. 2 only the invisibility plane (Pl) located is controlled between the third lens (L3) and the output lens (L4).
- this region of invisibility (Rl) and the planes of invisibility (ph, p ⁇ 2, Pl) does not affect the image of the arrow that an observer sees at the exit of the device.
- an essentially flat obstacle (O) has been arranged, in this example a sheet of graph paper, with its edge just adjacent to the optical reference axis (EOR). That is, the sheet of paper (O) essentially covers the middle of the path that the rays of light would follow when passing through the device if they were all their path parallel to the optical reference axis (EOR).
- Fig. 2b shows a configuration of the same device of Fig. 2a where the current (I) that controls the focal length of the tunable lens (L3) has been operated, and passes from () to ().
- I current
- L3 focal length
- the invisibility plane (Pl) has varied in position and possibly its size has decreased (the actual paths of the light rays in the figure are not represented), that is, the light rays are no longer focused on a single point but that occupy a larger surface of said invisibility plane (Pl).
- part of the light rays that pass through the device affect the sheet of paper (O), which therefore blocks part of the image that an observer sees at the exit of the device. The observer sees an image similar to that shown, where the sheet of paper partially covers the image of the arrow.
- the device of the invention makes it possible to make an obstacle (O) properly located in the device of the invention visible or invisible at will.
- the time required to modify the focal length of the tunable lens (L3) is very small, of the order of milliseconds, so that a visual effect is achieved in which the obstacle (O) suddenly appears or disappears.
- Fig. 3a shows a second example of a device similar to that of Fig. 2a except that it also includes a feedback system designed to maintain the conditions of invisibility even if changes occur in the focal length of the lenses (L1, L2, L3 , L4) that compose it.
- L1, L2, L3 , L4 the focal length of the lenses
- the tunable lens (L3) is located in a position here called first position (P1) while the position of the invisibility plane (Pl), in the state in which they meet the conditions of invisibility, it is called second position (P2).
- the second position (P2) is after the first position (P1).
- a beam splitter (DH) located between the first position (P1) and the second position (P2) there is a beam splitter (DH) configured to deflect a portion of the light rays that pass through the device. The deflected portion of the light rays is directed by the beam splitter (DH) towards the sensitive surface of a photodetector (FD).
- the photodetector (FD) is in turn connected to a processing medium (MP), and the processing medium (MP) is connected to a drive means (MA).
- the drive means (MA) is connected to the tunable lens (L3), such that it injects the necessary current according to the orders received from the processing medium (MP).
- the actuation means (MA) is injecting a certain current () into the tunable lens (L3) which makes the focal distance of said tunable lens (L3) 75 mm.
- the status of the device is the same as that shown in Fig. 2a, the invisibility conditions are met, and the invisibility plane (Pl) is in the second position (P2).
- the sheet of paper (O), which is located in the second position (P2), remains invisible, and an observer located at the exit of the device sees the image of the complete arrow.
- the portion of the light rays deflected by the beam splitter (DH) affects the photodetector (FD) according to certain properties.
- the deflected portion incident in the photodetector (FD) may be a circumference or ellipse centered at a certain point, with a given diameter and a determined intensity, as schematically shown in Fig. 4a.
- This data is transmitted from the photodetector (FD) to the processing medium (MP), which stores it as the reference properties corresponding to compliance with the invisibility condition.
- MP processing medium
- these properties of the deviated portion of the light rays correspond to the current (), which in turn corresponds to a focal distance of the tunable lens (L3) of 75 mm.
- Fig. 4a the ellipse located at a certain point, with a certain size and a certain intensity shown in Fig. 4a corresponds to the deviated portion of the light rays in the initial state when the sensitive surface of the photodetector is affected (FD)
- this ellipse may have changed in size, increasing (Fig. 4b, the dotted line represents a circumference equal to that of Fig. 4a) or decreasing (Fig. 4c, the dotted line represents a circle equal to that of Fig. 4a).
- the processing medium (MP) orders the drive means (MA) to change the current applied to the tunable lens (L3) until it reaches a value ⁇ in which the ellipse returns to the situation of the Fig. 4a. Since the ellipse returns to the initial form, the beam of light rays in the third position (P3) of the device is also identical to what it was in the initial position, and that means that the invisibility plane (Pl) has returned to its initial position, as shown in Fig. 3c. That is, with the change in environmental conditions, it is necessary to apply a current ⁇ to the tunable lens (L3) so that its focal length is 75 mm.
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Abstract
Description
DESCRIPCIÓN DESCRIPTION
Dispositivo de invisibilidad sintonizable basado en óptica paraxial OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN Tunable invisibility device based on paraxial optics OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención pertenece en general al campo de la óptica, y más particularmente a los dispositivos de invisibilidad que se están desarrollando en entornos fundamentalmente académicos y en centros de investigación para diversas aplicaciones, como por ejemplo militares, publicitarias, biomédicas, industria del ocio, etc. The present invention belongs in general to the field of optics, and more particularly to the invisibility devices that are being developed in fundamentally academic environments and in research centers for various applications, such as military, advertising, biomedical, leisure industry, etc.
El objeto de la presente invención es un novedoso dispositivo capaz de generar una región de invisibilidad con la particularidad de que puede modificarse la posición de, al menos, un plano de invisibilidad gracias al uso de, al menos, una lente de distancia focal sintonizable. The object of the present invention is a novel device capable of generating a region of invisibility with the particularity that the position of at least one invisibility plane can be modified thanks to the use of at least one tunable focal length lens.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
El importante desarrollo de la ingeniería de materiales en los últimos años, junto con el avance de las técnicas de fabricación ha permitido la generación de nuevos materiales nanoestructurados o metamateriales. La principal característica de estos materiales es que permiten conseguir propiedades, en particular propiedades ópticas, que no están en la naturaleza. La versatilidad que ofrecen estos materiales ha permitido que los investigadores hayan ideado todo tipo de dispositivos para manipular la luz, como describen H. Cheng, T.C. Chan and P. Shen en "Transformation optics and metamaterials" , Nature Mater. 9, 387-396 (2010). Entre estos dispositivos, se han divulgado algunos capaces de producir la invisibilidad de los objetos, como describen J.B. Pendry, D. Schuring and D.R. Smith en "Controlling electromagnetic fields", Science 312, 1780-1782 (2006). Existen también diversos documentos de patente que describen sistemas de invisibilidad basados en este tipo de materiales. A modo de ejemplo, se pueden mencionar los documentos US9095043 B2 titulado "Electromagnetic cloak using metal lens" o 9166302 B2 titulado "Wideband electromagnetic cloaking systems". The important development of materials engineering in recent years, together with the progress of manufacturing techniques has allowed the generation of new nanostructured or metamaterial materials. The main characteristic of these materials is that they allow to achieve properties, in particular optical properties, that are not in nature. The versatility offered by these materials has allowed researchers to devise all kinds of devices to manipulate light, as described by H. Cheng, T.C. Chan and P. Shen in "Transformation optics and metamaterials", Nature Mater. 9, 387-396 (2010). Among these devices, some capable of producing the invisibility of objects, as described by J.B. Pendry, D. Schuring and D.R. Smith in "Controlling electromagnetic fields", Science 312, 1780-1782 (2006). There are also various patent documents that describe invisibility systems based on this type of materials. As an example, documents US9095043 B2 entitled "Electromagnetic cloak using metal lens" or 9166302 B2 entitled "Wideband electromagnetic cloaking systems" may be mentioned.
Sin embargo, estos sistemas presentan como desventajas principales su gran complejidad y el alto coste que implica su diseño y fabricación. Además, es necesario diseñar y generar un sistema específico para cada objeto que se desee hacer invisible, o para una zona muy limitada. Esto se deduce, por ejemplo, de los documentos de J. Valentine et al. "An optical cloak made of dielectric", Nature Mater. 8, 568-571 (2009); L.H. Gabrielli et al. "Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies" Nature Photon. 3, 461-463 (2009); o X. Ni et al. "An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible lighf, Science, 349, 1310-1314 (2015). However, these systems have as their main disadvantages their great complexity and the high cost involved in their design and manufacturing. In addition, it is necessary to design and generate a specific system for each object that you want to make invisible, or for a very limited area. This follows, for example, from the documents of J. Valentine et al. "An optical cloak made of dielectric", Nature Mater. 8, 568-571 (2009); LH Gabrielli et al. "Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies "Nature Photon. 3, 461-463 (2009); or X. Ni et al." An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible lighf, Science, 349, 1310-1314 (2015).
En contraposición a estos complejos sistemas, en el año 2014 los profesores Choi y Howell de la Universidad de Rochester (USA) desarrollaron y demostraron un dispositivo de invisibilidad basado en óptica paraxial capaz de generar una región de invisibilidad con varios planos de invisibilidad. En el documento titulado "Paraxial ray optics cloaking," Opt. Express 22, 29465-29478 (2014) describen un sistema que está formado por cuatro lentes comerciales alineadas y convenientemente ajustadas siguiendo las leyes de la óptica geométrica clásica. Nótese que, para que el sistema funcione correctamente, es necesario que las distancias entre las lentes y las distancias focales de dichas lentes cumplan unas determinadas condiciones. Estas condiciones reciben en este documento el nombre de "condiciones de invisibilidad', y se describen con mayor detalle más adelante en este documento. Este sistema se describe de manera más detallada en la solicitud de patente estadounidense US 2016/0025956, donde se describen configuraciones específicas formadas por 3 o 4 lentes. In contrast to these complex systems, in 2014 Professors Choi and Howell of the University of Rochester (USA) developed and demonstrated an invisibility device based on paraxial optics capable of generating a region of invisibility with several planes of invisibility. In the document entitled "Paraxial ray optics cloaking," Opt. Express 22, 29465-29478 (2014) describe a system that consists of four commercial lenses aligned and conveniently adjusted following the laws of classical geometric optics. Note that, for the system to function properly, it is necessary that the distances between the lenses and the focal lengths of said lenses meet certain conditions. These conditions are referred to in this document as 'invisibility conditions', and are described in more detail later in this document. This system is described in more detail in US patent application US 2016/0025956, where configurations are described specific formed by 3 or 4 lenses.
El sistema de Choi y Howell presenta ventajas significativas con relación a los dispositivos anteriores. Se trata de un sistema extremadamente sencillo, lo que permite su implementación casi por cualquier persona siguiendo unas instrucciones bastante sencillas. Además, los materiales necesarios para su fabricación son de muy bajo coste. Sin embargo, este sistema tiene el inconveniente de que es estático. Es decir, una vez montado un sistema de este tipo, la región de invisibilidad permanece fija e inalterable, así como la posición de los diferentes planos de invisibilidad asociados. Esto supone una gran limitación en cuanto a las posibles aplicaciones comerciales del dispositivo. The Choi and Howell system has significant advantages over previous devices. It is an extremely simple system, which allows its implementation by almost anyone following fairly simple instructions. In addition, the materials necessary for its manufacture are very low cost. However, this system has the disadvantage that it is static. That is, once a system of this type is assembled, the region of invisibility remains fixed and unchanged, as well as the position of the different planes of invisibility associated. This supposes a great limitation as far as the possible commercial applications of the device.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Los inventores de la presente solicitud se han dado cuenta de que el dispositivo propuesto por Choi y Howell presenta diversas limitaciones que complican, si no impiden completamente, su utilización en la práctica más allá de un entorno académico. The inventors of the present application have realized that the device proposed by Choi and Howell presents various limitations that complicate, if not completely prevent, its use in practice beyond an academic environment.
En primer lugar, al tratarse de un dispositivo estático formado por lentes convencionales, una vez realizado el montaje la región de invisibilidad permanece fija e inalterable. Por tanto, si el usuario desea modificar la posición de un plano de invisibilidad, por ejemplo para hacer visible un determinado objeto situado inicialmente dentro de la región de invisibilidad, o viceversa, para hacer invisible un objeto situado inicialmente fuera de la región de invisibilidad, será necesario sustituir físicamente una o varias de las lentes que constituyen el montaje. Esto implica inconvenientes como el tiempo y el trabajo necesarios, y en la práctica constituye una importante limitación con relación a su potencial aplicación comercial. In the first place, since it is a static device formed by conventional lenses, once the assembly is done, the region of invisibility remains fixed and unalterable. Therefore, if the user wishes to modify the position of an invisibility plane, for example to make visible a certain object initially located within the region of invisibility, or vice versa, to make invisible an object initially located outside the region of Invisibility, it will be necessary to physically replace one or more of the lenses that constitute the assembly. This implies inconveniences such as the necessary time and work, and in practice it constitutes an important limitation in relation to its potential commercial application.
En segundo lugar, en ocasiones existen parámetros ambientales que pueden afectar a la distancia focal de las lentes, como por ejemplo la temperatura de trabajo. Esto significa que, aún después de haber realizado un diseño y montaje cuidadoso del dispositivo de invisibilidad, una modificación de la temperatura ambiental puede provocar cambios en dicha región de invisibilidad. Debido a ello, se pueden producir alteraciones en la posición de los planos de invisibilidad, y como consecuencia objetos que inicialmente eran invisibles pueden volverse visibles, o bien objetos que inicialmente eran visibles pueden volverse invisibles. Estos cambios indeseados en la región de invisibilidad también constituyen un importante inconveniente para la aplicación comercial de este dispositivo. Secondly, sometimes there are environmental parameters that can affect the focal length of the lenses, such as the working temperature. This means that, even after careful design and assembly of the invisibility device, a modification of the ambient temperature can cause changes in said invisibility region. Because of this, alterations in the position of the invisibility planes can occur, and as a result objects that were initially invisible may become visible, or objects that were initially visible may become invisible. These unwanted changes in the region of invisibility also constitute a major drawback for the commercial application of this device.
Los inventores de la presente solicitud han desarrollado una solución para este problema que se basa en un dispositivo similar al descrito por Choi y HoweII donde al menos una de las lentes estáticas convencionales se sustituye por una lente sintonizable de distancia focal variable. La modificación de la distancia focal de dicha lente sintonizable permite al usuario provocar que se cumpla o deje de cumplir la condición de invisibilidad que permite que el sistema funcione de tal modo que los planos de invisibilidad se encuentren en determinadas posiciones. Como consecuencia de la salida del sistema de la condición de invisibilidad, al menos un plano de invisibilidad situado inmediatamente detrás de la lente sintonizable cambia de posición o se desvanece. El resultado es que un objeto situado en la posición de dicho plano de invisibilidad puede hacerse visible o invisible a voluntad simplemente actuando sobre la lente sintonizable. The inventors of the present application have developed a solution for this problem that is based on a device similar to that described by Choi and HoweII where at least one of the conventional static lenses is replaced by a tunable lens of varying focal length. The modification of the focal length of said tunable lens allows the user to cause the invisibility condition to be fulfilled or not fulfilled, which allows the system to function in such a way that the invisibility planes are in certain positions. As a result of the system's exit from the invisibility condition, at least one invisibility plane located immediately behind the tunable lens changes position or fades. The result is that an object located in the position of said invisibility plane can be made visible or invisible at will simply by acting on the tunable lens.
Adicionalmente, los inventores de la solicitud han desarrollado un sistema de realimentación diseñado para mantener de manera automática la condición de invisibilidad del sistema independientemente de posibles cambios en las distancias focales de las lentes que conforman el dispositivo, por ejemplo a causa de variaciones en las condiciones ambientales. Es decir, el sistema "persigue" la condición de estabilidad frente a perturbaciones capaces de modificar el punto óptimo de trabajo, de manera que se asegura que un determinado plano de invisibilidad situado tras la lente sintonizable permanece inmóvil en su posición original. Se describen a continuación algunos términos que se utilizarán a lo largo de la siguiente descripción. Additionally, the inventors of the application have developed a feedback system designed to automatically maintain the invisibility condition of the system regardless of possible changes in the focal lengths of the lenses that make up the device, for example because of variations in the conditions environmental. That is, the system "pursues" the condition of stability against disturbances capable of modifying the optimum working point, so that it ensures that a certain plane of invisibility located behind the tunable lens remains motionless in its original position. Some terms that will be used throughout the following description are described below.
Óptica paraxial: La óptica paraxial hace referencia a sistemas ópticos en los que las trayectorias de los rayos de luz que atraviesan el dispositivo forman ángulos pequeños con relación al eje óptico de referencia. Esto permite utilizar determinadas aproximaciones (sen θ ~ Θ, tan θ ~ Θ, eos θ ~ 1) que simplifican el análisis matemático del sistema. Haz de luz: Cualquiera de los términos "haz de luz", "haz de rayos de luz", "rayos de luz", etc. hace referencia al conjunto de rayos de luz que atraviesan el dispositivo. De acuerdo con las condiciones conocidas de la óptica paraxial, estos rayos de luz forman un ángulo con el eje óptico de referencia menor que un determinado ángulo umbral. Este conjunto de rayos de luz atraviesa por tanto longitudinalmente todo el dispositivo desde la lente de entrada hasta la lente de salida. Este término puede hacer referencia a dicho conjunto de rayos de luz en cualquier punto a lo largo del eje óptico de referencia del dispositivo dependiendo del contexto en que se utilice. Paraxial optics: Paraxial optics refers to optical systems in which the paths of light rays that pass through the device form small angles relative to the reference optical axis. This allows certain approaches (sin θ ~ Θ, tan θ ~ Θ, eos θ ~ 1) to be used that simplify the mathematical analysis of the system. Light beam: Any of the terms "light beam", "light beam", "light rays", etc. refers to the set of rays of light that pass through the device. According to the known conditions of paraxial optics, these light rays form an angle with the reference optical axis less than a certain threshold angle. This set of light rays therefore crosses the entire device longitudinally from the input lens to the output lens. This term may refer to said set of light rays at any point along the optical reference axis of the device depending on the context in which it is used.
Lente convencional o estática: Se trata de una lente que no permite una modificación controlada de su índice de refracción y/o de su geometría, y por tanto de su distancia focal. Una lente estática está normalmente hecha de materiales tales como vidrio, cuarzo o plástico pulido. Nótese que, si bien estas lentes no están pensadas para modificar la distancia focal, ésta puede variar de manera incontrolada como consecuencia de las condiciones ambientales. Conventional or static lens: This is a lens that does not allow a controlled modification of its refractive index and / or its geometry, and therefore its focal length. A static lens is usually made of materials such as glass, quartz or polished plastic. Note that, although these lenses are not intended to modify the focal length, it can vary uncontrollably as a result of environmental conditions.
Lente sintonizable: Se trata de una lente cuya geometría o distancia focal pueden modificarse a voluntad gracias a la variación de algún parámetro físico, como por ejemplo la corriente eléctrica, la tensión, la temperatura, la presión, u otras. Su distancia focal también se ve afectada por las condiciones ambientales. Tunable lens: This is a lens whose geometry or focal length can be modified at will thanks to the variation of some physical parameter, such as electric current, voltage, temperature, pressure, or others. Its focal length is also affected by environmental conditions.
Lente: Este término genérico hace referencia de manera general tanto a las lentes convencionales como a las lentes sintonizables. Además, el término lente no sólo hace referencia a lentes individuales propiamente dichas, sino también a conjuntos de lentes diseñados para llevar a cabo la función de una única lente, o bien para corregir determinados efectos ópticos indeseados asociados al uso de una lente individual. Región de invisibilidad: Se trata de una región del espacio, situada dentro de un volumen esencialmente cilindrico o cónico ubicado entre la lente de entrada y la lente de salida del dispositivo de la presente invención, por la que no pasan rayos de luz. La región de invisibilidad se genera como consecuencia de la concentración de los rayos de luz en dirección al eje óptico de referencia, de manera que en la porción exterior de dicho volumen esencialmente cilindrico o cónico aparece una región por la que no pasan dichos rayos. La región de invisibilidad presenta simetría axial y su tamaño es mayor cuando más concentrados estén los rayos. Lens: This generic term refers generally to both conventional and tunable lenses. In addition, the term lens not only refers to individual lenses themselves, but also to lens assemblies designed to carry out the function of a single lens, or to correct certain unwanted optical effects associated with the use of an individual lens. Region of invisibility: This is a region of space, located within an essentially cylindrical or conical volume located between the input lens and the output lens of the device of the present invention, through which no light rays pass. The invisibility region is generated as a consequence of the concentration of the light rays in the direction of the optical reference axis, so that in the outer portion of said essentially cylindrical or conical volume a region appears through which said rays do not pass. The invisibility region has axial symmetry and its size is larger when the rays are more concentrated.
Plano de invisibilidad: Dentro de la región de invisibilidad, se trata de un plano perpendicular al eje óptico de referencia y situado en un punto correspondiente a un máximo local de concentración de los rayos de luz (también llamado foco), de modo que el tamaño de la región de invisibilidad en ese plano presenta un máximo local. Cuando los rayos de luz se concentran esencialmente en un único punto del eje óptico de referencia, se obtiene un plano de invisibilidad prácticamente completo excepto por el punto de corte del plano con dicho eje óptico de referencia. Nótese que, en ocasiones, cuando se menciona el plano de invisibilidad no se hace referencia estrictamente al plano en sentido geométrico sino a un volumen de pequeño espesor alrededor del plano de invisibilidad geométrico, que puede alojar un determinado objeto que se desea hacer invisible. Invisibility plane: Within the invisibility region, it is a plane perpendicular to the reference optical axis and located at a point corresponding to a local maximum concentration of light rays (also called focus), so that the size of the region of invisibility in that plane presents a local maximum. When the light rays are essentially concentrated on a single point of the optical reference axis, a virtually complete invisibility plane is obtained except for the cut-off point of the plane with said optical reference axis. Note that, on occasion, when the invisibility plane is mentioned, reference is not strictly made to the plane in a geometric sense, but rather to a volume of small thickness around the plane of geometric invisibility, which can accommodate a certain object that one wishes to make invisible.
Antes/después: Estos términos se interpretarán tomando como referencia la dirección de la trayectoria recorrida por los rayos de luz. Es decir, cuando se hace referencia a un primer elemento situado "antes" de un segundo elemento, o bien a un segundo elemento situado "después" de un primer elemento, se entiende que dichos elementos están situados en posiciones tales que los rayos de luz entrantes en el dispositivo pasan primero por el primer elemento y después por el segundo elemento. En otras palabras, el primer elemento está más cerca de la entrada del dispositivo de la invención que el segundo elemento. Además de los términos "antes/después" pueden utilizarse otros similares, tales como "anterior/posterior", "delante/detrás", "tras", etc. Before / after: These terms will be interpreted based on the direction of the path traveled by the light rays. That is, when referring to a first element located "before" a second element, or a second element located "after" a first element, it is understood that said elements are located in positions such that the light rays Incoming in the device go first through the first element and then through the second element. In other words, the first element is closer to the input of the device of the invention than the second element. In addition to the terms "before / after", similar ones may be used, such as "before / after", "in front / behind", "after", etc.
Posición: Este término hace referencia a la ubicación de un determinado elemento a lo largo del eje óptico de referencia. Position: This term refers to the location of a certain element along the optical reference axis.
Condición de invisibilidad: Este término se refiere de manera genérica a las relaciones entre las distancias focales de las lentes y las distancias entre las lentes que permiten un correcto funcionamiento del sistema con una posición determinada de los planos de invisibilidad. Por ejemplo, de acuerdo con Choi y Howell la condición de invisibilidad para un sistema formado por cuatro lentes puede resumirse en (véase la Fig. 1): Invisibility condition: This term refers generically to the relationships between the focal lengths of the lenses and the distances between the lenses that allow a correct functioning of the system with a certain position of the invisibility planes. For example, according to Choi and Howell, the invisibility condition for a system consisting of four lenses can be summarized in (see Fig. 1):
a) di = d3; fi = ; h = h (el sistema es simétrico) a) di = d3; fi =; h = h (the system is symmetric)
c) d2 = 2 f2 (fi + f2) / (fi - f2) c) d 2 = 2 f 2 (fi + f 2 ) / (fi - f 2 )
Las características técnicas del preámbulo de la reivindicación independiente de la presente invención corresponden esencialmente al sistema de Choi y Howell descrito en el artículo científico y la solicitud de patente que se han mencionado con anterioridad en este documento. Sin embargo, el dispositivo de la invención no está necesariamente restringido al uso de cuatro lentes, ya que puede utilizarse un número mayor de lentes de un modo equivalente. The technical features of the preamble of the independent claim of the present invention correspond essentially to the Choi and Howell system described in the scientific article and the patent application mentioned above in this document. However, the device of the invention is not necessarily restricted to the use of four lenses, since a larger number of lenses can be used in an equivalent manner.
Un primer aspecto de la presente invención está dirigido a un dispositivo que comprende fundamentalmente los siguientes elementos: a) Una lente de entrada que recibe unos rayos de luz. b) Al menos una primera lente intermedia. c) Al menos una segunda lente intermedia. d) Una lente de salida por la que salen los rayos de luz. A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a device that essentially comprises the following elements: a) An input lens that receives light rays. b) At least one first intermediate lens. c) At least a second intermediate lens. d) An output lens through which light rays come out.
Estas lentes están alineadas según un eje óptico de referencia, de acuerdo con el tipo de configuración típica de los sistemas basados en óptica paraxial. La distancia entre las lentes y sus distancias focales están seleccionados de manera que cada rayo de luz recibido por la lente de entrada, según una dirección de entrada, sale por la lente de salida según una dirección de salida esencialmente paralela a dicha dirección de entrada, siempre que el ángulo de dicha dirección de entrada con relación al eje óptico de referencia sea inferior a un ángulo umbral. Esta condición permite que, cuando un observador mira a través del dispositivo según una dirección esencialmente paralela al eje óptico de referencia o que forma un ángulo pequeño con relación a éste, un objeto situado a la entrada del dispositivo se ve del mismo modo a la salida del dispositivo. El ángulo umbral mencionado es el habitual para poder usar la aproximación paraxial, y puede tomar valores de aproximadamente 5°-10°. These lenses are aligned along an optical reference axis, according to the type of typical configuration of paraxial optics based systems. The distance between the lenses and their focal distances are selected such that each ray of light received by the input lens, according to an input direction, exits through the output lens according to an output direction essentially parallel to said input direction, provided that the angle of said input direction relative to the optical reference axis is less than a threshold angle. This condition allows that, when an observer looks through the device in a direction essentially parallel to the optical axis of reference or that forms a small angle relative to it, an object located at the entrance of the device looks the same way at the exit Of the device. Threshold angle mentioned is the usual one to be able to use the paraxial approximation, and it can take values of approximately 5 ° -10 °.
Además, las lentes están configuradas para provocar la concentración de los rayos de luz recibidos durante su recorrido entre la lente de entrada y la lente de salida, de manera que entre dicha lente de entrada y dicha lente de salida se genera una región de invisibilidad por la que no pasan los rayos de luz que tiene una forma axialmente simétrica según el eje óptico de referencia. Los rayos de luz pueden llegar a converger esencialmente en uno o más puntos del eje óptico de referencia situados entre la lente de entrada y la lente de salida, de manera que la región de invisibilidad puede contener planos de invisibilidad prácticamente completos excepto por el propio punto de corte del plano con el eje óptico de referencia. In addition, the lenses are configured to cause the concentration of the light rays received during their travel between the input lens and the output lens, so that between said input lens and said output lens a region of invisibility is generated by the one that does not pass the light rays that have an axially symmetrical shape along the optical reference axis. The light rays can converge essentially at one or more points of the reference optical axis located between the input lens and the output lens, so that the invisibility region can contain virtually complete invisibility planes except for the point itself of cutting of the plane with the optical axis of reference.
Hasta ahora, se ha descrito un dispositivo de invisibilidad estático del tipo descrito por Choi y Howell. Nótese que aunque se hace referencia explícita a un dispositivo formado por cuatro lentes, sería posible diseñar dispositivos similares con cualquier número mayor de lentes, por lo que el sistema es escalable con tal de que cumpla unas determinadas relaciones de la óptica geométrica clásica que dan lugar a la condición de invisibilidad. Si bien hasta ahora se ha descrito la condición de invisibilidad para un sistema de cuatro lentes, sería posible generalizarla para un número superior de lentes. En ese caso, el dispositivo incluiría más de dos lentes intermedias. Until now, a static invisibility device of the type described by Choi and Howell has been described. Note that although explicit reference is made to a device consisting of four lenses, it would be possible to design similar devices with any larger number of lenses, so the system is scalable as long as it meets certain relationships of the classical geometric optics that give rise to to the condition of invisibility. While the invisibility condition for a four-lens system has been described so far, it would be possible to generalize it for a larger number of lenses. In that case, the device would include more than two intermediate lenses.
Pues bien, independientemente del número de lentes, la característica diferenciadora principal de la presente invención con relación a dicho dispositivo de la técnica anterior es que, al menos, una de las lentes del dispositivo de la presente invención es una lente de distancia focal sintonizable que permite controlar la posición de un plano de invisibilidad situado detrás de dicha lente de distancia focal sintonizable. Well, regardless of the number of lenses, the main distinguishing feature of the present invention in relation to said prior art device is that at least one of the lenses of the device of the present invention is a tunable focal length lens that allows to control the position of an invisibility plane located behind said tunable focal length lens.
En efecto, la modificación de la distancia focal de la lente sintonizable provoca una modificación de la trayectoria de los rayos de luz que la atraviesan. Si en una configuración inicial donde se cumple la condición de invisibilidad existe un plano de invisibilidad situado en una determinada posición posterior a la lente sintonizable, cuando se modifica la distancia focal de la lente sintonizable se provoca la salida del sistema de la condición de invisibilidad. Es decir, se modifican las trayectorias de los rayos de luz a lo largo del dispositivo de tal modo que cambian las posiciones de concentración de los rayos de luz en la porción del dispositivo posterior a dicha lente sintonizable. Como consecuencia, cambia la posición del plano de invisibilidad situado detrás de la lente sintonizable, o bien este se desvanece, por lo que un objeto situado en dicho plano que inicialmente era invisible pasa a ser visible. Nótese que un mismo dispositivo puede incluir más de una lente sintonizable, lo que permitiría controlar la posición de más de un plano de invisibilidad. La lente sintonizable puede ser en principio de cualquier tipo siempre que permita la modificación a voluntad de su distancia focal por parte de un usuario. Existen en la técnica diversos tipos de lentes sintonizables en función del parámetro físico utilizado para la modificación de su índice de refracción o geometría. Por ejemplo, de acuerdo con realizaciones preferidas de la invención, la lente sintonizable puede elegirse de entre las siguientes: lente de distancia focal sintonizable eléctricamente, lente de distancia focal sintonizable mecánicamente, y lente de distancia focal sintonizable térmicamente. In effect, the modification of the focal length of the tunable lens causes a change in the path of the light rays that pass through it. If in an initial configuration where the invisibility condition is met there is an invisibility plane located in a certain position after the tunable lens, when the focal distance of the tunable lens is modified, the invisibility condition system is exited. That is, the paths of light rays along the device are modified such that the concentration positions of the light rays in the portion of the device after said tunable lens change. As a consequence, the position of the invisibility plane behind the tunable lens changes, or it it fades, so that an object located on that plane that was initially invisible becomes visible. Note that the same device can include more than one tunable lens, which would allow controlling the position of more than one invisibility plane. The tunable lens can in principle be of any type as long as it allows the modification at will of its focal length by a user. There are various types of tunable lenses in the art depending on the physical parameter used for the modification of its refractive index or geometry. For example, according to preferred embodiments of the invention, the tunable lens can be chosen from the following: electrically tunable focal length lens, mechanically tunable focal length lens, and thermally tunable focal length lens.
De acuerdo con una realización especialmente preferida de la invención, la lente sintonizable empleada es una lente cuya distancia focal cambia en función de la corriente eléctrica aplicada a la misma. Un ejemplo de lente de este tipo está formada fundamentalmente por un recipiente en el que se almacena un fluido óptico y que además está dotado de un actuador electromagnético. Para modificar la distancia focal se actúa sobre la corriente eléctrica que atraviesa el actuador electromagnético, el cual a su vez ejerce una presión variable sobre el recipiente que almacena el fluido óptico. Como consecuencia, se modifica la trayectoria de los rayos de luz que atraviesan la lente y por tanto también su distancia focal. En otra realización preferida de la invención la lente sintonizable puede estar basada en un cristal líquido, que tiene propiedades electroópticas de modo que su índice de refracción varía bajo la aplicación de un campo eléctrico. Además, el hecho de que el dispositivo de la invención incluya al menos una lente sintonizable presenta la ventaja adicional de que es posible implementar un bucle de control para mantener inmóvil la posición de, al menos, un plano de invisibilidad independientemente de que variaciones en las condiciones ambientales provoquen cambios en la distancia focal de las lentes integrantes del dispositivo. Esto permite asegurar que un objeto que se desea mantener invisible, o visible, siga siéndolo aunque cambie de manera inesperada la distancia focal de las lentes integrantes a causa de las condiciones ambientales. According to an especially preferred embodiment of the invention, the tunable lens used is a lens whose focal length changes depending on the electric current applied thereto. An example of such a lens is essentially formed by a container in which an optical fluid is stored and which is also provided with an electromagnetic actuator. To modify the focal length, the electric current through the electromagnetic actuator is operated, which in turn exerts a variable pressure on the vessel that stores the optical fluid. As a consequence, the trajectory of the light rays that cross the lens and therefore also its focal length is modified. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the tunable lens may be based on a liquid crystal, which has electro-optical properties so that its refractive index varies under the application of an electric field. In addition, the fact that the device of the invention includes at least one tunable lens has the additional advantage that it is possible to implement a control loop to keep the position of at least one invisibility plane motionless regardless of variations in the environmental conditions cause changes in the focal length of the lens of the device. This makes it possible to ensure that an object that is desired to remain invisible, or visible, remains so even if the focal length of the integrating lenses changes unexpectedly due to environmental conditions.
Según una realización preferida de la invención, se describe un sistema de realimentación configurado para mantener inmóvil un plano de invisibilidad. Se considera que la lente de distancia focal sintonizable está situada en una primera posición del eje óptico de referencia y el plano de invisibilidad está situado en una segunda posición del eje óptico de referencia, donde la segunda posición es posterior a la primera posición. Pues bien, el sistema de realimentación comprende: a) Unos medios configurados para obtener unas propiedades representativas de los rayos de luz en una tercera posición del eje óptico de referencia, donde la tercera posición está situada entre las lentes inmediatamente anterior e inmediatamente posterior a la segunda posición. b) Unos medios configurados para controlar la distancia focal de la lente sintonizable para que dichas propiedades de los rayos de luz se mantengan invariables en dicha tercera posición, de manera que dicho plano de invisibilidad se mantiene también invariable en dicha segunda posición. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a feedback system configured to keep an invisibility plane still is described. The tunable focal length lens is considered to be located in a first position of the optical reference axis and the invisibility plane is located in a second position of the optical reference axis, where the second position is after the first position. Well, the feedback system comprises: a) Means configured to obtain representative properties of the light rays in a third position of the optical reference axis, where the third position is located between the lenses immediately before and immediately after the second position. b) Means configured to control the focal length of the tunable lens so that said properties of the light rays remain unchanged in said third position, so that said invisibility plane is also kept unchanged in said second position.
Es decir, se parte de una determinada configuración del dispositivo en que una lente sintonizable está situada en una primera posición y un determinado plano de invisibilidad se encuentra en una posición deseada que se denomina segunda posición. En esa situación, en la que se cumple la condición de invisibilidad, se obtienen unas determinadas propiedades representativas del haz de rayos de luz que atraviesa el dispositivo en una tercera posición situada entre la lente inmediatamente anterior al plano de invisibilidad y la lente inmediatamente posterior al plano de invisibilidad. Nótese que es necesario que esto sea así porque, en caso contrario, no podría asegurarse que el mantenimiento de las propiedades del haz de rayos de luz en la tercera posición implicase el mantenimiento también de la posición del plano de invisibilidad, ya que entre la segunda posición y la tercera posición podría haber una lente cuyas propiedades hayan variado como consecuencia de las condiciones ambientales. Esto quedará más claro más adelante en este documento a partir de la descripción de ejemplos particulares referidos a las figuras. That is, it starts from a certain configuration of the device in which a tunable lens is located in a first position and a certain invisibility plane is in a desired position called second position. In that situation, in which the invisibility condition is met, certain representative properties of the beam of light rays that pass through the device in a third position between the lens immediately before the invisibility plane and the lens immediately after the invisibility plane. Note that this is necessary because, otherwise, it cannot be ensured that maintaining the properties of the beam of light in the third position also implies maintaining the position of the invisibility plane, since between the second position and the third position could be a lens whose properties have varied as a result of environmental conditions. This will become clearer later in this document from the description of particular examples referred to the figures.
En cualquier caso, si se cumplen las condiciones anteriores puede suponerse que siempre que las propiedades del haz de rayos de luz en dicha tercera posición se mantengan constantes, se cumplirá la condición de invisibilidad y por tanto el plano de invisibilidad se mantendrá inmóvil en la segunda posición. En consecuencia, se monitorizan las propiedades relevantes del haz de luz, por ejemplo el tamaño, la forma, el desalineamiento con respecto del eje óptico de referencia, la intensidad, u otros, de modo que puede detectarse cualquier cambio en los mismos. Si se detecta un cambio en alguna de dichas propiedades, significa que una alteración de las condiciones ambientales ha provocado la modificación en la distancia focal de alguna de las lentes del dispositivo, y que ello a su vez ha provocado el cambio en el haz de luz en la tercera posición. Por tanto, el sistema de realimentación actúa sobre la lente sintonizable para modificar su distancia focal de manera que las propiedades del haz de rayos de luz en la tercera posición retornen a su valor original, de manera que el sistema vuelve al punto óptimo de trabajo inicialmente establecido en el que se cumplen la condición de invisibilidad. In any case, if the above conditions are met, it can be assumed that as long as the properties of the beam of light in said third position remain constant, the invisibility condition will be fulfilled and therefore the invisibility plane will remain immobile in the second position. Consequently, the relevant properties of the light beam are monitored, for example the size, shape, misalignment with respect to the reference optical axis, intensity, or others, so that any change in them can be detected. If a change in any of these properties is detected, it means that an alteration of the environmental conditions has caused the change in the focal length of some of the lens of the device, and that this in turn has caused the change in the light beam in the third position. Therefore, the system of feedback acts on the tunable lens to modify its focal length so that the properties of the beam of light rays in the third position return to their original value, so that the system returns to the optimum working point initially established at which they are met Invisibility condition
El sistema de realimentación descrito puede implementarse de diferentes modos, aunque preferentemente comprende al menos los siguientes elementos: a) Un divisor de haz situado en la tercera posición del eje óptico de referencia, que desvía fuera de dicho eje óptico de referencia una porción de los rayos de luz. b) Un fotodetector situado fuera del eje óptico de referencia, que está configurado para recibir la porción desviada de los rayos de luz y para determinar las propiedades de dicha porción desviada de los rayos de luz. c) Un medio de procesamiento conectado al fotodetector, que está configurado para recibir de dicho fotodetector las propiedades de dicha porción desviada de los rayos de luz. El medio de procesamiento puede implementarse a través de un microcontrolador, un microprocesador, una FPGA, un DSP, un ASIC, o en general mediante cualquier dispositivo adecuado para llevar a cabo las funciones descritas en este documento. d) Un medio de accionamiento conectado al medio de procesamiento y a la lente sintonizable, que está configurado para recibir de dicho medio de procesamiento órdenes para modificar la distancia focal de dicha lente sintonizable de manera que las propiedades de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz se mantengan invariables. El medio de accionamiento puede ser un elemento independiente del medio de procesamiento, o bien puede estar integrado en el propio medio de procesamiento a modo de tarjeta de salida o similar. The described feedback system can be implemented in different ways, although preferably it comprises at least the following elements: a) A beam splitter located in the third position of the optical reference axis, which deflects a portion of the said optical reference axis Light rays. b) A photodetector located outside the reference optical axis, which is configured to receive the deviated portion of the light rays and to determine the properties of said deviated portion of the light rays. c) A processing means connected to the photodetector, which is configured to receive from said photodetector the properties of said deviated portion of the light rays. The processing medium can be implemented through a microcontroller, a microprocessor, an FPGA, a DSP, an ASIC, or in general by any suitable device to carry out the functions described in this document. d) A drive means connected to the processing means and to the tunable lens, which is configured to receive from said processing means orders to modify the focal distance of said tunable lens so that the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays Stay unchanged. The drive means can be an independent element of the processing means, or it can be integrated into the processing medium itself as an output card or the like.
El funcionamiento de este sistema de realimentación sería fundamentalmente el siguiente. Se parte de un estado inicial del dispositivo que se desea mantener y en el cual se cumple la condición de invisibilidad. En esta situación inicial, existe un plano de invisibilidad situado en una segunda posición posterior a la primera posición en la que se encuentra la lente sintonizable. El divisor de haz, situado en una tercera posición adyacente a la posición del plano de invisibilidad que se va a controlar, desvía de la dirección del eje óptico de referencia una porción de los rayos de luz que atraviesan el dispositivo. Esa porción desviada de los rayos de luz incide en un fotodetector. Una señal representativa de las propiedades de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz recibida por el fotodetector es enviada al medio de procesamiento. Por tanto, el medio de procesamiento conoce cuáles son las propiedades de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz que corresponden al cumplimiento de la condición de invisibilidad. The operation of this feedback system would be fundamentally the following. It starts from an initial state of the device to be maintained and in which the invisibility condition is met. In this initial situation, there is an invisibility plane located in a second position after the first position in which the tunable lens is located. The beam splitter, located in a third position adjacent to the position of the invisibility plane to be controlled, deflects a portion of the light rays that pass through the device from the direction of the reference optical axis. That portion Deviated from the light rays, it affects a photodetector. A signal representative of the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays received by the photodetector is sent to the processing medium. Therefore, the processing means knows what are the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays that correspond to the fulfillment of the invisibility condition.
Una vez establecido el estado inicial que se desea mantener, el medio de procesamiento recibe de manera continua la señal del fotodetector y monitoriza las propiedades de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz. En caso de que detecte algún cambio, ello significará que se ha producido alguna modificación en alguna de las lentes que componen el dispositivo y que se ha salido de la condición de invisibilidad. Si ello ocurre, el medio de procesamiento actúa sobre la lente sintonizable para modificar su distancia focal hasta conseguir que las propiedades de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz vuelvan a su estado original. Como consecuencia, se consigue que el dispositivo retorne a la condición de invisibilidad en la que el plano de invisibilidad que se está controlando se encuentra en la posición inicial. Once the initial state to be maintained is established, the processing medium continuously receives the photodetector signal and monitors the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays. In case you detect any change, it will mean that there has been some modification in any of the lenses that make up the device and that it has left the invisibility condition. If this occurs, the processing means acts on the tunable lens to modify its focal length until the properties of the deviated portion of the light rays return to their original state. As a result, the device is returned to the invisibility condition in which the invisibility plane being controlled is in the initial position.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS La Fig. 1 muestra un ejemplo de dispositivo de acuerdo con Choi y Howell que está formado por cuatro lentes estáticas. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Fig. 1 shows an example of a device according to Choi and Howell that is formed by four static lenses.
Las Figs. 2a y 2b muestran un ejemplo de dispositivo de acuerdo con la presente invención que tiene una lente sintonizable respectivamente en una situación en la que se cumple la condición de invisibilidad y una situación en la que no se cumple la condición de invisibilidad. Figs. 2a and 2b show an example of a device according to the present invention that has a tunable lens respectively in a situation in which the invisibility condition is met and a situation in which the invisibility condition is not met.
Las Figs. 3a-3c muestran en varias situaciones un ejemplo de dispositivo de acuerdo con la presente invención que tiene un sistema de realimentación para mantener el plano de invisibilidad en una posición determinada. Figs. 3a-3c show in several situations an example of a device according to the present invention that has a feedback system for maintaining the invisibility plane in a certain position.
Las Figs. 4a-4c muestran esquemáticamente el aspecto que tiene la porción desviada de los rayos de luz incidente sobre el fotodetector. Figs. 4a-4c schematically show the appearance of the deviated portion of the incident light rays on the photodetector.
REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓN PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Se describen a continuación dos dispositivos según la presente invención, uno sin sistema de realimentación y el otro con sistema de realimentación, haciendo referencia a las figuras adjuntas. Nótese que se trata únicamente de ejemplos, y que por tanto no deben ser considerados limitantes, estando la invención limitada únicamente por las reivindicaciones adjuntas. Concretamente, aunque los ejemplos se refieren a dispositivos de invisibilidad formados por cuatro lentes, el número de lentes del dispositivo de la invención no se limita a cuatro y pueden ser más siempre que sus distancias focales y las distancias entre ellas cumplan la condición de invisibilidad pertinente en cada caso. Del mismo modo, no es necesario que la lente sintonizable sea la que se encuentra específicamente en tercer lugar del dispositivo, sino que puede sustituir a cualquiera de las lentes que lo conforman. Similarmente, aunque los ejemplos muestran una única lente sintonizable, el dispositivo de la invención puede utilizar más de una lente sintonizable, permitiendo así controlar la visibilidad/invisibilidad de más de un objeto situado respectivamente en más de un plano de invisibilidad. Además, aunque los siguientes ejemplos muestran lentes que tienen el mismo diámetro, debe interpretarse que es posible implementar el dispositivo de la invención utilizando lentes de diferentes diámetros e introduciendo elementos adicionales de corrección para hacer que sean compatibles con el resto. El modo en que esto se lleva a cabo es conocido y habitual en este campo, dado que no siempre existen comercialmente disponibles con el mismo diámetro las lentes necesarias para llevar a cabo cada montaje. Por último, cada lente del dispositivo de la invención puede sustituirse por conjuntos de dos o más lentes acopladas capaces de ejercer la misma función que aquella. Two devices according to the present invention are described below, one without feedback system and the other with feedback system, referring to the figures attached. Note that these are only examples, and therefore should not be considered limiting, the invention being limited only by the appended claims. Specifically, although the examples refer to invisibility devices formed by four lenses, the number of lenses of the device of the invention is not limited to four and may be more so long as their focal distances and the distances between them meet the relevant invisibility condition. in each case. In the same way, it is not necessary that the tunable lens is the one that is specifically in the third place of the device, but that it can replace any of the lenses that comprise it. Similarly, although the examples show a single tunable lens, the device of the invention can use more than one tunable lens, thus allowing to control the visibility / invisibility of more than one object located respectively in more than one invisibility plane. In addition, although the following examples show lenses having the same diameter, it should be interpreted that it is possible to implement the device of the invention using lenses of different diameters and introducing additional correction elements to make them compatible with the rest. The way in which this is carried out is known and common in this field, since the lenses necessary to carry out each assembly are not always commercially available with the same diameter. Finally, each lens of the device of the invention can be replaced by sets of two or more coupled lenses capable of exercising the same function as that.
La Fig. 2a muestra un primer ejemplo de dispositivo, según la presente invención, formado específicamente por cuatro lentes (L1 , L2, L3, L4), donde la primera lente (L1) o lente de entrada, la segunda lente (L2), y la cuarta lente (L4) o lente de salida son estáticas, y la tercera lente (L3) es sintonizable. En este ejemplo concreto, se supone que la lente sintonizable (L3) es del tipo que permite la variación de su distancia focal en función de la intensidad de la corriente eléctrica (I) aplicada a la misma. Se ha colocado un objeto en forma de flecha a la entrada del dispositivo, es decir, a la izquierda de la lente de entrada (L1). Fig. 2a shows a first example of a device, according to the present invention, specifically formed by four lenses (L1, L2, L3, L4), where the first lens (L1) or input lens, the second lens (L2), and the fourth lens (L4) or output lens is static, and the third lens (L3) is tunable. In this specific example, it is assumed that the tunable lens (L3) is of the type that allows the variation of its focal length as a function of the intensity of the electric current (I) applied to it. An arrow-shaped object has been placed at the entrance of the device, that is, to the left of the input lens (L1).
La situación mostrada en la Fig. 2a corresponde al cumplimiento de las condiciones de invisibilidad, lo que implica que se debe cumplir que: a) di = d3; U = U; f2 = f3(li)The situation shown in Fig. 2a corresponds to the fulfillment of the conditions of invisibility, which implies that it must be fulfilled that: a) di = d 3 ; U = U; f 2 = f 3 (li)
c) d2 = 2 f2 (fi + f2) / (fi - f2) Para ello, los valores concretos que adoptan los parámetros del dispositivo mostrado en la Fig. 2a son: c) d 2 = 2 f 2 (fi + f 2 ) / (fi - f 2 ) For this, the specific values that adopt the parameters of the device shown in Fig. 2a are:
Í2 = 75 mm Í2 = 75 mm
Dados estos valores, y teniendo en cuenta las ecuaciones a)-c), la distancia focal Í3(li) de la lente sintonizable (L3) debe adoptar un valor de 75 mm, igual a la distancia focal de la segunda lente (L2). Para ello, se aplica a la lente sintonizable (L3) una determinada corriente ( ) necesaria para que Í3(li) = 75 mm. Es fácil comprobar que de este modo el dispositivo mostrado en la Fig. 2a cumple las condiciones de invisibilidad. Con esta configuración, el haz de luz entra desde la entrada del dispositivo en la primera lente (L1) esencialmente en paralelo al eje óptico de referencia (EOR), se focaliza en el espacio entre la primera lente (L1) y la segunda lente (L2) y llega a dicha segunda lente (L2), vuelve a concentrarse en menor medida que antes en el espacio entre la segunda lente (L2) y la tercera lente (L3) y llega a dicha tercera lente (L3), y vuelve a focalizarse en el espacio entre la tercera lente (L3) y la cuarta lente (L4) y llega a dicha cuarta lente (L4), tras la cual el haz de luz vuelve a tomar una dirección paralela al eje óptico de referencia (EOR). Por lo tanto, un observador situado a la salida del dispositivo, a la derecha de la lente de salida (L4), ve el objeto en forma de flecha esencialmente del mismo modo que si no hubiese distancia entre la lente de entrada (L1) y la lente de salida (L4). Given these values, and taking into account equations a) -c), the focal length Í3 (li) of the tunable lens (L3) should adopt a value of 75 mm, equal to the focal length of the second lens (L2) . To do this, a certain current () necessary for Í3 (li) = 75 mm is applied to the tunable lens (L3). It is easy to verify that in this way the device shown in Fig. 2a meets the invisibility conditions. With this configuration, the light beam enters from the input of the device in the first lens (L1) essentially parallel to the optical reference axis (EOR), focuses on the space between the first lens (L1) and the second lens ( L2) and reaches said second lens (L2), refocuses to a lesser extent than before in the space between the second lens (L2) and the third lens (L3) and reaches said third lens (L3), and returns to focus on the space between the third lens (L3) and the fourth lens (L4) and reaches said fourth lens (L4), after which the light beam again takes a direction parallel to the optical reference axis (EOR). Therefore, an observer located at the exit of the device, to the right of the output lens (L4), sees the object in the form of an arrow essentially in the same way as if there were no distance between the input lens (L1) and the output lens (L4).
Se puede apreciar que se forma una región de invisibilidad (Rl) en las zonas entre lentes en las que los rayos de luz se acercan al eje óptico de referencia (EOR). Esta región de invisibilidad (Rl) presenta simetría cilindrica alrededor del eje óptico de referencia (EOR) y tiene la forma resultante de restar el volumen esencialmente cónico ocupado por los rayos de luz a lo largo de su desplazamiento, del volumen esencialmente cilindrico entre la lente de entrada (L1) y la lente de salida (L4). La región de invisibilidad (Rl) descrita presenta tres planos de invisibilidad denominados (ph , p¡2, Pl), uno entre cada par de lentes, aunque veremos que en la Fig. 2 únicamente se controla el plano de invisibilidad (Pl) situado entre la tercera lente (L3) y la lente de salida (L4). La formación de esta región de invisibilidad (Rl) y de los planos de invisibilidad (ph , p¡2, Pl) no afecta a la imagen de la flecha que ve un observador a la salida del dispositivo. Pues bien, en el citado plano de invisibilidad (Pl) se ha dispuesto un obstáculo (O) esencialmente plano, en este ejemplo una hoja de papel cuadriculado, con su borde justo adyacente al eje óptico de referencia (EOR). Es decir, la hoja de papel (O) tapa esencialmente la mitad del camino que seguirían los rayos de luz al atravesar el dispositivo si fuesen toda su trayectoria paralelos al eje óptico de referencia (EOR). Sin embargo, gracias a que todos los rayos de luz se focalizan en el propio eje óptico de referencia (EOR) a la altura del plano de invisibilidad (Pl), la hoja de papel (O) resulta invisible para un observador situado a la derecha del dispositivo. El observador ve la imagen de la flecha completa. It can be seen that a region of invisibility (Rl) is formed in the areas between lenses in which the rays of light approach the optical reference axis (EOR). This region of invisibility (Rl) has cylindrical symmetry around the optical reference axis (EOR) and has the resulting form of subtracting the essentially conical volume occupied by the rays of light along its displacement, from the essentially cylindrical volume between the lens input (L1) and the output lens (L4). The invisibility region (Rl) described has three invisibility planes called (ph, p¡2, Pl), one between each pair of lenses, although we will see that in Fig. 2 only the invisibility plane (Pl) located is controlled between the third lens (L3) and the output lens (L4). The formation of this region of invisibility (Rl) and the planes of invisibility (ph, p¡2, Pl) does not affect the image of the arrow that an observer sees at the exit of the device. Well, in the aforementioned invisibility plane (Pl) an essentially flat obstacle (O) has been arranged, in this example a sheet of graph paper, with its edge just adjacent to the optical reference axis (EOR). That is, the sheet of paper (O) essentially covers the middle of the path that the rays of light would follow when passing through the device if they were all their path parallel to the optical reference axis (EOR). However, because all the light rays are focused on the optical reference axis (EOR) itself at the level of the invisibility plane (Pl), the sheet of paper (O) is invisible to an observer to the right Of the device. The observer sees the image of the complete arrow.
La Fig. 2b muestra una configuración del mismo dispositivo de la Fig. 2a donde se ha actuado sobre la corriente (I) que controla la distancia focal de la lente (L3) sintonizable, y que pasa de ( ) a ( ). Como consecuencia, esta distancia focal ha aumentado y se dejan de cumplir las condiciones de invisibilidad. El plano de invisibilidad (Pl) ha variado de posición y posiblemente su tamaño ha disminuido (no se representan las trayectorias reales de los rayos de luz en la figura), es decir, los rayos de luz ya no se focalizan en un único punto sino que ocupan una mayor superficie de dicho plano de invisibilidad (Pl). En cualquier caso, parte de los rayos de luz que atraviesan el dispositivo inciden sobre la hoja de papel (O), que por tanto bloquea parte de la imagen que ve un observador situado a la salida del dispositivo. El observador ve una imagen similar a la mostrada, donde la hoja de papel tapa parcialmente la imagen de la flecha. Fig. 2b shows a configuration of the same device of Fig. 2a where the current (I) that controls the focal length of the tunable lens (L3) has been operated, and passes from () to (). As a consequence, this focal length has increased and invisibility conditions are no longer met. The invisibility plane (Pl) has varied in position and possibly its size has decreased (the actual paths of the light rays in the figure are not represented), that is, the light rays are no longer focused on a single point but that occupy a larger surface of said invisibility plane (Pl). In any case, part of the light rays that pass through the device affect the sheet of paper (O), which therefore blocks part of the image that an observer sees at the exit of the device. The observer sees an image similar to that shown, where the sheet of paper partially covers the image of the arrow.
En definitiva, es fácil apreciar cómo el dispositivo de la invención permite hacer que un obstáculo (O) adecuadamente situado en el dispositivo de la invención sea visible o invisible a voluntad. El tiempo necesario para modificar la distancia focal de la lente (L3) sintonizable es muy pequeño, del orden de milisegundos, por lo que se consigue un efecto visual en el cual el obstáculo (O) aparece o desaparece de repente. In short, it is easy to appreciate how the device of the invention makes it possible to make an obstacle (O) properly located in the device of the invention visible or invisible at will. The time required to modify the focal length of the tunable lens (L3) is very small, of the order of milliseconds, so that a visual effect is achieved in which the obstacle (O) suddenly appears or disappears.
La Fig. 3a muestra un segundo ejemplo de dispositivo similar al de la Fig. 2a excepto por que además incluye un sistema de realimentación diseñado para mantener las condiciones de invisibilidad aunque se produzcan cambios en la distancia focal de las lentes (L1 , L2, L3, L4) que lo componen. Se omite aquí una descripción completa de aquellos elementos del dispositivo que son equivalentes a los descritos con relación a la Fig. 2a, describiéndose con detalle solo los elementos que conforman el sistema de realimentación. Fig. 3a shows a second example of a device similar to that of Fig. 2a except that it also includes a feedback system designed to maintain the conditions of invisibility even if changes occur in the focal length of the lenses (L1, L2, L3 , L4) that compose it. A complete description of those elements of the device that are equivalent to those described in relation to Fig. 2a is omitted here, describing in detail only the elements that make up the feedback system.
La lente sintonizable (L3) está situada en una posición que aquí se denomina primera posición (P1) mientras que la posición del plano de invisibilidad (Pl), en el estado en que se cumplen las condiciones de invisibilidad, se denomina segunda posición (P2). La segunda posición (P2) es posterior a la primera posición (P1). En una tercera posición (P3) situada entre la primera posición (P1) y la segunda posición (P2) se dispone un divisor de haz (DH) configurado para desviar una porción de los rayos de luz que atraviesan el dispositivo. La porción desviada de los rayos de luz es dirigida por el divisor de haz (DH) hacia la superficie sensible de un fotodetector (FD). El fotodetector (FD) está a su vez conectado a un medio de procesamiento (MP), y el medio de procesamiento (MP) está conectado a un medio de accionamiento (MA). El medio de accionamiento (MA) está conectado a la lente sintonizable (L3), de tal modo que inyecta la corriente necesaria en función de las órdenes recibidas del medio de procesamiento (MP). The tunable lens (L3) is located in a position here called first position (P1) while the position of the invisibility plane (Pl), in the state in which they meet the conditions of invisibility, it is called second position (P2). The second position (P2) is after the first position (P1). In a third position (P3) located between the first position (P1) and the second position (P2) there is a beam splitter (DH) configured to deflect a portion of the light rays that pass through the device. The deflected portion of the light rays is directed by the beam splitter (DH) towards the sensitive surface of a photodetector (FD). The photodetector (FD) is in turn connected to a processing medium (MP), and the processing medium (MP) is connected to a drive means (MA). The drive means (MA) is connected to the tunable lens (L3), such that it injects the necessary current according to the orders received from the processing medium (MP).
En la situación mostrada en la Fig. 3a, el medio de accionamiento (MA) está inyectando una determinada corriente ( ) en la lente sintonizable (L3) que hace que la distancia focal de dicha lente sintonizable (L3) sea de 75 mm. Bajo esas condiciones, el estado del dispositivo es igual que el mostrado en la Fig. 2a, las condiciones de invisibilidad se cumplen, y el plano de invisibilidad (Pl) se encuentra en la segunda posición (P2). La hoja de papel (O), que está situada en la segunda posición (P2), permanece invisible, y un observador situado a la salida del dispositivo ve la imagen de la flecha completa. En esta situación, la porción de los rayos de luz desviada por el divisor de haz (DH) incide en el fotodetector (FD) según unas propiedades determinadas. Por ejemplo, la porción desviada incidente en el fotodetector (FD) puede ser una circunferencia o elipse centrada en un determinado punto, con un diámetro determinado y una intensidad determinada, como se muestra esquemáticamente en la Fig. 4a. Estos datos son transmitidos desde el fotodetector (FD) al medio de procesamiento (MP), el cual los almacena como las propiedades de referencia correspondientes al cumplimiento de la condición de invisibilidad. En el ajuste inicial del dispositivo, estas propiedades de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz corresponden a la corriente ( ), la cual a su vez corresponde a una distancia focal de la lente sintonizable (L3) de 75 mm. In the situation shown in Fig. 3a, the actuation means (MA) is injecting a certain current () into the tunable lens (L3) which makes the focal distance of said tunable lens (L3) 75 mm. Under these conditions, the status of the device is the same as that shown in Fig. 2a, the invisibility conditions are met, and the invisibility plane (Pl) is in the second position (P2). The sheet of paper (O), which is located in the second position (P2), remains invisible, and an observer located at the exit of the device sees the image of the complete arrow. In this situation, the portion of the light rays deflected by the beam splitter (DH) affects the photodetector (FD) according to certain properties. For example, the deflected portion incident in the photodetector (FD) may be a circumference or ellipse centered at a certain point, with a given diameter and a determined intensity, as schematically shown in Fig. 4a. This data is transmitted from the photodetector (FD) to the processing medium (MP), which stores it as the reference properties corresponding to compliance with the invisibility condition. In the initial setting of the device, these properties of the deviated portion of the light rays correspond to the current (), which in turn corresponds to a focal distance of the tunable lens (L3) of 75 mm.
Ahora bien, puede suceder que por motivos incontrolables se produzca un cambio en las condiciones ambientales, por ejemplo la temperatura, que afecte a los valores de la distancia focal de alguna de las lentes (L1 , L2, L3, L4). Las lentes estáticas (L1 , L2, L4) varían poco frente a este tipo de cambios, pero no ocurre así con la lente sintonizable (L3), cuyo valor puede cambiar y alejarse así del valor de 75 mm correspondiente al cumplimiento de las condiciones de invisibilidad a pesar de que se mantenga la intensidad de excitación en el valor inicial de ( ). Esta situación se muestra en la Fig. 3b. Un aumento de la temperatura ha modificado sensiblemente el valor de la distancia focal de la lente sintonizable (L3), que ha aumentado, y como consecuencia la posición del plano de invisibilidad (Pl) ya no es coincidente con la segunda posición (P2). Por tanto, debido a un mecanismo similar al descrito con relación a la Fig. 2b la hoja de papel (O), que está en la segunda posición (P2), se ha hecho visible para un observador situado a la salida del dispositivo. Por otra parte, resulta evidente apreciar que si la posición del foco - es decir, la posición del plano de invisibilidad (Pl) - se desplaza, necesariamente debe sufrir cambios también el haz de rayos de luz a su paso por la tercera posición (P3). Esto es detectado por el fotodetector (FD) a través de la porción desviada de los rayos de luz. However, it can happen that for uncontrollable reasons there is a change in environmental conditions, for example the temperature, which affects the values of the focal length of one of the lenses (L1, L2, L3, L4). Static lenses (L1, L2, L4) vary little compared to this type of changes, but this is not the case with the tunable lens (L3), whose value can change and thus move away from the value of 75 mm corresponding to compliance with the conditions of invisibility even though the excitation intensity is maintained at the initial value of (). This situation is shown in Fig. 3b. An increase in temperature has significantly modified the value of the focal length of the tunable lens (L3), which has increased, and as a consequence the position of the invisibility plane (Pl) is no longer coincident with the second position (P2). Therefore, due to a mechanism similar to that described in relation to Fig. 2b, the sheet of paper (O), which is in the second position (P2), has become visible to an observer located at the exit of the device. On the other hand, it is clear to appreciate that if the position of the focus - that is, the position of the invisibility plane (Pl) - shifts, the beam of light rays must necessarily also change as it passes through the third position (P3 ). This is detected by the photodetector (FD) through the deviated portion of the light rays.
Por ejemplo, podemos suponer que la elipse situada en un determinado punto, con un tamaño determinado y una intensidad determinada mostrada en la Fig. 4a corresponde a la porción desviada de los rayos de luz en el estado inicial al incidir en la superficie sensible del fotodetector (FD). Después del cambio en la distancia focal de la lente sintonizable (L3), esta elipse puede haber cambiado de tamaño, aumentando (Fig. 4b, la línea de puntos representa una circunferencia igual a la de la Fig. 4a) o disminuyendo (Fig. 4c, la línea de puntos representa una circunferencia igual a la de la Fig. 4a). En función de ello, el medio de procesamiento (MP) ordena al medio de accionamiento (MA) un cambio en la corriente aplicada a la lente sintonizable (L3) hasta llegar a un valor ΙΊ en el que la elipse vuelve a la situación de la Fig. 4a. Puesto que la elipse vuelve a adoptar la forma inicial, el haz de rayos de luz en la tercera posición (P3) del dispositivo también es idéntico a como era en la posición inicial, y eso significa que el plano de invisibilidad (Pl) ha retornado a su posición inicial, como se muestra en la Fig. 3c. Es decir, con el cambio en las condiciones ambientales, es necesario aplicar una corriente ΙΊ a la lente sintonizable (L3) para que su distancia focal sea de 75 mm. For example, we can assume that the ellipse located at a certain point, with a certain size and a certain intensity shown in Fig. 4a corresponds to the deviated portion of the light rays in the initial state when the sensitive surface of the photodetector is affected (FD) After the change in the focal length of the tunable lens (L3), this ellipse may have changed in size, increasing (Fig. 4b, the dotted line represents a circumference equal to that of Fig. 4a) or decreasing (Fig. 4c, the dotted line represents a circle equal to that of Fig. 4a). Accordingly, the processing medium (MP) orders the drive means (MA) to change the current applied to the tunable lens (L3) until it reaches a value ΙΊ in which the ellipse returns to the situation of the Fig. 4a. Since the ellipse returns to the initial form, the beam of light rays in the third position (P3) of the device is also identical to what it was in the initial position, and that means that the invisibility plane (Pl) has returned to its initial position, as shown in Fig. 3c. That is, with the change in environmental conditions, it is necessary to apply a current ΙΊ to the tunable lens (L3) so that its focal length is 75 mm.
Claims
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES201730100A ES2645739B2 (en) | 2017-01-30 | 2017-01-30 | Tunable invisibility device based on paraxial optics |
| ESP201730100 | 2017-01-30 |
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| WO2018138401A1 true WO2018138401A1 (en) | 2018-08-02 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/ES2018/070058 Ceased WO2018138401A1 (en) | 2017-01-30 | 2018-01-26 | Tunable cloaking device based on paraxial optics |
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| Country | Link |
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| ES (1) | ES2645739B2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2018138401A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101299079A (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2008-11-05 | 上海市第二中学 | Invisible apparatus and design based on geometrical optics |
| US20090316279A1 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2009-12-24 | Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware. | Emitting and focusing apparatus, methods, and systems |
| US20160025956A1 (en) * | 2014-07-24 | 2016-01-28 | University Of Rochester | Paraxial cloak design and device |
-
2017
- 2017-01-30 ES ES201730100A patent/ES2645739B2/en active Active
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2018
- 2018-01-26 WO PCT/ES2018/070058 patent/WO2018138401A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101299079A (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2008-11-05 | 上海市第二中学 | Invisible apparatus and design based on geometrical optics |
| US20090316279A1 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2009-12-24 | Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware. | Emitting and focusing apparatus, methods, and systems |
| US20160025956A1 (en) * | 2014-07-24 | 2016-01-28 | University Of Rochester | Paraxial cloak design and device |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| CHOI, J. & HOWELL, J., PARAXIAL RAY OPTICS CLOAKING, vol. 22, no. 24, 18 November 2014 (2014-11-18), pages 29465 - 29478, XP055143680, [retrieved on 20171121] * |
| PENDRY, J. B. ET AL.: "CONTROLLING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS", SCIENCE, vol. 312, 13 June 2006 (2006-06-13), pages 1780 - 1782, XP007907867, [retrieved on 20171121] * |
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| ES2645739B2 (en) | 2018-11-26 |
| ES2645739A1 (en) | 2017-12-07 |
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