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WO2018128616A1 - Éléments optiques et catalytiques contenant des condensats de bose-einstein - Google Patents

Éléments optiques et catalytiques contenant des condensats de bose-einstein Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018128616A1
WO2018128616A1 PCT/US2017/012366 US2017012366W WO2018128616A1 WO 2018128616 A1 WO2018128616 A1 WO 2018128616A1 US 2017012366 W US2017012366 W US 2017012366W WO 2018128616 A1 WO2018128616 A1 WO 2018128616A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
becs
photons
superradiance
changing
impinging
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Application number
PCT/US2017/012366
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English (en)
Inventor
Keng S. Liang
Yao Cheng
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kong Hsien-Yao
Hokang Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Kong Hsien-Yao
Hokang Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/US2017/012366 priority Critical patent/WO2018128616A1/fr
Publication of WO2018128616A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018128616A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 

Definitions

  • Bose-Einstein condensates can be generated by various methods including those disclosed in U. S. patent application Serial No. 14/376,276 [reference 1 ] and Leggett, A. J. Quantum Liquids, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007 [reference 2] . Moreover, some features of BECs have been reported in Cheng, Y., Guo Z.-Y., Liu, Y.-L., Lee, C.-H., Young, B. -L. Magnetoelectric effect induced by the delocalised 93m Nb state, Radiation effects and Defect in Solids 170 43 -54, 2015 [reference 3], Liu, Y.-Y. and Cheng, Y.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for superradiant Rayleigh scattering, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing experiment results of superradiant Rayleigh measurements.
  • spatially relative terms such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature' s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures.
  • the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures.
  • BECs Bose-Einstein condensates
  • Light or photon may mean all kinds of electro-magnetic waves including visible light, UV light, X rays and gamma rays.
  • the catalytic functions include the chemical reactions regarding orbital electrons of atoms and the nuclear reactions regarding nucleus, i.e., proton and neutron.
  • the claimed element may contain multiple BECs. Methods of generating BECs have been, for example, disclosed in the references 1 and 2.
  • BECs which have been reported, for example, in the references 3-5, include storing photons in the photonic lattice and increasing the photon intensity in crystal defects to change the nuclear branching paths of the impurity decay.
  • photons interact with the BECs, which changes the mutual coherence among photons, changes the propagating directions of photons, increases the photoelectric transparency of the element, or detects photons.
  • the catalytic function works like the element palladium (Pd), which changes the chemical reactions among atoms or molecules on the Pd surface.
  • Photons stored in the photonic lattice assist the catalytic processes, which include chemical reactions and nuclear reactions.
  • Photons in a laser beam are coherent, which usually are generated under three conditions, i.e., cavity, amplifying material, and enough gain to create the stimulated emission [reference 6] .
  • the present disclosure applies the interaction between photons and BECs to generate the coherent beam, rather than the conventional methods.
  • Gamma rays are created by the nuclear transitions [reference 7], while X rays are generated by the atomic transitions or moving charged particles.
  • Gamma rays and X rays strongly overlap in the energy range. Most of X rays carry only one spin and gamma rays carry one or multiple spin, which depend on their associated transitions.
  • the coherent length of gamma rays can be evaluated by their half-lives.
  • a longer half-life gives a longer coherent length and a narrower spectral linewidth.
  • the linewidth can be broadened by the Doppler effect of source vibration, which reduces the intrinsic coherent length. Therefore, lowering the temperature shall increase the coherent length.
  • Photons of same energy can have a long coherent length but without their mutual coherence, i.e., not a coherent state.
  • the present disclosure can generate the mutual coherence among photons, which are emitted from nuclear transitions, atomic transitions, or any transitions from charged particles.
  • BECs were discovered by the ultra-cold atoms entering ultra-low temperature of pK in 1995. BECs contain a mass center, which describe all of the microparticle motions with the macroscopic wave functions [references 2 and 8] .
  • the present disclosure applies the interaction among BECs and photons to create the matter-wave grating, as reported in the reference [8], to control the photon propagation and their coherence.
  • the corresponding BECs in the present disclosure are not restricted by the ultra-cold atoms.
  • BECs may consist of the coherent nuclei to exhibit an off-diagonal long-ranged order, which are generated by their common gamma excitation [references 3-5]. These kinds of BECs have unique properties other than the ultra-cold atoms, e.g., BECs survive at the room-temperature [reference 1 and 3] and the coexistence of more than one condensate of the nuclear excitations.
  • the transparency of materials is important to make a lens.
  • the present disclosure applies the interaction between photons and BECs to increase the transparency of materials, which depend on the energy, the intrinsic spin, and the coherent length of applied photons.
  • the claimed element according to the present disclosure includes the capabilities to change photon propagation, to change the mutual coherence of photons, to increase the transparency of materials and to detect photons.
  • FIG. 1 shows the experimental setup of the superradiant Rayleigh, where a 2.5 mCi source of 137 Cs is placed on a Pb shielding.
  • the shielding has Pb blocks of 8- cm thickness.
  • a preparation method to create 93m Nb BEC is described in the reference [5] .
  • a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector (not shown) is located beneath the Pb shielding and detects the gamma ray emitted from the sample through the central hole .
  • the superradiant Rayleigh gamma photons arrive at the detector via the end-fire modes of the active sample, only very few of them are directly penetrating the Pb shielding.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of superradiant Rayleigh, where the ordinate is the counted photon numbers per minute and the abscissa is the time taking records in day. Dividing the recorded photon counts by the live time (56.4 seconds) gives the measured count rate at every data points.
  • the 137 Cs source was placed at the position (3mm, 90 degrees). The number of photons penetrating the Pb shielding to arrive at the detector without passing the sample was less than 10%. Every measurement took a real time of 60 seconds and storing data time of 0.25 second. The detector efficiency is about 0.5% at 662 keV measured by an isotropic emitting source, which is provided by the vendor.
  • an element according to the present disclosure contains Bose- Einstein condensations (BECs) to create optic and catalytic functions including changing the propagation of photons, changing the mutual coherence among photons, changing the penetration power of photons, detecting photons, changing the chemical reactions occurred on a surface, and changing the nuclear reactions occurred in a boundary or an implanted crystal defect containing impurity.
  • BECs Bose- Einstein condensations
  • the photons and the geometry of optic elements are selected to provide designed optical functions by superradiance, which are dictated by the coherent lengths of the photons regarding the geometry of optic element. The following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the materials and photons.
  • the M4 photon of 662 keV emitted from 137 Cs source has a coherent length near 10 meters at room temperature, which can interact with the 93m Nb BEC in a 93 Nb crystal to create the superradiance.
  • the superradiance remains forward scattering in the same impinging direction. If the impinging direction is along the longest axis of element, the impinging M4 photon creates superradiance by forward scattering in the same direction regardless of the lengths of three axes. If the impinging direction is the short axis of element while the coherent length is longer than the short axis, the superradiance turns to a lateral direction, i.e. a long axis direction regardless of the lengths of the long axis.
  • BECs are applied to control the mutual coherence among photons.
  • the following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the materials and photons.
  • the M4 photons of 662 keV emitted from 137 Cs source can interact with the 93m Nb BEC in a 93 Nb crystal to create a coherent superradiance.
  • BECs are applied to control the propagating direction of photons.
  • the following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the materials and photons.
  • the M4 photons of 662 keV emitted from 137 Cs source can interact with the 93m Nb BEC in a 93 Nb crystal to create the lateral superradiance into the long axis of the BECs, i .e., the end-fire modes.
  • BECs are applied to control the transparency of an element containing the BECs.
  • the following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the materials and photons.
  • the El photons of 122 keV emitted from an 152 Eu source can interact with the 93m Nb BEC in a 93 Nb crystal to create the transparency by the collective forward scattering of the 122-keV photons.
  • the photoelectric effect to ej ect the Nb orbital electrons is reduced, while the mutual coherence of the impinging 122- keV photons is increased.
  • Changing the coherent length of photons is able to control the collective interaction between the photons and BECs and accordingly the coherent length of superradiance. For example, decreasing or increasing the temperature of a photon source is able to increase or decrease the coherent length, respectively.
  • the change of coherent length provides the change of optical function .
  • changing the temperature of BECs is able to control the collective interaction between photons and BECs and accordingly the coherent length of superradiance.
  • decreasing or increasing the temperature of BECs is able to increase or decrease the coherent length of superradiance, respectively.
  • the change of coherent length provides the corresponding precision change of a matter-wave grating.
  • changing the physical length of BECs is able to control the collective interaction between photons and BEC and accordingly the coherent length of superradiance.
  • decreasing or increasing the physical length of BECs is able to decrease or increase the coherent length of superradiance, respectively.
  • the change of coherent length provides the corresponding precision change of a matter- wave grating.
  • a photon source can be located outside or inside of BECs, or an internal source can be excited from an external impinging charged particle. The following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the materials and photons.
  • the 93m Nb BEC interacts with the M4 photon of 662 keV emitted from the 137 Cs source, which is located inside a 93 Nb crystal or located outside a 93 Nb crystal to create the superradiance.
  • Nb atoms inside the 93m Nb BEC emit Nb x rays under the irradiation of an electron beam, which is also an internal photon source.
  • optical elements containing BECs are able to create the designed functionalities.
  • the functionalities of optical elements can be accomplished by a single element or a combination of elements. Apply the geometry of a cone shape, a tube shape, or line shapes to be the optical elements. In an embodiment, each of the elements may have a different geometry.
  • a combination of the elements may provide the functionalities, e.g., focus and defocus. Moving, rotating or bending the optical elements, i.e., the mechanical motions, can control the propagating direction of superradiance.
  • Applying an external field to control BECs can achieve designed functionalities of an element.
  • the following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the field and the manipulation.
  • Applying a magnetic field to optical elements can change the interaction between photons and BECs, which can change the functionality of the optical element.
  • Adding a material into the element containing BECs can change the reflective index of the element, which provides the capability to modify the matter-wave grating and the features of superradiance.
  • a focusing superradiance can be applied as a gamma knife in medical applications or non-invasive treatment to modify some features inside an obj ect under the medial or non-invasive treatment.
  • the coherent superradiance capable of penetrating an obj ect, can be applied to create a highly sensitive image of some particular atoms or nuclides in the obj ect.
  • the interaction between the coherent superradiance and nuclides or atoms depends on the nuclear and atomic species.
  • the interaction between BECs and an impinging photon is able to detect the impinging photon.
  • the following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the material, the detecting photon, and the applied field.
  • the M4 photon s of 662 keV emitted from 137 Cs source can interact with the 93m Nb BEC in a 93 Nb crystal.
  • the impinging of M4 662-keV photons can change the magnetoelectric effect of an element containing the BECs to give an electric signal .
  • a field of BECs concentrates at the crystal defect, which can catalyze a chemical reaction at a surface of an element containing the BECs.
  • the surface of interest can be very rough or coarse to create more surficial reaction. This catalytic reaction can be assisted by an additional implanted photon source or an externally impinging photon source.
  • the element containing BECs can be coated with a layer of assisting material or be implanted by this assisting material to create a new catalytic effect or increase the known catalytic effect.
  • the assisting material includes palladium (Pd).
  • an additional field e.g., a thermal field or an electric field, can be applied to enhance the catalytic reaction.
  • the described catalytic effect is not restricted by the chemical reactions, i.e., the reaction to change orbital electrons of atoms or molecules.
  • This feature extends the catalytic effect to the nuclear reactions involving the change of nuclear states.
  • the following example describes this feature, but not restricted with the description.
  • Li atoms are implanted on a surface of an element containing BECs, which is inserted into water bath containing deuteron atoms.
  • An electric field is applied to assist hydrogen atoms and the deuteron atoms to penetrate crystal defects containing the Li atom.
  • the nuclear reaction occurs between the penetrating deuterons, the penetrating hydrogens, or the lithium impurity .
  • the impinging photons or implanted photon sources can be more than one kind.
  • the BECs may consist of more than one nuclear excitation .
  • the multiple kinds of photons can interact with each other assisted by BECs.
  • One kind of photon is manipulated to change another kind of photon, which may have different energy or different spin but interact with each other .
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an element containing Bose- Einstein condensations (BECs) .
  • the BECs are able to interact with photons to create optic and catalytic functions including at least one of changing propagation of the photons, changing mutual coherence among the photons, changing a penetration depth of the photons, detecting the photons, changing chemical reactions occurred on a surface of the element, and changing nuclear reactions occurred in a boundary or an implanted crystal defect containing impurity.
  • Some embodiments of the present disclosure also provide a method of creating superradiance.
  • the method includes providing an element containing Bose- Einstein condensations (BECs), and emitting photons from a source to impinge the element, the photons to interact with the BECs so as to create the superradiance.
  • BECs Bose- Einstein condensations

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  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un élément contenant des condensations de Bose-Einstein (BEC pour Bose-Einstein Condensation). Les condensations de Bose-Einstein peuvent interagir avec des photons pour créer des fonctions optiques et catalytiques comprenant la modification de la propagation des photons et/ou la modification de la cohérence mutuelle entre les photons et/ou la modification d'une profondeur de pénétration des photons et/ou la détection des photons et/ou la modification de réactions chimiques qui se sont produites sur une surface de l'élément et/ou la modification des réactions nucléaires qui se sont produites dans une limite ou un défaut cristallin implanté contenant des impuretés.
PCT/US2017/012366 2017-01-05 2017-01-05 Éléments optiques et catalytiques contenant des condensats de bose-einstein Ceased WO2018128616A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090242743A1 (en) * 2008-03-19 2009-10-01 Ixsea Guided coherent atom source and atomic interferometer
US20110235668A1 (en) * 2008-09-08 2011-09-29 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method and apparatus for super radiant laser action in half wavelength thick organic semiconductor microcavities
US20130044847A1 (en) * 2011-07-12 2013-02-21 Dan Steinberg Apparatus and Method for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
US20140107394A1 (en) * 2008-05-04 2014-04-17 Stc.Unm System and methods for using a dynamic scheme for radiosurgery

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090242743A1 (en) * 2008-03-19 2009-10-01 Ixsea Guided coherent atom source and atomic interferometer
US20140107394A1 (en) * 2008-05-04 2014-04-17 Stc.Unm System and methods for using a dynamic scheme for radiosurgery
US20110235668A1 (en) * 2008-09-08 2011-09-29 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method and apparatus for super radiant laser action in half wavelength thick organic semiconductor microcavities
US20130044847A1 (en) * 2011-07-12 2013-02-21 Dan Steinberg Apparatus and Method for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHENG ET AL.: "Rhodium Mossbauer Superradiance of Observable Gravitational Effect", ARXIV.ORG, 18 November 2007 (2007-11-18), XP055517686, [retrieved on 20170215] *
MULLER ET AL.: "Semi-classical Dynamics of Superradiant Rayleigh Scattering in a Bose-Einstein Condensate", ARXIV.ORG, 1 August 2016 (2016-08-01), XP080717504, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.00425.pdf> [retrieved on 20170215] *
SADLER ET AL.: "Coherence-enhanced imaging of a degenerate Bose gas", ARXIV.ORG, vol. 98, 31 August 2006 (2006-08-31), XP080250922, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://research.physics.berkeley.edu/ultracold/pubs/coherenceimaging.pdf> [retrieved on 20170215] *

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