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WO2018109259A1 - Ductile iron and method of manufacturing an article - Google Patents

Ductile iron and method of manufacturing an article Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018109259A1
WO2018109259A1 PCT/FI2016/050889 FI2016050889W WO2018109259A1 WO 2018109259 A1 WO2018109259 A1 WO 2018109259A1 FI 2016050889 W FI2016050889 W FI 2016050889W WO 2018109259 A1 WO2018109259 A1 WO 2018109259A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ductile iron
percent
article
ductile
iron
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/FI2016/050889
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jarkko Laine
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wartsila Finland Oy
Original Assignee
Wartsila Finland Oy
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wartsila Finland Oy filed Critical Wartsila Finland Oy
Priority to EP16823022.5A priority Critical patent/EP3555334A1/en
Priority to PCT/FI2016/050889 priority patent/WO2018109259A1/en
Publication of WO2018109259A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018109259A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/08—Making cast-iron alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D5/00—Heat treatments of cast-iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D5/00—Heat treatments of cast-iron
    • C21D5/02—Heat treatments of cast-iron improving the malleability of grey cast-iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/04—Cast-iron alloys containing spheroidal graphite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/009—Pearlite

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a ductile iron in accordance with claim 1 .
  • the invention also concerns a method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron as defined in the other independent claim.
  • a cylinder head of a piston engine serves several purposes: it defines one end of a combustion chamber, provides space for intake and exhaust ducts and cooling medium ducts and accommodates intake and exhaust valves and fuel injectors.
  • the shape of a cylinder head is often very complex and cylinder heads need to withstand high temperatures and significant forces. To ensure sufficient strength and other properties of cylinder heads and at the same time allow easy manufacturability and reasonable price, high requirements are set for the selection of a cylinder head material.
  • cast irons are typically used. While satisfactory properties can be achieved with different known cast irons, usually some properties are optimized at the cost of other desired properties.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an improved ductile iron, which can be used, for instance, as a cylinder head material.
  • the characterizing features of the ductile iron according to the invention are given in claim 1 .
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an improved method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron. The characterizing features of the method are given in the other independent claim.
  • the ductile iron according to the invention comprises, by weight, 3.6-4.3 percent of carbon, at most 1 .75 percent of silicon and at least 92 percent of iron, the microstructure of the ductile iron comprising, by volume, at most 60 percent of pearlite and at least 40 percent of ferrite.
  • the ductile iron according to the invention has good thermal conductivity and suitable other physical properties for use as a material of cylinder heads of pis- ton engines.
  • the low Si-content of the ductile iron significantly increases the thermal conductivity of the ferrite.
  • the thermal conductivity of the ferrite dictates the thermal conductivity of the material. The desired properties are thus achieved by the specific combination of the low Si-content and the microstructure where at least 40 percent of the iron is ferritic.
  • the ductile iron comprises, by volume, at most 45 percent of pearlite and at least 55 percent of ferrite.
  • the ductile iron comprises at most 0.8 percent of manganese. According to an embodiment of the invention, the ductile iron comprises at least 1 .0 percent of silicon.
  • the ductile iron can additionally comprise copper and/or tin. With copper or tin, the amount of pearlite can be controlled.
  • the amount of copper can be in the range of 0.005-0.5 percent by weight.
  • the amount of tin can be in the range of 0.001 -0.1 percent by weight, preferably at most 0.07 percent.
  • the ductile iron consists of Fe, C, Si, Mn and inevitable impurities.
  • the ductile iron can additionally comprise Cu and/or Sn.
  • the method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron defined above com- prises the steps of casting the article, austenitizing the article at a temperature of 900-920 °C for 2-4 hours, and converting the microstructure of the article to a ferritic-pearlitic matrix by keeping the article at a temperature of 675- 700 °C for 1 -4 hours.
  • a cylinder head according to the invention is made of a ductile iron defined above. Description of embodiments of the invention
  • the present invention concerns a ductile iron.
  • the ductile iron according to the invention can be used, for instance, as a cylinder head material in piston engines, especially in large internal combustion engines, such as main or auxilia- ry engines of ships or power plant engines.
  • ductile iron refers to a group of materials, where the common defining characteristic is graphite, which is at least partly in the form of nodules, i.e. small spherical particles.
  • ductile iron at least the following names can be used: ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron, spheroidal iron and SG iron.
  • graphite In grey iron, graphite is in the form of flakes. The sharp flakes of grey iron create stress concentration points within the metal matrix, which makes grey iron brittle. The rounded graphite nodules of ductile iron prevent formation of cracks and improve thus ductility of the material. In practice, not all the graphite in a ductile iron is in the form of nodules, but part of the graphite can appear in other forms. The proportion, size and distribution of nodules are significant factors affecting the properties of ductile irons. Nodularity of a ductile iron can be estimated, for instance, using visual inspection, image analysis, or ultrasonic testing. Nodularity is expressed as a percentage. The carbon contents of ductile irons range from 2 percent to over 4 percent.
  • ductile irons typically comprise silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). Copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) can be used for increasing tensile and yield strength. Nickel (Ni), copper and chromium (Cr) can be used for providing corrosion resistance.
  • Ductile irons are available with different microstructures, which provide different properties. The microstructure can be, for instance, ferritic, pearlitic, mar- tensitic or austenitic.
  • Ferrite provides in general high ductility and toughness, but lower strength and hardness.
  • Pearlite provides high strength but decreased ductility.
  • properties between ferritic and pearlitic ductile irons can be achieved.
  • good machinability and low production costs can be combined to a material with strength and ductility suitable for many purposes.
  • the microstructure of the ductile iron according to the invention is a ferritic- pearlitic matrix.
  • the ductile iron comprises, by volume, 0-60 % of pearlite, preferably 0-45 %, the balance being ferrite.
  • the desired microstructure can be achieved directly with suitable alloying, via heat treatment, or by a combina- tion of alloying and heat treatment.
  • the carbon content is 3.6-4.3 %.
  • the ductile iron according to the invention comprises at least 92 w-% of iron.
  • the ductile iron according to the invention comprises at most 1 .75 % of silicon. By keeping the Si-content at 1 .75 % or below, the thermal conductivity of the ferrite can be significantly increased. In a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure, the thermal conductivity of the ferrite controls the thermal conductivity of the material.
  • the proportion of pearlite in the microstructure can be increased.
  • the amount of copper can be in the range of 0.005-0.5 percent by weight.
  • the amount of tin can be in the range of 0.001 -0.1 percent by weight, preferably at most 0.07 percent.
  • the ductile iron according to an embodiment of the invention comprises, by weight, 3.6 ⁇ 1.3 percent of carbon, at most 1 .75 percent of silicon, at most 0.8 percent of manganese, at most 0.5 percent of copper and at most 0.1 percent of tin.
  • the balance is iron and unavoidable impurities.
  • the ductile iron comprises at least 1 .0 percent of silicon.
  • Table 2 shows the chemical composition of a ductile iron in accordance with one example. With a pearlite content of 45 %, the thermal conductivity of the material was 45 W/mK at a temperature of 300 K. Standard EN 1563:2012 concerning spheroidal graphite cast irons requires thermal conductivity of 35.2 W/mK. An increase of nearly 28 percent was thus achieved. Table 2
  • an article is manufactured by casting the article, austenitizing the article at a temperature of 900-920 °C for 2-4 hours, and exposing the article to a temperature of 675-700 °C for 1 to 4 hours. At the latter heat treatment, the microstructure of the article is converted from austenite to ferrite and pearlite.
  • the desired microstructure can also be achieved without heat treatment by cooling the article in the mold.
  • Desired physical properties of the ductile iron include tensile strength of at least 350 MPa and thermal conductivity of at least 38 W/(m- K).
  • a suitable tensile strength range for the material is 350-600 MPa.
  • a suitable thermal conductivity range is 38-60 W/(m- K).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)

Abstract

The ductile iron comprises, by weight, 3.6–4.3 percent of carbon, at most 1.75 percent of silicon and at least 92 percent of iron, the microstructure of the ductile iron comprising, by volume, at most 60 percent of pearlite and at least 40 percent of ferrite.

Description

Ductile iron and method of manufacturing an article Technical field of the invention
The present invention relates to a ductile iron in accordance with claim 1 . The invention also concerns a method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron as defined in the other independent claim.
Background of the invention
A cylinder head of a piston engine serves several purposes: it defines one end of a combustion chamber, provides space for intake and exhaust ducts and cooling medium ducts and accommodates intake and exhaust valves and fuel injectors. The shape of a cylinder head is often very complex and cylinder heads need to withstand high temperatures and significant forces. To ensure sufficient strength and other properties of cylinder heads and at the same time allow easy manufacturability and reasonable price, high requirements are set for the selection of a cylinder head material. In cylinder heads of large internal combustion engines, such as ship and power plant engines, cast irons are typically used. While satisfactory properties can be achieved with different known cast irons, usually some properties are optimized at the cost of other desired properties.
Summary of the invention
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved ductile iron, which can be used, for instance, as a cylinder head material. The characterizing features of the ductile iron according to the invention are given in claim 1 . Another object of the invention is to provide an improved method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron. The characterizing features of the method are given in the other independent claim.
The ductile iron according to the invention comprises, by weight, 3.6-4.3 percent of carbon, at most 1 .75 percent of silicon and at least 92 percent of iron, the microstructure of the ductile iron comprising, by volume, at most 60 percent of pearlite and at least 40 percent of ferrite.
The ductile iron according to the invention has good thermal conductivity and suitable other physical properties for use as a material of cylinder heads of pis- ton engines. The low Si-content of the ductile iron significantly increases the thermal conductivity of the ferrite. In a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure the thermal conductivity of the ferrite dictates the thermal conductivity of the material. The desired properties are thus achieved by the specific combination of the low Si-content and the microstructure where at least 40 percent of the iron is ferritic.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the ductile iron comprises, by volume, at most 45 percent of pearlite and at least 55 percent of ferrite.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the ductile iron comprises at most 0.8 percent of manganese. According to an embodiment of the invention, the ductile iron comprises at least 1 .0 percent of silicon.
The ductile iron can additionally comprise copper and/or tin. With copper or tin, the amount of pearlite can be controlled. The amount of copper can be in the range of 0.005-0.5 percent by weight. The amount of tin can be in the range of 0.001 -0.1 percent by weight, preferably at most 0.07 percent.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the ductile iron consists of Fe, C, Si, Mn and inevitable impurities. Alternatively, the ductile iron can additionally comprise Cu and/or Sn.
The method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron defined above com- prises the steps of casting the article, austenitizing the article at a temperature of 900-920 °C for 2-4 hours, and converting the microstructure of the article to a ferritic-pearlitic matrix by keeping the article at a temperature of 675- 700 °C for 1 -4 hours.
A cylinder head according to the invention is made of a ductile iron defined above. Description of embodiments of the invention
The present invention concerns a ductile iron. The ductile iron according to the invention can be used, for instance, as a cylinder head material in piston engines, especially in large internal combustion engines, such as main or auxilia- ry engines of ships or power plant engines.
The term "ductile iron" refers to a group of materials, where the common defining characteristic is graphite, which is at least partly in the form of nodules, i.e. small spherical particles. In addition to the term ductile iron, at least the following names can be used: ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron, spheroidal iron and SG iron.
In grey iron, graphite is in the form of flakes. The sharp flakes of grey iron create stress concentration points within the metal matrix, which makes grey iron brittle. The rounded graphite nodules of ductile iron prevent formation of cracks and improve thus ductility of the material. In practice, not all the graphite in a ductile iron is in the form of nodules, but part of the graphite can appear in other forms. The proportion, size and distribution of nodules are significant factors affecting the properties of ductile irons. Nodularity of a ductile iron can be estimated, for instance, using visual inspection, image analysis, or ultrasonic testing. Nodularity is expressed as a percentage. The carbon contents of ductile irons range from 2 percent to over 4 percent. In addition to iron and carbon, ductile irons typically comprise silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). Copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) can be used for increasing tensile and yield strength. Nickel (Ni), copper and chromium (Cr) can be used for providing corrosion resistance. Ductile irons are available with different microstructures, which provide different properties. The microstructure can be, for instance, ferritic, pearlitic, mar- tensitic or austenitic.
Ferrite provides in general high ductility and toughness, but lower strength and hardness. Pearlite, on the other hand, provides high strength but decreased ductility. With a ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron, properties between ferritic and pearlitic ductile irons can be achieved. In a ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron, good machinability and low production costs can be combined to a material with strength and ductility suitable for many purposes. The microstructure of the ductile iron according to the invention is a ferritic- pearlitic matrix. The ductile iron comprises, by volume, 0-60 % of pearlite, preferably 0-45 %, the balance being ferrite. The desired microstructure can be achieved directly with suitable alloying, via heat treatment, or by a combina- tion of alloying and heat treatment. The carbon content is 3.6-4.3 %. The ductile iron according to the invention comprises at least 92 w-% of iron.
The ductile iron according to the invention comprises at most 1 .75 % of silicon. By keeping the Si-content at 1 .75 % or below, the thermal conductivity of the ferrite can be significantly increased. In a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure, the thermal conductivity of the ferrite controls the thermal conductivity of the material.
With copper and/or tin, the proportion of pearlite in the microstructure can be increased. The amount of copper can be in the range of 0.005-0.5 percent by weight. The amount of tin can be in the range of 0.001 -0.1 percent by weight, preferably at most 0.07 percent.
Chemical composition of the ductile iron according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in table 1 . The ductile iron according to the embodiment comprises, by weight, 3.6^1.3 percent of carbon, at most 1 .75 percent of silicon, at most 0.8 percent of manganese, at most 0.5 percent of copper and at most 0.1 percent of tin. The balance is iron and unavoidable impurities. According to an embodiment of the invention, the ductile iron comprises at least 1 .0 percent of silicon.
Table 1
Figure imgf000005_0001
Table 2 shows the chemical composition of a ductile iron in accordance with one example. With a pearlite content of 45 %, the thermal conductivity of the material was 45 W/mK at a temperature of 300 K. Standard EN 1563:2012 concerning spheroidal graphite cast irons requires thermal conductivity of 35.2 W/mK. An increase of nearly 28 percent was thus achieved. Table 2
Figure imgf000006_0001
According to an embodiment of the invention, an article is manufactured by casting the article, austenitizing the article at a temperature of 900-920 °C for 2-4 hours, and exposing the article to a temperature of 675-700 °C for 1 to 4 hours. At the latter heat treatment, the microstructure of the article is converted from austenite to ferrite and pearlite.
The desired microstructure can also be achieved without heat treatment by cooling the article in the mold. Desired physical properties of the ductile iron include tensile strength of at least 350 MPa and thermal conductivity of at least 38 W/(m- K). A suitable tensile strength range for the material is 350-600 MPa. A suitable thermal conductivity range is 38-60 W/(m- K).
It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but may vary within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

Claims
1 . A ductile iron comprising, by weight, 3.6-4.3 percent of carbon, at most
I .75 percent of silicon and at least 92 percent of iron, the microstructure of the ductile iron comprising, by volume, at most 60 percent of pearlite and at least 40 percent of ferrite.
2. A ductile iron according to claim 1 , wherein the ductile iron comprises, by volume, at most 45 percent of pearlite and at least 55 percent of ferrite.
3. A ductile iron according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ductile iron comprises, by weight, at most 0.8 percent of manganese.
4. A ductile iron according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ductile iron comprises at least 1 .0 percent of silicon.
5. A ductile iron according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the ductile iron consists of Fe, C, Si, Mn and inevitable impurities.
6. A ductile iron according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ductile iron comprises copper.
7. A ductile iron according to claim 6, wherein the ductile iron comprises, by weight, at most 0.5 percent of copper.
8. A ductile iron according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the ductile iron comprises, by weight, at least 0.005 percent of copper.
9. A ductile iron according to any of claims 6 to 8, wherein the ductile iron consists of Fe, C, Si, Mn, Cu and inevitable impurities.
10. A ductile iron according to any of claims 1-4 or 6-8, wherein the ductile iron comprises tin.
I I . A ductile iron according to claim 10, wherein the ductile iron comprises, by weight, at most 0.1 percent of tin.
12. A ductile iron according to claim 1 1 , wherein the ductile iron comprises, by weight, at most 0.07 percent of tin.
13. A ductile iron according to any of claims 10 to 12, wherein the ductile iron comprises, by weight, at least 0.001 percent of tin.
14. A ductile iron according to any of claims 1 -4 or 10-13, wherein the ductile iron consists of Fe, C, Si, Mn, Sn and inevitable impurities.
15. A ductile iron according to any of claims 1 -4, 6-8 or 10-13, wherein the ductile iron consists of Fe, C, Si, Mn, Cu, Sn and inevitable impurities.
16. A method of manufacturing an article of a ductile iron according to any of the preceding claims, the method comprising the steps of
- casting the article,
- austenitizing the article at a temperature of 900-920 °C for 2-4 hours, and
- converting the microstructure of the article to a ferritic-pearlitic matrix by keeping the article at a temperature of 675-700 °C for 1 -4 hours.
17. A cylinder head for a piston engine, characterized in that the cylinder head is made of a ductile iron according to any of claims 1 to 15.
PCT/FI2016/050889 2016-12-16 2016-12-16 Ductile iron and method of manufacturing an article Ceased WO2018109259A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

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EP16823022.5A EP3555334A1 (en) 2016-12-16 2016-12-16 Ductile iron and method of manufacturing an article
PCT/FI2016/050889 WO2018109259A1 (en) 2016-12-16 2016-12-16 Ductile iron and method of manufacturing an article

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116855821A (en) * 2023-07-28 2023-10-10 林州市恒生科技装备有限公司 Ductile iron material for automobile steering knuckle and preparation method thereof

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4236944A (en) * 1977-10-24 1980-12-02 Sandvik Aktiebolag Cast iron especially suited for ingot molds
US4990194A (en) * 1988-09-09 1991-02-05 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Thin high-strength article of spheroidal graphite cast iron and method of producing same
JPH06322470A (en) * 1993-05-10 1994-11-22 Hitachi Powdered Metals Co Ltd Cast iron powder for powder metallurgy and wear resistant ferrous sintered alloy
US5858127A (en) * 1996-08-02 1999-01-12 Gunite Corporation Metal alloys and brake drums made from such alloys
JP2000256776A (en) * 1999-03-12 2000-09-19 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd Brake disc material for vehicles
JP2000273569A (en) * 1999-03-18 2000-10-03 Isuzu Motors Ltd Cv graphite cast iron material for cylinder head
WO2001038593A1 (en) * 1999-11-23 2001-05-31 Sintercast Ab New cast iron alloy and method for making the same
US20030051776A1 (en) * 2001-03-13 2003-03-20 Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha Nodular graphite cast iron with high strength and high toughness
US20080145645A1 (en) * 2006-12-15 2008-06-19 The Dexter Company As-cast carbidic ductile iron
WO2015114210A1 (en) * 2014-01-28 2015-08-06 Wärtsilä Finland Oy A spheroidal graphite iron for cylinder heads and method for manufacturing it

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4236944A (en) * 1977-10-24 1980-12-02 Sandvik Aktiebolag Cast iron especially suited for ingot molds
US4990194A (en) * 1988-09-09 1991-02-05 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Thin high-strength article of spheroidal graphite cast iron and method of producing same
JPH06322470A (en) * 1993-05-10 1994-11-22 Hitachi Powdered Metals Co Ltd Cast iron powder for powder metallurgy and wear resistant ferrous sintered alloy
US5858127A (en) * 1996-08-02 1999-01-12 Gunite Corporation Metal alloys and brake drums made from such alloys
JP2000256776A (en) * 1999-03-12 2000-09-19 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd Brake disc material for vehicles
JP2000273569A (en) * 1999-03-18 2000-10-03 Isuzu Motors Ltd Cv graphite cast iron material for cylinder head
WO2001038593A1 (en) * 1999-11-23 2001-05-31 Sintercast Ab New cast iron alloy and method for making the same
US20030051776A1 (en) * 2001-03-13 2003-03-20 Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha Nodular graphite cast iron with high strength and high toughness
US20080145645A1 (en) * 2006-12-15 2008-06-19 The Dexter Company As-cast carbidic ductile iron
WO2015114210A1 (en) * 2014-01-28 2015-08-06 Wärtsilä Finland Oy A spheroidal graphite iron for cylinder heads and method for manufacturing it

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116855821A (en) * 2023-07-28 2023-10-10 林州市恒生科技装备有限公司 Ductile iron material for automobile steering knuckle and preparation method thereof

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