WO2018105123A1 - ナノポア形成方法、ナノポア形成装置及び生体分子計測装置 - Google Patents
ナノポア形成方法、ナノポア形成装置及び生体分子計測装置 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nanopore forming method, a nanopore forming device, and a biomolecule measuring device.
- nanopores nanometer-scale micropores
- a thin film in which nanopores are formed is arranged in an electrolyte solution, and the ionic current (blocking current) flowing through the nanopores when DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules pass through the nanopores is measured.
- ionic current blocking current
- the molecule to be measured is not limited to DNA, and RNA (ribonucleic acid) as well as biopolymers such as proteins can be evaluated by appropriately selecting the diameter of the nanopore.
- the nanopore DNA sequencer can improve the speed (throughput) of base decoding by integrating nanopores and simultaneously measuring the blocking current in each nanopore.
- nanopore has a short history of development, and the degree of parallelism as of 2015 is about 500 at most. This is far from the billions of conventional fluorescent DNA sequencers, and the throughput is two orders of magnitude slower. Therefore, it is expected that further integration will progress and throughput will be improved in the future.
- Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1 disclose a technique for forming nanopores by applying voltage or current stress to a thin film to cause dielectric breakdown.
- the thickness of the thin film is thin from the viewpoint of spatial resolution of the base, for example, a thickness of several nanometers or less.
- a high voltage for causing dielectric breakdown is applied to the thin film for a certain period of time, and then the voltage is lowered and the current is monitored to detect the opening of the nanopore. This is because the opening of the nanopore reduces the electrical resistance of the thin film and causes a current to flow.
- the reason why the current cannot be monitored while the high voltage is applied is that when a high voltage is applied, a tunnel current (leakage current) flows through the thin film, and the opening of the nanopore cannot be normally determined. Since the leakage current increases exponentially as the film thickness decreases, it is essential to monitor the current by lowering the voltage, especially in applications that require a film thickness of several nanometers, such as DNA sequencers. Yes.
- the present invention increases the speed of nanopore opening by applying nanopore opening voltage and monitoring the opening in real time, and opens the nanopore that can start DNA sequencing at a high speed even when the array size increases. Provide a method.
- the nanopore forming method according to the present invention applies a first modulation voltage to a thin film, compares the phase change amount of the current flowing in the thin film with respect to the phase of the first modulation voltage with a threshold value, and changes the phase change amount. When it is detected that exceeds the threshold, the application of the first modulation voltage is stopped.
- the nanopore forming apparatus of the present invention includes, as an example, a power source for applying a modulation voltage between a first electrode and a second electrode arranged with a chip including a thin film on which nanopores are to be formed, and a modulation voltage.
- a phase monitor for measuring the amount of change in the phase of the current flowing between the first electrode and the second electrode with respect to the phase of the current, and stopping the application of the modulation voltage when the amount of change in the phase of the current exceeds a threshold value
- a control circuit for controlling the amount of change in the phase of the current flowing between the first electrode and the second electrode with respect to the phase of the current, and stopping the application of the modulation voltage when the amount of change in the phase of the current exceeds a threshold value.
- the biomolecule measuring apparatus includes a first chamber and a second chamber that are partitioned by a chip including a thin film and filled with an electrolyte solution, a first electrode disposed in the first chamber, and a first electrode.
- a nanopore device having a second electrode disposed in two chambers, a modulation voltage source for applying a modulation voltage for opening the nanopore between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a phase of the modulation voltage
- a phase monitor that measures the amount of change in the phase of the current flowing between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a control circuit that stops applying the modulation voltage when the amount of change in the phase of the current exceeds a threshold value
- a lead voltage source for applying a lead voltage for measuring a blocking current between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a nanopore when the lead voltage is applied Blockade electricity flowing in
- a processing unit to identify the sequence of the first chamber or the second implant biomolecules to the chamber based on
- nanopores can be formed at high speed, and the time until the start of DNA sequencing can be shortened.
- the flowchart which shows the procedure of the nanopore formation method.
- the circuit diagram which shows the structural example of a nanopore formation apparatus.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modification of the first embodiment.
- the figure which shows the example of calculation of an optimal applied frequency. 10 is a flowchart showing a modification of the first embodiment.
- the wave form diagram which shows the example of the modulation voltage for nanopore formation.
- the wave form diagram showing an example of the time change of the applied voltage and the diameter of a nanopore.
- the wave form diagram explaining an example of the timing of the phase information extraction of the electric current in nanopore formation.
- the figure which shows the structural example of a nanopore formation apparatus The figure which shows the structural example of a nanopore formation apparatus.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a procedure of a nanopore forming method according to the first embodiment.
- the nanopore formation method of this embodiment is as follows.
- a modulation voltage is applied to the thin film (S11).
- the phase information of the current flowing through the thin film is monitored.
- S12 the application of the modulation voltage is stopped (S13), and the nanopore opening is opened. finish. Stress is applied to the thin film by the modulation voltage applied in step S11, and nanopores are formed by dielectric breakdown.
- the stop of the modulation voltage application in step S13 is the stop of the modulation voltage for opening the nanopore, and another modulation voltage that hardly contributes to the opening of the nanopore may be applied after the stop.
- the amount of stress applied to the thin film needs to be relatively smaller than the applied voltage when the nanopore is opened. As long as this condition is satisfied, what is applied after the stop may be a DC voltage or a modulation voltage having another parameter.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the calculation result of the current phase change corresponding to the change of the equivalent circuit of the thin film and the equivalent resistance of the nanopore. The phase change of current due to the formation of nanopores will be described with reference to FIG.
- the thin film can be regarded as a circuit in which a parasitic capacitance C M and a nanopore resistance R P are connected in parallel.
- the impedance Z M of the thin film is expressed by the following formulas 1 and 2.
- the method for modulating the voltage applied to the thin film is not limited, but here a simple sine wave is assumed and sin ( ⁇ t) is used. ⁇ is an angular frequency. Equations 1 and 2 represent the absolute value component and the phase component of the impedance Z M , respectively. According to Equation 2, the phase of the current flowing through the thin film advances by arctan ( ⁇ C M R P ) with respect to the applied voltage.
- FIG. 2 is a plot of the pore resistance dependence of the phase of the current with respect to the phase of the applied voltage, based on Equation 2, using the frequency of the applied voltage as a parameter.
- 1 nF is assumed as the capacitance of the thin film.
- the resistance value R P before the nanopore is formed is very large, for example, 10 G ⁇ or more.
- CM is dominant in the impedance of the thin film, so that the phase of the current advances by 90 degrees.
- the resistance value decreases and the advance of the current phase decreases. For example, if the resistance of the formed nanopore is 1 G ⁇ and the modulation frequency is 1 Hz, the phase advance of the current is reduced to 80 degrees.
- FIG. 3 is a graph plotting the time change of the phase of current when a nanopore is formed by applying a sine wave voltage to a 7 nm thick SiN thin film prototyped by a semiconductor process.
- the vertical axis represents a value obtained by normalizing the phase of the current with respect to the applied voltage, with 100 degrees being 1. From start of the application of voltage to the time T 41 the nanopore is aperture phase is substantially constant, nanopore phase advance by is opening at a time T 41 it can be seen to decrease. By monitoring this phase change, the opening of the nanopore can be detected.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration example of a nanopore forming apparatus that realizes the nanopore forming method of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating voltage waveform examples of the circuit of FIG. A specific configuration example for realizing the procedure of FIG. 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the nanopore forming apparatus of this embodiment includes a modulation voltage source 209, a switch 208, a transimpedance amplifier 207, a phase monitor 210, and a comparator 211.
- the nanopore forming apparatus is connected to a nanopore device 100 including a chip 200, a common chamber 202, and a first chamber 204 as an individual chamber, and forms nanopores in a thin film in the nanopore device 100.
- Each chamber of the nanopore device 100 is filled with the electrolyte solution 203, and the electrolyte solution in the common chamber 202 and the first chamber 204 is separated by the chip 200.
- the common chamber 202 has a common electrode 205
- the first chamber 204 has a first electrode 206 as an individual electrode
- each electrode is immersed in the electrolyte solution 203.
- a thin film 201 is formed on the chip 200.
- the thin film 201 is very thin and has a thickness of, for example, sub-nm to several tens of nm depending on the biomolecule sample to be measured.
- Such a very thin thin film can be formed by a semiconductor process.
- the material of the chip 200 is silicon, and such a thin film is formed by depositing SiN (silicon nitride) thereon.
- a transimpedance amplifier 207 and a phase monitor 210 of the nanopore forming device are connected to the first electrode 206.
- the transimpedance amplifier 207 converts the current i flowing through the first electrode 206 into a voltage signal V o .
- the bias voltage V b modulated from the modulation voltage source 209 is applied to the reference terminal of the transimpedance amplifier 207.
- the transimpedance amplifier 207, the voltage V e of the bias voltage V b and the current input terminal applied to the reference terminal is operated to be equal, the voltage V e is also modulated in accordance with a bias voltage V b.
- the differential amplifier 212 extracts only information related to the current component i flowing in the thin film by subtracting the component of the bias voltage from V o .
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating operation waveforms of the phase monitor 210.
- a sine wave is applied as the modulation voltage V v and the nanopore is opened at time T 31 .
- the nanopore opens the advance of the phase of the current decreases, and therefore, the phase of V i is delayed at time T 31 .
- the input signals V v and V i are converted into pulse waveforms of V vd and V id by a comparator, respectively. If the phases of V v and V i are the same, the waveforms of V vd and V id completely coincide with each other, and when the phases are shifted by 180 degrees, the waveforms of V vd and V id are inverted.
- V vd and V id are converted into a voltage signal V pd by the exclusive NOR logic circuit and low-pass filter in the next stage.
- the duty ratio of the output of the exclusive NOR circuit is maximized, so that the output voltage V pd of the low-pass filter rises and the phases of V vd and V id shift. Since the duty ratio of the output of the exclusive NOR circuit is lowered by that amount, V pd is reduced. As a result, a voltage corresponding to the phase difference between V v and V i is output to V pd .
- V stby is a minute DC voltage or a modulation voltage that does not change the size of the nanopore, or the same voltage as the common electrode 205 (ground potential in the drawing).
- the opening of the nanopore is monitored in real time, and the application of the modulation voltage is automatically stopped when the amount of change in the current phase exceeds the threshold value. Since there is no current monitoring period for monitoring the opening of the nanopore, the nanopore can be opened at high speed. Another effect is that the stress application to the nanopores can be stopped electrically, so that the stop process after opening is faster than the formation of nanopores in a semiconductor process such as wet etching. The diameter can be prevented from expanding. Separately, a method of enlarging the nanopore diameter to finally obtain a desired size will be described later.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modification of the nanopore forming apparatus of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 6 shows a simplified configuration of the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 and additionally includes an information storage unit 600 and a database 603.
- reference numeral 604 denotes a chip, which includes the thin film 201 and the chip 200 of FIG.
- Reference numeral 605 denotes a phase monitor unit, which includes the transimpedance amplifier 207 and the phase monitor 210 shown in FIG.
- Reference numeral 606 denotes a modulation voltage source, which includes the modulation voltage source 209, the switch 208, and the standby power source V stby shown in FIG.
- the control circuit 602 has a function corresponding to the comparator 211 and the reference voltage V ref in FIG.
- the information storage unit 600 is included in the chip 200 of the nanopore device 100, and the control circuit 602 refers to the database 603 based on the information 601 read from the information storage unit 600, and outputs the optimum modulation voltage output from the modulation voltage source 606. To decide. Modulation voltage parameters include the type of waveform (eg, sine wave, rectangular wave, ramp wave, pulse wave), frequency, duty ratio, amplitude, voltage offset, and the like.
- the information stored in the information storage unit 600 may be structural information such as the material and thickness of the thin film 201, may be impedance information of the thin film 201, and may be an ID that can identify the type of the thin film 201.
- the information storage unit 600 desirably corresponds to the chip 200 on a one-to-one basis.
- the information storage unit 600 may be integrally formed on the chip 200 as a memory element 609. Information stored in the memory element 609 is extracted to the outside via the wiring 1802 and the pad 1801 and read out to the control circuit 602. Since the nanopore device 100, that is, the chip 200 is replaced every time the formation of the nanopore is completed, the chip 200 and the information storage unit 600 are integrally formed as described above, which is not optimal due to a difference in specifications of the chip. Application of the modulation voltage can be prevented. As a result, it contributes to the improvement of nanopore formation accuracy. In FIG. 7, for the sake of simplicity, portions relating to the formation of nanopores are not shown.
- the modulation voltage parameter may be held in the information storage unit itself. In this case, there is an advantage that the database 603 becomes unnecessary.
- changing the modulation voltage flexibly according to various thin films is essential for forming highly accurate nanopores. For example, if an excessive modulation voltage is applied even though the thickness of the thin film is thin, sudden dielectric breakdown may occur, and a hole larger than the desired diameter may be formed, or a plurality of nanopores may be formed in the thin film. Therefore, it is necessary to select an optimum modulation voltage according to the structure of the thin film 201.
- the contents stored in the database are combinations of optimum values of parameters obtained in advance using chips of various specifications.
- information based on general knowledge may be used. For example, since it is empirically known that the breakdown voltage of the semiconductor oxide film is approximately 1 V / 1 nm, the amplitude necessary for forming the nanopore can be predicted to some extent according to the thickness of the thin film.
- the amount of phase change ⁇ before and after opening the nanopore when a sine wave is applied can be expressed by the following Equation 3. [Formula 3]
- R P and R P ′ are the resistance values of the thin film before and after opening the nanopore, respectively.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a calculation example of the optimum applied frequency.
- reference numeral 1505 denotes a vector notation of the current component flowing through the thin film.
- the current flowing through the capacitive component of the thin film is represented by 1502
- the current flowing through the resistive component R P of the thin film is 1501 before opening the nanopore
- the current flowing through the resistive component R P ′ of the thin film after opening the nanopore is represented by 1500.
- Reference numeral 1503 denotes a synthesis component of 1502 and 1501
- 1504 denotes a synthesis component of 1502 and 1500.
- the phase difference ⁇ obtained by Equation 3 is the phase difference between the current vectors 1503 and 1504 before and after opening the nanopore. As shown in FIG. 8, there is a frequency at which the phase difference ⁇ is maximized. In this example, when the nanopore is opened with a modulation voltage around 5 Hz, the phase difference ⁇ can be maximized. If the phase difference increases before and after the opening of the nanopore, detection by the phase monitor circuit becomes easy, and the opening of the nanopore can be detected with higher accuracy.
- C M , R P , R P ′ in Formula 3 depends on the structure of the thin film used and the type and concentration of the electrolyte solution, Formula 3 is used in advance for combinations of a plurality of C M , R P , R P ′.
- the optimal frequency is calculated and stored in the database 603. With such a configuration, it is possible to perform optimum drilling according to various thin film types and solution conditions.
- the modulation voltage does not need to be a sine wave, and the type of waveform is not limited as long as phase information can be extracted, such as a triangular wave, a ramp wave, a rectangular wave, or a combination thereof.
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a modification of the first embodiment.
- the impedance of the thin film is measured before opening the nanopore (S21), and the optimum modulation voltage is selected according to the measurement result (S22). It is characterized by.
- a database in which information on the optimum modulation voltage according to the impedance is recorded may be used. May be determined. Thereafter, the selected modulation voltage is applied to the thin film (S23).
- the current phase during the modulation voltage application is monitored, and when the amount of phase change exceeds the threshold information (S24), the modulation voltage application is stopped (S25), and the nanopore opening is terminated. According to this configuration, optimum drilling can be performed according to various thin film types and solution conditions.
- FIG. 10A is a waveform diagram showing an example of a modulation voltage for forming nanopores.
- an alternating voltage centered on the origin is applied as the modulation voltage in the method described in the first embodiment.
- the voltage-current characteristics after opening the nanopore depend on the cross-sectional shape of the formed nanopore.
- Patent Document 1 when an alternating current is applied, the cross-sectional shape is symmetrical in the vertical direction. It is reported that the voltage-current characteristic becomes linear. By improving the linearity of the voltage-current characteristics of the nanopore, it can be expected that the accuracy in determining the DNA sequence is also improved.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the relationship between the type of modulation voltage applied to form nanopores and the current-voltage characteristics obtained with the opened nanopores.
- A, B, and C in FIG. 11 are nanopores that are opened by applying only a positive voltage pulse, nanopores that are opened by applying only a negative voltage pulse, and nanopores that are opened by a sinusoidal alternating current centered on the origin. The obtained current-voltage characteristics.
- D, E, and F plot the differential values of the respective waveforms. As can be seen from FIG. 11, opening with a sinusoidal alternating current centered on the origin has the effect of improving the linearity of the current-voltage characteristics.
- FIG. 10B is a waveform diagram showing a modification of the modulation voltage for nanopore formation.
- the DC offset voltage V ofst is added to the modulation voltage described with reference to FIG.
- the opening of the nanopore is mainly performed by applying a stress with a DC offset voltage V ofst , and the phase is monitored by applying a modulation voltage to detect the opening.
- a current component due to the DC offset voltage V ofst can be removed by adding a capacitive element to the input of the phase monitor circuit 210 and making it AC coupled, so even if the offset voltage V ofst is added. It is possible to accurately monitor the phase change of the current. According to such a configuration, since stress is always applied to the thin film, the opening of the nanopore is further accelerated.
- the nanopore forming method of this embodiment has a phase (Phase 2) for expanding the nanopores to a desired size in addition to the phase (Phase 1) for opening the nanopores by the method described in Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 12 is a waveform diagram illustrating an example of a temporal change in applied voltage V v and nanopore diameter ⁇ P in the nanopore forming method according to the third embodiment.
- the target pore diameter to be finally formed is indicated by ⁇ tgt .
- the target pore diameter to be finally formed is indicated by ⁇ tgt .
- the pore diameter immediately after opening at time T 91 is indicated by ⁇ ini .
- To accurately set the final pore diameter to ⁇ tgt adjust the waveform applied to Phase 1 so that the pore diameter ⁇ ini immediately after opening is smaller than the target pore diameter ⁇ tgt , and then apply weak stress to Phase 2 after that.
- the target pore diameter ⁇ tgt It is desirable to expand to the target pore diameter ⁇ tgt . It is desirable that the stress applied to the thin film in Phase 2 that is the expansion phase is weaker than the stress applied to the thin film in Phase 1 that is the opening phase. This is important in preventing the second and third pores from being newly formed. In addition, by gradually increasing the pore diameter, the final pore diameter can be accurately adjusted to ⁇ tgt .
- the waveform applied in Phase 2 may be a sine wave continuously, but the peak voltage is preferably lower than Phase 1 in order to weaken the stress applied to the thin film. Further, a pulse voltage may be applied instead of the sine wave.
- the applied pulse has a lower peak voltage than the sine wave of Phase 1, or shortens the pulse width, thereby reducing the effective energy supplied to the thin film and nanopores, thereby reducing the stress and gradually reducing the pore diameter. It is desirable to expand.
- FIG. 12 after applying a sine wave having a wave height of V V1 in Phase 1, a rectangular pulse of V V2 lower than V V1 is applied to expand the hole in Phase 2, and a voltage V V3 lower than V V2 is applied.
- the hole diameter is confirmed by monitoring When it is confirmed that the current value has reached the target value and the desired pore diameter has been reached (time T 92 ), the application of stress is stopped.
- the overhead of the current monitoring period occurs during the period of Phase 2, but in Phase 1, the current monitoring period becomes unnecessary by the phase monitoring of the AC voltage, and the nanopores can be opened at high speed. Therefore, the total time is shortened compared to the conventional method of monitoring the current every time a pulse is applied from the opening stage, and nanopores with a desired pore diameter can be formed at high speed.
- FIG. 13 is a waveform diagram illustrating an example of the timing of extracting phase information of current in nanopore formation.
- Leakage current is a phenomenon observed in insulating films with a film thickness of several nanometers, such as the gate oxide film of a MOS transistor, and it is shown that leakage current increases exponentially as the film thickness decreases.
- Lee et al. Gate oxide leakage current analysis and reduction for VLSI circuits, IEEE Trans. On VLSI Systems, 2004. Since the same phenomenon occurs in the thin film forming the nanopore, particularly when the nanopore is opened in the thin thin film, there is a possibility that the current value cannot be correctly monitored due to the leakage current.
- Figure 13 is a diagram showing the results of simulation that was performed as nanopore is formed at time T 101, to the modulation voltage V v for nanopore aperture, the change in the output voltage V i of the differential amplifier 212 of FIG. 4 Are plotted.
- the current waveform is A
- the leakage current increases in a time zone in which the absolute value of the modulation voltage V v is large.
- Such a leakage current makes it difficult to accurately evaluate the phase, and there is a possibility that the formation of minute pores cannot be detected.
- the phase information is extracted using only the V i waveform during a period in which the influence of the leakage current indicated by T mon is small.
- the absolute value timing is in the voltage range that does not include the peak voltage, for example, based on the time that separates the modulation voltage V v is 0 of the modulation voltage V v, V i
- ⁇ T 1 Before the nanopore is formed (time T 100 to T 101 ), ⁇ T 1 , whereas when the nanopore is opened (after time T 101 ), the phase advance amount decreases to ⁇ T 2 .
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the nanopore forming apparatus according to the fifth embodiment.
- the nanopore device 100 includes a chip 1100, a common chamber 1103, a first chamber 1105 and a second chamber 1104 as individual chambers. Each chamber is filled with the electrolyte solution 1106, and the electrolyte solutions in the common chamber 1103 and the first chamber 1105, and the electrolyte solutions in the common chamber 1103 and the second chamber 1104 are separated by the chip 1100, respectively.
- the first chamber and the second chamber are separated by a partition wall 1110.
- the common chamber 1103 has a common electrode 1107
- the first chamber 1105 has a first electrode 1108,
- the second chamber 1104 has a second electrode 1109, and each electrode is immersed in an electrolyte solution 1106.
- a first thin film 1101 and a second thin film 1102 are formed on the chip 1100.
- the first thin film 1101 is in the common chamber 1103 and the first chamber 1105, and the second thin film 1102 is an electrolyte in the common chamber 1103 and the second chamber 1104. Each is in contact with a solution.
- the thin film is very thin and has a thickness of, for example, sub-nm to several tens of nm depending on the biomolecule sample to be measured.
- the nanopore forming apparatus of this embodiment includes a set of phase monitors, switches and control circuits dedicated to each thin film prepared for the number of thin films formed on the chip 1100, a phase threshold 1117 common to all thin films, a modulation voltage.
- a source 1118 and a standby power source 1119 are provided.
- a switch 1113 is connected to the first electrode 1108 of the nanopore device 100 via a phase monitor 1112 of the nanopore forming apparatus.
- the control circuit 1111 detects the opening of the nanopore by comparing the phase information from the phase monitor 1112 and the phase threshold value 1117, and switches the switch 1113 from the modulation voltage source 1118 side to the standby power source 1119 side to form a nanopore. Stop application of modulation voltage.
- the switch 1116 is connected to the second electrode 1109 of the nanopore device 100 via the phase monitor 1115 of the nanopore forming apparatus.
- the control circuit 1114 detects the opening of the nanopore by comparing the phase information from the phase monitor 1115 and the phase threshold value 1117, and switches the switch 1116 from the modulation voltage source 1118 side to the standby power source 1119 side to modulate the nanopore. Stop applying voltage. A modulation voltage is applied to the first thin film 1101 from the first electrode 1108 and to the second thin film 1102 independently from the second electrode 1109.
- the opening of the nanopore can be performed independently in parallel in the first thin film 1101 and the second thin film 1102, and the integrated pore can be opened at high speed.
- the control circuit is provided independently for each thin film, the application of the modulation voltage can be stopped at any time at the location where the pore is opened, so that the enlargement of the nanopore diameter can be prevented.
- the phase threshold value 1117, the modulation voltage source 1118, and the standby power source 1119 it is possible to reduce the required circuit amount and to reduce the area and cost.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the nanopore forming apparatus according to the sixth embodiment.
- the nanopore forming apparatus of the present embodiment applies the modulation voltage to the common electrode 1207 instead of applying the modulation voltage to the first electrode 1208 and the second electrode 1209 of the nanopore device in the nanopore forming apparatus described in the fifth embodiment.
- an offset voltage V ofst is applied to the first electrode 1208 and the second electrode 1209 of the nanopore device.
- the voltage V 121 applied to the thin film 1201 and the voltage V 122 applied to the thin film 1202 are both the sum of the modulation voltage V mod and the offset voltage V ofst .
- stress application for drilling is performed mainly by the DC offset voltage V ofst , and the modulation voltage V mod is used to detect the opening.
- the switch is switched as in the fifth embodiment to set the offset voltage V ofst to 0V.
- the voltage applied to the thin film 1201 is only V mod, and stress application to the thin film is greatly reduced, so that the nanopore diameter can be prevented from unintentionally expanding.
- Another effect of the sixth embodiment is prevention of integration disturbance. This effect will be described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15. As the integration of the nanopore device proceeds, the partition wall 1219 between the first chamber 1205 and the second chamber 1204 becomes thinner, and the parasitic capacitance C 12m increases. By the way, in the sixth embodiment, since only the DC voltage (V ofst or 0 V) is always applied to the first electrode 1208 and the second electrode 1209 of the nanopore device, the disturbance through the parasitic capacitance C 12m does not occur.
- the nanopore formation method according to the sixth embodiment is made in view of such a problem, and even if the integration of the nanopore device is advanced, the disturbance between adjacent chambers at the time of opening is suppressed, and the formation of the nanopore with higher accuracy is realized. it can.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a nanopore forming apparatus according to the seventh embodiment.
- the nanopore forming apparatus of this embodiment detects the opening of the nanopore based on the difference from the phase of the current flowing through the reference thin film. Specifically, in FIG. 16, when forming nanopores in the first thin film 1301 of the nanopore device 100, the phase of the current flowing in the first thin film 1301 and the phase of the current flowing in the second thin film 1302 by the phase comparison circuit 1312.
- the control circuit 1311 of the nanopore forming device switches the switch 1313 when the difference exceeds a preset threshold value 1314.
- the voltage V 131 applied to the first thin film 1301 before the formation of the nanopore is the sum of the modulation voltage V mod of the common electrode 1307 and the DC offset voltage V ofst .
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of operation waveforms of the nanopore forming apparatus of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 17 shows a time waveform when the current flowing through the first thin film 1301 and the current flowing through the second thin film 1302 of the nanopore device 100 are converted into the voltage V i .
- waveform 1400 is a waveform of the current flowing through the first thin film 1301, amplitude and phase are varied by the nanopore is formed at time T 141.
- a waveform 1401 is a waveform of a current flowing through the second thin film 1302.
- the thin films 1301 and 1302 formed on the same chip by a semiconductor process have the same material and thickness, so that the impedance before opening is substantially equal. Therefore, by detecting the phase difference between the waveforms 1400 and 1401, the formation of nanopores can be detected with higher sensitivity.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the biomolecule measuring apparatus according to the eighth embodiment.
- the biomolecule measuring apparatus of this embodiment is further provided with the function of decoding the DNA sequence in the nanopore device and nanopore forming apparatus described in the first embodiment.
- the common pore 202 of the nanopore device 100 is provided with an inlet 1701 for injecting a solution and a DNA sample to be measured, and a measuring unit 1705 for identifying a DNA sequence.
- the measurement unit 1705 includes a filter circuit 1702 that cuts a high-frequency component of the output of the differential amplifier 212, an analog-digital converter 1703, and a data processing unit 1704.
- the switch 1708 has a function of switching between the modulation voltage source 209 used when forming the nanopore and the standby power source that applies the standby voltage V stby, and the read power source that applies the read voltage V read when measuring the blocking current.
- FIG. 18 illustrates a state after the nanopore 1707 is formed on the chip 200 of the nanopore device 100 by the procedure described in the first embodiment.
- the data processing unit 1704 also has a function of monitoring and controlling the state of the switch 1708.
- the switch 1708 is switched to V stby , the completion of opening of the nanopore is detected.
- a DNA sample to be measured is injected into the common chamber 202 of the nanopore device 100 from the injection port 1701.
- the data processing unit 1704 switches the switch 1708 to the read voltage Vread .
- the voltage V e of the first electrode 206 is equal to the read voltage V read.
- the current flowing through the nanopore 1707 changes according to the type of base present in the vicinity of the nanopore, so the change in current while the DNA is passing through the nanopore 1707 is measured. By doing so, the base sequence of DNA can be specified.
- the current i flowing through the nanopore 1707 is converted into a voltage (i * R f ) by the transimpedance amplifier 207 and the differential amplifier 212. Therefore, the DNA sequence can be identified by measuring the output of the differential amplifier 212.
- the filter circuit 1702 has a function of reducing noise components by narrowing the band of the differential amplifier output signal and reducing alias generated in the ADC 1703 at the subsequent stage. After being converted into a digital signal by the ADC 1703, the data processor 1704 is finally converted into a base sequence.
- the DNA blocking current can be measured with an optimum hole diameter. If DNA is sequenced after a hole is made by another device, the hole diameter of the nanopore may change while moving between devices. This is because the nanopores are stressed by static electricity generated during movement. Of course, it is possible to form nanopores in the manufacturing stage of the chip 200, but the surface may be oxidized due to interaction with the atmosphere or storage solution during long-term storage, and the nanopore diameter may change.
- the transimpedance amplifier 207, the differential amplifier 212, the switch 1708, and the power supply circuit can be shared by the nanopore forming part and the blocking current measuring part, so that the device size and manufacturing cost can be reduced. .
- FIG. 18 shows an example in which a sample is injected into the common chamber 202 side, but it is of course possible to provide a sample injection port in the first chamber 204 and inject the sample into the first chamber 204 side. In that case, DNA can be introduced into the nanopore 1707 by lowering the voltage applied to the first electrode 206 with respect to the common electrode 205.
- the present embodiment is also applied to a nanopore device in which a plurality of individual chambers are provided separated by a partition wall. This embodiment is also applied to the nanopore forming apparatus described with reference to FIGS. 14, 15, and 16.
- nanopore device 200 chip 201: thin film 202: common chamber 204: first chamber 205: common electrode 206: first electrode 207: transimpedance amplifier 208: switch 209: modulation voltage source 210: phase monitor 211: comparator 212: Differential amplifier 600: Information storage unit 602: Control circuit 603: Database 604: Chip 605: Phase monitor 606: Modulation voltage source 1704: Data processing unit 1705: Measurement unit 1706: DNA 1707: Nanopore
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Abstract
Description
<実施の形態1>
図1は、実施形態1に係るナノポア形成方法の手順を示すフローチャートである。本実施形態のナノポア形成方法は以下のとおりである。ナノポアの開口が開始されると、薄膜に変調電圧を印加する(S11)。変調電圧の印加中は、薄膜に流れる電流の位相情報を監視し、位相の変化量が予め決められた閾値を超えたら(S12)、変調電圧の印加を停止し(S13)、ナノポアの開口が終了する。ステップS11で印加する変調電圧により薄膜にストレスを与え、絶縁破壊によってナノポアが形成される。また、電流の位相情報を常時モニタすることでナノポアの形成をリアルタイムに検出することが可能である。ステップS13における変調電圧の印加停止は、ナノポア開口用の変調電圧の停止であって、その停止後にナノポアの開口にほとんど寄与しない別の変調電圧を印加しても構わない。ただし、ナノポア開口時の印加電圧よりも薄膜に印加されるストレス量が相対的に少ない必要がある。この条件が満たされる限りは、停止後に印加されるのはDC電圧でも、別のパラメータを有する変調電圧でも良い。
[式1]
本実施形態では、ナノポア形成のための変調電圧について説明する。
本実施形態のナノポア形成方法では、実施形態1で説明した方法によりナノポアを開口するフェーズ(Phase1)に加えて、ナノポアを所望のサイズになるまで拡大するフェーズ(Phase2)を有する。
図13は、ナノポア形成における電流の位相情報抽出のタイミングの一例を説明する波形図である。先に述べたとおり、薄膜の厚さが薄くなると、トンネル現象によるリーク電流が顕著に流れる。リーク電流は、MOSトランジスタのゲート酸化膜など、膜の厚さが数nmの絶縁膜で観測されている現象であり、膜の厚さが減少すると指数関数的にリーク電流が増加することが示されている(例えば、Lee et al., Gate oxide leakage current analysis and reduction for VLSI circuits, IEEE Trans. on VLSI Systems, 2004参照)。ナノポアを形成する薄膜でも同様の現象が起きるため、特に薄い薄膜においてナノポアを開口する際は、リーク電流によって正しく電流値をモニタできない恐れがある。
図14は、実施形態5に係るナノポア形成装置の構成例を示す図である。
図15は、実施形態6に係るナノポア形成装置の構成例を示す図である。
図16は、実施形態7に係るナノポア形成装置の構成例を示す図である。
図18は、実施形態8に係る生体分子計測装置の構成例を示す図である。
なお、本発明は上記した実施例に限定されるものではなく、様々な変形例が含まれる。例えば、上記した実施例は本発明を分かりやすく説明するために詳細に説明したものであり、必ずしも説明した全ての構成を備えるものに限定されるものではない。また、ある実施例の構成の一部を他の実施例の構成に置き換えることが可能であり、また、ある実施例の構成に他の実施例の構成を加えることも可能である。また、各実施例の構成の一部について、他の構成の追加・削除・置換をすることが可能である。
200:チップ
201:薄膜
202:共通チャンバ
204:第1チャンバ
205:共通電極
206:第1電極
207:トランスインピーダンスアンプ
208:スイッチ
209:変調電圧源
210:位相モニタ
211:コンパレータ
212:差動アンプ
600:情報記憶部
602:制御回路
603:データベース
604:チップ
605:位相モニタ
606:変調電圧源
1704:データ処理部
1705:計測部
1706:DNA
1707:ナノポア
Claims (15)
- 薄膜に電圧を印加してナノポアを形成する方法であって、
薄膜に第1変調電圧を印加し、
前記第1変調電圧の位相に対して前記薄膜に流れる電流の位相の変化量を閾値と比較し、
前記位相の変化量が前記閾値を超えたことが検出されたとき前記第1変調電圧の印加を停止する、
ナノポア形成方法。 - 前記第1変調電圧のパラメータを前記薄膜のインピーダンスに応じて決定する、請求項1に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- 前記第1変調電圧の印加前に前記薄膜のインピーダンスを測定する、請求項2に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- 前記第1変調電圧は原点を中心とする交流である、請求項1に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- 前記第1変調電圧はDCオフセットを持つ、請求項1に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- 前記第1変調電圧の印加を停止した後、前記薄膜に前記第1変調電圧より弱いストレスを与える第2変調電圧を印加してナノポア径を調整する、請求項1に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- 前記第1変調電圧がピーク電圧を含まない電圧範囲にあるタイミングにおいて前記位相の変化量を検出する、請求項1に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- 前記薄膜は互いに隔壁で分離されて複数設けられていて複数の薄膜のそれぞれに前記第1変調電圧が印加され、
前記第1変調電圧の位相に対しそれぞれの薄膜に流れる電流の位相の変化量を個別に前記閾値と比較し、
前記位相の変化量が前記閾値を超えたことが検出された薄膜について前記第1変調電圧の印加を停止する、請求項1に記載のナノポア形成方法。 - 前記第1変調電圧はDCオフセットを持ち、
前記位相の変化量が前記閾値を超えたことが検出された薄膜について、前記第1変調電圧の印加を停止した後、前記第1変調電圧から前記DCオフセットを除いた変調電圧を印加し続ける、請求項8に記載のナノポア形成方法。 - 前記それぞれの薄膜に流れる電流の位相の変化量は、前記第1変調電圧よりもDCオフセットが低い第2変調電圧が印加されるリファレンス薄膜に流れる電流の位相を基準として算出される、請求項8に記載のナノポア形成方法。
- ナノポアを形成すべき薄膜を含むチップを挟んで配置された第1の電極と第2の電極の間に変調電圧を印加するための電源と、
前記変調電圧の位相に対して前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極の間に流れる電流の位相の変化量を測定する位相モニタと、
前記電流の位相の変化量が閾値を超えたとき前記変調電圧の印加を停止する制御回路と、
を備えるナノポア形成装置。 - 前記第2の電極は前記チップの一方の側にそれぞれ隔壁で隔てられて複数配置されており、
前記位相モニタ及び前記制御回路は複数の前記第2の電極に対してそれぞれ個別に複数設けられている、
請求項11に記載のナノポア形成装置。 - 前記電源は前記第1の電極に変調電圧を印加する第1の電源と、複数の前記第2の電極にDC電圧を印加する第2の電源とを備える、
請求項12に記載のナノポア形成装置。 - 薄膜を含むチップで仕切られ電解質溶液で満たされた第1のチャンバ及び第2のチャンバ、前記第1のチャンバ内に配置された第1の電極、及び前記第2のチャンバ内に配置された第2の電極を有するナノポアデバイスと、
前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極の間にナノポア開口用の変調電圧を印加するための変調電圧源と、
前記変調電圧の位相に対して前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極の間に流れる電流の位相の変化量を測定する位相モニタと、
前記電流の位相の変化量が閾値を超えたとき前記変調電圧の印加を停止する制御回路と、
前記変調電圧の印加によって前記薄膜にナノポアを形成した後に、前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極の間に封鎖電流測定のためのリード電圧を印加するリード電圧源と、
前記リード電圧を印加した時に前記ナノポアに流れる封鎖電流に基づき、前記第1のチャンバあるいは前記第2のチャンバに注入された生体分子の配列を同定する情報処理部と、
を備える生体分子計測装置。 - 第2のチャンバは前記チップの一方の側にそれぞれ隔壁で隔てられて複数設けられ、
前記第2の電極は複数の前記第2のチャンバ内にそれぞれ配置され、
前記位相モニタ、前記制御回路及び前記情報処理部は複数の前記第2の電極に対してそれぞれ個別に複数設けられている、
請求項14に記載の生体分子計測装置。
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| JP2020201088A (ja) * | 2019-06-07 | 2020-12-17 | 地方独立行政法人神奈川県立産業技術総合研究所 | 測定装置 |
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| EP2156179B1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2021-08-18 | The Regents of The University of California | Methods for using a nanopore |
| CN101629906A (zh) * | 2008-07-20 | 2010-01-20 | 欧普图垂斯科技有限公司 | 检测被测对象中特定化学物质的方法及系统 |
| US8828138B2 (en) * | 2010-05-17 | 2014-09-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | FET nanopore sensor |
| CA2869753A1 (en) * | 2012-04-09 | 2013-10-17 | Jingyue Ju | Method of preparation of nanopore and uses thereof |
| JP6033602B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-08 | 2016-11-30 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 生体分子検出方法、生体分子検出装置、および分析用デバイス |
| JP6592402B2 (ja) * | 2016-06-03 | 2019-10-16 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 生体分子計測装置 |
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| JP2014531901A (ja) * | 2011-09-23 | 2014-12-04 | オックスフォード ナノポール テクノロジーズ リミテッド | ポリマー単位を含むポリマーの解析 |
| JP2015525114A (ja) * | 2012-05-07 | 2015-09-03 | ジ ユニバーシティ オブ オタワ | 高電界を用いたナノポアの作製 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2020120542A3 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-07-30 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Systems and methods for self-limiting protein pore insertion in a membrane |
| CN113260449A (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2021-08-13 | 豪夫迈·罗氏有限公司 | 用于膜中自限性蛋白质孔插入的系统和方法 |
| US20210302409A1 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2021-09-30 | Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc. | Systems and methods for self-limiting protein pore insertion in a membrane |
| JP2022511880A (ja) * | 2018-12-11 | 2022-02-01 | エフ.ホフマン-ラ ロシュ アーゲー | 膜における自己制限性プロテイン細孔挿入のためのシステム及び方法 |
| CN113260449B (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2023-09-29 | 豪夫迈·罗氏有限公司 | 用于膜中自限性蛋白质孔插入的系统和方法 |
| US12123867B2 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2024-10-22 | Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc. | Systems and methods for self-limiting protein pore insertion in a membrane |
| JP2025024162A (ja) * | 2018-12-11 | 2025-02-19 | エフ. ホフマン-ラ ロシュ アーゲー | 膜における自己制限性プロテイン細孔挿入のためのシステム及び方法 |
| JP2020201088A (ja) * | 2019-06-07 | 2020-12-17 | 地方独立行政法人神奈川県立産業技術総合研究所 | 測定装置 |
| JP7239923B2 (ja) | 2019-06-07 | 2023-03-15 | 地方独立行政法人神奈川県立産業技術総合研究所 | 測定装置 |
| EP3980557A4 (en) * | 2019-06-07 | 2023-07-26 | Applied Materials, Inc. | METHODS OF MAKING TWO-PORE SENSORS |
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| GB2570849B (en) | 2022-03-16 |
| CN109890497B (zh) | 2021-03-02 |
| US20190369080A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
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| US11499959B2 (en) | 2022-11-15 |
| JP6653767B2 (ja) | 2020-02-26 |
| GB2570849A (en) | 2019-08-07 |
| CN109890497A (zh) | 2019-06-14 |
| JPWO2018105123A1 (ja) | 2019-10-24 |
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