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WO2018182566A1 - Cosses d'avoine modifiées dans des polymères - Google Patents

Cosses d'avoine modifiées dans des polymères Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018182566A1
WO2018182566A1 PCT/US2017/024308 US2017024308W WO2018182566A1 WO 2018182566 A1 WO2018182566 A1 WO 2018182566A1 US 2017024308 W US2017024308 W US 2017024308W WO 2018182566 A1 WO2018182566 A1 WO 2018182566A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
oat hulls
polymer
functionalizing
oat
μιη
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PCT/US2017/024308
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English (en)
Inventor
Amar N. Neogi
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Xinova LLC
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Xinova LLC
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Publication date
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Priority to PCT/US2017/024308 priority Critical patent/WO2018182566A1/fr
Publication of WO2018182566A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018182566A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass, e.g. flours, kernels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse

Definitions

  • Unused fibers from plants are typically burned for energy, composted, used for filler, or discarded. Such fibers may include husks, shells, stems, or other non-fruit or non-seed plant materials. Some plant fibers can be used to produce fuels (e.g. , ethanol or syngas).
  • fuels e.g. , ethanol or syngas
  • Fiber from wood and other renewable sources can be used in fiber-reinforced composites (sometimes called natural fiber reinforced composites), such as for extruded building products (e.g. , decking) and automotive applications.
  • Untreated fibers are susceptible to rot and spoilage due to moisture, fungal growth, etc. Such rot or spoilage can lead to premature failure of composites. Rot and failure can occur during use or storage.
  • An example method of forming a composite includes providing a plurality of oat hulls, each of the plurality of oat hulls including an outer surface. The method includes coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer to form a plurality of functionalized oat hulls. The method includes dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer composed to chemically bond with the functionalizing polymer.
  • the composite includes a thermoplastic matrix comprising a thermoplastic polymer.
  • the example includes a plurality of coated oat hulls dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix. At least some of the plurality of coated oat hulls of the example composite comprises an oat hull having an outer surface and a functionalizing polymer bonded to and substantially completely enclosing the outer surface, where the functionalizing polymer chemically bonds to the oat hull and the thermoplastic polymer, and the functionalizing polymer is chemically different than the thermoplastic polymer.
  • the packaging includes a film.
  • the film of the example packaging includes a thermoplastic matrix comprising a thermoplastic polymer and a plurality of coated oat hulls dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix.
  • At least some of the plurality of coated oat hulls of the example packaging includes an oat hull having an outer surface, and a functionalizing polymer bonded to and substantially completely enclosing the outer surface, where the functionalizing polymer chemically bonds to the oat hull and the thermoplastic polymer, and the functionalizing polymer is chemically different than the thermoplastic polymer.
  • the erosion blanket includes a body including a plurality of fibers at least some of which include a thermoplastic matrix comprising a thermoplastic polymer, the body having a thickness of at least 1 cm and one or more lateral dimensions of at least about 300 cm.
  • the erosion blanket includes a plurality of coated oat hulls dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix. At least some of the plurality of coated oat hulls in the example erosion blanket include an oat hull having an outer surface, and a functionalizing polymer bonded to and substantially completely enclosing the outer surface, where the functionalizing polymer chemically bonds to the oat hull and the thermoplastic polymer, and the functionalizing polymer is chemically different than the thermoplastic polymer.
  • Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method of forming a composite, according to at least one example
  • Fig. 2A is a schematic illustration of a composite material, according to at least one example
  • Fig. 2B is a schematic illustration of a composite material, according to at least one example.
  • Figs. 3A-3D are schematic illustrations of articles having any of the composite materials disclosed herein, according to various examples.
  • This disclosure is drawn, inter alia, to methods, systems, products, devices, and/or apparatus generally related to compositions having a plurality of oat hulls dispersed in a thermoplastic polymer and bound to the thermoplastic polymer via a functionalizing polymer or agent therebetween.
  • Fig. 1 is a method 100 of forming a composite, according to at least one example.
  • An example method may include one or more operations, functions or actions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 110, 120, and/or 130.
  • An example process 100 may begin with block 110, which recites “providing a plurality of oat hulls, each of the plurality of oat hulls including an outer surface.”
  • Block 110 may be followed by block 120, which recites “coating the outer surface of at least some of the oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer to form a plurality of functionalized oat hulls.”
  • Block 120 may be followed by block 130, which recites "dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer composed to chemically bond with the functionalizing polymer.”
  • the blocks included in the described example methods are for illustration purposes. In some embodiments, the blocks may be performed in a different order. In some other embodiments, various blocks may be eliminated. In still other embodiments, various blocks may be divided into additional blocks, supplemented with other blocks, or combined together into fewer blocks. Other variations of these specific blocks are contemplated, including changes in the order of the blocks, changes in the content of the blocks being split or combined into other blocks, etc.
  • block 110 providing a plurality of oat hulls, each of the plurality of oat hulls including an outer surface may include sizing the plurality of oat hulls, or block 120 coating the outer surface of at least some of the oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer to form a plurality of functionalized oat hulls can be performed prior to sizing the plurality of oat hulls.
  • Block 110 recites, "providing a plurality of oat hulls, each of the plurality of oat hulls including an outer surface.”
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls includes providing a plurality of at least partially dehydrated or dried oat hulls.
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls includes providing a plurality of randomly sized (e.g. , unprocessed or unsized) oat hulls.
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls includes providing a plurality of oat hulls having a selected average particle size.
  • the selected average particle size can include various particle size distributions such as a single average particle size (e.g.
  • the average particle size of the oat hulls may be based upon a measurement of a major axis (e.g. , the largest dimension) of individual pulp particles or a diameter of the pulp particles (when substantially round).
  • the average particle size of a single mode of oat hulls can be less than about 100 ⁇ , such as in a range of about 1 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ , about 10 ⁇ to about 40 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , about 2 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ to about 15 ⁇ , about 10 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 20 ⁇ to about 30 ⁇ , about 30 ⁇ to about 40 ⁇ , about 40 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ to about 45 ⁇ , less than about 50 ⁇ , less than about 40 ⁇ , less than about 30 ⁇ , less than about 20 ⁇ , less than about 10 ⁇ , less than about 5 ⁇ , or about 5 ⁇ .
  • any combinations of the above-noted average particle sizes and ranges thereof may be used as separate modes of a bimodal or greater distribution of average particle sizes of oat hulls.
  • the individual particle size of each of the plurality of oat hulls in a single mode may be substantially the same, that is to say, deviating only 10% or less from the average particle size of the single mode.
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls may include sizing the plurality of oat hulls to the selected average particle size, such as via one or more of grinding (e.g. , wet grinding), chopping, shredding, sieving, pulverizing, or chemically treating (e.g. , at least partially dissolving) the plurality of oat hulls.
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls may include providing the plurality of oat hulls that have been ground or otherwise sized to the selected average particle size(s).
  • the selected average particle size may be selected based upon the use of the polymer composition and desired properties thereof. For example, larger oat hull particles may be selected when a specific strength is desired.
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls may include shelling and separating oats from the oat hulls.
  • providing a plurality of oat hulls can include providing a plurality of oat hull substitutes, such as one or more biomass fibers or particles (e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.).
  • biomass fibers or particles e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.
  • oat hull substitutes such as one or more biomass fibers or particles (e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.).
  • biomass fibers or particles e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.
  • walnut shells, rice husks, peanut shells, cellulose, nanocellulose, crystalline nanocellulose, bacterial cellulose, microfibrillated cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or any other suitable biomass substitute for oat hulls may be used in addition to or alternative
  • Block 120 recites, "coating the outer surface of at least some of the oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer to form a plurality of functionalized oat hulls.”
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can include spraying, dispersing the plurality of oat hulls in, or admixing the oat hulls into, the functionalizing polymer.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with the functionalizing polymer can include spraying the functionalizing polymer onto the outer surface of the at least some of the plurality of oat hulls.
  • Coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can include at least partially coating or completely coating the outer surface of at a majority (e.g. , each) of the plurality of oat hulls with the functionalizing polymer.
  • Coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can include bonding the functionalizing polymer to the outer surface of, or at least partially infusing the functionalizing polymer into, the oat hulls.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can be carried out outside of the presence of thermoplastic polymers.
  • the functionalizing polymer can bond (e.g. , physically or chemically) to the oat hulls to form functionalized oat hulls.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include a chemical species configured to covalently bond to the surface of the oat hulls.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with the functionalizing polymer may include coating the outer surface of the at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with an amphiphilic polymer having amphiphilic mer units (e.g. , mono-, co-, ter-, etc.), where a hydrophilic side of the amphiphilic mer units is bonded to the outer surface.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include one or more monomer units, such as in a copolymer, or terpolymer.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include a cross-linker or cross-linkers composed to link the biomass (e.g. , cellulosic, hemi-cellulosic, lignin, or other plant materials) in the plurality of oat hulls with a thermoplastic polymer.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include one or more of an anhydride (e.g. , maleic anhydride); a monocarboxylic acid (e.g.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include a homopolymer, a copolymer, a terpolymer, or greater amount of mer species including one or more of any of the foregoing monomers or copolymers.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include a chain or group thereon having a size and shape suitable to physically entangle in the structure of the surface of an oat hull (e.g. , physical adsorption or absorption).
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can include controlling the relative amounts of mono-carboxylic acids and multi-carboxylic acids in the functionalizing polymer. Controlling the relative amounts of mono-carboxylic acids and multi-carboxylic acids in the functionalizing polymer can allow for selective customization of the functionalized oat hulls. For example, a larger proportion of monocarboxylic acids (or derivatives thereof) bonded to the surface of the oat hulls than polycarboxylic acids can provide a relatively greater amount of hydrophobicity at the surface of the oat hulls than if more polycarboxylic acids were bonded to the oat hulls.
  • the polycarboxylic acids bonded to the surface of the oat hulls can serve to bond further monomers and/or polymers (e.g. , of the thermoplastics disclosed below) to the oat hulls by providing a compatible linkage therebetween.
  • the polycarboxylic acids such as succinic acid or citric acid, may act as a bridging agent to bond with thermoplastics, while monocarboxylic acids, such as butyric acid or caprylic acid, may act to bond (e.g. , at the hydrophilic carboxyl group) to the free hydroxides at the oat hull surface and provide a non-polar (e.g.
  • hydrophobic tail extending therefrom to render the surface more hydrophobic (the hydrophobic tails may also bond to the hydrophobic thermoplastics in some cases).
  • coating the oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer having a selected proportion of monocarboxylic to polycarboxylic acids can selectively control thermoplastic coverage or hydrophobicity at the surface of the oat hulls.
  • functionalizing polymer can include non- polymeric materials, such as a single unit of any of the functionalizing polymers or derivatives thereof disclosed herein.
  • a functionalizing polymer can include a single butyric acid derivative or citric acid derivative bound to an oat hull.
  • a first component of the functionalizing polymer can make up at least about 5 wt% of the functionalizing polymer, such as in a range of about 5 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 33 wt%, about 33 wt% to about 66 wt%, about 66 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 15 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 60 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 70 wt
  • a second component of the functionalizing polymer can make up the balance of any of the first component amounts of the functionalizing polymer. In some examples, a second and third component of the functionalizing polymer can make up the balance of any of the first component amounts of the functionalizing polymer.
  • the functionalizing polymer can be delivered in a solvent, dispersant, or other liquid.
  • the functionalizing polymer may comprise at least about 2 wt% of a solution, dispersion, emulsion, or other liquid containing the functionalizing polymer, such as in a range of about 2 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 35 wt%, about 35 wt% to about 65 wt%, about 65 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 15 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 w
  • Some specific sets of materials in the functionalizing polymer can include succinic acid and butyric acid, citric acid and butyric acid, maleic anhydride and an olefin; and acrylic acid and ethylene. While the functionalizing polymer is described as a polymer, it is also understood that the functionalizing polymer can include single molecules or a compound of two or more molecules bonded to the oat hull.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include a plurality of individual monocarboxylic acid and/or polycarboxylic acid molecules individually bound to the surface of the oat hulls but not necessarily bound to each other, such that at least a portion of the oat hull surface is coated by the plurality of individual monocarboxylic acid and/or polycarboxylic acid molecules.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with the functionalizing polymer comprises coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polyolefin, a polyolefin-grafted maleic anhydride polymer, or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can include adding a catalyst to the functionalizing polymer prior to, during, or after coating the outer surface.
  • a catalyst for example, sodium hypophosphite can be added to a functionalizing polymer composition having butyric acid, caprylic acid, etc., therein.
  • Suitable catalysts for the functionalizing polymers herein can include sulfonic acids (e.g. , p-toluene sulfonic acid), hypophosphite salts, or any other catalyst suitable to catalyze polymerization of the functionalizing polymer.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with a functionalizing polymer can include applying an amount of functionalizing polymer to the plurality of oat hulls effective to cause the functionalizing polymer to exhibit a selected average thickness on the plurality of oat hulls.
  • the selected average thickness can be at least about 50 nm, such as in a range of about 50 nm to about 10 ⁇ , about 100 nm to about 8 ⁇ , about 500 ⁇ to about 6 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 3 ⁇ , less than about 10 ⁇ , less than about 5 ⁇ , less than about 2 ⁇ , or less than about 1 ⁇ .
  • the thickness of the functionalizing polymer-coating on the oat hulls can correspond to the amount of time the oat hulls are sprayed, dispersed, or suspending in the functionalizing polymer, the amount of time the oat hulls having the functionalizing polymer thereon are cured, the temperature(s) at which bonding the functionalizing polymer or curing takes place, etc.
  • the plurality of functionalized oat hulls can exhibit any average particle sizes disclosed above for the unfunctionalized oat hulls, or the average particle sizes disclosed above for the unfunctionalized oat hulls plus the above-noted average thicknesses.
  • coating the outer surface of at least some of the plurality of oat hulls with the functionalizing polymer includes coating the plurality of oat hulls with an amount of the functionalizing polymer that is at least about 1 wt% of the oat hulls (e.g.
  • unfunctionalized or functionalized oat hulls such as in a range of about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 30 wt% about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 8 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, less than about 5 wt%, or less than about 2 wt% of the oat hulls.
  • the method 100 can further include at least partially curing the functionalizing polymer on the plurality of oat hulls. At least partially curing the functionalizing polymer on the plurality of oat hulls can include one or more of drying, dehydrating, or heating the functionalizing polymer on the oat hulls. In some examples, the method 100 can include applying heat to the functionalizing polymer (and oat hulls) to bond to lignocellulosic material in the oat hulls, such as after drying or dehydrating the functionalizing polymer. At least partially curing the functionalizing polymer on the plurality of oat hulls can include heating the functionalizing polymer in the mixing vessel (e.g.
  • At least partially curing the functionalizing polymer on the plurality of oat hulls can include heating the functionalizing polymer prior to mixing with the thermoplastic polymer, during mixing with the thermoplastic polymer, or after mixing with the thermoplastic polymer (such as in the mixing vessel).
  • At least partially curing the functionalizing polymer on the plurality of oat hulls can include one or more of passing air over the plurality of functionalized oat hulls or exposing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls to an elevated temperature of greater than 15 °C, such as in a range of about 15 °C to about 200 °C, about 50 °C to about 150 °C, about 100 °C to about 200 °C, about 150 °C to about 200 °C, about 25 °C to about 200 °C, about 15 °C to about 180 °C, about 15 °C to about 150 °C, about 70°C to about 125 °C, about 180 °C to about 200 °C, about 180 °C to about 190 °C, about 150 °C to about 170 °C, less than about 200 °C, less than about 150 °C, less than about 100 °C, less than 50 °C.
  • Curing can be carried out for about 1 minute or more, such as in a range of about 1 min. to about 1 hour, about 1 min. to about 10 min., about 5 min. to about 20 min., about 5 min. to about 10 min., about 1 min. to about 30 min., about 2 min. to about 15 min., less than about 1 hour, less than about 30 min., less than about 20 min., less than about 10 min., or less than about 5 min.
  • Block 130 recites, "dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer composed to chemically bond with the functionalizing polymer.”
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer can include mixing any plurality of functionalized oat hulls disclosed herein into a volume of the thermoplastic polymer.
  • the thermoplastic polymer can be composed to bond with the functionalizing polymer, such as at a hydrophobic portion thereof.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer can include dispersing the plurality of oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer or liquid (e.g. , solution, dispersion, suspension, emulsion, etc.) containing the same.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls into a container holding the thermoplastic polymer.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls into a layer (e.g. , sheet) of the thermoplastic polymer.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls into a layer of the thermoplastic polymer can include adding (e.g.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include forming a layer of (or applying the plurality of functionalized oat hulls to form a layer) and applying the thermoplastic polymer into the layer of functionalized oat hulls.
  • layers can be made in a batch-wise process or can be produced by a continuous feed process.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer composed to chemically bond with the functionalizing polymer may include one or more of admixing, stirring, extruding, co-extruding, molding, etc., the functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls into one or more of polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene (e.g.
  • bio-polyethylene high-density polyethylene
  • HDPE high-density polyethylene
  • LDPE low-density polyethylene
  • PVC polyvinyl chloride
  • PVC polyvinylidenechloride
  • PLA polylactic acid
  • PHA polyhydroxy acid(s)
  • PHB polyhydroxybutyrate
  • PABA polyhydroxy acid(s)
  • PBB polyhydroxybutyrate
  • adipic acid polyacrylic acid, ethylene vinyl alcohol, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyoxymethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose, derivatives of any of the foregoing, polymers of any of the foregoing, or combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • thermoplastic polymer may be a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, etc., having any of the polymers disclosed herein.
  • thermoplastic polymer can be sourced from a renewable source, such as polyethylene, PLA, PHA, PHB, cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose produced from biomass.
  • thermoplastic polymer can be sourced from non-renewable sources, such as petroleum.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include forming a layer of the thermoplastic polymer on at least some (e.g. , at least a majority or each) of functionalized oat hulls.
  • the layer of thermoplastic polymer on the functionalized oat hulls may have an average thickness of at least about 1 ⁇ , such as in a range of about 1 ⁇ to about 2 mm, about 10 ⁇ to about 1 mm, about 20 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ , about 50 ⁇ to about 250 ⁇ , less than about 1 mm, or less than about 500 ⁇ .
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include forming a layer of the composition (e.g. , thermoplastic polymer having the functionalized oat hulls therein). Forming a layer of the composition can include extruding the composition, such as to form a film. Extruding the composition may include extruding the composition to form a film or layer having a selected thickness.
  • a layer of the composition e.g. , thermoplastic polymer having the functionalized oat hulls therein.
  • Forming a layer of the composition can include extruding the composition, such as to form a film.
  • Extruding the composition may include extruding the composition to form a film or layer having a selected thickness.
  • the layer of the thermoplastic polymer having the functionalized oat hulls therein may exhibit a thickness of at least about 50 ⁇ , such as in a range of about 50 ⁇ to about 10 cm, about 100 ⁇ to about 5 cm, about 250 ⁇ to about 3 cm, about 500 ⁇ to about 1 cm, about 1 cm to about 10 cm, about 100 ⁇ to about 1 cm, about 50 ⁇ to about 1 cm, about 50 ⁇ to about 5 mm, about 100 ⁇ to about 3 mm, about 250 ⁇ to about 2 mm, about 500 ⁇ to about 5 mm, about 1 mm to about 1 cm, about 1 mm to about 5 mm, about 50 ⁇ to about 1 mm, about 100 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ , about 200 ⁇ to about 700 ⁇ , about 500 ⁇ to about 1 mm, less than about 10 cm, less than about 5 cm, less than about 1 cm, less than about 5 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 1 mm, or less than about 500 ⁇ .
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include dispersing a selected amount of the plurality of functionalized oat hulls having a selected amount of functionalizing polymer thereon in a selected amount of thermoplastic polymer (or liquid containing the thermoplastic polymer or derivatives thereof) effective to cause the resulting composite to have a selected wt% of each of the oat hulls, functionalizing polymer, and thermoplastic polymer.
  • dispersing the plurality of functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer may include dispersing functionalized oat hulls in the thermoplastic polymer such that the functionalized oat hulls make up about 5 wt% or more of the composition, such as in a range of about 5 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, less than about 95 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, or less than about 10 wt%.
  • the functionalizing polymer can make up about 1 wt% or more of the functionalized oat hulls or composition containing the same, such as in a range of about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 25 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 15 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, or less than about 5 wt% of the functionalized oat hulls or composition containing the same.
  • the method 100 can include adding one or more of a fungicide, an anti-slip agent, or an ultraviolet light stabilizer to at least one of the functionalizing polymer or the thermoplastic polymer. [038] In some examples, the method 100 can include forming the composite into one or more of a film, packaging, an erosion blanket, or any other article.
  • the techniques and compositions disclosed herein limit the need for expensive functionalizing polymers (e.g. , compatibilizers) by direct application of the functionalizing polymers to the oat hulls, followed by bonding the thermoplastic polymer directly to the functionalizing polymer. Accordingly, direct mixing of fibers, thermoplastics, and compatibilizers to improve phase miscibility between the hydrophilic fiber and hydrophobic thermoplastics can be eliminated, and use of only the necessary amount of a functionalizing polymer (e.g. , agent) can be performed. Also, the techniques and compositions disclosed herein can impart a desired amount of impermeability (e.g. , to oxygen and/or water) to the compositions.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to provide stable storage (e.g. , food storage) materials even in high humidity environments because the oat hulls are rendered substantially impermeable to water and oxygen by the functionalizing coating and/or thermoplastic polymer.
  • Fig. 2 A is a schematic illustration of a composite material 200, according to at least one example.
  • the composite material 200 includes functionalized oat hulls 205 including oat hulls 210 and functionalizing polymer 220 bonded to the plurality of oat hulls 210; and a thermoplastic matrix 230 bonded to the functionalized oat hulls 205 via the functionalizing polymer 220.
  • the plurality of oat hulls 210 can include portions of or whole oat hulls.
  • the plurality of oat hulls 210 can alternatively or additionally include supplemental biomass, such as such as one or more non-oat biomass fibers or particles (e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.).
  • supplemental biomass such as one or more non-oat biomass fibers or particles (e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.).
  • supplemental biomass such as such as one or more non-oat biomass fibers or particles (e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.).
  • supplemental biomass such as such as one or more non-oat biomass fibers or particles (e.g. , ground nut shells, husks, etc.).
  • the plurality of oat hulls 210 can be sized to an average particle size (e.g. , less than about 50 ⁇ or less than about 5 ⁇ ), such as a single mode or plurality of modes as disclosed above. At least some (e.g., substantially all, a majority of, or each) of the plurality of oat hulls 210 may exhibit a substantially uniform shape (e.g. , substantially spherical) or may be randomly shaped.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can be coated over at least a portion of the outer surface of the oat hulls 210 to form the coated or functionalized oat hulls 205.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 may form a coating on the plurality of oat hulls 210 having any of the functionalizing polymer thicknesses disclosed herein.
  • the functionalized oat hulls 205 may exhibit any number of modes of average particle sizes.
  • the functionalized e.g.
  • coated) oat hulls 205 may exhibit an average particle size of less than about 100 ⁇ , such as in a range of about 1 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ , about 10 ⁇ to about 40 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , about 2 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ to about 15 ⁇ , about 10 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 20 ⁇ to about 30 ⁇ , about 30 ⁇ to about 40 ⁇ , about 40 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ to about 45 ⁇ , less than about 50 ⁇ , less than about 40 ⁇ , less than about 30 ⁇ , less than about 20 ⁇ , less than about 10 ⁇ , less than about 5 ⁇ , or about 5 ⁇ .
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can include an amphiphilic polymer comprising amphiphilic monomer units where a hydrophilic side of the amphiphilic monomer units can be bonded to the outer surface of the oat hulls 210.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can include any of the materials for functionalizing polymers 220 disclosed herein.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can include one or more of an anhydride (e.g. , maleic anhydride); a monocarboxylic acid (e.g. , butyric acid, caprylic acid, stearic acid, or oleic acid); a dicarboxylic acid (e.g.
  • ком ⁇ онентs or greater e.g. , citric acid
  • a maleic anhydride/ olefin copolymer e.g. , maleic anhydride polypropylene copolymer
  • a polyolefin e.g. , polyethylene
  • an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer e.g. , cellulose or derivatives thereof (e.g. , hydroxyl ethyl cellulose); derivatives (e.g. , salts, ions, or bound forms) of any of the foregoing, or combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can include monomers, copolymers, terpolymers, etc., of any of the foregoing monomer or derivatives thereof.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can include one or more of polyolefin-grafted maleic anhydride polymer or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer.
  • the composite material 200 includes the thermoplastic matrix 230, such as in a layer, film, body, block, or other form.
  • the thermoplastic matrix 230 can include any of materials for thermoplastic polymers disclosed herein.
  • the thermoplastic matrix 230 can include one or more of polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, HDPE, LDPE, polystyrene, PVC, polyvinylidenechloride, PLA, PHA, PHB, adipates, polyacrylic acid, ethylene vinyl alcohol, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyoxymethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose, polyvinylidene chloride, ethylene vinyl alcohol, derivatives of any of the foregoing, polymers of any of the foregoing, or combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • the thermoplastic matrix 230 may link (e.g. , covalently bond) to the functionalizing polymer 220.
  • one or more of any of the thermoplastic polymers can be used with any of the functionalizing polymers 220 disclosed herein.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 may include one or more of a polyolefin-grafted maleic anhydride polymer or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer
  • the thermoplastic polymer may include one or more of polypropylene, polyethylene, HDPE, or LDPE.
  • the composite material 200 may exhibit a selected oat hull 210 content, a selected functionalizing polymer 220 content, and a selected thermoplastic matrix 230 (or thermoplastic polymer) content.
  • the thermoplastic matrix 230 and proportion thereof in the composite material 200 may be selected to provide a desired amount of impermeability (e.g. , to oxygen and/or water), tensile strength, or shear strength to the composite material 200.
  • the composite material 200 may include about at least about 40 wt% of thermoplastic matrix 230, such as in a range of about 40 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 60 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 70 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 75 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 95 wt%, less than about 95 wt%, less than about 90 wt%, less than about 75 wt%, or less than about 60 wt%.
  • the plurality of oat hulls 210 may comprise about 5 wt% or more of the composite material 200, such as in a range of about 5 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, less than about 95 wt%, less than about 80 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, or less than about 10 wt%.
  • the plurality of functionalized (e.g. , coated) oat hulls 205 can be dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix 230.
  • the plurality of functionalized oat hulls 205 can be evenly distributed or randomly distributed throughout at least a portion of the thermoplastic matrix 230.
  • the plurality of functionalized oat hulls 205 can be uniformly distributed throughout the entire thermoplastic matrix 230, or an upper layer or region thereof.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can comprise about 1 wt% or more of the composite material 200, such as in a range of about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 25 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 15 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, or less than about
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 can comprise about 1 wt% or more of the functionalized oat hulls 205, such as in a range of about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than about 25 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 15 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, or less than about 5 wt% of the functionalized (e.g. , coated) oat hulls 205.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 and thermoplastic polymer in the thermoplastic matrix 230 may be chemically different species.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 e.g. , a copolymer
  • thermoplastic polymer may include both a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion, such that both a functionalizing polymer and a thermoplastic polymer are not necessary.
  • the thermoplastic polymer component may be included in the functionalizing polymer 220, or the functionalizing polymer component may be included in the thermoplastic polymer. In such examples, one of the functionalizing polymer and the thermoplastic polymer may be omitted.
  • the composition may include oat hulls 210 and a functionalizing polymer 220 or thermoplastic polymer having a long chain of carbon atoms (e.g. , about 10 carbon units or more) such as ethylene acrylic acid, an aliphatic hydrocarbon, an olefin, etc.
  • the composite material 200 can include at least one additive, such as one or more of a fungicide, one or more colorants, one or more anti-slip agents, one or more ultraviolet light stabilizers, or one or more light blockers.
  • at least one additive such as one or more of a fungicide, one or more colorants, one or more anti-slip agents, one or more ultraviolet light stabilizers, or one or more light blockers.
  • a colorant or light blocker may be included in the composite material 200.
  • the at least one additive can be disposed in or on one or more of the functionalizing polymer or the thermoplastic matrix.
  • the at least one additive may be at least about 0.1 wt% of the composite material 200, such as in a range of about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, less than about 5 wt%, less than about 3 wt%, less than about 2 wt%, or less than about 1 wt% of the composite material 200.
  • the composite material 200 or thermoplastic matrix 230 (e.g. , containing the functionalized oat hulls 205 therein) can be at least about 50 ⁇ thick, such as in a range of about 50 ⁇ to about 10 cm, about 100 ⁇ to about 5 cm, about 250 ⁇ to about 3 cm, about 500 ⁇ to about 1 cm, about 1 cm to about 10 cm, about 100 ⁇ to about 1 cm, about 50 ⁇ to about 1 cm, about 50 ⁇ to about 5 mm, about 100 ⁇ to about 3 mm, about 250 ⁇ to about 2 mm, about 500 ⁇ to about 5 mm, about 1 mm to about 1 cm, about 1 mm to about 5 mm, about 50 ⁇ to about 1 mm, about 100 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ , about 200 ⁇ to about 700 ⁇ , about 500 ⁇ to about 1 mm, less than about 10 cm, less than about 5 cm, less than about 1 cm, less than about 5 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 1
  • the composite material 200 may include a plurality of layers, such as a first layer, and at least a second layer.
  • at least the first layer may include a plurality of oat hulls, functionalizing polymer, thermoplastic polymer, a first thickness (e.g. , layer thickness), and any other characteristics (e.g. , oat hull thickness, functionalization polymer thickness or type, etc.) and at least some of the layers (e.g. , each layer) may include a thermoplastic polymer.
  • the first layer may include a first plurality of oat hulls, a first functionalizing polymer, a first thermoplastic polymer, a first thickness (e.g.
  • At least a second layer may include at least a second plurality of oat hulls, at least a second functionalizing polymer, at least a second thermoplastic polymer, at least a second thickness, and any other characteristics disclosed herein.
  • one or more of the first plurality of oat hulls, first functionalizing polymer, first thermoplastic polymer, first thickness, or any other characteristics of the first layer may be identical to or different than the at least a second plurality of oat hulls, at least a second functionalizing polymer, at least a second thermoplastic polymer, at least a second thickness, or any other characteristics associated with the at least a second layer. Any of the thicknesses, materials, polymers, wt%, disclosed herein may be used in combination with any of the layers disclosed herein.
  • Fig. 2B is a schematic illustration of a composite material 200, according to at least one example. Fig.
  • the oat hull 210 includes an outer surface 212.
  • the functionalizing polymer 220 may be bonded to the outer surface 212 of the oat hull 210 via a bond 215 (e.g. , covalent bond).
  • the outer surface 212 may initially have one or more functional groups or moieties thereon that are suitable for bonding to a hydrophilic molecule or portion thereof.
  • the surface of plant fibers, including oat hulls contains terminal hydroxyl groups, which facilitate bonding of hydrophilic molecules to the plant fibers.
  • thermoplastic polymers form the thermoplastic matrix 230.
  • the thermoplastic matrix 230 can be defined at least in part by the size of the monomer units in the thermoplastic polymers and the number of monomer units in the thermoplastic polymer.
  • the thermoplastic matrix 230 may be defined at least in part by thermoplastic polymers bonded to the functionalizing polymer 220, at least some of which have at least about 1 mer unit, such as about 1 mer unit to about 100,000 mer units, about 5 mer units to about 10,000 mer units, or more than about 10 mer units.
  • the thermoplastic polymer may include an oligomer.
  • the composite materials disclosed herein may be selectively formulated and shaped (e.g. , extruded, co-extruded, layered, molded, etc.) to provide one or more useful articles.
  • the composite material may exhibit a selected oat hull content, a selected functionalizing polymer content, and a selected thermoplastic matrix (or thermoplastic polymer) content to provide the desired properties to the articles.
  • a composite material may include a density suitable for use as a building material (e.g. , window frames, decking material, etc.), automotive use (e.g. , panels, trim, etc.), packaging (e.g. , film, corrugated board, etc.), or any other use.
  • the density of the composite can be at least about 0.1 g/cc, such as in a range from about 0.1 g/cc to about 1.5 g/cc, about 0.5 g/cc to about 1.0 g/cc, about 0.7 g/cc to about 1.2 g/cc, about 0.9 g/cc to about 1.2 g/cc, about 1 g/cc to about 1.2 g/cc, less than about 1.5 g/cc, less than about 1.2 g/cc, or less than about 1.0 g/cc.
  • FIGs. 3A-3D are schematic illustrations of articles having any of the composite materials disclosed herein, according to various examples.
  • Fig. 3A shows packaging 350 including one or more portions made from a composite material 300.
  • the composite material 300 may be similar or identical to any composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may be formed (e.g. , extruded or molded) into a packaging 350, such as a container or a bag as shown.
  • Providing the packaging 350 having the composite material 300 therein may include forming the packaging 350, such as via extrusion, co- extrusion, molding, etc.
  • the packaging 350 may be used to store food or other perishable items, store non-perishable goods (e.g. , clothes, toys, etc.), used as garbage bags, used as grocery bags, or any other suitable purpose.
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be selected to provide a desired amount of strength, flexibility, transparency, or other properties.
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be any of the thicknesses for a composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may exhibit a selected oat hull content, a selected functionalizing polymer type and/or content, and a selected thermoplastic matrix (or thermoplastic polymer) type and/or content to provide the desired physical properties to the packaging 350.
  • the oat hull content of the packaging 350 may be less than about 20 wt% (e.g. , less than about 10 wt%) of the composite material 300.
  • the oat hulls may allow for use of less polymer in the composite material 300 (than those composite materials not containing oat hulls), while retaining the desired physical characteristics of the thermoplastic polymer (e.g., LDPE) and using the oat hulls in an environmentally friendly way.
  • the average particle size of the oat hulls in the packaging 350 may be about 5 ⁇ or less.
  • Fig. 3B shows film 360 including one or more portions made from the composite material 300.
  • the composite material 300 may be similar or identical to any composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may be formed into a film 360 via extrusion.
  • Providing the film 360 having the composite material 300 therein may include forming the film 360, such as via extrusion, pouring, etc.
  • the film 360 may be formed into a wrap, a bag, a portion of a box (e.g. , window, top, or side).
  • the film 360 may be formed into a roll for later use, may be used to cover food (e.g. , cling wrap), or any other suitable purpose.
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be selected to provide a desired amount of strength, flexibility, transparency, or other properties to the film 360.
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be any of the thicknesses for a composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may exhibit a selected oat hull content, a selected functionalizing polymer type and/or content, and a selected thermoplastic matrix (or thermoplastic polymer) type and/or content to provide the desired physical properties to the film 360.
  • the oat hull content of the film 360 may be less than about 20 wt% (e.g. , less than about 10 wt%) of the composite material 300.
  • the oat hulls may allow for use of less polymer in the composite material 300 (than those composite materials not containing oat hulls), while retaining the desired physical characteristics of the thermoplastic (e.g., LDPE or HDPE) and using the oat hulls in an environmentally friendly way.
  • the thermoplastic e.g., LDPE or HDPE
  • the film 360 can include about 1 weight% to about 20 weight% oat hulls, about 2 weight% to about 10 weight% of the functionalizing polymer, and the plurality of oat hulls in the plurality of coated oat hulls may have an average particle size in a range of about 1 ⁇ to about 5 ⁇ .
  • the film 360 can be formed by coating whole or ground oat hulls (e.g. , having a 5 ⁇ or smaller average particle size) with a functionalizing polymer (e.g. , succinic acid or adipic acid), and dispersing the functionalized oat hulls in a thermoplastic polymer (e.g. , LDPE or HDPE) to form a composite.
  • a functionalizing polymer e.g. , succinic acid or adipic acid
  • a thermoplastic polymer e.g. LDPE or HDPE
  • the oat hulls can be optionally cured after one or more adding the functionalizing polymer or the thermoplastic polymer.
  • the functionalized and/or thermoplastic oat hulls can be cured for about 3 minutes to about 10 minutes at about 150 °C to about 170 °C.
  • the composite can be extruded to form the film.
  • the film 360 can include about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% of oat hulls, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt% of thermoplastic polymer, and about 1 wt% to about 5 wt% functionalizing polymer.
  • the film 360 can be extruded to a thickness of about 250 ⁇ to about 2 mm.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include more than one monomer species which perform different functions on the surface of the oat hull or can polymerize with or bond to form a polymer (e.g. , copolymer).
  • a first monomer species can include one or more of succinic acid, adipic acid, or citric acid
  • a second monomer species can include one or more of butyric acid, caprylic acid, stearic acid, or oleic acid
  • the first monomer may be a bridging agent composed to compatibilize the surface of the oat hull with a hydrophobic thermoplastic
  • the second monomer can be a hydrophobic agent composed to render the surface of the oat hull hydrophobic.
  • the functionalizing polymer can include materials from renewable sources such as citric acid.
  • the film or packaging of Figs. 3A or 3B may include a multilayered configuration.
  • a film or packaging may include a first layer of thermoplastic, a second layer of the composite material 300, and a third layer of thermoplastic. The second layer may be sandwiched between the first and third layers.
  • Multilayered configurations may include one or more layers of composite material 300 and one or more layers of thermoplastic material (e.g. , bio-derived thermoplastic or a synthetic thermoplastic).
  • the thermoplastic material can include any of the thermoplastic materials disclosed herein.
  • the thermoplastic material can form one of an innermost or outermost layer of a multilayered configuration.
  • the thicknesses of each layer of the multilayer configuration can include any combination of the thicknesses for composite materials or films disclosed herein.
  • the multilayered configuration can be formed via co- extrusion.
  • a composite material 300 core layer can be co-extruded between one or more thermoplastic polymer layers.
  • Fig. 3C shows a box 370 including one or more portions made from the composite material 300.
  • the composite material 300 may be similar or identical to any composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may be formed into a box 370 via extrusion.
  • Providing the box 370 having the composite material 300 therein may include forming the box 370, such as via extrusion, molding, pressing, etc.
  • the box 370 may be formed into a box or preform (e.g. , perforated sheet) for later use as a container, may be used to hold items, or any other suitable purpose.
  • the box 370 may include only one portion thereon containing the composite material 300, such as in a window, lid, or side.
  • the remainder of the box may be any other material, such as cardboard, paperboard, a polymer, or wood; or may include one or more additional composite materials (e.g. , composite materials having the same or a different composition than the composite material 300).
  • the box 370 may have any configuration, such as a food container (e.g. , an oyster pale, single or multiple compartment hinged food containers (e.g. , containers traditionally made from polystyrene foam), on shelf food boxes (e.g. , cereal boxes, snack boxes, cookie boxes, etc.), beverage or fluid containers (e.g. , cups, tubs, lids, or boxes), non-perishable goods box (e.g. , cloths or toys), corrugated material, or any other packaging.
  • a food container e.g. , an oyster pale, single or multiple compartment hinged food containers (e.g. , containers traditionally made from polystyrene foam)
  • on shelf food boxes e.g. , cereal boxes, snack boxes, cookie boxes, etc
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be selected to provide a desired amount of strength, flexibility, transparency, or other properties to the box 370.
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be any of the thicknesses for a composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may exhibit a selected oat hull content, a selected functionalizing polymer type and/or content, and a selected thermoplastic matrix (or thermoplastic polymer) type and/or content to provide the desired physical properties to the box 370.
  • the oat hull content of the box 370 (or a portion thereof containing the composite material 300) may be less than about 50 wt% (e.g. , 30 wt%) of the composite material 300.
  • the oat hulls may allow for use of less polymer in the composite material 300 (than those composite materials not containing oat hulls), while retaining the desired physical characteristics of the thermoplastic (e.g., LDPE or HDPE) and using the oat hulls in an environmentally friendly way.
  • it may be desirable to include a fungicide or light blocker to the composite material 300 to prevent fungal growth in the box 370 or selected wavelengths of light from passing through the box 370.
  • the composite materials disclosed herein may be used as a fibers, filler, or packaging material.
  • the composite material may be formed into fibers.
  • the composite material may be cut into fibers from a composite material film or may be directly formed into fibers such as via extrusion.
  • the fibers may have any suitable size, such as at least about 1 mm wide (e.g., about 1 mm to about 2 cm or about 2 mm to about 1 cm) and about 1 mm long (e.g. , about 1 mm to about 1 m, about 5 mm to about 10 cm, or about 2 mm to about 5 cm).
  • the fibers may also be used for purposes other than packaging or fillers.
  • Fig. 3D shows an erosion blanket 380 including a body 382 having one or more portions (e.g. , fibers 384 or regions) made from the composite material 300.
  • the composite material 300 may be similar or identical to any composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may be formed into fibers 384 which may be formed into the body 382 of the erosion blanket 380.
  • the body 382 may include a plurality of woven, agglomerated, quilted, or otherwise collected fibers 384.
  • the fibers 384 may be formed into the body 382 of the erosion blanket 380 via one or more of weaving, anchoring with mesh, quilting, or any other suitable technique.
  • Providing the erosion blanket 380 having the composite material 300 therein may include forming the fibers 384 and/or the body 382, such as via extrusion, pouring, cutting, quilting, weaving, securing with a mesh outer layer, etc.
  • the erosion blanket 380 may be formed into a roll for later use, may be used to cover areas of soil or land, or any other suitable purpose.
  • the composition and/or thickness of the composite material 300 may be selected to provide a desired amount of strength, flexibility, transparency, or other properties to the erosion blanket 380.
  • the thickness of the composite material 300 may be any of the thicknesses for a composite material disclosed herein.
  • the composite material 300 may exhibit a selected oat hull content, a selected functionalizing polymer type and/or content, and a selected thermoplastic matrix (or thermoplastic polymer) type and/or content to provide the desired physical properties to the erosion blanket 380.
  • the oat hull content of the erosion blanket 380 may be about 50 wt% to about 80 wt% of the composite material 300.
  • a hydrophobic polymer matrix encapsulating the relatively high amount of oat hulls in the composite material 300 of the erosion blanket 380 may provide for water resistance, strength, and other physical properties desired in an erosion blanket, while utilizing an inexpensive and available material therein (e.g. , reducing the amount of polymers required over traditional, all polymer erosion blanket materials).
  • the body 382 may be a mat or blanket.
  • the body 382 may define the outer dimensions and surfaces of the erosion blanket 380.
  • the body 382 of the erosion blanket 380 may have any suitable dimensions for use as an erosion blanket.
  • the body 382 may have thickness (e.g. , height) of at least about 1 cm (e.g. , in a range of about 1 cm to about 20 cm, about 5 cm to about 30 cm).
  • the body 382 may include one or more lateral dimensions including a length and/or width of at least about 30 cm (e.g. , at least about 1 m, at least about 3 m, at least about 5 m, or ranges including any of the preceding as endpoints).
  • the body 382 of an erosion blanket 380 may include one or more layers of fibers 384.
  • the body 382 may include only a top layer of the fibers 384 and one or more layers of fibers or materials that do not contain the composite material 300.
  • the body 382 may include a top and bottom layer (e.g. , outermost layers) of the fibers 384 with an optional filler material therebetween, where the filler material differs from the material make-up of the fibers 384, such as a natural fiber (e.g. , straw, hay, etc.).
  • a natural fiber e.g. , straw, hay, etc.
  • an erosion blanket 380 can be made and installed in situ.
  • oat hulls can be modified by precoating the oat hulls having an average particle size of less than about 5 ⁇ with an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (e.g. , via spraying, dispersing, or mixing the oat hulls with the ethylene acrylic acid copolymer).
  • the hydrophilic carboxyl group can bond to the oat hull and the hydrophobic ethylene or polyethylene derivatives can repel water.
  • the oat hull content of the coated oat hulls can be about 70 wt% to about 80 wt% oat hulls, and the ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (e.g.
  • both a functionalizing polymer and thermoplastic polymer in this instance can be about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the coated oat hulls.
  • the coated oat hulls can be sprayed into a layer or layers, such as in a fluid medium (e.g. , hot air or a liquid medium).
  • the layer or layers of coated oat hulls can be pressed (e.g. , rolled or stamped in place) to form a coherent body (e.g. , via bonding between one or more of carboxyl functional groups, ethylenes, or ethylene derivatives).
  • the coherent body can parallel any contours of the ground or other substrate underneath the coherent body.
  • a range includes each individual member.
  • a group having 1-3 items refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 items.
  • a group having 1-5 items refers to groups having 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 items, and so forth.
  • a user may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; if flexibility is paramount, the user may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the user may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.
  • Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive (HDD), a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g. , a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
  • a typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g. , feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities).
  • a typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.
  • any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
  • operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

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Abstract

Certains modes de réalisation de l'invention concernent des procédés, des compositions et des articles comprenant des cosses d'avoine enrobées de polymère de fonctionnalisation dispersées dans des polymères thermoplastiques.
PCT/US2017/024308 2017-03-27 2017-03-27 Cosses d'avoine modifiées dans des polymères Ceased WO2018182566A1 (fr)

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