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WO2018178800A1 - Système de toilettes à compostage autonome - Google Patents

Système de toilettes à compostage autonome Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018178800A1
WO2018178800A1 PCT/IB2018/051807 IB2018051807W WO2018178800A1 WO 2018178800 A1 WO2018178800 A1 WO 2018178800A1 IB 2018051807 W IB2018051807 W IB 2018051807W WO 2018178800 A1 WO2018178800 A1 WO 2018178800A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
waste matter
matter
waste
bio
toilet system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2018/051807
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English (en)
Inventor
P. P. Ravi SENJI
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of WO2018178800A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018178800A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
    • C05F3/04—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure from human faecal masses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K11/00—Closets without flushing; Urinals without flushing; Chamber pots; Chairs with toilet conveniences or specially adapted for use with toilets
    • A47K11/02—Dry closets, e.g. incinerator closets
    • A47K11/03—Dry closets, e.g. incinerator closets having means for adding powder, e.g. earth
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/05—Treatments involving invertebrates, e.g. worms, flies or maggots
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/40—Treatment of liquids or slurries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the field of personal hygiene and sanitation.
  • the present disclosure relates to a self-contained composting toilet system for bio-conversion of bio-waste matter, in particular fecal matter to a compost material.
  • Vermicompost also commonly referred to as vermi-compost
  • Vermi-compost is a product of composting process that utilizes various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
  • Vermicast also commonly known as worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm feces
  • worm castings also commonly known as worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm feces
  • These castings have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.
  • Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner.
  • Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage sludge. Furthermore, a variation of the process is vermifiltration (or vermidigestion) which is used to remove organic matter, pathogens and oxygen demand from wastewater or directly from black water of flush toilets.
  • vermifiltration or vermidigestion
  • the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment.
  • the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
  • a general object of the present disclosure is to provide a self-contained toilet system associated with substantial water saving.
  • Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a sludge free self- contained toilet system.
  • Another object of the present disclosure is to provide an environment friendly toilet system.
  • Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a self-contained composting toilet system with minimal maintenance as compared to the conventional toilet system.
  • Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a self-contained toilet system to eliminate need of septic tanks, septic line networks and sewage treatment plants.
  • Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a simple and cost effective self-contained toilet system to provide vermicompost that is useful in farming.
  • the present disclosure relates to a self-contained composting toilet system for bio-conversion of bio-waste matter, in particular fecal matter to a compost material.
  • An aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a self-contained toilet system that includes a waste matter receptacle to separate urine and waste matter, such as, fecal matter, sanitary napkins and the likes, and a bottom container comprising a filtration unit to filter out solid waste matter from the water matter, a sterilization unit for sterilization of the solid waste matter, and a bio-conversion unit for converting the sterilized waste matter into a compost material, wherein the bio-conversion unit includes at least one waste degrading microorganism and at least one composting worm species capable of successively digesting the sterilized waste matter in order to obtain the compost material.
  • the sterilization and bio- conversion of the waste matter inhibits growth of undesired microorganisms in the waste matter and improves safety factor of the waste matter prior to its composting.
  • the proposed self-contained toilet system further includes a conveyer unit to transfer the waste matter from the waste matter receptacle to the filtration unit by utilizing gravitational action.
  • the conveyer unit is made up of a smart material having non-stick ability to eliminate requirement of excess water during flushing of the waste matter.
  • the filtration unit includes a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size to effect filtering of the solid waste matter from the waste matter prior to sterilization of the waste matter.
  • the plurality of layers of the filtration unit include any or a combination of a layer having metal chips topped with sand, a layer having any or a combination of rock dust, dry lime powder and charcoal, a layer having coarse gravel, and a layer having a mixture of sand and charcoal.
  • the waste matter receptacle is any of a twin outlet squatting pan and a twin outlet commode.
  • the sterilization unit includes a heating element selected from a group consisting of any or a combination of a UV light source, an IR light source, a solar radiation emitter, electric heater and a high intensity light bulb.
  • the sterilization unit further includes an air flow element to provide a stream of air to assist evaporation of the water content from the solid waste matter.
  • bio-conversion of the sterilized waste matter into the compost material is aided by at least one compost enhancer including any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand and an activated bacterial culture.
  • at least one compost enhancer including any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand and an activated bacterial culture.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a method for bio- conversion of waste matter into a compost material, the method including the steps of (i) separating urine and waste matter by a twin outlet waste matter receptacle, (ii) filtering solid waste matter from the waste matter by passing the waste matter through a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size, (iii) sterilizing the filtered solid waste matter by heating the solid waste matter to inhibit growth of undesired microorganisms in the waste matter and improve safety factor of the waste matter, and (iv) bio-converting the sterilized waste matter into a compost material, wherein the sterilized waste matter is successively digested by at least one waste degrading microorganism and at least one composting worm species to obtain the compost material.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary representation of proposed self-contained composting toilet system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary representation of a waste matter receptacle of the proposed self-contained composting toilet system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGs. 3 A, 3B and 3C illustrate exemplary representations of bottom container and various units accommodated therein to produce a compost material in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary representation of proposed method for bio- conversion of waste matter into the compost material in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • light be included or have a characteristic, that particular component or feature is not required to be included or have the characteristic.
  • Embodiment explained herein relate to a composting toilet.
  • it pertains to a self-contained composting toilet system for bio-conversion of bio-waste matter to a compost material (also referred to as "vermicompost").
  • the proposed toilet system can be used to reduce waste of water used for flushing after use of the toilet.
  • An aspect of the present disclosure provides a self-contained composting toilet system for bio-conversion of bio-waste matter, in particular fecal matter to a compost material.
  • the self-contained composting toilet system can include a waste matter receptacle to separate urine and waste matter, and a bottom container comprising a filtration unit (as shown in FIG.
  • the proposed self-contained toilet system can further include a conveyer unit to transfer the waste matter from the waste matter receptacle to the filtration unit by utilizing gravitational action.
  • the conveyer unit can be made up of a smart material having non-stick ability to eliminate requirement of excess water during flushing of the waste matter.
  • the filtration unit can include a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size to effect filtering of the solid waste matter from the waste matter prior to sterilization of the waste matter.
  • the plurality of layers of the filtration unit can include any or a combination of a layer having metal chips topped with sand, a layer having any or a combination of rock dust, dry lime powder and charcoal, a layer having coarse gravel, and a layer having a mixture of sand and charcoal.
  • the waste matter receptacle can be any of a twin outlet squatting pan and a twin outlet commode.
  • the sterilization unit can include a heating element selected from a group consisting of any or a combination of a UV light source, an IR light source, a solar radiation emitter, electric heater and a high intensity light bulb.
  • the sterilization unit can further include an air flow element to provide a stream of air to assist evaporation of the water content from the solid waste matter.
  • bio-conversion of the sterilized waste matter into the compost material can be aided by at least one compost enhancer including any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand and an activated bacterial culture.
  • at least one compost enhancer including any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand and an activated bacterial culture.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a method for bio- conversion of waste matter into a compost material, the method including the steps of separating urine and waste matter by a twin outlet waste matter receptacle, filtering solid waste matter from the waste matter by passing the waste matter through a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size, sterilizing the filtered solid waste matter by heating the solid waste matter to inhibit growth of undesired microorganisms in the waste matter and improve safety factor of the waste matter, and bio-converting the sterilized waste matter into a compost material, wherein the sterilized waste matter is successively digested by at least one waste degrading microorganism and at least one composting worm species to obtain the compost material.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary representation of proposed self-contained composting toilet system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the proposed self-contained composting toilet system (also referred to as “therm worm toilet system” or simply as “toilet system” hereinafter) 100 can include a waste matter receptacle (also referred to as “receptacle” hereinafter) 102 in the form of a twin outlet commode or squatting pan that contains at least two output passages adapted to separate urine and waste matter such as fecal matter, ablution water (water used for anal washing), waste water, sanitary napkins and the likes.
  • the proposed toilet system 100 can further include a bottom container (also referred to as "composter” hereinafter) 104 accommodating a filtration unit to filter out solid waste matter from the waste matter by removing excess wastewater from the waste matter, a sterilization unit for sterilization of the solid waste matter by heating the solid waste matter at a pre-determined temperature for a defined interval of time, and a bio- conversion unit to treat the sterilized waste matter in order to produce a compost material, for instance, vermicompost, that can be used as a fertilizer, a soil conditioner and further finds application in organic farming.
  • a bottom container also referred to as "composter” hereinafter
  • a filtration unit to filter out solid waste matter from the waste matter by removing excess wastewater from the waste matter
  • a sterilization unit for sterilization of the solid waste matter by heating the solid waste matter at a pre-determined temperature for a defined interval of time
  • a bio- conversion unit to treat the sterilized waste matter in order to produce a compost material, for instance, verm
  • the proposed toilet system 100 can be designed to operate above ground or near ground surface with the bottom container 104 placed above the ground or fitted underneath ground surface.
  • the composter 104 can have a shape of selected from a group consisting of square, rectangular, spherical, cubical, drum shaped and the like.
  • the waste matter receptacle 102 can separate urine and waste matter such as fecal matter, ablution water (water used for anal washing), waste water, sanitary napkin and the like during use.
  • the proposed self-contained toilet system can further include a conveyer unit 106 to transfer the waste matter from the waste matter receptacle 102 to the filtration unit of the bottom container 104 by utilizing gravitational force.
  • the waste matter receptacle 102 can include a first outlet 202 and a second outlet 204 to separate urine and waste matter of a user during its usage.
  • the first outlet 202can provide a passage for the urine to pass through.
  • the second outlet 204can provide a passage for the waste matter to pass through, thereby effecting separation of the urine and the waste matter.
  • the separation of the urine and the waste matter during use can reduce the size of the bottom container 104.
  • the waste matter receptacle 102 can be selected from a group consisting of a twin outlet squatting pan, a twin outlet commode (also referred to as "western toilet") and the like.
  • the waste matter receptacle 102 can be constructed such that it can be used for ablution (anal washing) during its usage.
  • the second outlet 204 of the receptacle 102 can be connected to the conveyer unit 106.
  • the receptacle 102 can conveys the waste matter to the conveying unit 106 using ablution water eliminate requirement for flushing after use.
  • the conveyer unit 106 can be connected in between the second outlet 204 of the waste matter receptacle 102 and the composter 104. In an embodiment, the conveyer unit 106can transfer the waste matter from the second outlet 204of the waste matter receptacle 102 to the filtration unit by utilizing gravitational force/action.
  • the conveyer unit 106 can be a sliding member inclined with the vertical at a small angle, say, 10 degrees, to allow waste matter passing through the second outlet 204 of the waste matter receptacle 102 to be conveyed to the filtration unit of the compactor 104.
  • the transfer of the waste matter from the second outlet 204 to the filtration unit can be governed by gravitational force to allow easy transfer of the waste matter with minimal use of water.
  • the conveyer unit 106 can be made up of a smart material having non-stick ability to eliminate requirement of excess water during flushing of the waste matter and further to assist hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic property of inside of the conveyer unit 106.
  • ablution water can be used for conveying of the waste matter down through the sliding member 106 to eliminate requirement of flushing after use of the waste matter receptacle 102.
  • the conveyer unit 106 can transport the waste matter beyond visual range that is percolated within the bottom container 104 by assistance of the ablution water.
  • the conveyer unit 106 can be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to a pipeline, a conduit, a siphon tube, a corkscrew shaped tube and the like.
  • the conveyer unit 106 can include a corkscrew shaped sliding member for gravity assisted movement of the waste matter in downward direction for further processing.
  • slope of the corkscrew shaped conveyer apparatus can be at an angle in the range of 20-45 degrees, preferably 25-38 degrees.
  • FIGs. 3 A, 3B and 3C illustrate exemplary representations of bottom container and various units accommodated therein to produce a compost material in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the bottom container/composter 104 can include a plurality of chambers to accommodate any or a combination of filtration unit 302, sterilization unit 304, bio-conversion unit 306 among other components and units essential for production of the compost material.
  • the filtration units 302 can include a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size to effect filtering of the solid waste matter from the waste matter by passing the prior to sterilization of the waste matter.
  • the plurality of layers can include particles of varying size and porosity.
  • the plurality of layers of the filtration unit 302 can include any or a combination of a layer having metal chips topped with sand, a layer having any or a combination of rock dust, dry lime powder and charcoal, a layer having coarse gravel, and a layer having a mixture of sand and charcoal.
  • the filtration unit 302 can include a tray divided by a plate312 into two sections such that a first tray section 302-1 and a second tray section 302- 2can accommodate sanitary napkin and fecal matter with ablution water respectively, thereby effecting separation of the sanitary napkin and fecal matter.
  • the fecal matter along with ablution water can slide down to the sterilization unit 304 from the second tray section 302-2.
  • the first tray section 302-1 can allow sliding of sanitary napkin to the sterilizing unit 304 where it is sterilized by operation of the heating element 308.
  • disintegration of carbon content of the sanitary napkins can be effected due to the sterilization to enable quick digestion of the sanitary napkins by the bio-conversion unit 306.
  • bottommost first layer of the filtration unit 302 can be composed of rock/stone blocks and the interspersed spaces in this first layer of rock/stone blocks can be filled with sand, charcoal or a mixture of sand and charcoal.
  • the volume-to- volume (v/v) ratio of sand to charcoal can be 1 : 1.
  • a second layer above the bottommost first layer can be bedded on top of the first layer and can include coarse gravel with interspersed spaces in the second layer of coarse gravel filled with sand, charcoal, or a mixture of sand and charcoal.
  • the v/v ratio of sand to charcoal can be 1 : 1.
  • a third layer can be bedded on top of the second layer and can include rock dust, dry lime powder, charcoal, and combination thereof.
  • the v/v ratio of rock dust to dry lime powder to charcoal can be 25 :35:40.
  • a topmost fourth layer can include metal chips topped with sand for an even surface.
  • a layer of charcoal may be added in between each layer to improve filtration characteristics associated therewith. In an embodiment, depth of each layer and number of layers can be varied as per design requirements and usage.
  • the filtration unit 302 can filter out solid waste matter from the water matter such as user feces, ablution water, sanitary napkins, toilet paper and the like by separation of excess wastewater in the waste matter.
  • the solid waste matter filtered by the filtration unit 302can pass to the sterilization unit 304.
  • the sterilization unit 304 can include a heating element 308 and an air flow unit 310 to allow flow of a stream of air to assist evaporation of the wastewater content in the waste matter.
  • the aeration within the bottom container 104 can be achieved by the air flow unit 310.
  • the air flow unit 310 can be a pipe having a plurality holes across its entire surface.
  • evaporation of the ablution water content from the solid waste matter can reduce its volume to about 25% of its original volume over a period of time.
  • the air flow unit 310 can be placed such that the flowing air get heated by the heating element 308, thereby enable flowing of a hot air stream over the solid waste matter.
  • flow of the heated air stream can also reduce odor by trapping the odor within hardened crust formed on surface of the solid waste matter.
  • the heating element 308 can be selected from a group consisting of any or a combination of a UV light source, an IR light source, a solar radiation emitter, electric heater, a high intensity light bulb and the like, adapted to heat the waste matter at a pre-determined temperature for a defined period of time.
  • the heating element 308 can generate heat to maintain the temperature of the solid waste matter at 55-75°C.
  • heating of the waste matter in the sterilization unit 304 can reduce volume of the solid waste matter, odor and health risk of fecal matter by sterilizing the waste matter.
  • the bottom container 104 can include plurality holes 318 on at least one side wall of the bottom container leads to inflow and outflow of air in the bottom container 104.
  • heating element 308 of the sterilization unit 304 can be based on any of a solar window model, a solar cooker model using square box type solar reflectors, a solar cooker model using rectangular box type solar reflectors, a solar reflector and Fresnel concentrator model, a heater element electricity driven model, and a lamp-based electricity driven model.
  • reduction of water content from the solid waste matter can enable generation of a moist compost bed that is favorable for composting.
  • the sterilized waste matter can slide from the sterilization unit 304 to the bio- conversion unit for further process.
  • the bio-conversion unit 306 can include at least one waste degrading microorganism and at least one composting worm species to successively digest the sterilized waste matter in order to obtain the compost material.
  • the sterilized waste matter can be a concentrated mass of organic food (also referred to as "bio- waste") for the at least one waste degrading microorganism.
  • the bio-waste can be first digested by the at least one waste degrading microorganism and the digested and excreted waste along with the microorganism can be digested by the at least composting worm subsequently.
  • the at least one composting worm can digest and excrete worm cast (also referred to as "vermicompost” or “compost” hereinafter).
  • the at least one microorganism can be selected from the group consisting of any or combination of mesophilic bacteria species, thermophilic bacteria species, actimomycetes, fungi and the like.
  • the at least one composting worm can be selected from the group consisting of any or combination of earthworms, red worms, white worms and the like.
  • the bio conversion unit 306 can include any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand, broken brick chunk, gravel stone, an activated bacterial culture and the like can enable flora and fauna in the bio-conversion process.
  • the broken brick chunk, gravel stone can be placed at bottom of the bio conversion unit and other matter can be placed above it.
  • the two layered digestion of bio-waste by the at least one microorganism and the at least one composting worms can occur concurrently or sequentially.
  • two layered digestion of bio-material can insure safety for human beings during handling of the compost material.
  • bio-conversion of the sterilized waste matter into the compost material can be aided by at least one compost enhancer including any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand broken brick chunk, gravel stone and an activated bacterial culture.
  • at least one compost enhancer including any or a combination of activated charcoal, coal dust, shell lime, chopped hay, wheat stalks, rice bran, wheat bran, mulch, pre-digested compost, fine grain sand broken brick chunk, gravel stone and an activated bacterial culture.
  • the bottom container 104 can include a plurality of slots 314 in a bottom sheet 316 of the bottom container 104 to pass the separated excess waste water out of the bottom container 104.
  • bio-conversion of the sterilized waste matter into the compost material can be aided by effective microorganism solution for regular cleaning of the plurality of slots 314 for ensuring trouble free passes of the excess waste water.
  • sterilization and bio-conversion of the waste matter inhibits growth of undesired microorganisms to an acceptable level present in the waste matter and improves safety factor of the waste matter prior to its composting.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary representation of proposed method for bio- conversion of waste matter into the compost material in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the proposed method 400for bio-conversion of waste matter into a compost material can include, at step 402, effecting separation of urine and waste matter such fecal matter, ablution water, waste water, sanitary napkin and the like by a waste matter receptacle.
  • the separation of urine and waste matter can reduce size of the composter.
  • the waste matter receptacle can include a first outlet and a second outlet to separate urine and waste matter of a user during its usage.
  • the first outlet can provide a passage for the urine to pass through.
  • the second outlet can provide a passage for the waste matter to pass through, thereby effecting separation of the urine and the waste matter.
  • the method 400 can include, at step 404, filtering solid waste matter from the waste matter by passing the waste matter through a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size.
  • the filtration can reduce the amount of the ablution water and the excess waste water in the solid waste matter by passing the waste matter to the composter through the plurality of layers of the filtering unit.
  • the filtration unit can include a plurality of layers of varying porosity and size to effect filtering of the solid waste matter from the waste matter prior to sterilization of the waste matter.
  • the plurality of layers of the filtration unit can include any or a combination of a layer having metal chips topped with sand, a layer having any or a combination of rock dust, dry lime powder and charcoal, a layer having coarse gravel, and a layer having a mixture of sand and charcoal.
  • the method 400 can include, at step 406, sterilizing the filtered solid waste matter by heating the solid waste matter to inhibit growth of undesired microorganisms in the waste matter and improve safety factor of the waste matter.
  • the sterilization can effect reduction in volume and odor of the waste matter, and can further reduce health risk of waste matter through sterilization of the waste matter.
  • the sterilization unit can includes a heating element selected from a group consisting of any or a combination of a UV light source, an IR light source, a solar radiation emitter, electric heater, a high intensity light bulb and the like, adapted to heat the waste matter at a pre-determined temperature for a defined period of time.
  • the heating element 308 can generate heat to maintain the temperature of the solid waste matter at 55-75°C.
  • the method 400 can include, at step 408, bio-converting the sterilized waste matter into a compost material, wherein the sterilized waste matter is successively digested by at least one waste degrading microorganism and at least one composting worm species to obtain the compost material.
  • the bio-waste can be first digested by the microorganism and the digested and excreted waste along with the microorganism can be digested by the at least composting worm.
  • the at least one composting worm can digest and excrete vermicompost which can be extracted as the required compost material and can be used in various applications, such as, farming, soil conditioning, and the likes.
  • the at least one microorganism can be elected from the group consisting of any or combination of mesophilic bacteria species, thermophilic bacteria species, actimomycetes, fungi and the like.
  • the at least one composting worms can be selected from the group consisting of any or combination of earthworms, red worms, white worms and the like.
  • the sterilization and bio-conversion of the waste matter inhibits growth of undesired microorganisms to an acceptable level present in the waste matter and improves safety factor of the waste matter.
  • the self-contained composting toilet system can be equipped for extraction of compost material generated by the bio-conversion unit.
  • the self-contained composting toilet system can be capable of handling degradable non-fecal waste such as paper and cotton/absorbent fabric materials found in sanitary napkins.
  • the self-contained composting toilet system can also refer to as "therm worm” toilet system in reference to use of thermal energy and microbes/worms to implement the intended function.
  • the average volume of urine produced by an average person per day is about
  • Step 1 Source separation: Bodily excretions (solid and/or liquid) are separated at the point of collection (waste matter receptacle) using urine diverting dry type squat pan or commode. This apart, ablution water and hand washing water is also separated using the wastewater recovery unit as described previously. Separating each fraction ensures that maximal recycling efficiency is achieved.
  • Step 2 Filtration: Wherever ablution (anal washing) is practiced, the ablution water enters the conveyer apparatus. Normally the ablution water used is in the range of 750 ml to 1.25 liters. It is observed that women use an additional 400 ml after use. This health factor is converted to convey the fecal waste down the conveyer apparatus. This eliminates the need for further flushing in most cases. In isolated cases where fecal matter may cling to the receptacle bowl, is observed then some more water can be directed to move the feces away. This water after conveying the feces beyond visual range is filtered within the filtration unit using chemically inert filter with synthetic filtering material.
  • Step 3 Sterilization: Human feces are found to contain both helpful and harmful microorganisms. It is clinically observed that feces exposed to heat, UV light, and air supply turn the medium hostile for any microorganism found within feces and further inhibit the multiplication of microorganisms, and enhance microbe death. This enhances the safety factor of the feces before it starts to compost, thus reducing pathogen interaction to controllable levels when handled by humans.
  • Step 4 Reduction: When exposed to heat and/or light with free flow of air, as much as 75% of the water content can be evaporated, thus reducing the volume to 25% of the original.
  • the convectional air current as described previously aids in carrying the water away as vapor This serves two other important process also, namely, reduction in generation of odor from the feces, and drying the top layer which turns brown forming a crust (caramelization) and trap whatever odor present within the feces. Evaporating water from feces shrinking its volume thus enhancing storage capacity within the composter.
  • Step 5 Conversion: The sanitized and dried fecal matter is essentially a concentrated mass of organic matter, which can serve an a rich nutrient source for microbes.
  • the microbes thrive by digesting the organic content present within the fecal matter.
  • the substantially dried fecal matter lands on a bed of microorganism enhancing material loaded with selective human friendly composting microorganisms (such as worms) compensating for those lost during the sterilization process. Growth of the colonies, aided by residual water, and the fecal matter reduces the fecal load within the chamber. Their digested and expelled waste along with semi digested material is in turn appropriate for the composting worms.
  • FIG. 1 A diagrammatic representation of the overall process of the self-contained composting toilet system is set forth in FIG. 1.
  • Convey pipe solar window model Here the convey pipe is cut longitudinally for the entire length above ground with just 1 inch spacing on the top and bottom. The cut width being the radii of the pipe. This cut is covered with two pieces of UV resistant poly carbonate sheet pieces measuring one inch extra longitudinally and an inch extra on the sides. The sheet is normally 2 mm thick and like plain glass. Choosing abrasion resistant extremely clear polycarbonate over glass ensures that the material can be bent to take the shape of the pipe. A spacer often made of Teflon is placed between the two sheets providing an air gap which also doubles as insulation before fixing these sheets over the solar window cut made on the top of the pipe. This allows sunlight reach the feces over the filter.
  • the light transforms into heat and heats up the confines along with the feces.
  • the sandwiched polycarbonate sheets trap the heat within the pipe longer thus ensuring the thermal build up is sustained longer even after the source is removed.
  • the FRP filter insulates the bottom of the pipe aiding retention of heat within.
  • the artificial glass material retains heat and works as thermal stabilizer.
  • Convey type solar cooker model This variation uses the above pipe along with its solar window, but at places with shorter sunlight span or places with less sunlight, a mechanism to harvest more light and convert it to heat becomes a necessity.
  • a solar collector window is provided to collect additional solar radiation and focus it into the pipe.
  • a set of reflective wings are added alongside the solar window.
  • a set of thin FRP panels are placed adjacent to the cut made by a set of hinges. This shell is held in position with window pane stoppers.
  • This hinge and stopper based combination provides maximum flexibility by allowing to choose the best angle to align the base to harvest maximum solar reflection.
  • Reflective acrylic mirror sheet /stainless steel mirror sheet is mounted on the base frame used to provide reflectivity.
  • the thin tubular pipe fabricated using stainless steel/MS steel is filled with heat retention materials to function as thermal stabilizers.
  • the materials used vary from commercially available phase change materials (PCM), paraffin wax, common rock salt,3 ⁇ 4 inch sized blue metal bit rocks. When rock salt or blue metal rock bits are used, they are sprayed with black paint before filling into the tube. This coat of black increases the thermal co-efficiency of the material to absorb higher concentration of heat from the light source.
  • Heater element/heat lamp based electricity driven model This model uses electric power supply along with all or most of the principles mentioned herein. This model provides scope for miniaturization. The units become mobile and can be fitted below conventional seats, wheeled along to bedside in hospitals, driven around in mobile platforms or stay fixed at locations.
  • the sterilizer unit here is a miniature version of the above- mentioned Solar based helical spiral sterilizer with circular reflector and Fresnel concentrator. The variation being instead of using solar light to generate heat an electric heater element/lamp is used. This structure works with the smaller dish unit. This smaller dish is further reduced in dimensions to sizes as small as 8-10 inches in diameter.
  • the temperatures achieved for effective sterilization process is in the range of 55-75 °C. At these temperatures, effectively in less than 24 hours, the fecal matter is effectively sterilized and substantially desiccated.
  • Fecal odor which emanates when the feces travel down through the convey pipe gets controlled by a two-way process, namely, caramelization, and evaporation.
  • Caramelization is the process of browning the crust of substance. Here the heat generated by focused light effects drying of the top layer of the feces which turns brown forming a shield like crust. This crust seals the odor within the feces reducing odor effectively.
  • Evaporation When the inside of the sterilization unit is heated up, it also heats up the air present within. Hot air rises up and escapes through a series of 2" holes drilled on both sides parallel to the edge of the solar window to provide cross ventilation. The hot air as it rises also carries away moisture from the exposed surfaces of not only the feces but also from the filter bed material below. When hot air escapes through the holes, cool air from outside rushes in to fill this space setting up a convection air cycle movement. This results in not just elimination of odor from the feces but also in drying up the interior faster. Drying up improves the efficiency of the synthetic glass sand material, used in filtering water. Care is taken to ensure that the holes are not set very close to the solar window. A thin strip of sheet is fixed at right angle over these rows of holes which act as shades preventing rain water from entering the pipe.
  • the conveyer pipe empties its contents on the bottom side facing away from the top of the composter. This ensures that extreme effort is needed to reach and access the raw untreated waste. This factor ensures highest levels of handling safety when harvesting for worm casts.
  • the remaining 18-20 inches of pipe is embedded within the bio-conversion unit where it safely deposits all human feces into the bowels of the unit for digestion and conversion into worm casts by composting earth worms.
  • Filtered water contains fecal material, so it needs a combination of natural process filters, which not only trap such micro level particles but also act on the filtered fecal debris. This requirement is met by combining naturally known and occurring materials in a unique manner to achieve maximal combinatorial effect, and layering them in a sequence. The pit is divided to three parts and the lowermost part is again divided into six equal parts. This results in a layered height of 2-2.5 feet, starting from the bottom.
  • the bottom most layer comprise a layer of rough stone blocks to a height of 6 inches placed as close to each other possible, the space created due to the unevenness of the surface and height of these rock blocks is filled with (1 : 1) sand and charcoal mix, and repeated till the cut rocks occupy a height on 6 inches from the bottom.
  • a layer of charcoal measuring 2 inches in height is spread on the top.
  • This bottom most layer ensures that the water is forced through these tightly packed carbon sand mix aided by natural pressure, which squeezes out or traps even the finest deposits of fecal material trapping them in the rough edges of the rock.
  • the process is repeated using coarse gravel, layer by layer where after each layer the empty spaces are filled with sand charcoal mix to a height of 6 inches.
  • the third layer is made using rock dust, anhydrous shell lime (dry lime powder and charcoal in the ratio of (25:35:40) rock dust/sand where each material is spaced with an even layer of charcoal.
  • the top most layer is blue metal chips spread to a thickness of 4 inches. This is completed by evening out the surface with sand.
  • Figure 6 depicts the visual representation of the water filtration unit of the self- contained composting toilet system.
  • the toilet unit is designed to operate as above ground or near the surface units. Above the ground units works with solar power supply and heater lamps. Near the surface unit uses solar energy alone. There are three distinct regions in the unit, namely, above the ground inside the toilet enclosure, above the ground outside the toilet enclosure and below the ground inside the composter. [00106] Above ground inside toilet enclosure: the toilet enclosure is raised by 12-14 inches from ground level. Then toilets inside are placed on a pedestal of 10 inches from the toilet floor. Which together total to 22-24 inches above ground. This height is essential to provide the necessary slope for the convey tube to function without flush. A urine diverting dry type toilet pan in squat type toilets & commodes in WC is used.
  • the convey apparatus pipe mouth is cut at a sloping angle to provide snug fit with the opening of the pan or commode mouth and sealed with water resistant bonding material.
  • the convey pipe itself is cut at 45 ⁇ 45-degree angle to form an oval, bonded to the raised pedestal floor, set inside the toilet enclosure to serve as toilet pan.
  • 18-24 inches of the pipe are found within the enclosure before exiting the wall nearest to the fixture.
  • Above ground outside toilet enclosure The next 22-26 inches above ground, slopes at 35-40 degrees before entering the composter. The exposed two feet area is utilized to serve as filter and sterilization regions.
  • the 2m long Convey pipe is designed to perform 6 functions, namely, convey waste, filter waste, sterilize waste, odor removal from waste, volume reduction of waste, and prevent human access to untreated waste.
  • the (waste) filter is manufactured using FRP with a thickness not exceeding 1 mm. By its hydrophobic nature, very little feces cling on to the surface.
  • This ultra-thin sheet is cut into strips and woven like a mat and bent to resemble a set of waves/fins.
  • the first wave/fin measures 1.5-inch height x 0.10-inch length x 0.8-inch-wide
  • the second wave measures 1.25-inch height x 0.8-inch length 0.8-inch-wide
  • the third wave measures 1 inch height x 0.6-inch length x 0.8 inch wide. This filter mechanism is placed with the tallest wave near the top.
  • the top part of the filter is evened out along the surface of the pipe to ensure smooth flow of feces and water over the filter whereas the bottom of the filter is raised slightly upwards to not only slow down the water from rushing down but also reduce the speed of travel of feces to the composter.
  • the space between the weave is porous enough to let water drain through, as it allows the feces slide on top of it with least friction.
  • the filtered ablution water is directly let into the soil below the compost area. With the all sides and bottom closed along with spacing caused by the upward angle makes the mat look like a wavy wedge.
  • Sterilization from the point of exit from the enclosure till it enters the composter the top part of the pipe is designed to work as a sterilizer to effect quick and efficient die off of pathogens. This function ensures the feces gets treated for pathogens present within along with drying feces and elimination of odor caused by caramelization of crust of feces before progressing to the next stage.
  • Composter design (bio-conversion unit): In this particular example where the users are more than 10, the soil is dug up to a depth of 9 feet. A series of 8 rings measuring 4- 6-8 in diameter and 1 foot in height are inserted. The internal hollow is approximately partitioned into three parts. The bottommost part is layered to a height of 2.75-3 feet, starting from the bottom with a layer of rough stone blocks to a height of 6 inches, the space between the block is filled with (50:50) sand and charcoal mix, and repeated till the cut rocks occupy a height on 6 inches from the bottom.
  • a layer of charcoal measuring 2 inches in height is spread on the top then again, the process is repeated using coarse gravel, layer by layer where after each layer the empty spaces are filled with sand charcoal mix to a height of 6 inches.
  • the third layer is made using rock dust, anhydrous shell lime (dry lime powder and charcoal in the ratio of (25:35:40) rock dust/sand where each material is spaced with an even layer of charcoal.
  • the top most layer is blue metal chips spread to a thickness of 4 inches. This is completed by evening out the surface with sand occupying one third its capacity.
  • the solar reflector-concentrator sterilizer is then placed to occupy the top most one third space and being larger than the composter pit it stays visible above ground. This hollow between is the space dedicated to collect fecal waste and convert to worm casts.
  • Conveyer unit Wall thickness- 6 mm -9 mm; Material type-HDPE/PVC-UV resistant/ Sanitary pipe; OD size- 6/15 inches; Finish-Smooth interior; Quality-Hydrophobic; and Color-Black preferable/Grey.
  • FRP weave and wave/fin filter Thickness- 1 mm ⁇ 1.5mm; Material type-FRP
  • ISO resin sheet Size- 0.3-0.8 inches x 20-25 inches; Finish-Smooth exterior; Quality-Weave type with 1.25-1.75 inch strips; and Color-Black.
  • Solar window Sheet thickness- 1mm -2 mm; Size- 3-8 inches x 20-25 inches; Material type-Polycarbonate UV resistant clear sheet; Finish- Smooth; Quality- Abrasion resistant; and Color-Clear.
  • Solar reflector base Sheet thickness- 2 mm; Material type-FRP ISO resin sheet; Size 10-18 inches x 20-25 inches; Finish-Rough; Quality-UV resistant; and Color- Clear.
  • Solar reflector Sheet thickness- 1-2 mm; Material type-Mirror type Acrylic sheet/stainless sheet; Size 10-18 inches x 20-25 inches; Finish-Smooth; Quality-Heat resistant; and Color-Mirror type.
  • Solar concentrator Sheet thickness- 1-2 mm; Material type-Mirror type
  • Acrylic sheet/stainless sheet Size 2.5-6 inches x 18-22 inches; Finish- Smooth; Quality-Heat resistant; and Color-Mirror type.
  • Composter Wall thickness- 3 mm -4 mm;; Material type-HDPE/Nylon UV resistant/drum with lid; OD size- 20-28 inches; Finish-Smooth interior; Quality- Hydrophobic; and Color-Black preferable/Blue.
  • Wormery Wall thickness- 1.5 mm -2 mm; Material type-Braided PVC-UV resistant/ Water hose; OD size- 3-4 inches; Finish-Smooth interior; Quality-Hydrophobic; and Color-Green preferable/Black.
  • the present disclosure provides a self-contained toilet system associated with substantial water saving.
  • the present disclosure provides a sludge free self-contained toilet system.
  • the present disclosure provides an environment friendly toilet system.
  • the present disclosure provides a self-contained toilet system to eliminate need of septic tanks, septic line networks and sewage treatment plants.
  • the present disclosure provides a simple and cost effective self-contained toilet system to provide vermicompost that is useful in farming.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système de toilettes à compostage autonome pour produire une matière de compost par bioconversion de déchets. Le système de toilettes 100 comprend un réceptacle 102 à déchets pour séparer l'urine et les déchets et un récipient inférieur 104 comprenant une unité de filtration 302 pour filtrer des déchets solides de la matière aqueuse, une unité de stérilisation 304 pour stériliser les déchets solides et une unité de bioconversion 306 pour convertir les déchets stérilisés en matière de compost, la stérilisation et la bioconversion des déchets inhibant la croissance de micro-organismes non souhaités dans les déchets et améliorant le facteur de sécurité des déchets avant leur compostage.
PCT/IB2018/051807 2017-03-27 2018-03-19 Système de toilettes à compostage autonome Ceased WO2018178800A1 (fr)

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WO2021226365A1 (fr) * 2020-05-06 2021-11-11 Green Logic, LLC Système de désinfection à double chambre
EP3954672A4 (fr) * 2021-01-29 2022-04-27 Excelsior Inc. Méthode de production de vermicompost
CN119390310A (zh) * 2024-11-18 2025-02-07 江苏通用环保集团有限公司 一种生态厕所排放物回用处理系统及其热能循环使用方法

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WO2021226365A1 (fr) * 2020-05-06 2021-11-11 Green Logic, LLC Système de désinfection à double chambre
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EP3954672A4 (fr) * 2021-01-29 2022-04-27 Excelsior Inc. Méthode de production de vermicompost
CN119390310A (zh) * 2024-11-18 2025-02-07 江苏通用环保集团有限公司 一种生态厕所排放物回用处理系统及其热能循环使用方法

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