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WO2018151626A2 - Capteur d'enregistrement de rayonnement ionisant et/ou des particules ionisantes et dispositif équipé de ce capteur pour déterminer la présence de radionucléides dans l'air - Google Patents

Capteur d'enregistrement de rayonnement ionisant et/ou des particules ionisantes et dispositif équipé de ce capteur pour déterminer la présence de radionucléides dans l'air Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018151626A2
WO2018151626A2 PCT/RU2018/000083 RU2018000083W WO2018151626A2 WO 2018151626 A2 WO2018151626 A2 WO 2018151626A2 RU 2018000083 W RU2018000083 W RU 2018000083W WO 2018151626 A2 WO2018151626 A2 WO 2018151626A2
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Prior art keywords
electrodes
electrode
voltage
particles
radionuclides
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PCT/RU2018/000083
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English (en)
Russian (ru)
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WO2018151626A3 (fr
Inventor
Игорь МИСЮЧЕНКО
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from RU2017105231A external-priority patent/RU2655023C1/ru
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Publication of WO2018151626A3 publication Critical patent/WO2018151626A3/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/17—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector
    • G01T1/178—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector for measuring specific activity in the presence of other radioactive substances, e.g. natural, in the air or in liquids such as rain water
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sensors and devices for determining (recording, detecting) ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles, as well as the content (e.g., presence) of radionuclides, i.e. radioactive isotopes, i.e. nuclides whose nuclei are unstable and undergo radioactive decay in air near devices, in particular, daughter products of decay (DPR) of radon and radon itself, as well as in some variants of determining a number of parameters of ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles and / or radionuclide content in ambient air, for example, their decay frequency, concentration and / or volumetric activity.
  • radionuclides i.e. radioactive isotopes, i.e. nuclides whose nuclei are unstable and undergo radioactive decay in air near devices, in particular, daughter products of decay (DPR) of radon and radon itself, as well as in some variants of determining a number of
  • a device for determining the airborne content of a radionuclide such as radon is known from the patent RU2008694 by detecting alpha particles emitted by daughter radon decay products, which are also radionuclides.
  • the device comprises an air chamber in which an alpha particle detector is located. Air is supplied to the chamber through an aerosol filter.
  • the chamber is made in the form of folding telescopic rings, thanks to which it can be folded and expanded, thereby ensuring air supply into the chamber (i.e., the chamber also acts as a pump).
  • the alpha particle detector can be made in various forms. In one implementation, it can be an electrode on which ions are concentrated, which are obtained in air as a result of the passage of alpha particles. Ions fall on such a concentrating electrode due to the electrostatic field formed by the difference in electric potentials between the concentrating electrode and the chamber wall. When ions hit the concentrating electrode, a voltage / current pulse is formed, through which it is possible to register an alpha particle.
  • a detector of ionizing particles and / or radiation, such as an ionization chamber, is based on this principle of action.
  • the microphone effect Due to the high potential difference between the wall of the ionization chamber, which is the first electrode, and the second (concentrating) electrode, any change in the distance between the chamber wall and the concentrating electrode, including due to the action of sound or mechanical vibration on the chamber wall, leads to a change in the potential of the concentrating electrode .
  • the present invention is the elimination (reduction, suppression) of the microphone effect inherent in the ionization chamber.
  • the objective of the present invention is solved using an ionizing radiation sensor and / or ionizing particles, including: one or more first electrodes; two or more second electrodes located near one or more first electrodes; and a subtracting module, configured to receive (and output) a signal corresponding to the difference of electric potentials and / or currents of two or more second electrodes.
  • One or more first electrodes and second electrodes are configured to accept (receive) the electric potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes (that is, it is possible to apply such a potential difference to them), which collects one or more second electrodes of ions formed as a result of air ionization in the region between the first electrodes and the second electrodes by ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles.
  • first electrodes and the second electrodes are advantageously adapted to receive (receive) the electric potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes, which provides ionization of the air between the first electrodes and the second electrodes by ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles.
  • the subtractor module may be configured to receive a signal corresponding to the difference in electric potentials and / or currents of two or more second electrodes multiplied by weights.
  • the second electrodes can be made with the possibility of accepting (receiving) the potential difference between them (that is, the second electrodes can be given a potential difference).
  • the senor may include a partition placed between the second electrodes and configured to receive the electric potential of the first electrode.
  • the first electrodes can be placed, i.e. the first electrodes can be placed not only near the second electrodes, but also between them.
  • one or more of the first electrode may cover each or part or all of the second electrodes in a solid angle of 2 ⁇ to 3.5 ⁇ steradian (relative to the second electrode).
  • two or more of the first electrodes encompass one second electrode (in this case, it is additionally desirable to provide a rigid mechanical connection between the two first electrodes).
  • the first electrode may be made using a grid.
  • the second electrode may be made using wire.
  • the subtraction module may be performed using a differential and / or instrumental amplifier.
  • the sensor may comprise charge amplifiers configured to convert a change in charge at the second electrodes into a change in electrical voltage, wherein the subtraction module is configured to receive a signal corresponding to the difference in voltage obtained by two or more charge amplifiers.
  • the objective of the present invention is solved using a device for determining the content of radionuclides in the air, including: a sensor according to any one of the above options; a processing unit configured to receive and process the sensor signal; and a power unit configured to provide an electric potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes of the sensor, providing ionization of the air between the first electrodes and the second electrodes by ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles emitted by radionuclides.
  • the second electrodes may be configured to receive (receive) a potential difference between them, and the power supply may be configured to provide a potential difference between the second electrodes of less than half or less than a third or less than a quarter or less than one tenth of the potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes.
  • the power supply can be configured to provide a potential difference between the second electrodes of the size from CALL to 600V, or from 50V to 500V, or from 75V to 300V, or from 100V to 200V, or from CALL to 100V, or from CALL up to 200V, or from CALL to 300V.
  • the power supply may be configured to provide a potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes from 300V to 3000V, or from 500V to 2000V, or from 1000V to 1500V.
  • the device may have at least two connecting electrodes configured to be electrically connected to an electrical network, the power supply unit being configured to receive electrical voltage from the connecting electrodes and supplying at least one of the first electrodes of electrical voltage with a constant component relative to one or more connecting electrodes, the absolute value of which is greater than absolutely th value of the constant component and / or rms value of the variable component of the voltage between the connecting electrodes.
  • the constant component of the electric voltage at the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes in absolute value can have a value of not less than 300V and not more than 3000V, or not less than 500V and not more than 2000V, or not less than 1000V and not more than 1500V.
  • the sensor may be made in the form of at least one open air ionization chamber.
  • at least one first electrode may be one of the electrodes of at least one ionization chamber.
  • the device may include a communication module comprising a radiating infrared diode and configured to transmit control signals by means of a radiating infrared diode.
  • the technical result of the present invention is the suppression (reduction) of the microphone / vibration effect while maintaining or even reducing the size of the ionization chamber, as well as increasing the efficiency ionization chamber.
  • An additional technical result is the suppression (reduction) of electrical noise / noise induced or transmitted to the ionization chamber from the electrical network, while maintaining or even reducing the dimensions of the ionization chamber, as well as increasing the efficiency of the ionization chamber.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram corresponding to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram corresponding to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a device according to one possible embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows a circuit board with components of a device in accordance with a possible embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows a general view of a device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • a sensor can be allocated that is part of the device and includes elements / components that are indicated as necessary for the implementation of the sensor functions and are included in the device.
  • radar DPRs are generally referred to, which, like radon itself, are radionuclides. It is necessary to understand that in addition to the radon DPR, the device in accordance with the present invention can determine the content in the air of other radionuclides in addition to radon DPR, for example, Toron DPR and others. However, in view of the fact that radar and radon DPR are radionuclides that usually have the highest concentration (volumetric activity) in air, a description of possible embodiments and the principle of the device’s operation is performed with respect to radon DPR.
  • the device and the detection process are described with respect to alpha particles, although other emitted particles (such as beta particles) can be used to determine the content and radiation (such as gamma radiation and x-rays).
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of an ionizing particle and / or radiation sensor in accordance with the present invention.
  • This embodiment corresponds to the circuit diagram of the sensor shown in FIG. 2.
  • the sensor of FIG. 1 comprises a first electrode 103 fixed by spacers 102 to a circuit board 101. Near the first electrode 103, second electrodes 104 and 105 are also mounted, also fixed to the board 101.
  • a subtractive module 106 is also installed on the board 101 (may also be called a subtraction module), which receives the difference of the signals corresponding to the electric potentials of the second electrodes 104 and 105, and gives it to the output 305 (see Fig. 2).
  • the circuit board 101 also has connectors 107 and 108.
  • FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of an ionizing particle and / or radiation sensor in accordance with the present invention.
  • This embodiment corresponds to the circuit diagram of the sensor shown in FIG. 4.
  • the sensor of FIG. 3 contains two first electrodes 401 and 402 attached by their bases to the circuit board 101. Inside the first electrodes 401 and 402, second electrodes are mounted, also mounted on the circuit board 101 without touching the first electrodes.
  • the first electrode 402 is shown with a local cut-out, in which the second electrode 105 is visible.
  • the local cut-out is shown only in order to be able to show the location of the second electrode 105 and in reality there is no cut-out, that is, the first electrode 402 should look the same as the first electrode 401.
  • a subtracting module 106 and connecting connectors 107 and 108 are also mounted on the board 101. Everything that is indicated with respect to the sensor elements 106, 107 and 108 shown in FIG. 1 also applies to similar sensor elements 106, 107 and 108 shown in FIG. 3 and vice versa.
  • the difference between the embodiments shown in FIG. 1 and 3 consists in the different implementation of the first electrodes and the arrangement of the second electrodes.
  • High electrical potential is supplied through connector 107 to the first electrode 103 or first electrodes 401, 402, and through another connector 108, power is supplied to the subtracting module 106 and an output signal corresponding to the electric potential difference of the second electrodes 104 and 105 is output from the module 106.
  • Output 305 of the sensor shown in FIG. 2 and 4 may be one of the contacts of the connector 108.
  • FIG. 2 and 4 also show an input 304 for supplying a high voltage (potential) to the first electrode 103 or the first electrodes 401, 402. This input 304 may be one of the contacts of the connector 107.
  • connectors 107 and 108 are optional for the implementation of the present invention and can be excluded from the sensor, and the connections can be made using open or closed conductors, including PCB tracks , for example, when using a sensor in a device for determining the content of radionuclides in air.
  • the first electrode 103 in FIG. 1, as well as the first electrodes 401, 402 in FIG. 3 may be called extended electrodes, electrostatic electrodes, cathodes or anodes, mesh electrodes or walls of the ionization chamber (s), depending on its properties and the conditions in which it is used.
  • extended electrodes electrostatic electrodes
  • cathodes or anodes mesh electrodes or walls of the ionization chamber (s)
  • cathodes more positive than the second electrodes
  • the cathodes when giving the first electrode a negative high electric potential (more negative than the second electrodes), it can be called the cathode, and the second electrodes, respectively, anodes.
  • the most common name for the first electrodes 103, 401, 402 is an extended electrode.
  • the first and second electrodes together constitute an ionization chamber in which the energy of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation is spent on the formation of a charge of ions formed during the passage of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or the propagation of gamma -radiation in the air.
  • the ionization chamber is formed by the first electrode, mainly having large (extended) sizes, and the second (measuring, concentrating) electrode, mainly having small sizes in at least one of the spatial measurements (smaller than the first electrode) to ensure the concentration of the electric field,
  • the second electrode mainly having small sizes in at least one of the spatial measurements (smaller than the first electrode) to ensure the concentration of the electric field.
  • the cascade (or avalanche) ionization of air by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation has the advantage over conventional impact ionization (occurring with any type of ionization) in that if one or more ions are formed during impact ionization, in the presence of conditions for cascade (or avalanche) ionization after impact ionization, a chain of subsequent ionizations of the gases that make up the air occurs, in which the number of ions increases many times and even by several orders of magnitude.
  • the first electrode and second electrodes in the embodiment of FIG. 1, as well as first electrodes and second electrodes in the embodiment of FIG. 3, should provide the opportunity obtaining a difference in electrical potentials between them (i.e., between the first electrode and the second electrode for each of the possible pairs), which ensures the collection of one or more second electrodes of ions formed as a result of air ionization in the region between the first electrodes and the second electrodes by ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles.
  • the magnitude of this potential difference in those shown in FIG. 1-4 options depends on devices external to the sensors, however, in some embodiments, power supplies can be part of the sensors, which does not eliminate the need for the first and second electrodes to provide the possibility of obtaining the electric potential difference between them.
  • first and second electrodes must be able to electrically connect with conductors that supply the necessary potentials (voltage) directly or through connecting devices, conductors, elements.
  • first electrodes should not have electrical contact with the second electrodes, since otherwise the potential difference between them will be zero or close to zero.
  • first electrodes and the second electrodes are preferably configured to obtain a potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes, which provides air ionization between the first electrodes and the second electrodes by ionizing radiation and / or ionizing particles. Due to this condition, an increased efficiency of the ionization process can be ensured, for example, due to the effects of cascade or impact ionization. To ensure such a difference in electric potentials, it is necessary to fulfill the above conditions; change can only affect the magnitude of the electric field, that is, the ratio of the distance and the potential difference between the first and second electrodes.
  • Radionuclides emitting ionizing particles and / or ionizing radiation can be fed into the ionization chambers in several ways.
  • an air pump may be used.
  • the camera itself can be folding and act as a pump, as shown in the prototype RU2008694.
  • the sensor itself can be located in the place where the air flows, for example, near a wall where strong convection air flows are observed, or in the air stream generated by an external ventilation system.
  • radionuclides can be deposited on the first electrode using the electrostatic method, when the first electrode is given a high electric potential relative to the environment and due to electrostatic forces, electrically charged radionuclides and / or carriers of radionuclides, such as dust, are attracted and deposited on the first electrode, which in this case may be called the first electrode.
  • the first electrode can be made continuous provided that air is supplied inside the ionization chamber (into the space between the first and second electrodes) and is called the wall of the ionization chamber.
  • the chamber wall is made of solid metal or other metallized material, a smaller amount of electromagnetic radiation penetrates into the chamber, thereby reducing interference in it.
  • the first electrode can be made using a non-continuous material, such as a mesh material (for example, a metal mesh) or an element with holes or perforations - then the first electrode can be called mesh or perforated electrode.
  • a non-continuous material such as a mesh material (for example, a metal mesh) or an element with holes or perforations - then the first electrode can be called mesh or perforated electrode.
  • the radionuclides when the radionuclides are supplied to the ionization chamber by the electrostatic method, the radionuclides can be deposited not only on the outside of the chamber, but also on the inside after passing inside the chamber through openings in the first electrode.
  • An electrostatic method for introducing radionuclides into an ionization chamber can combine with other methods - in this embodiment, the implementation of the first electrode using a non-continuous material is preferred to enable all the methods used.
  • the first electrodes 401 and 402 in FIG. 3 are cylinders made using a mesh. In the General case, the shape of the first electrodes may differ from the cylindrical, and they can be made using any of the other above materials. If the first electrodes 401 and 402 are made of solid material, they must have openings for supplying and / or air outlet to / from the internal volumes of the first electrodes 401, 402, which form ionization chambers together with the second electrodes in the inner space.
  • the implementation of the first electrodes 401, 402 using a mesh material has the advantage of allowing air and radionuclides to be introduced into the ionization chambers (both in the inner volume and on the inner side of the walls) through the mesh walls.
  • the second electrodes can be completely covered by a metal or metallized material (in particular, the side walls of the cylinders 401, 402, the caps of the cylinders 403, 404, which are components of the first electrodes, and the circuit board 101, which can contain metallized at the installation site of the cylinders 401, 402 layer), which reduces the interference induced by the second electrodes inside the cylinders 401 and 402 by electromagnetic radiation in the space around the cylinders (i.e., the first electrodes) 401, 402.
  • a metal or metallized material in particular, the side walls of the cylinders 401, 402, the caps of the cylinders 403, 404, which are components of the first electrodes, and the circuit board 101, which can contain metallized at the installation site of the cylinders 401, 402 layer
  • the ionizing chamber may be fully or partially open, for example, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • a high level of electromagnetic radiation is observed and to prevent interference to the second electrodes, it is desirable to completely close them from electromagnetic radiation by the first electrodes.
  • usually complete closure is not possible, and therefore, for the implementation of the present invention, it is desirable that the first electrode (or the first electrodes, if several) covered each or part, or all of the second electrodes in a solid angle of 2 ⁇ to 3.5 ⁇ steradian (may be from 1, 5 ⁇ to 3.9 ⁇ ) - in this case, sufficient protection against electromagnetic radiation will be provided.
  • the grid gives complete closure despite the presence of holes in the grid, since the size of the holes is usually much smaller than the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of which the grid effectively prevents their propagation.
  • the ion tracks formed by such particles / radiation will be located in both cylinders and will hit the nearest second electrode, however, when subtracting the signals, they will not be mutually compensated, since the formation of ion tracks and, accordingly, their hit on the second electrodes occurs different time due to the fact that the particle / radiation flies first in the first ionization chamber, and only then, after the passage of the first ionization chamber, flies in the second ionization chamber and their The paths in the chambers are most often not identical, which affects the shape of the ion tracks and, then, the waveforms received from the second electrodes, and these shapes will be different. This means that the signals from the second electrodes caused by ion tracks cannot be mutually compensated (mutually suppressed) due to their different shapes in different chambers and their different times to the subtraction module.
  • the ionization chamber is usually limited to the first electrode, which often forms the wall of the ionization chamber surrounding the second electrode (or several second electrodes). However, the first electrode can only partially cover the second electrodes, as shown in FIG. 1. In the particular case of the first the electrode may not cover the second electrodes at all, but be near them. In such cases, the ionization chamber is limited to the electrodes constituting it, connected by lines (mainly straight), touching the elements (mainly electrically conductive, for example, such as electrodes and conductors connected to them or other metal elements) of the camera, with all other camera elements being on one side for each of the lines.
  • Such electric potentials are applied to the first (first) and second electrodes, the difference between which (voltage) makes it possible to efficiently collect ions arising from ionization of the air by emitted alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation.
  • the optimal value of such a voltage depends on the size of the ionization chamber, in particular, on the distance between its electrodes.
  • the dimensions of the chamber are determined on the basis of the energy characteristics of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation emitted by radionuclides, for example, radon and its DPR, in particular, their mean free paths.
  • an important indicator is the mean free path of the ionizing particle and / or radiation on which an ion track (track) is formed, which can be collected by the electrodes of the ionization chamber. It is desirable that the distance at which the electrodes of the ionization chamber are located is no more than one or several (two, three, four or five) of such characteristic flight lengths of the ionizing particle and / or radiation, since at a larger distance the ions have time to recombine without falling on electrodes, and therefore the efficiency of the ionization chamber will drop.
  • the electric potentials that are supplied to the first (first) and second electrodes can be related to each other in different ways.
  • a high electric potential can be supplied to the first or second electrodes, and the sign of such a potential can be both positive and negative.
  • high electric potentials can be applied to both the first (first) and second electrodes, and the signs of these potentials can both coincide and differ.
  • sensor circuits are shown in which a high electric potential of one sign or another is supplied through an input 304 to a first electrode 103, 401, 402.
  • a high potential for the first electrode 401 comes from the first electrode 402 through the connecting conductor 501.
  • high voltage can be supplied to the first electrodes (if there are several), to each of the first electrodes independently from the same high voltage source or even from different high voltage sources.
  • Using the same high voltage source to form a high electric potential (voltage) on all first electrodes firstly, reduces the number of necessary high voltage sources, and secondly, it allows one to compensate for further processing of noise generated by the source and induced with first electrodes to second electrodes.
  • a rigid mechanical connection is preferably made between two or more of the first electrodes.
  • a rigid mechanical connection between the electrodes 401 and 401 is carried out using a board 101, to which both the electrode 401 and the electrode 402 are firmly attached, and which has rigid mechanical properties. This is necessary so that the mechanical vibrations caused by sound and / or vibration are the same for both electrodes. Then their effect on the second electrodes, in particular in FIG. 3, the second electrodes inside the first electrodes and forming two ionization chambers with the first electrodes will create the same microphone and / or vibration effects, which will be mutually suppressed due to the subtraction module.
  • a critical condition for ensuring the operability of the ionization chamber is the difference in electrical potentials between the first (first) and second (second) electrode (s).
  • the potential difference may also be referred to as voltage.
  • the sign of the difference in electrical potentials with respect to one of the electrodes can be either positive or negative.
  • the value of the potential difference in absolute value should preferably be not less than 300V and not more than 3000V, or not less than 500V and not more than 2000V, or not less than 1000V and not more than 1500V.
  • the second electrodes 104, 105 may be called differently, for example, concentrating electrodes by their role in the ionization chamber, measuring electrodes in their value for detecting ionizing particles and / or radiation in the sensor (voltage to determine the particle / radiation is removed from the second electrodes), as well as anodes or cathodes depending on the sign of voltage between the second and first electrodes.
  • the second electrodes are preferably made significantly smaller in surface area than the first electrodes. In this case, ions created by ionizing particles and / or radiation will mainly be deposited on the second electrodes due to the greater gradient of the electric field, as well as the sign of the electric potential relative to the potential on the first electrode.
  • the smaller area of the second electrode relative to the first is usually provided by the smaller transverse dimensions of the electrode, while the length of the second electrode can be comparable to the length of the first electrode, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the second (measuring, concentrating) electrodes can be made using metal or metallized plates or three-dimensional objects, however, in the simplest form for manufacturing, the second electrodes are made using wire (mainly open, not insulated).
  • the second electrodes must be at least two. These electrodes are advantageously arranged symmetrically with respect to the first electrode or equally with respect to the first two electrodes, if there are two first electrodes and each of them is located next to its second electrode, as shown in FIG. 3. With this arrangement, the processing of signals from the second electrodes is simplified, since their alignment is not required. Then, to obtain a sensor signal with a suppressed microphone effect, it is only necessary to subtract the electric potentials of the second electrodes (or the voltages on them relative to one common conductor, or the values corresponding to these potentials or voltages) from each other.
  • the second electrodes 104 and 105 are located unequally (for example, at different distances) relative to the first electrode and / or have different sizes, as shown in FIG. 1, and / or the form, to obtain a sensor signal with a suppressed microphone effect, it is necessary to subtract from each other the electric potentials of the second electrodes (or the voltages on them relative to one common conductor, or the values corresponding to these potentials or voltages) multiplied by weighting factors (for example , by unequal amplification and / or attenuation signals from the second electrodes, or their unequal frequency or other processing). Due to this multiplication by weight coefficients, the differing changes in electric potentials (voltages, values corresponding to voltages or potentials) are aligned with each other and the mic effect is suppressed as much as possible.
  • weighting factors for example , by unequal amplification and / or attenuation signals from the second electrodes, or their unequal frequency or other processing. Due to this multiplication by weight coefficients, the differing
  • the microphone effect cancellation is achieved as follows. On each of the second electrodes, the changes in the electric field induced by the first electrode during its mechanical vibrations will be the same (or slightly differ at different positions of the second electrodes relative to the first, but this unevenness is leveled using the above-described weight coefficients). Changes in the electric field at the second electrodes 104 and 105 become changes in potentials (or voltages).
  • the subtracting module 106 subtracts the signals (direct or converted) received from the second electrodes 104 and 105 from each other and, thereby, in-phase changes in potentials (or voltages) at the second electrodes caused by mechanical vibrations of the first electrode 103 are mutually compensated.
  • a signal corresponding to the electric potential difference of two (or more) second electrodes will be received at the output of the subtracting module, in which components caused by mechanical vibrations of the first electrode are absent or strongly suppressed (i.e. missing or suppressed microphone / vibration effect).
  • ions from them are deposited mainly on one or another second electrode. Therefore, when subtracting the potentials of the second electrodes from each other, the potential pulses in time caused by ion tracks cannot cancel each other, since the ion track sits on either one or the other second electrode, and not both simultaneously.
  • the output signal of the subtractive module has two components: one of which, positive, corresponds to the momenta from one measuring electrode, and the other, negative, from another measuring electrode. This opens up the possibility of using cameras to measure the difference in the activity of nuclides in the cameras, when a source of ionizing particles and / or radiation is placed near one of the chambers or in the chamber, the particles and / or radiation from which fall only in the region of one of the measuring electrodes.
  • the ionization chamber near / inside of which there is no source of ionizing particles and / or radiation, it is possible to determine the number of particles and / or radiation parameters characterizing the environment and natural background from the pulses at the output of the subtracting module of the same sign and, further, correct the data received from the measuring electrode of that ionization chamber, in / near which a source of ionizing particles and / or radiation was located, in the form of pulses at the output of a subtractive module of a different sign and pre representing the sum of the radioactivity of the investigated source and the natural background in order to more accurately determine the radioactivity of the source.
  • this can be used to implement a comparative method for determining the radioactivity of sources of ionizing particles and / or radiation, which is more accurate than the absolute method.
  • a reference source of ionizing particles and / or radiation is applied (or placed into it) to one ionization chamber, and a measured source of ionizing particles and / or radiation is placed to another ionization chamber (or inside it).
  • the bipolar signal in the case when the constant potentials of the second (measuring) electrodes are approximately the same
  • the bipolar signal will have two components that are easily distinguishable in sign, one of which corresponds to one ionization chamber and, therefore, to the reference source, and the other, with opposite sign, corresponds to another camera and, therefore, to the measured source.
  • the double ionization chamber shown in FIG. 3 and consisting essentially of two ionization chambers can be used to increase the accuracy of determining the radioactivity of sources of ionizing particles and / or radiation.
  • a partition can be installed between the chambers, which prevents the passage of ionizing particles and / or radiation emitted from / to one chamber to another, or to the walls of one or both chambers can be made using material that impedes such a transition.
  • the use of such a double ionization chamber has advantages for determining the radioactivity of radionuclides contained in air and emitting ionizing particles and / or radiation into both chambers.
  • the operation of taking the module or squaring (or another even degree) can be applied to the output of the subtracting module so that all pulses have the same pulse sign. Then a generalized activity of radionuclides in / near both chambers will be obtained.
  • the advantage in this case is that the signal processing from the second (measuring) electrodes is maximally simplified due to the similarity (or a high degree of similarity) of the ionization chambers, since to obtain the effect of suppressing the microphone / vibration effect and other interference, it is enough to subtract one signal from the other and not additional signal processing is required by multiplying them by weighting factors (which corresponds to their different amplification, attenuation, or different frequency processing) to ensure the same ovyh / jamming components as they will be as identical as possible.
  • an ion track when an ion track is formed at a position equidistant from both second (measuring) electrodes, it can be equally distributed on both second electrodes and, therefore, at the output of the subtracting module, the pulse corresponding to this ion track may be absent due to mutual compensation.
  • the fraction of such ionic tracks equidistant from the second electrodes in the total number of ionic tracks formed over the entire volume of the ionization chamber is small.
  • several measures can be taken to eliminate the same distribution of ion tracks on the second electrodes.
  • a certain potential difference can be provided, mainly constant in magnitude, for example, from CALL to 600V, or from 50V to 500V, or from 75V to COOV, or from 100V to 200V, or from CALL to 100V , or from CALL to 200V, or from CALL to COO.
  • the magnitude of the potential difference between the second electrodes can also be defined as the value of less than half or less than a third or less than a quarter or less than one tenth of the potential difference between the first electrodes and the second electrodes.
  • the ions of the track located at the same distance from the second electrodes, will experience different forces of electric attraction to them and, accordingly, will fall on the one to which the attraction force is greater.
  • a signal will be observed having a pulse corresponding to the ion track and a constant component corresponding to the potential difference between the second electrodes, which can be eliminated using a differentiating element, such as a capacitor, or during further signal processing.
  • a partition can be placed between the second electrodes.
  • This partition should preferably have a potential different from the potential of the second electrodes.
  • this may be the potential of the first electrode.
  • Such potential can be transferred to the septum using a conductor or by connecting the septum to the first electrode.
  • the ions will be attracted only to one of the second electrodes, since a conductive baffle will separate them from the other second electrode.
  • the second electrodes can be separated by the first electrode (s).
  • the first electrode can be placed between the second electrodes or, as shown in FIG. 3, near each second electrode, its first electrode 401 and 402 may be formed so that the second electrodes are separated by one or both of the first electrodes.
  • the track ions will also reach only one second electrode, depending on which part of the ionization chamber they are formed, since one or even two first electrodes will separate them from the other second electrode.
  • the subtraction module may contain a differential amplifier 303, which can be made on the basis of both discrete elements (for example, transistors) and operational amplifiers (including based on one operational amplifier).
  • the subtraction modulus may be called a differential modulus.
  • the second electrodes 104 and 105 are connected to the inputs of the differential amplifier 303 using amplifiers 301 and 302.
  • the amplifiers 301 and 302 are charge amplifiers that convert the changes in charge on the second electrodes to electrical voltage or a change in electrical voltage (for example, relative to one common conductor). These voltages supplied to the differential amplifier are subtracted from each other and the result of the subtraction is fed to the output 305.
  • a signal corresponding to the difference in the voltage obtained by two or more charge amplifiers can be obtained.
  • the subtracting module can be considered as containing, along with the differential amplifier 303, amplifiers 301 and 302, and containing only the amplifier 303. In the latter case, the amplifiers 301 and 302 are considered additional for the subtraction module.
  • the sensor can be implemented without amplifiers 301 and 302, if the differential amplifier 303 provides a sufficient gain and has a sufficiently high input impedance.
  • the subtraction module can be performed without the use of a differential amplifier, for example, based on piezoelectric elements, elements with surface acoustic waves, optical converters, etc.
  • the subtraction of signals corresponding to the voltages on the measuring (second) electrodes can be carried out digitally.
  • the digital subtraction module must contain analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and a digital processing module, made, for example, using logic elements, a programmable logic chip, microprocessor and / or microcontroller.
  • ADCs analog-to-digital converters
  • the ADCs digitally convert the voltage (potential) values of the measuring (second) electrodes with a frequency that is two or more times the maximum frequency of the acoustic noise spectrum and / or the pulse spectrum generated by ionizing particles (radiation) and / or ion tracks - formed when the participation of ionizing particles (radiation) and trapped on the measuring (second) electrodes. Further, the digitized signals are digitally subtracted from each other.
  • An advantage of this subtraction method is that further processing can also be carried out in digital form and, therefore, the resulting difference signal in digital form can be directly transmitted for further digital processing.
  • this method has such a drawback that if the maximum frequencies of the spectra of the processed signals turn out to be too high, then it will be impossible to digitize these signals without loss and / or using inexpensive ADCs.
  • the most preferred way of processing the signals of the measuring (second) electrodes by obtaining their difference is analog (including using a differential amplifier), and digitization is already carried out with respect to the difference signal.
  • the advantage of this option is that when subtracting signals, they can be mutually compensated (that is, suppressed), including high-frequency interference.
  • An additional advantage of analog subtraction of the signal corresponding to the voltage (potential) at one measuring (second) electrode from the signal corresponding to the voltage (potential) at another measuring (second) electrode is that thanks to this processing it is possible to suppress not only the microphone effect (then there is acoustic interference), but also interference caused by electromagnetic radiation from the surrounding space, as well as power interference and interference received from the electrical network.
  • Suppression of interference received from the electrical network allows the use of the sensor in accordance with the present invention in devices for determining the content of radionuclides in air using the electrostatic principle of operation (electrostatic trap).
  • electrostatic trap an electric voltage with a large DC component is applied to the first electrode (s) with respect to one or more wires of the electric network.
  • the first electrode (s) also receive interference, including pulsed, inevitably present in the electrical network.
  • These interferences at the first electrode (s) which can be amplified compared to interferences in the network depending on the performance of the power supply, are induced on the second electrodes and, without suppression, can create false detection events of ionizing particles and / or radiation.
  • the present invention allows to eliminate such interference and maximize the benefits of such devices operating on the principle of an electrostatic trap.
  • FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of the device of the present invention.
  • the block diagram shown in FIG. 5 contains a connecting element 601 in the form of a plug with connecting electrodes 61 1, electrically connected to a power supply unit 602, including a high voltage module 621, the output of which is connected to the first electrode 103, and a low voltage module 622, connected to a processing unit 603, including a subtracting module 106 (for example, in the form of a differential amplifier) and a processing module 631, for example, a processor or controller, a communication module 604 and an indicator 605.
  • a connecting element 601 in the form of a plug with connecting electrodes 61 1, electrically connected to a power supply unit 602, including a high voltage module 621, the output of which is connected to the first electrode 103, and a low voltage module 622, connected to a processing unit 603, including a subtracting module 106 (for example, in the form of a differential amplifier) and a processing module 631, for example
  • the processing unit 603 Next to the first (electrostatic) electrode 103, second electrodes 104 and 105 are installed, the signals of which are supplied to the processing unit 603, where the differential gain
  • the device 106 receives a signal corresponding to the signal difference (for example, voltage) of the second electrodes 104 and 105, and then the received signal is processed by the processing module 631. From the processing module 631, the processed data and / or sensor signal are sent to the communication module 604, in which they can be transmitted, for example, by radio via antenna 641.
  • the processed data and / or sensor signal are sent to an indicator 605, which can display the signal level, registration events of alpha particles, beta particles and / or gamma zlucheny and / or characteristics, a signal obtained by processing in the processing unit 631.
  • the high voltage module is designed to supply an electrical voltage with a constant component to the first electrode with respect to one or more connecting electrodes that are part of the connecting element (for example, a plug connector).
  • the high-voltage module contains a voltage multiplier (for example, a Cockroft-Walton generator), which consists of a ladder (several chains) of capacitors and diodes and can convert an alternating or pulsating voltage to a high constant voltage (or voltage with a constant component), the value of which is greater than the voltage between the connecting electrodes.
  • the electric charge on the first electrode forms an electric field mainly in the surrounding space outside itself, and not inside the ionization chamber, and therefore the potential of the indicated electric field decreases inversely with the distance from the electrode (to the first degree), and the Coulomb force acting on the charges around the first electrode, decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the electrode (i.e., to the second degree).
  • a voltage multiplier includes the absence of a transformer (and, consequently, lower weight and dimensions), the absence of the need for reinforced insulation and the formation of an output voltage relative to the input connected to the connecting electrodes. Due to the latter advantage, there is no need to ensure the binding of the potential of any element of the high voltage module to the potential of one or more connecting electrodes, as may be required when using, for example, a transformer circuit of a voltage converter.
  • circuits / devices containing transformers are usually used as step-up voltage converters, the main advantage of which is the provision of electrical (galvanic) isolation (isolation) between the input and output windings of the transformer, which ensures electrical safety of the voltage converter due to the fact that the current from the electric network cannot directly get into the device powered through the transformer converter.
  • the electric potentials at the output of such a converter turn out to be approximately equal in size to half the output voltage from the constant potential of the earth with different signs and form a dipole between the electrodes of the ionization chamber or, in some cases, between one electrode of the ionization chamber and the housing.
  • the electric field generated by the dipole is mainly contained in the region near the dipole (i.e.
  • a similar drawback is possessed by autonomous devices powered by galvanic cells, batteries or accumulators.
  • the high voltage generated in them is applied to two electrodes in the ionization chamber (or to one electrode relative to the housing or some electrically conductive device element). Since such devices are completely autonomous, they are electrically (galvanically) isolated (isolated) from the electrical network and the environment. As a result, the potentials of these electrodes or the electrode and the housing also turn out to be approximately equal in size to half the output voltage from the constant potential of the earth with different signs and form a classical dipole.
  • the stand-alone device itself has an electric potential, for example, obtained earlier, then due to the deposition of charged particles (for example, dust), the total (average) electric potential of the device will quickly enough equalize with the environmental potential and will remain at the same level. That is, the device from an electrical point of view will be a dipole, since the potentials of the elements carrying electricity, between which a high voltage is created (and one of which represents the first electrode), will ut spaced relative to the average potential of the device at substantially the same values with opposite signs.
  • charged particles for example, dust
  • grounding of the housing may be sufficient for this, and in the case of a transformer converter, this can be done connection (direct or using resistances, capacitors or semiconductor elements) of some ends of the input and output windings.
  • one of the electrically conductive elements of the device which is part of the device part isolated from the electric network, is given a certain potential and the required potential of the first electrode of the ionization chamber is provided in such a way that the total (average) potential of the device differs from the environmental potential and / or electrical network, the device may become hazardous and measures must be taken to prevent electric shock / voltage damage to living things and other devices.
  • One type of possible measure is the placement of an electrode in an electrical insulating housing.
  • it is necessary to ensure the openness of the first electrode to the surrounding space that is, the possibility of charged particles (for example, dust) with radionuclides from the surrounding air through the casing to the first electrode.
  • the above openings, slots, openings, windows in the walls of the body can be covered with a mesh, porous, fabric or other material, or with an element that can prevent various objects or parts of the body from entering the body through the window, but allow passage through such material or element air, charged particles, dust, radionuclides, for example, DPR of radon and radon itself.
  • a mesh, porous, fabric or other material or with an element that can prevent various objects or parts of the body from entering the body through the window, but allow passage through such material or element air, charged particles, dust, radionuclides, for example, DPR of radon and radon itself.
  • the use of such a material or element will slightly reduce the sensitivity of the device due to the retention of part of the indicated charged particles, dust and radionuclides by the material or element itself, but, nevertheless, their passage will be ensured and, at the same time, the penetration of foreign objects into the device will be prevented.
  • electric shock can be prevented by limiting the current that can flow through the voltage converter included in the high voltage module, for example, to the first electrode.
  • the current can be limited, for example, by selecting a circuit (design) of the voltage converter, in which the current flowing through the converter when the first electrode is touched by an object having an electric potential different from the first electrode’s potential, directly or through some object, is limited a value that does not pose a danger to living things and / or devices, including taking into account the high voltage at the first electrode.
  • An example of such a circuit for example, is the voltage multiplier used in the high voltage module 621, due to the presence of current limiting elements.
  • current limiting can be carried out using one or more current-limiting elements located at the input or output of the voltage converter or as part of a voltage converter or arranged in such a way that the first electrode is connected to the voltage converter or the voltage converter with connecting electrodes by current-limiting elements.
  • Resistance, capacitances, nonlinear and / or semiconductor elements can be used as current-limiting elements.
  • current limitation can be ensured even in the case of the use of voltage converters, which in themselves do not limit the output current. Due to the current limitation, it is possible to prevent electric shocks from living creatures and / or devices for open electrostatic (first) electrodes placed both in housings and without housings.
  • the second electrodes 104, 105 are intended.
  • the second electrodes may be located near the first electrode no further than the mean free path of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or the propagation range of gamma radiation, or inside an ionization chamber bounded by the first electrode, also taking into account the possibility of registration of particles and / or radiation, why do their ion tracks have to reach the second electrodes.
  • the first electrode and the second electrodes should not be located objects that can interfere with the passage of particles and / or the propagation of radiation, that is, the sensor and the first electrode should preferably be within the direct line of sight of each other.
  • the second electrodes 104, 105 are shown near the electrode 103, since this is an exemplary block diagram for explaining the invention, and this does not impose restrictions on the installation location of the second electrodes.
  • an ionization chamber in particular, open in which alpha energy is used is used to detect ionizing radiation that can be generated by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation. particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation is expended on the formation of a charge of ions formed during the passage of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or the spread of gamma radiation in air.
  • the ionization chamber is formed by the first (electrostatic) electrode, mainly large in size for the effective deposition of charged particles and radionuclides over a large area, and the second (concentrating) electrodes, mainly small in size (for example, transverse and smaller than the first electrode) to ensure concentration electric field, as a result of which the non-uniformity (high gradient) of the electric field is ensured, increasing the likelihood of cascade (or avalanche) ionization air by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation emitted by radionuclides, including the DPR of radon or directly radon.
  • the first (electrostatic) electrode mainly large in size for the effective deposition of charged particles and radionuclides over a large area
  • the second (concentrating) electrodes mainly small in size (for example, transverse and smaller than the first electrode) to ensure concentration electric field, as a result of which the non-uniformity (high gradient) of the electric field
  • the cascade (or avalanche) ionization of air by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation has the advantage over conventional impact ionization (occurring with any type of ionization) in that if one or more ions are formed during impact ionization, in the presence of conditions for cascade (or avalanche) ionization after impact ionization, a chain of subsequent ionizations of the gases that make up the air occurs, in which the number of ions increases many times and even by several orders of magnitude.
  • such electric potentials are formed, the difference between which (voltage) provides the possibility of efficient collection of ions arising from ionization of the air by the emitted alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation.
  • the optimal value of such a voltage depends on the size of the ionization chamber, in particular, on the distance between its electrodes.
  • the dimensions of the chamber are determined based on the energy characteristics of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation emitted by radionuclides, for example, radon and its DPR, in particular, their flight speeds.
  • the DC voltage component at the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes has a relatively small absolute value (i.e., a value exceeding the voltage (for example, effective) between the connecting electrodes by no more than 2, 3 or 4 times, for example, at least 500V or 600V or 700V or 800V), then the first electrode, as well as the ionization chamber can be made with small dimensions to ensure conditions for the efficient collection of ions, since The electric field strength is inversely proportional to the distance between the electrodes and directly proportional to the voltage between them.
  • the voltage between the electrodes of the ionization chamber can be determined on the basis of other considerations.
  • the efficiency of the deposition of charged particles suspended in air onto the first electrode can be taken into account, for which the potential usually differs by no less than 1000 volts in comparison with the constant (average) environmental potential (in particular, electric network) in one direction or another, that is, with a + or - sign.
  • the high voltage between the electrodes of the ionization chamber creates opportunities for electrical breakdown.
  • the efficiency of determining (detecting) alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation depends on the voltage between the electrodes of the ionization chamber, since the efficiency of collecting ions from ion tracks created by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation in air depends on the electric field strength (including the voltage between the electrodes): when a higher voltage is established between the electrodes with a magnitude of up to 1000V, the efficiency increases, and over 1000V it remains approximately bottom and same (practically does not grow or grows weakly).
  • an increase in voltage between the electrodes of the ionization chamber from the point of view of increasing the efficiency (sensitivity) of determining (detecting) alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation makes sense up to 1000V.
  • the influence of the magnitude of the voltage at the first electrode (which in the preferred embodiment forms one of the electrodes of the ionization chamber) on the efficiency of the collection of radionuclides from ambient air has a slightly different character.
  • the collection efficiency of radionuclides increases significantly, over 1000V but less than 1500V the increase in efficiency becomes less, and over 1500V the increase in the collection efficiency of radionuclides becomes insignificant.
  • increasing the voltage at the first electrode in terms of increasing the efficiency (quantity) of collecting radionuclides makes sense up to 1500V.
  • the first electrode is one of the electrodes of the ionization chamber
  • the voltage at the first electrode is mainly measured relative to the second electrodes, i.e. represents the voltage between the electrodes of the ionization chamber.
  • the preferred value of this voltage is in the range between 1000V and 1500V. It is also necessary to take into account that the first and second electrodes of the ionization chamber form a dipole, since they have different potentials.
  • the effect of a dipole pair of electrodes on the volume of ambient air from which charged particles are captured and deposited on the first electrode by the formed field (and, therefore, the effect on the efficiency and sensitivity of the device in accordance with the present invention), to reduce the effect of the dipole effect on the performance
  • the potentials of the second electrodes are close to the potential (for example, a constant or constant component of the potential) of the environment, in particular, an electric minute and more specifically, the connection electrode.
  • the potentials of the second electrodes can be linked to the constant potential of the connecting electrodes (in the limit, equalization of these potentials) can be carried out using potential-determining components, for example, by means of resistors connecting the concentrating electrodes to a conductor having a potential close to the constant potential of the connecting electrodes (or one of them ) Resistances can be large (hundreds of kilo-ohms, megaohms or more), and the conductor with which they are connected can be part of the power supply, in particular, a high voltage module or low voltage module, or can be connected directly or through additional components with one or several connecting electrodes. In other embodiments, other circuits known from the prior art, including circuits with semiconductor components, can also be used to attract (draw together) the constant potential components of the second (concentrating) and connecting electrodes.
  • the second (concentrating) electrodes have potentials close to the environmental potential, in the ionization chamber they can be called anodes if a negative potential is applied to the first electrode (in this case, the first electrode itself can be called a cathode), or cathodes if a positive potential is applied to the first electrode (the first electrode itself in this case may be called the anode).
  • the second electrodes relative to the first electrode have different potentials and together they form an electric field necessary to ensure the operability of the ionization chamber, just as if the second electrodes had potentials different from the environmental potential.
  • the ionization chamber is formed by the first electrode of a large area with electric potential, having a constant component relative to one or more connecting electrodes (for example, more than 200V, 300V, 400V, 500V, 600V, 700V, - 800V or 900V with a positive potential or less than -200V, -300V, -400V, -500V, -600V, - 700V, -800V or -900V with a negative potential, mainly more than 1000V with a positive potential or less than -1000V with a negative potential), and second small-area electrodes with electric potentials, the constant components of which are close to the constant component of the potential of one or more connecting electrodes ktrodov (e.g., differ by +/- 50V and preferably equal).
  • connecting electrodes for example, more than 200V, 300V, 400V, 500V, 600V, 700V, - 800V or 900V with a positive potential or less than -200V, -300V,
  • the voltage between the first electrode and one or more connecting electrodes should preferably not exceed ( or be less) 1500V.
  • an electric field generated near the first electrode provides on charged particles suspended in air, the Coulomb force directed in one direction and relatively small in magnitude. This provides a more efficient collection of charged particles by the first electrode.
  • the alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation sensors in the form of an ionization chamber detect not only (and not so much) the alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation themselves, but also ionized particles that move in an electric field inside the ionization chamber, which increases the probability of detecting an alpha particle and / or beta particle and / or gamma radiation and distinguishing their characteristics.
  • Air ions formed as a result of radiation and / or particles can have charges with different signs and some of them will inevitably be deposited on the second electrodes. Therefore, these ions can be detected by determining the change in charge or voltage at the second electrodes.
  • the large area of the first electrode provides a larger volume in which conditions can be created for the generation of ion tracks by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation resulting from decay of radionuclides, which means higher sensitivity and efficiency of the device .
  • an increase in the size of the first electrode also means an increase in the distance between the second electrodes and those parts of the first electrode that are opposite or adjacent to the second electrodes.
  • an increase in voltage between the electrodes will be required, which can lead to electrical breakdown and adversely affect the electrical safety of the device.
  • a camera with a characteristic size (diameter, transverse size and / or length) of less than 5 cm will reduce the efficiency (sensitivity) of registration of alpha particles, and the implementation of the camera with a characteristic size of more than 6 cm means excessive consumption of materials and unreasonable increase in size.
  • an ionization chamber with a characteristic size of not less than 2 cm and not more than 10 cm will also ensure the registration of alpha particles.
  • the advantage of determining the presence and / or content of radionuclides in air using an open air ionization chamber by detecting alpha particles is that alpha particles and / or ion tracks created by them cause a larger signal in the sensor than beta particles or gamma radiation.
  • first electrode Increasing the effective usable area of the first electrode is possible in several ways. Firstly, it is possible to place several second electrodes near the first electrode. This will lead to the fact that the conditions for the formation of cascade (or avalanche) ionization will be provided not at one section of the first electrode is about one concentrating electrode, and in several sections about several second electrodes. With appropriate placement of the concentrating electrodes at a distance from each other, these regions of the first electrode can lie adjacent to each other, forming a single area for the effective formation of conditions for cascade (or avalanche) ionization.
  • the first electrode can be made in the form of an electric chamber, forming a volume, in particular, an ionization chamber and surrounding the second electrodes on several sides, as a result of which the entire surface (or most) of the first electrode facing the second electrodes is on the optimal distance at which efficient ion collection and / or conditions are provided for cascade (or avalanche) ionization, taking into account the voltage between the electrodes of the ionization chamber.
  • the first electrode can attract charged particles suspended in the air from the space surrounding the electrode, radionuclides can be deposited mainly on the outer surface of the electric chamber, which the first electrode can form.
  • the second electrodes are located inside such a chamber and, therefore, conditions for the efficient collection of ions must be created inside the chamber.
  • the walls of the ionization chamber that is, the first electrode, must ensure the deposition of radionuclides on them (including, for example, together with dust) from the inside in order to allow alpha particles of beta particles and / or gamma to enter - emissions resulting from the decay of radionuclides, inside the ionization chamber - that is, the ionization chamber must be open to ambient air (in other words, the ionization chamber, the volume of which is formed by the electric chamber, must be open th air ionization chamber).
  • the first electrode may not be made of solid material, but of a porous, mesh, fabric material or element or material or element with holes (such material or element may be made using metal or metallization).
  • a porous, mesh, fabric material or element or material or element with holes such material or element may be made using metal or metallization.
  • Such material may allow passage of not only alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation into the chamber, but also the radionuclides and / or radioactive dust themselves.
  • This can be a porous film, mesh, fabric, sheet material with holes, mainly made using metal or metallization, for example, surface.
  • a grid made using metal has special advantages, since it, on the one hand, effectively creates an electric field for collecting radionuclides on the wires forming a grid, and on the other hand, has sufficiently large cells in comparison with the particle sizes of dust, radionuclides, and ions DPR and the like, through which radionuclides can enter the ionization chamber.
  • Part of the radionuclides (on microparticles or on their own), attracted by the electric field of the first electrode in the form of a grid will fly into the holes of the grid, fall into the chamber and continue to be under the influence of the electric field that the grid creates, but now the field will be directed back side. Consequently, radionuclides will slow down and be directed towards the grid, its wires, of which the grid is made, and settle on them from the inside.
  • the use of the grid allows radionuclides to enter the inner side of the ionization chamber, so that alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation can move inside the ionization chamber (those radionuclides that settled on the outside of the chamber practically do not can emit alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation into the chamber, since these radiation propagate rectilinearly and their ingress into the chamber is prevented by wires on which p adionuclides from the outside).
  • the large mesh size (relative to the size of ions, dust particles, alpha particles and beta particles) provides fewer delayed radionuclides, alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation and, accordingly, a higher proportion ingress of radionuclides, alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation into the ionization chamber.
  • an excessively large mesh cell size worsens the electrostatic shielding conditions of the second chamber electrodes, which worsens the signal-to-noise ratio at the second chamber electrodes, and therefore the cell sizes must be selected in accordance with the configuration of the ionization chamber and the voltage value to ensure efficient collection of radionuclides and registration of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation.
  • the first electrode may be a wall delimiting the volume of the ionization chamber in which several second electrodes are placed.
  • FIG. 6 shows the first electrode 103, made using a grid and, mainly, metal (for example, in the form of a metal grid), in the form of an elongated ionization chamber (i.e. a parallelepiped).
  • metal for example, in the form of a metal grid
  • elongated ionization chamber i.e. a parallelepiped
  • two , three, six or another number of second electrodes in the form of wires in one or more rows are two , three, six or another number of second electrodes in the form of wires in one or more rows.
  • the thickness of the wires can be several millimeters or fractions of a millimeter, for example, less than 3 mm, 2.5 mm, 2 mm, 1, 5 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.1 mm and more than a few microns for example, 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m.
  • ionization chambers can be made, forming, in particular, separate volumes of ionization chambers, in each of which (or near) one or several second (concentrating) electrodes can be placed.
  • the first (electrostatic) electrodes forming these ionization chambers can be electrically interconnected, which makes it possible to use a constant voltage component for supplying all of them using one high voltage module, or they can be completely separate first electrodes having separate constant sources voltage. Any of the above options allows both to increase the area of the first electrode (including division into several), which increases the efficiency and sensitivity of the device, and to provide conditions for the efficient collection of ions, necessary for the implementation of the principle of operation of the ionization chamber, for the entire or most of the area first electrode.
  • the second (concentrating) electrodes due to the potential necessary to create conditions for the efficient collection of ions, will attract ions formed by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation during flight under such conditions, and, accordingly, accumulate, etc. e. change the charge on the second electrodes in accordance with the characteristics of the alpha particle and / or beta particle and / or gamma radiation, which, in turn, allows you to determine (detect) alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma -radiations and their characteristics, and, in some cases, determine the types, composition, quantity, ratio of radionuclides that generated them.
  • charge amplifiers are connected with them in a preferred embodiment, converting the amount of charge at the input to the voltage or current at the output, and the change in the amount of charge at the input, respectively, to the change in voltage or current at the output.
  • Amplifiers of charge can be made in accordance with known from the prior art design solutions, for example, using operational amplifiers with a high-impedance input.
  • the charge amplifiers can be located next to the second (concentrating) electrodes to ensure the best noise immunity.
  • charge amplifiers can also be located, for example, also inside the ionization chamber or on the other side of the board opposite the ionization chamber (for example, second electrode).
  • the charges / changes in the charges of the second electrodes are mainly amplified by separate charge amplifiers because subtracting the charges from the second electrodes from each other in direct form will lead to a decrease in the output signal of the charge amplifier amplifying the differential charge, since the charges will be collected for subtraction by the subtracting module and when subtracting the charge will be distributed over the entire working volume of the subtracting module.
  • the charge when flowing from the second electrodes into the amplification / subtraction module, the charge must pass through the conductor, which will induce interference, then coming to the input of the amplifier and, as a result, amplified.
  • the currents and / or voltages at the outputs of the charge amplifiers can be subtracted from each other and / or processed separately (for example, amplified, filtered, used to determine alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation and etc.) with further subtraction of the data, in which the losses are insignificant in comparison with the values of the currents / voltages themselves.
  • interference at the input of the amplifiers is practically not induced if the amplifiers are located next to the electrodes from which the charge is removed (for example, by the second), and the noise induced at the outputs of the amplifiers is significantly reduced or even eliminated due to the low output impedance of amplifiers (in particular, operational amplifiers).
  • a signal By a signal is meant a time sequence of values of a physical quantity, such as charge, voltage, potential (there can also be a current that is connected with voltage through Ohm's law).
  • a physical quantity such as charge, voltage, potential (there can also be a current that is connected with voltage through Ohm's law).
  • Subtracting module 106 may include a charge amplifier or a high-resistance voltage follower.
  • a charge amplifier can be included in the ionization chamber, since the secondary electrodes give signals in the form of a charge / change in charge (or, accordingly, voltage), which must be amplified.
  • a charge amplifier may be considered necessary to realize the function of the ionization chamber and, therefore, may be considered part of its composition, although in general it is an element separate from the ionization chamber.
  • the subtracting module 106 is designed to obtain the signal difference and its amplification to the level that is necessary for efficient processing in the processing module 631. It can be performed with using various components and various circuit solutions known from the prior art, for example, using separate elements, such as transistors, integrated elements, such as operational amplifiers, or to be integrated into a processing module (such as a processor or controller).
  • the amplifier can, in addition to the specified purpose, perform the functions of limiting, filtering, inverting, converting the waveform and / or changing the parameter of the electrical process used as a signal carrier, i.e., at least part of the functions of the processing module.
  • Processing module 631 is designed to process, convert signals and / or obtain, based on the characteristics and parameters of the data signals, for example, events of detection of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation, frequency and intensity of alpha decays and / or beta decays and / or gamma radiation, radionuclide radioactivity, for example, radonuclide / radon and / or radon / toron DPR, as well as the concentration and / or volumetric activity of radionuclides (all these indicators can be determined, one or some of them in various com binaries).
  • the received data can be output or transmitted to external devices or elements / components.
  • the term data used hereinafter, mainly refers to data obtained by processing a sensor signal, which includes an ionization chamber composed by the first (first) and second electrodes, and a subtraction module.
  • the signal from the sensor may require additional processing before it can be used to extract data on alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation. This is due to the fact that the signals corresponding to the indicated particles and / or radiation can be small in magnitude and contain noise and interference that can be present even though the microphone effect, interference and noise of an external nature, for example, such as interference, are significantly suppressed. that appear when connected to the electric network (impulse noise, periodic interference with different frequencies, noise, interference, etc.).
  • the high sensitivity of the device in accordance with the present invention allows to reduce the area of the first electrode and, thereby, to reduce the microphone effect, however, for its complete elimination, additional signal processing in the processing unit is mainly required.
  • additional signal processing in the processing unit is mainly required.
  • the above types of processing can be used, such as filtering (band-pass, low-frequency, high-frequency, etc.), correlation processing and matched filtering, etc.
  • this type of processing in which, if the sound noise exceeds the specified threshold, the device stops counting alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation until the sound / vibration noise in the sensor signal returns to the acceptable range (for example, due to the cessation of the arrival of sound mechanical vibrations to the first electrode). This eliminates the need for false definitions of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation caused by sound / mechanical interference.
  • the interference at the first electrode (s) is the same from the point of view of the second electrodes, and the interference from the first electrode (s) to the second electrodes is carried out in the same way (and if not the same, then the correcting elements of the subtracting module make them the same to achieve maximum interference suppression and noise), then from the interference and noise generated by the electric network, exactly the same interference and noise on the other second electrode are subtracted on one second electrode and, thus, they are subtracted .
  • any elements / components have imperfect characteristics, and for elements / components having the same functional purpose, such as, for example, second electrodes or first electrodes, if there are two or more of them, characteristics and properties can vary from one instance to another.
  • their placement in the device (sensor) may also have some differences. All this can lead to the fact that even when using the method of suppressing interference and noise in accordance with the present invention, residual noise and interference can be observed in the device or sensor. To eliminate them, additional methods of suppression can be used.
  • Filtering for example, band-pass, low-pass, etc.
  • Filter elements / components such as RC circuits, capacitances, inductors (inductors)
  • RC circuits capacitances, inductors (inductors)
  • inductors inductors
  • filtering can be bandpass, low-frequency, high-frequency, matched, and other types of filtering.
  • filtering can be carried out before or directly in the subtraction module before being fed to the processing module, or in the processing module itself, for example, using filter elements / components, such as RC circuits, capacitors, inductances (chokes), etc., or, for example, using digital filtering.
  • the signals produced by the sensor as a result of the appearance of an alpha particle and / or beta particle and / or gamma radiation and / or an ion track generated by these particles and / or radiation usually have quite characteristic shapes and other characteristic characteristics when processing signals can be applied and will mainly give fairly good results correlation processing and / or matched filtering based on the use of the waveform.
  • These types of processing can be carried out as separate elements / components, for example, as part of a processing module, or digitally, for example, if the processing module contains or is a controller or processor.
  • Signal processing using features of the waveform generated by the alpha particle and / or beta particle and / or gamma radiation and / or the ion track can significantly reduce those components in the signal that have a shape different from the waveform caused by alpha particle and / or beta particle and / or gamma radiation and / or ion track, which increases the likelihood of detecting alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation and / or distinguishing between these particles and / or radiation , since in the filtered signal by for the most part, only constituents derived from alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation remain.
  • Joint processing is possible at different stages, for example, at the stage of filtering or isolating components caused by alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation, including due to the peculiarities of the shape of the device’s responses to said particles and / or radiation , and / or after the detection of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation by comparing the detection facts or certain parameters to confirm their validity.
  • the above methods for processing sensor signals can reduce not only the interference and noise that have their origin in the electrical network, but also from other sources.
  • any device including amplifiers create their own noise, which also require suppression.
  • Some types of elements / components are also prone to create noise and noise characteristic of them, which can also be used to suppress noise and interference.
  • the above types of signal processing of the sensor increase the reliability of detection of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation. At the same time, they are not required to implement the device if it is used in conditions where noise and interference are minimal or absent. However, under ordinary domestic conditions, such treatment is desirable and, in some cases, necessary.
  • the described types of processing are not exhaustive and other types known from the prior art or developed specifically for this device can be used. All these types of processing can be carried out either individually or jointly in various combinations, sequentially or in parallel.
  • Another type of processing performed by the processing unit, in particular, the processing module, is the direct detection (determination) of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation. It is carried out on a signal that may be pre-processed or not processed using methods known from the prior art.
  • the detection of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation can be carried out using the threshold method, when the fact of the passage of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation near (in the region) of the sensor is determined when the signal exceeds the processed signal values (for example, by correlation processing or matched filtering) of the specified threshold.
  • a common type of detection of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation is the construction of histograms by the magnitude of the peaks in the signal. This allows you to determine the energy characteristics of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation and / or the type of radionuclides that became the source of these particles and / or radiation. Peaks and / or other characteristic features / parameters can be determined both in the processed signal and not processed.
  • Detection can be carried out both by the direct signal of the sensor, and by the processed signal.
  • signal processing such as integration, differentiation, logarithm, and others known from prior art and / or newly developed for the present device.
  • the data obtained from the determination (detection) of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation mainly represent the frequency (number of particles / radiation per unit time) of the appearance of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation near the sensor and / or, for example, in the ionization chamber and, in some cases, may contain data on the characteristics of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation, such as energy and the like.
  • These primary data on alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation provide additional data characterizing radionuclides at / near the first electrode and / or sensor.
  • estimates of the composition of radionuclides, their concentration and / or activity, and others can be obtained. Further, taking into account the characteristics of the device for collecting radionuclides from ambient air, the volumetric activity / concentration of radionuclides can be determined.
  • radionuclides in air usually include radon and / or DPR of radon
  • the above characteristics of radionuclides can reflect and / or contain the DPR characteristics of radon and / or radon itself.
  • DPR of radon and / or radon can be released from all radionuclides, for example, according to energy characteristics, waveform, frequency of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation or in other ways, including taking into account environmental conditions, etc.
  • the characteristics of radon itself can be determined, for example, its concentration or volumetric activity. This can be done in various ways, for example, according to the composition of radon DPR or the average radon DPR activity divided by a coefficient reflecting the ratio of the radon DPR activity to radon itself.
  • the processing module 631 is a processor or controller (or several pieces) and can carry out the above and other types of processing digitally in accordance with a program / instructions that can be stored in a memory that is an element separate from the processor or controller or included in it structure.
  • the controller or processor may include not only a processing module, but also amplifiers and other elements.
  • the processed data mainly representing the result of processing the sensor signal in the processing unit, and / or the sensor signal can be supplied to the communication module 604, in which they can be transmitted, for example, by radio communication through the antenna 641.
  • the communication module may not carry out radio communication, but transmit / exchange data via wired, optical and other communication channels, including jointly or in addition to the radio channel.
  • data transmission / exchange via the radio frequency communication channel is currently inexpensive, affordable and widespread, which makes it possible to use the device in accordance with the present invention for a wide range of users.
  • the communication module may be a module of cellular communication, communication in accordance with the standards of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC and others, or any other valid communication module.
  • Data and / or sensor signal can be transmitted to a data processing server or to a database, to a user terminal, such as a telephone, smartphone or any other. Data and / or signal transmission can also be carried out by wire, if the device provides such an opportunity.
  • a device may have a connector for connecting to an external device, which may be a telephone, smartphone, or any other device.
  • the connector may be connected to a communication module for such data and / or communication signal transmission.
  • the connector may be a USB connector (as indicated earlier, it can also be used to supply power).
  • the data and / or sensor signal can be transmitted directly or averaged over a given period of time.
  • the communication module may be configured to receive and / or transmit control signals.
  • the communication module may receive control signals from external devices, such as a user terminal or server, and transmit them to the processing unit.
  • the control signals may contain instructions, codes or programs that may be executed by the processing module. In this way, it is possible to set or change the processing parameters of the sensor signal or the processed data.
  • the processing unit may control the indicator and / or power supply in accordance with the received control signals.
  • the processing unit may in some cases be able to control the module control the output voltage and, thereby, connect and disconnect an external device.
  • the external device is a fan or air conditioner
  • the device can automatically bring them into an active state in order to reduce the level (concentration, activity) of radionuclides, for example, radon and / or its DPR, when it reaches a predetermined threshold and deactivate them when it decreases the level (concentration, activity) of radionuclides, for example, radon and / or its DPR, to an acceptable level.
  • concentration (activity) data can be taken into account radon and / or its DPR (or radionuclides in general), but also temperature, humidity, air pressure and other environmental indicators.
  • the communication module may receive control signals from the processing unit and transmit them to external devices.
  • a communication module may transmit control signals via infrared or other radiation to other external devices, such as, for example, fans, air conditioners, and the like. It also provides the ability to automatically control the operation of such devices in order to maintain the level (concentration, activity) of radon and / or its DPR (or radionuclides in general) within the specified limits similar to the above option except that their wired connection to the device in accordance with this invention is not necessary.
  • the communication module comprises an infrared radiation source, such as, for example, an infrared emitting diode, that is, an infrared emitting diode (in some embodiments, the communication module may be an infrared emitting diode). Due to the fact that the transmission of control signals via the infrared channel is very common, the availability of this feature in this device provides the ability to control various devices without establishing a connection and, in some cases, even without setting the settings that provide such control.
  • an infrared radiation source such as, for example, an infrared emitting diode, that is, an infrared emitting diode (in some embodiments, the communication module may be an infrared emitting diode). Due to the fact that the transmission of control signals via the infrared channel is very common, the availability of this feature in this device provides the ability to control various devices without establishing a connection and, in some cases, even without setting the settings that provide such control.
  • a device can transmit control signals in accordance with one, several or all available standards of control signals, and devices that can reach infrared radiation can be sensed using infrared radiation sensors (for example, an infrared photodiode) and perform actions and / or commands given by control signals. Due to this, the device in accordance with the present invention can control the operation of such devices as, for example, fans, air conditioners, climate control, systems for maintaining indoor climatic conditions so as to change the content of radionuclides, for example, radon and its DPR, in the air by inflow and / or air exhaust. This provides the ability to automatically maintain safe indoor conditions.
  • infrared radiation sensors for example, an infrared photodiode
  • the device in accordance with the present invention can control the operation of such devices as, for example, fans, air conditioners, climate control, systems for maintaining indoor climatic conditions so as to change the content of radionuclides, for example, radon and its DPR, in the air by inflow and
  • An additional advantage of the present invention is that the emitting IR diode can have a large power and, therefore, emit powerful stream of infrared radiation. Since infrared radiation is usually well reflected, it is not necessary to direct the IR diode to the infrared radiation sensor in the controlled device. This provides greater freedom in the installation of the device in accordance with the present invention, which may be necessary, since the electrical outlet can be located in places where there is no possibility of direct transmission of infrared radiation from the source to the receiver.
  • the emitting IR diode as a source, has no power limitations due to the fact that the present device is connected to the electric network and there are no restrictions on the power consumption characteristic of devices with autonomous (i.e., not connected to the electric network, for example, battery) power supply in due to the small energy reserve of an autonomous power source and the need to ensure a long service life.
  • the distinguishing feature of the present invention the need to connect to an electrical network - provides the ability not only to implement an effective and sensitive device that collects radionuclides from the air, including radon DPR, and determines the activity (concentration) of radionuclides in air (including, for example , and radon), but also the possibility of using a high-power emitting IR diode, which makes it possible to control devices by means of infrared radiation in practice from any location of the device.
  • the processing unit may control external devices in accordance with the received control signals, thereby providing remote control of the connection of the external device to the network through the device in accordance with the present invention.
  • the communication module can receive control signals from one external device and transmit them to other external devices. This can provide remote control and data exchange or transmission, for example, with the aim of monitoring the situation and / or preserving predetermined conditions, for example, the environment.
  • control signals using a source of infrared radiation can be carried out not only in the device in accordance with the present invention, but also in any other devices for determining the content of radionuclides in the air, including in determination devices radon / thoron content, as well as in any other devices connected to the electrical network.
  • a source of infrared radiation for example, such as an infrared diode
  • any other devices for determining the content of radionuclides in the air including in determination devices radon / thoron content, as well as in any other devices connected to the electrical network.
  • any of the above control options including the described options using infrared radiation sources (including IR diodes), and all the above-described advantages provided by them.
  • the processed data mainly representing the result of processing the sensor signal in the processing unit, and / or the sensor signal can be sent to an indicator 605, which can display the signal level, registration events of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation and / or characteristics obtained by processing the signal in the processing module 631.
  • the indicator may be a single element, a ruler or a matrix of elements that can emit light or change the reflection characteristics or light transmission. For example, it can be LED, liquid crystal and any other elements that allow you to visually display data or a signal.
  • the indicator can visually (light) display the facts of the determination (registration, detection) of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation and / or the speed of registration (detection) of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation per unit time and / or concentration (activity) of radionuclides (for example, radon and / or its DPR) in ambient air.
  • the indicator may contain a sound element configured to provide sound signals for sound displaying the facts of registration of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation, frequency or intensity of radiation, dangerous levels of concentration or activity of radionuclides, radon , radiation, etc.
  • the indicator light in some cases may contain elements designed to display letters, numbers and other characters.
  • individual indicator elements can be point elements (round, square, and other forms of small size elements) that can display letters, numbers, and other symbols when assembled into matrices.
  • the indicator in some cases can transmit control signals. This is possible in cases where the display and / or sounding elements can display and / or sound control signals in the form necessary for receiving these signals by the receiving devices.
  • the indicator in addition to displaying data in the visible light range, the indicator (or its individual elements) may have the ability to emit in the infrared range, which is traditionally used to transmit control signals. This indicator execution can eliminate the need for an additional communication module and, thus, reduce the size and weight of the device.
  • the data and / or sensor signal may be stored in the device memory.
  • the device memory may be permanently installed in the device or removable, for example, be a memory card or flash drive.
  • the device can be equipped with appropriate connectors, for example, a USB connector or memory card connectors, such as SD, CF, MMS and others of any format / size.
  • the signal or data can be stored in a memory card, transmitted for display in an indicator, transmitted to other devices through a communication module or electrical connector.
  • the transfer of data obtained during signal processing, or the sensor signal itself, from the processing unit is not necessary for the implementation of the present invention, since this data or signal can be stored in the memory of the processing unit and retrieved from it, including in cases where the processing unit is turned off or in an inactive state, that is, formally without data or signal transmission by the processing unit.
  • the processing unit may transmit control signals based on the results of processing the signal or data, and not the data or signal itself.
  • the processing unit preferably nevertheless transmits data obtained as a result of signal processing and / or the sensor signal. It should be noted that in addition to transmitting data and / or a sensor signal and / or a control signal from the processing unit to specific devices or systems, such transmission can be carried out without a specific receiving device or even without a receiving device, since it may not be known in what situation the data is transmitted or device signals. For example, control signals or data can be transmitted to an electrical connector, via an infrared emitter or a radio module, regardless of whether or not there is a receiver of the transmitted signal. This can be convenient in cases where it is not provided or there is no possibility of establishing a communication channel with feedback.
  • the transmission, display and / or storage of data and / or signal can be carried out individually (for example, one of these actions) or together in various combinations.
  • Data from the processing unit and / or the sensor signal (directly from the sensor or through the processing unit) can be transmitted and / or displayed and / or stored directly or averaged over a specified period of time (for example, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 hours, one or several days, a week or more). Averaging can reduce the amount of information transmitted.
  • the power supply unit 602 mainly comprises a low voltage module 622.
  • the low voltage module is configured to supply electrical power voltage to the respective blocks and modules. less than the voltage between the connecting electrodes of the connecting element. These modules and units usually require constant or pulsed power supply of constant polarity, and several power voltages and / or different signs may be required.
  • the low voltage module is preferably an AC voltage rectifier with a stabilizer of its magnitude.
  • the rectifier and / or voltage regulator can be included in the processing unit, its modules or components, as well as in the communication module and / or indicator, and therefore, in some embodiments, the low voltage module can only lower the input voltage.
  • the low voltage module can be connected to the connecting electrodes and receive input voltage from the electrical network. In other embodiments, the low voltage module may receive input voltage from the high voltage module.
  • the low voltage module may not be present if the processing unit, communication module and / or indicator are supplied from autonomous power sources, such as electrical elements (including galvanic, electrochemical, light, thermal, electromechanical and others), batteries, accumulators, etc.
  • autonomous power sources such as electrical elements (including galvanic, electrochemical, light, thermal, electromechanical and others), batteries, accumulators, etc.
  • the low-voltage supply module is not a mandatory element for the implementation of the present invention, since the processing unit, communication module, indicator and / or other low-voltage elements / components of the device can perform their functions without it, for example, as described above, due to power from self-contained power sources.
  • the presence of a low-voltage module in the power supply unit (or, in other words, providing power for the processing unit, communication module, indicator and / or other low-voltage elements / components of the device with the power supply unit) eliminates the need to replace autonomous power sources.
  • the power supply performs its functions mainly only when connected to an electric network.
  • the device may, in some embodiments, comprise rechargeable autonomous power sources, such as, for example, batteries, ionistors, and the like, which can ensure the functioning of the device or its parts without being connected to the network, however, they are necessary only to ensure that some functions are performed when the device is switched off from network condition, such as saving data, set time, etc.
  • the main advantage of the present invention namely, that the electric potential at the first electrode has a constant component relative to surrounding objects, including the electric network, earth, walls (often made of reinforced concrete and grounded), is provided when connected to the electric network.
  • FIG. 6 shows a circuit board with components of a device close to the device, a block diagram of which is shown in FIG. 5. All explanations given in relation to FIG. 5 may refer to FIG. 6 and vice versa.
  • the circuit board shown in FIG. 6, can be placed in the device case, at the same time, the board shown can perform all the functions of the device as shown, without the case, and is a complete device in accordance with the present invention.
  • the circuit board 101 is a circuit board, which can be made of dielectric material, for example, in the form of a printed circuit board with foil tracks.
  • the board 101 is intended, on the one hand, for fastening on it and for connecting the elements / components of the device in an appropriate manner, and on the other hand, for fastening in the case or on other objects.
  • connecting electrodes 701 forming the connecting element in the form of die clamps (groove clamps) into which, for example, wires can be inserted and secured, which, in turn, can be connected to the plug of the plug connector for inclusion in the electrical network or be wires of an electric network by themselves.
  • electrodes 701 other types of clamps, sockets, and connectors may be used, as well as pads, wire terminators, or directly exposed wires.
  • a power supply unit 602 is located near the connecting electrodes 701 and is electrically connected to the connecting electrodes 701. When the device is connected to the electric network using the connecting electrodes, the voltage is supplied through the connecting electrodes 701 to the power supply unit 602.
  • the power supply unit 602 consists of two modules, one of which is a high voltage module 621, and another low voltage module 622.
  • the high voltage module 621 is connected to the connecting electrodes 701 and through them, when the device is connected to the mains, the voltage 621 enters the module 621.
  • the high voltage module 621 converts the incoming electrical voltage into a constant electrical voltage or an electrical voltage with a constant (in time) component.
  • the resulting electrical voltage with a constant component (constant voltage is its special case when there is only a constant component, and there are no alternating components) from the high voltage module 621 is supplied to the first (electrostatic) electrode 103.
  • the presence of a constant component in the voltage between the first electrode and one or more connecting electrodes and, mainly, its value can be determined in several ways.
  • the formula for the average voltage corresponding to the DC component is as follows:
  • U c is the average value (constant component) of the voltage
  • T is the period of time during which the measurement is carried out (for periodic processes - the repetition period);
  • (t) is the dependence of voltage on time.
  • Numerical integration which allows to obtain the average voltage in accordance with the above formula, can be done by summing the samples of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) divided by the number of summed samples (which corresponds to the measurement period, because the samples are taken at certain intervals of time). Integration can also be accomplished using electronic components integrated into integrating circuits known in the art. For example, an RC chain with a time constant selected to reduce or eliminate the influence of a batch process on the measurement result can be used for this. The result at the output of such an integrating circuit can be measured and used to determine the magnitude of the DC component.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • Integrating chains are a type of low-pass filter.
  • Other low-pass filters known in the art in a similar manner can be used to determine the DC component.
  • voltage spectrum analyzers can be used which, as one of the components of the spectrum, provide a constant component value.
  • the electrical networks to which the devices in accordance with the present invention are to be connected transmit for household consumers mainly alternating voltage on the phase wires relative to the neutral wire or the grounded wire.
  • alternating voltage When measuring voltage between the first electrode, on which a constant electric potential is created, and a neutral (neutral) or grounded wire, there will be no periodic voltage fluctuations or they will be small.
  • periodic voltage fluctuations transmitted by the phase wire relative to the neutral or grounded wire will introduce an alternating component into the measured voltage, the influence of which on the measurement result depends on the ratio of the measured constant voltage and the amplitude of the periodic voltage fluctuations, as well as possibly from a measurement method.
  • the voltage at the first electrode can also have an AC component, i.e. the first electrode may not be fed only constant voltage, but also other types of voltages, which are a combination of constant and variable components, for example, it can be a ripple voltage, etc.
  • a variable component can be observed in the voltage at the first electrode relative to one connecting electrode (for example, connected to a phase wire or a neutral or neutral or grounded conductor) or relative to several connecting electrodes when connected to an electric network.
  • the high voltage module In the event that the high voltage module generates a constant voltage on the first electrode relative to the neutral (neutral) and / or grounded wire, an alternating component will be present relative to the phase wire on the first electrode, since the phase wire itself transfers the alternating voltage. Conversely, if the high voltage module generates a constant voltage on the first electrode relative to the voltage of the phase wire, then this voltage on the first electrode will contain an alternating voltage component relative to the zero and / or grounded wire, corresponding to the alternating phase voltage. If the alternating component of the voltage at the first electrode does not correspond to the phase voltage, then the alternating components (generally not coinciding) of the voltage at the first electrode will be observed both with respect to the phase wire and with respect to the neutral and / or grounded wire.
  • an electric field is established in the space near the first electrode and in the space between the first (electrostatic) electrode and the wires of the electric network DC component corresponding to the DC component of the voltage at the first electrode relative to one or more wires (or other conductors that transmit current and voltage) of the electrical network. Since the voltage is a potential difference, this means that the first electrode has acquired an electric potential with a constant component (or, in a particular case, a constant electric potential) relative to one or more wires of the electric network.
  • the magnitude of the DC component of the voltage (in absolute value) on the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes is predominantly greater (in absolute value) of the current the values or amplitudes of the variable component and / or constant component (also in absolute value) of the voltage between the connecting electrodes.
  • the voltage between each connecting electrodes is taken into account, if there are more than two. That is, the DC component of the voltage (its absolute value) at the first electrode of the relative one or more connecting electrodes should be compared with the actual value or amplitude of the variable and / or the DC component (its absolute value) of the voltage between the connecting electrodes, which can be connected to the wires of the electrical network .
  • voltages can be taken between phase and neutral wires, phase and ground wires, neutral and ground wires, if there is voltage between them.
  • the voltage at the first electrode with respect to a specific connecting electrode is compared with the voltage between the same defined connecting electrode and another connecting electrode.
  • the voltage between the connecting electrodes that are different from the specified specific connecting electrode can be taken into account, if there are more than two.
  • the choice of connecting electrodes to determine the voltage between them and the connecting electrode to determine the voltage on the first electrode relative to it depends on the technique, which should be formed on the basis of reasonable initial assumptions.
  • the voltage at the first electrode relative to several connecting electrodes can be determined in cases where the constant components of the potentials of these electrodes are the same, or when all measurement options are enumerated to determine the presence of the indicated feature for each connecting electrode.
  • the voltage may have a positive or negative sign.
  • the DC component of the voltage between the first electrode and one or more connecting electrodes is greater than the voltage (variable and / or DC component) between the connecting electrodes, then this means that the DC component of the voltage at the first the electrode may be greater than the numerical value of the voltage between the connecting electrodes, if the voltages are taken with the sign "+", or less than the numerical value of the voltage between the connecting electrodes, if the voltages are taken with the sign "-".
  • the constant component of the potential of the first electrode may be greater than the constant component of the potential of one or more connecting electrodes by an amount exceeding the numerical value of the voltage (variable and / or constant components) between the connecting electrodes, if the voltages are taken with a “+” sign, or less than the constant component of the potential of one or more connecting electrodes by an amount exceeding the numerical (absolute) value of the voltage (variable and / or constant with leaving) between connecting electrodes, if voltages are taken with a “-” sign.
  • voltage can be applied to the first electrode both with a positive DC component and with a negative one.
  • the constant component has a negative sign, to ensure effective deposition of charged particles suspended in air.
  • DPR of radon and, possibly, other radionuclides
  • the formed ions have a positive charge and are attracted to the first electrode with a negative DC component of the electrical voltage.
  • the readings obtained become cumulative, since the sensor will mainly detect alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation emitted by radionuclides deposited on the first (electrostatic) electrode.
  • Cumulative readings have an advantage over non-cumulative ones in that they are larger in size, which means the device is more sensitive, because radionuclides can be accumulated at their low concentration in air and due to this an estimate of their concentration is obtained, which cannot be obtained by other methods.
  • a device for determining the content of radionuclides from the accumulated radionuclides deposited on the first (electrostatic) electrode provides more accurate data.
  • the DPR of radon (and, possibly, other radionuclides) are repelled from the first electrode, because, as noted earlier, they also have a positive charge, and as a result, the sensor can mainly detect only alpha - particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation emitted by negatively charged DPR radionuclides or radionuclides that do not have a charge (for example, radon).
  • Such radionuclides can be either settled on the first electrode or located near the first electrode (for example, inside the electric chamber) after the flow of dust particles and other microparticles entrained or transferred them to the first electrode. Determination of the content of radionuclides in the air without accumulation (non-cumulative readings) have an advantage in the speed of reading, because no time is required for the accumulation of radionuclides and the data obtained are directly related to the current moment.
  • radionuclides in the air can also be deposited on dust particles or other microparticles and / or form chemical and other types of bonds with them. Since the charge acquired by dust particles or other microparticles can be either positive or negative, radionuclides can be attracted to the first electrode and deposited on it at any sign of the voltage applied to the first electrode. That is, with a negative potential on the first electrode there may be radionuclides that have not settled on this electrode, and with a positive potential on the first electrode there may be radionuclides deposited on this electrode.
  • radionuclides having an electric charge can settle on this electrode or be attracted to it by means of the electric (electrostatic) field created by the first (electrostatic) electrode when they are deposited on particles dust or other microparticles having an opposite electric charge, exceeding the charge of the radionuclide (preferably two or more times).
  • a sensor mounted near the first electrode can detect alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation emitted by radionuclides that are on the first electrode and / or near the first electrode, regardless of the sign of the electric potential installed on the first electrode (depending on the polarity of the voltage applied to it).
  • radionuclides entering from the air near the device onto the first electrode in addition to the possibility of emitting alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation by radionuclides on the first electrode (for example, deposited on it) also implies the possibility of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation by radionuclides near the first electrode, which did not have time to settle on this electrode or cannot do this because of their electroneutrality, or, for example, if they themselves are prod ktomu radioactive decay of the radionuclides is on the ground or near the electrode.
  • the presence of a constant voltage component at the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes connected to the electric network is of high importance for the following reasons.
  • the wires or conductors of the electric network are usually distributed in space (for example, in the walls of the room) and have a constant component of the electric potential close to the potential of the earth (building, room), since there is a constant voltage between the phase wire and the ground (neutral wire, neutral), and also between the neutral wire (neutral) and the ground there is a network failure, which is usually sought to eliminate, and the neutral wire, according to regulatory requirements, is mainly necessary to ground.
  • the entire description made above with respect to electric networks with alternating voltage is also true except that electric networks with constant voltage are less common, the alternating component of voltage on the conductors is absent or small (much less than constant component), and its conductors form an extended (and sometimes distributed in space) electric dipole or capacitor.
  • the electric field of the dipole rapidly decreases depending on the distance, and the average potential, which is the arithmetic average of the potentials of the conductors, can correspond to the potential of the environment, for example, at bipolar potentials in the conductors, or differ from it by no more than half the magnitude of the voltage between the conductors. In the latter case, the potential environment can gradually change towards the average potential of such an electrical network.
  • the first electrode is supplied with an electric potential that differs from the potential not only of the wires of the electric network, but also of the entire surrounding space. Due to this, the electric field created by the first electrodes is formed mainly outside the first electrode, which corresponds to the creation of a solitary charge (without a dipole forming a charge of a different magnitude or with a different sign located next to the first electrode within the device).
  • a solitary charge is formed due to the creation of an excess of electrons on the first electrode (a negative charge is formed) or a lack of electrons (a positive charge is formed).
  • the potential of the indicated electric field decreases inversely with the distance from the electrode (to the first degree), and the Coulomb force acting on charges around the first electrode decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the electrode (i.e., to the second degree).
  • dipole electric chambers are typically used, i.e. containing a positive and negative electrode, between which a high voltage is applied, which leads to the formation of an electric field whose potential at distances greater than the distance between the electrodes decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the camera (i.e., to the second degree), and the Coulomb force on charges around such electric cameras, decreases inversely with the cube of the distance from the camera (i.e., to the third degree).
  • radionuclides including radar DPRs
  • radionuclides are also deposited on dust due to its electrification, this means that when dust is deposited on the first electrode that is open to ambient air due to the presence of an electric potential with a constant component, radionuclides are deposited on the electrode along with dust previously deposited on dust particles.
  • radionuclides including DPR radon, can be deposited on the first electrode on their own, without the help of dust or other particles.
  • radionuclides mainly together with dust
  • devices or systems for pumping or creating an air stream such as fans
  • the collection of radionuclides requires a first electrode with dimensions (area, volume) smaller than devices in the prior art (in particular, with the dimensions of their dipoles and / or air chambers), since the electric field generated by the device in accordance with the present invention decreases much less (slower) depending on the distance.
  • the efficiency of the device is significantly increased, since even the minimum dimensions of the first electrode, determined from other considerations, provide higher efficiency for dust deposition and collection of radionuclides and a significantly higher sensitivity in determining the content and characteristics (decay frequency, concentration, volumetric activity) of radionuclides, including radon and its DPR, in comparison with ur vnem art, since such an open first radionuclides are deposited from the electrode from a larger volume of space (preferably without screening and filtering fine dust particles).
  • the amount of space from which the capture and collection of radionuclides occurs is determined by the electric field strength, which in the case of the present invention decreases to a lesser extent depending on the distance than for prior art devices having dipoles.
  • the electric field strength sufficient to move dust and radionuclides to the first electrode, the device in accordance with the invention is formed at a greater distance than devices from the prior art at the same voltages and / or sizes, and, therefore, the device in accordance with the present invention captures dust from a larger volume of the surrounding space (air).
  • the present device more efficiently collects radionuclides from the surrounding space than devices from the prior art.
  • the first electrode can contain not only a constant component of the electric potential, but also a variable, the electric field formed by the first (electrostatic) electrode can be variable.
  • the electric field formed by the first (electrostatic) electrode can be variable.
  • the Coulomb force can be periodically directed both towards the first electrode and vice versa. This can slow down the rate of deposition of charged particles on the first electrode, since part of the energy of the generated electric field will be spent on slowing down the charged particles, which the electric field first accelerated in one direction, and after changing the direction of the electric field began to accelerate in the other direction.
  • the DC component of the voltage on the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes, characterizing the DC component of its potential be greater than the amplitude of the variable component of the voltage, forming an alternating electric field and, accordingly, the Coulomb force, variable in magnitude and direction.
  • the constant component of the voltage on the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes be greater than the effective (effective rms) voltage between the connecting electrodes, which will correspond to in particular, the effective voltage between the phase and neutral (neutral) wires (or earth) th (ground) instead of neutral).
  • the value of the root mean square (it is also valid, it is effective) voltage value is determined by the following formula:
  • U rms is the rms (effective, effective) voltage
  • T is the period of time during which the measurement is carried out
  • u (t) is the dependence of voltage on time.
  • the rms value for a given period of time T (for example, the period of fluctuations in the mains voltage of industrial frequency) can be obtained for the voltage with any time dependence. For example, for a constant voltage, its rms value will be equal to itself, and for a sinusoidal voltage, the rms value will be approximately 0.707 of the amplitude of the sine wave, etc.
  • the effective value of the alternating voltage numerically corresponds to the value of the direct voltage doing the same work on the charge as the alternating voltage. Since the movement of particles suspended in air is the work produced by the Coulomb force applied to the charged particles by an electric field, the value of which can be characterized by an electric voltage, a comparison of the effective values of the DC component of the voltage on the first electrode and the AC voltage in the electric network allows us to determine not only instantaneous direction of movement of charged particles in air, but also the direction of movement of charged particles over a long time period al, advantageously greater than the alternating voltage period.
  • the Coulomb force will direct the charged particles toward the first electrode.
  • the direction of movement of the charged part depends on the sign of their charge, however, given that charged particles of both signs can form, part of the particles will move in one direction and part in the other depending on the direction of the electric field - in the case of the present invention we are talking about that part particles whose charge sign makes them always or in most of the time move towards the first electrode and settle on it.
  • the root mean square (effective, effective) value is the most common indicator characterizing the alternating voltage in electrical networks. When one speaks simply of voltage or current strength in electric networks of alternating voltage, then by default their mean square values are usually meant. In addition, indicators and display elements of all voltmeters and ammeters of alternating current are calibrated in the rms values.
  • the constant component of the electric potential (voltage relative to the connecting electrodes) at the first electrode is provided greater than the amplitude of the alternating voltage of the electric network.
  • the Coulomb force will act on charged particles in the air, having the same direction at any time, although it varies in magnitude at different times.
  • the amplitude of the AC voltage is mainly determined by the rms value taking into account the shape of the AC voltage (preferably with the exception of peaks, surges, voltage pulses, etc., since they can have a very large value, but small duration, in connection with which they make a relatively small contribution to the work performed by voltage or electric field, for example, by moving charged particles to the first electrode).
  • the high-voltage module must be not only an AC to DC converter, for example, a rectifier, but also a step-up voltage converter, since when rectified without additional voltage increase, the DC component of the rectified voltage will be less than the amplitude of the rectified AC voltage and even less than the effective value, including due to losses during rectification (for sinuso Further it srednevypryamlennoe voltage value of the voltage of the current is 0.9).
  • a simple rectifier can also be used as a high voltage module, since the deposition of charged particles on the first electrode can also occur if the DC component of the voltage is less than the amplitude of the AC component of the voltage, although such particle deposition will be slower, i.e. with less efficiency.
  • the constant voltage component of the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes should preferably exceed the constant voltage component (or constant voltage) between the connecting electrodes (and wires of an electric network).
  • the potential of the first electrode will still differ both from the potentials of the individual connecting electrodes and from their average potential (and therefore together from the individual and average potentials wires of an electric network). This means that on the first electrode will represent constitute a solitary charge and form an electric field that slowly decreases depending on the distance and ensures the efficient collection of charged particles and radionuclides from the ambient air onto the first (electrostatic) electrode.
  • the effective voltage values in electric networks are usually around 110V, 127V, 220V, 250V, 380V (maybe an industrial voltage of 690V) - that is, less than 1000V, mostly less than 500V and even less than 400V.
  • Such a relatively small value of the constant component provides greater safety of the device in accordance with the present invention.
  • the DC component of the voltage at the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes is preferably greater than 1000V or less than -1000V. At such voltages, conditions are provided for a more intense deposition of charged particles on the first electrode and, accordingly, increased sensitivity and efficiency of the device in accordance with the present invention in determining the activity / concentration of radionuclides, including radon and / or its DPR are provided.
  • the voltage at the first electrode should be less than the voltage at which electrical breakdown of air or elements / components of the device, corona discharge or other negative phenomena associated with high voltages is possible.
  • the upper permissible limit of the DC component of the voltage between the first electrode and one or more connecting electrodes can be estimated in ZOOOV by the absolute value.
  • the constant component of the electric voltage at the first electrode relative to one or more connecting electrodes in absolute value has a value of not less than 300V and not more than 300V, or not less than 500V and not more than 2000V, or preferably not less than 1000V and not more than 1500V.
  • radionuclides including DPR radon
  • the release of alpha particles, beta particles and / or gamma radiation can be detected using second electrodes located inside the first electrode (s) (not shown in FIG. 6) and forming together with it one or more ionization chambers (chambers) sensors of the corresponding particles or radiation, the first electrode.
  • the second electrodes may be in the same space inside the first electrode or be separated by an internal partition, which is mainly electrically connected to the first electrode.
  • ion tracks formed as a result of ionization of air by particles and / or radiation in one part of the ionization chamber bounded by the first electrode will not be able to go to another part of the ionization chamber, since the partition will repel them as well as the chamber wall , and, thus, will be able to get only on that second electrode, which is located in that part of the ionization chamber in which these ions were formed.
  • a partition is made of a non-continuous material (for example, mesh, porous or equipped with holes), ionizing particles and / or radiation will be able to fly from one part of the ionizing chamber to another, while this is not possible for ion tracks.
  • the second electrodes give signals reflecting the hit on them of ion tracks formed by alpha particles during their passage.
  • the second electrodes can be used to register beta particles and / or gamma radiation.
  • the signals from the second electrodes (not shown in FIG. 6) corresponding to particles or radiation are supplied to a processing unit 603, in which the signal is processed in accordance with the present invention according to the above-described variants with registration of alpha particles and / or beta particles and / or gamma radiation (by determining the fact of their flight / appearance) indicating the decay of radionuclides, and determining, if necessary, a number of parameters, for example, the decay rate of radionuclides and / or their concentration / activity in ambient air (including A radon and DPR).
  • the power supply unit 602 advantageously comprises a low voltage module 622.
  • the low voltage module is electrically connected to the connecting electrodes and configured to convert a voltage, for example, an electrical network, to a supply voltage necessary for the processing unit (as well as a communication module and, possibly, an indicator).
  • the low voltage module is connected to the processing unit and is configured to supply the generated electrical supply voltage to the processing unit.
  • FIG. 7 shows a general view of a device for determining (recording, detecting) the content of radionuclides in ambient air in a housing in accordance with one possible embodiment of the invention.
  • the device is housed in a housing 801.
  • the housing is preferably made using a dielectric material, such as plastic or polymer, in order to provide electrical protection.
  • the connecting electrodes 701 of the circuit board 101 can be connected to the connecting electrodes 611 of the plug 601 using conductors.
  • This is a particular embodiment of the device, since it is not necessary to use the circuit board shown in FIG. 6, and, in turn, it is not necessary to use the housing shown in FIG. 7, or the housing in general, since the embodiments of the device shown in FIG. 6 and 7 (as well as in FIG. 5) are for illustrative purposes only and may be replaced or changed, used individually or in combination.
  • the device may be open or housed in housings and / or cavities formed by other objects that are not part of the device, but with which the device can connect (mechanically and / or electrically) or with which it can be located next to it.
  • the use of the housing fully (subject to the electrostatic electrode, see below), partially or on some sides of the enclosing / closing elements / components of the device in accordance with the present invention provides mechanical and / or electrical protection of both the device itself and surrounding objects, including living creatures, which include humans and animals.
  • the housing 801 has on one side (back) a connecting member 601, which is an electrical plug for plugging into an electrical outlet with which it forms a plug connection.
  • Connector 601 in the form of a plug contains two connecting electrodes 611 in the form of two pins, which, when inserted into an electrical outlet, are connected by sockets (terminals) of an outlet electrically connected to wires or other electrically conductive current-carrying elements of the electrical network. Thanks to such a plug connection, a reliable mechanical and electrical connection of the pins and sockets of the socket is ensured, as a result of which the voltage of the electrical network is reliably transmitted to the connecting element 601 and the device in accordance with the present invention as a whole.
  • plug-in-socket connections allow the device to be connected to the electrical network in almost any house, room or space equipped with an electrical network with sockets.
  • plugs of other standards for example, the USA or other countries
  • the plug has two pins, but the connecting element may have a larger number of connecting electrodes, depending on the standard.
  • the European standard plug may have electrodes on the sides of the housing (ground electrodes) in addition to two pins in the base of the housing, and forks of some standards may contain three or more pins in the base of the housing. All of these possible modifications are included in the scope of the invention, provided that the connecting element contains at least two connecting electrodes and is made with the possibility of electrical connection with the electric network using the specified at least two connecting electrodes.
  • the connecting element may comprise or comprise two or more connecting electrodes, which may be either pins or other electrically conductive objects.
  • connecting electrodes can be terminals, clamps, connectors, pads for connection (mechanical, thermal (including, in some embodiments, soldering), chemical or other suitable methods) with wires or other electrically conductive objects that are part of or connected to the electrical network.
  • the device may be a power outlet or a part of such an outlet.
  • the connecting element will be the base of the socket, on / in which the connecting electrodes are placed, for example, in the form of connectors, an example of which are screw (threaded) clamps for the supply wires of the electric network, and an insulating element covering the functional part can be considered a case outlets in the case of an overhead outlet or closing it in the case of a plug-in (built-in) outlet.
  • This embodiment of the device ensures that it does not stand out in a room or any other place where electrical outlets can be installed, as a result of which there is no need to connect another device in accordance with the present invention and, accordingly, the outlet remains free to use , and the appearance remains as it was thought before installing the device in accordance with the present invention.
  • the device can be connected to the electric network using a cable (wires, cord), configured to connect one of the ends to the electric network in one way or another (for example, by installing a plug on it for plugging into an outlet) and connected or connected the other end with the connecting electrodes of the device, which are, for example, clamps, connectors or any other suitable elements.
  • a cable wires, cord
  • the device in accordance with the present invention it is possible to move the device in accordance with the present invention to the extent permitted by the length of the connecting cable (wires, cord).
  • the specified cable or cord must contain at least two electrically conductive elements (for example, conductors or wires).
  • the invention should be deemed to be practiced when there are two or more connecting devices in the device electrodes that are part of or form a connecting element, since the presence of such connecting electrodes allows you to connect the device in accordance with the present invention with the electrical network.
  • one (or more) additional connecting element which is, for example, a socket of a plug connection.
  • a socket may correspond to the European standard, or to the standards of other countries (for example, the USA) depending on the standard of the plug, for which the device is intended for inclusion in an additional connecting element.
  • the additional connecting element can be or contain any other connector or electrodes, which can be pins, terminals, clamps, pads for connecting with wires, connecting elements or other electrically conductive objects of other devices and devices .
  • the presence of such an additional connecting element makes it possible to connect other devices and devices to the device in accordance with the present invention, as a result of which not only the device in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, but also other devices can be connected to the electrical network.
  • the electric network (its supply wires, connector) does not deal only with the device in accordance with the present invention, it can be used to supply electric voltage through it and for other devices in the same place without providing an additional connector in the electric network.
  • the device in accordance with the present invention in one of the possible options can control the connection of the electrodes of the additional connecting element to the electrodes of the connecting element.
  • the device can control the supply of electrical voltage from the electrical network when connected to it using connecting electrodes in an additional connecting element and, thus, in an external device or device that can be connected to an additional connecting element of the device in accordance with the present invention.
  • the device in accordance with the invention may contain switching elements / components (relays, thyristors, etc.) connected between the connecting electrodes and the additional connecting element and controlled either by the user or by the control circuits.
  • the connecting element and the additional connecting element can correspond to the same standard of the plug connection, although they are different types of connecting elements: in the preferred embodiment, the connecting element is a plug, and the additional connecting element is a socket.
  • the device in accordance with the present invention is a “socket repeater”: it is plugged into a socket and itself contains the same socket or socket into which a plug of the same standard can be plugged.
  • the plug and socket standards may vary, allowing external devices having plugs of one standard to be connected through the device in accordance with the invention into sockets of another standard.
  • the types of the connecting element and the additional connecting element i.e. one of them may be one of the parts of the plug, and the other is not, or vice versa, or none of them may be part of the plug.
  • Such configurations allow you to change the types of connections, that is, the device in accordance with the present invention can serve as an adapter or adapter.
  • the device in accordance with the present invention can convert a number of power supply parameters, for example, a voltage value, from an alternating voltage to a constant voltage or vice versa, a voltage frequency, and the like.
  • the present device in some embodiments, can perform the functions of a power supply, for which purpose, in addition to a plug for connection to an electric network, it can include a socket (for example, a socket or a female connector) with a reduced voltage, the value of which can have standard values (e.g. 3.3V, 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V, etc.) or be adjustable.
  • a 5V USB connector which can include connecting cables for charging phones, smartphones, etc.
  • the types of the connecting element and the additional connecting element are the same, but are not plug-in.
  • it can be a base type connection using a threaded fastening method (for example, by screwing an electric lamp into a cartridge).
  • these may include bayonet type, bayonet type, and other types known in the art.
  • these types of connectors can be not only the same for the connecting element and the additional connecting element, but also differ or be combined.
  • the housing 801 comprises a window 802, which is a cutout or several cutouts in the wall of the housing.
  • the window is necessary so that particles with radar DPR, as well as radon itself from the air surrounding the device in the housing, can fall into the housing and deposited on the electrostatic electrode. Thanks to the window, the electrostatic electrode located in the housing is open to ambient air, that is, radar DPRs can be deposited on the electrostatic electrode when a constant electric potential or potential with a constant component is applied to it.
  • the housing is not an essential element for the device in accordance with the present invention.
  • Other elements required for the implementation of the invention and indicated in the independent claim may be placed in the enclosures of other devices or in cavities formed by other objects or devices.
  • the elements of the device required to implement a private variant of the present invention can be placed outdoors, i.e. without case. In such cases, the first (electrostatic) electrode will be open, i.e. accessible to ambient air and radionuclides, to the maximum extent, ambient air will surround the first electrode on all sides (with the possible exception of the mounting plate on which the first electrode is placed, if it provided).
  • the first electrode must, on the one hand, be open to ambient air, and on the other hand, it must be protected from physical contact with it for people and various devices.
  • the placement of the device in the housing prevents contact with the first electrode and other elements of the device, and the openness of the first (electrostatic) electrode is provided in the embodiment of FIG. 7 using the 802 window.
  • window 802 Since window 802 is large enough to allow body parts or electrically conductive objects to pass through it and subsequently come into contact with the electrostatic electrode, protective strips 822 are made in window 802, slots 821 between them, and also between strips 822 and the edge of window 802 in housing 801 provide openness the first electrode located in the housing outside the window 802.
  • strips 822 various nets, fabrics, films and other materials can be used that do not impede the passage of radionuclides (such as radar and other DPR) and / or suspended in air of particles (for example, dust) with radionuclides on them into the body to the electrostatic electrode.
  • the openness of the electrostatic electrode located in the housing to the surrounding air may be provided by openings of various sizes and shapes, including slots, cutouts, and the like.
  • openings of various sizes and shapes, including slots, cutouts, and the like.
  • it can be many holes that can be arranged in one or another order (for example, in rows, matrix, concentric, etc.) or without it (i.e. randomly) and have the same or different sizes and shapes (for example, round, square, oval, star-shaped, etc.)
  • the program module can be placed on any type of storage medium, such as RAM (Random Access Memory, Random Access Memory), flash memory, ROM (Read Only Memory, EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM, erasable programmable read-only memory device) ), EEPROM (Electronically Erasable and Programmable ROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), Register, Hard Disk, Removable Disk, or CD (Compact Disk, CD).
  • RAM Random Access Memory
  • Random Access Memory Random Access Memory
  • flash memory read Only Memory
  • ROM Read Only Memory
  • EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM, erasable programmable read-only memory device
  • EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • Register Hard Disk
  • Removable Disk or CD (Compact Disk, CD).
  • the storage medium is connected to the processor so that the processor can read and write information from and to the storage medium.
  • the storage medium may also be integrated into the processor.
  • the storage medium and processor can also be performed on the ASIC (specialized chip) located in the device, or in the form of discrete components.
  • connection of elements, components, blocks, modules, wires and other objects mentioned in the application can be carried out either directly, directly, galvanically, or by other elements or components that change the transmitted signal, voltage or current in the part that does not affect the implementation of the essence of the invention in a particular connection, but not changing or changing within the permissible limits the transmitted signal, voltage or current in that part that affects the implementation of the essence of Bretenoux a particular compound.
  • a connection through resistance can change the signal level, but its shape remains the same, and connection through a capacitance may not transmit a constant component of a signal, voltage or current, but it transmits a variable component. All such compounds are included in the scope of the invention in the case if they do not change its essence.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des capteurs et des dispositifs pour déterminer des rayonnements ionisants et/ou des particules ionisantes. L'invention se présente comme un capteur de rayonnement ionisant et/ou des particules ionisantes ou un dispositif équipé de ce capteur qui comprend une première électrode ; deux deuxièmes électrodes disposées près de la première électrode ; et un module de soustraction réalisé pour permettre l'obtention et l'émission d'un signal qui correspond à la différence des potentiels électriques et/ou des courants des deuxièmes électrodes. La première électrode et les deuxième électrodes sont réalisées de manière à pouvoir obtenir une différence de potentiels et/ou de courants électriques entre les première et les deuxièmes électrodes assurant la collecte par une ou plusieurs électrodes d'ions formés par la suite d'une ionisation d'air dans le domaine entre les premières électrodes et les deuxièmes électrodes par un rayonnement ionisant et/ou des particules ionisantes. Le résultat technique de l'invention consiste à supprimer l'effet de microphone / de vibrations.
PCT/RU2018/000083 2017-02-16 2018-02-14 Capteur d'enregistrement de rayonnement ionisant et/ou des particules ionisantes et dispositif équipé de ce capteur pour déterminer la présence de radionucléides dans l'air Ceased WO2018151626A2 (fr)

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RU2017105231 2017-02-16
RU2017105231A RU2655023C1 (ru) 2017-02-16 Датчик для регистрации ионизирующих излучений и/или ионизирующих частиц и устройство для определения содержания радионуклидов в воздухе с таким датчиком

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CN113848221A (zh) * 2021-08-19 2021-12-28 中国科学院高能物理研究所 原位x-射线吸收谱测试装置、方法
CN115542364A (zh) * 2022-09-14 2022-12-30 中国科学院国家空间科学中心 一种星载空间粒子辐射效应综合测量仪

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SU828902A1 (ru) * 1979-11-30 1991-03-30 Предприятие П/Я А-1614 Детектор ионизирующих излучений
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN113848221A (zh) * 2021-08-19 2021-12-28 中国科学院高能物理研究所 原位x-射线吸收谱测试装置、方法
CN113848221B (zh) * 2021-08-19 2023-02-17 中国科学院高能物理研究所 原位x-射线吸收谱测试装置、方法
CN115542364A (zh) * 2022-09-14 2022-12-30 中国科学院国家空间科学中心 一种星载空间粒子辐射效应综合测量仪

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