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WO2018006843A1 - 一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮及其制造方法 - Google Patents

一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮及其制造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018006843A1
WO2018006843A1 PCT/CN2017/091919 CN2017091919W WO2018006843A1 WO 2018006843 A1 WO2018006843 A1 WO 2018006843A1 CN 2017091919 W CN2017091919 W CN 2017091919W WO 2018006843 A1 WO2018006843 A1 WO 2018006843A1
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Prior art keywords
wheel
rail transit
bainitic steel
steel
tempering
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PCT/CN2017/091919
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张明如
赵海
方政
张峰
邓荣杰
孙曼丽
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Magang Group Holding Co Ltd
Maanshan Iron and Steel Co Ltd
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Magang Group Holding Co Ltd
Maanshan Iron and Steel Co Ltd
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Priority to EP17823655.0A priority Critical patent/EP3460089A4/en
Priority to US16/314,394 priority patent/US11434553B2/en
Priority to BR112019000058-5A priority patent/BR112019000058B1/pt
Priority to AU2017294245A priority patent/AU2017294245B2/en
Publication of WO2018006843A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018006843A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26Methods of annealing
    • C21D1/28Normalising
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/005Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/008Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/34Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tyres; for rims
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/005Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/001Austenite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/002Bainite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/005Ferrite

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of steel manufacturing, and particularly relates to a bainitic steel wheel for rail transit which is produced by low cost and fine knot, and a manufacturing method thereof, and realizes bainite steel wheel for rail transit by low-cost fine knot production, and the like Steel design and manufacturing methods for components.
  • High speed, heavy load and low noise is the main development direction of the world rail transit.
  • the wheel is the “shoe” of rail transit and is one of the most important walking components, which directly affects the safety of operation.
  • the wheel is subjected to the full load of the vehicle, subject to wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage, and, more importantly, it is very complex with rails, brake shoes, axles, and surrounding media.
  • RCF rolling contact fatigue
  • the action relationship is in a dynamic, alternating stress state.
  • the wheels and rails, the wheels and the brake shoes are two pairs of moments that cannot be ignored.
  • the brakes are very hot and scratched.
  • thermal fatigue is generated, which also affects wheel safety and service life.
  • CL60 steel wheel is the main steel wheel steel used in China's current rail transit vehicles (passenger and freight).
  • BZ-L is the main cast steel wheel steel used in China's current rail transit vehicles (freight).
  • Their metallographic structure is pearl light. Body-ferrite organization.
  • the wheels In the manufacturing process, it is necessary to ensure the quality of the wheel material, the harmful gases and harmful residual elements in the steel. low.
  • the rim tread surface When the wheel is at high temperature, the rim tread surface is cooled by water spray to further improve the strength and hardness of the rim; the web and the hub are equivalent to normalizing heat treatment, so that the rim has high strength and toughness matching, and the web has high toughness.
  • the wheels In the end, the wheels have excellent comprehensive mechanical properties and service performance.
  • the rim yield strength is low, generally not exceeding 600 MPa. Because the rolling contact stress between the wheel and rail during the running of the wheel is large, sometimes exceeding the yield strength of the wheel steel, the wheel is plastically deformed during the running process, resulting in the tread surface. Plastic deformation occurs, and because there are brittle phases such as inclusions and cementite in the steel, it is easy to cause micro-cracks in the rim. These micro-cracks cause defects such as peeling and splitting under the action of rolling contact fatigue of the wheel.
  • the steel has high carbon content and poor heat damage resistance.
  • the wheel locally heats up to the austenitizing temperature of the steel, and then chills to produce Markov.
  • the body is repeatedly subjected to thermal fatigue to form a brake hot crack, which causes defects such as peeling and falling off.
  • the bainitic steel wheel effectively enhances the rolling contact fatigue resistance (RCF) performance of the wheel, reduces wheel peeling and peeling, and improves the safety performance and performance of the wheel. Because the carbon content of the bainitic steel wheel is low, the thermal fatigue performance of the wheel is improved, the hot crack of the rim is prevented, the number of repairs of the wheel and the repair amount are reduced, the use efficiency of the rim metal is improved, and the service life of the wheel is improved.
  • RCF rolling contact fatigue resistance
  • British Steel Co., Ltd. patent CN1059239C discloses a bainitic steel and a production process thereof, the chemical composition range (wt%) of the steel is: carbon C: 0.05-0.50%, silicon Si and/or aluminum Al: 1.00- 3.00%, manganese Mn: 0.50-2.50%, chromium Cr: 0.25-2.50%.
  • the typical structure of the bainitic steel is carbide-free bainite, which has high wear resistance and rolling contact fatigue resistance.
  • the steel has good toughness, the cross section of the rail is simple, the impact toughness at 20 ° C is not high, and the cost of the steel is high.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a bainitic steel wheel for rail transit which is produced at a low cost and has a composition of Si-Mn-RE, and does not particularly add alloying elements such as Mo, Ni, V, Cr and B. Make full use of manufacturing technology, especially heat treatment processes and technologies, to significantly reduce the cost of steel and achieve refined production.
  • the invention also provides a low-cost and refined production method for the production of bainitic steel wheels for rail transit, and an innovative heat treatment process, so that the rim is typically organized as carbide-free bainite, and obtains excellent comprehensive performance.
  • the invention provides a low-cost and refined production of bainite steel wheel for rail transit, which comprises the following weight percentage elements:
  • Carbon C 0.15 to 0.45%, silicon Si: 1.00 to 2.50%, manganese Mn: 1.20 to 3.00%,
  • Rare earth RE 0.001 to 0.040%, phosphorus P ⁇ 0.020%, sulfur S ⁇ 0.020%,
  • the low-cost precision-produced bainitic steel wheel for rail transit contains the following weight percentage elements:
  • the wheels provided by the present invention can be used in the production of truck wheels, as well as other components of rail transit and the like.
  • the heat treatment process is any one of the following methods:
  • the wheel is heated to the austenitizing temperature, and the rim tread surface is sprayed with water to strengthen the cooling to below 400 ° C, and air cooled to room temperature, during which time the residual heat is self-tempered;
  • the heating to austenitizing temperature is specifically: heating to 860-930 ° C for 2.0-2.5 hours.
  • the wheel is air cooled to below 400 ° C, and then self-tempered by using the residual heat of molding;
  • the wheel is air cooled to below 400 ° C, and then tempered at a low temperature of less than 400 ° C, the tempering time is more than 30 minutes, and tempered to cool to room temperature.
  • C content the basic element in steel, with strong interstitial solid solution hardening and precipitation strengthening.
  • the strength of steel increases and the toughness decreases; the solubility of carbon in austenite is better than that in ferrite. It is much larger and is an effective austenite stabilizing element; the volume fraction of carbides in steel is proportional to the carbon content.
  • the material hardness is further effectively improved, in particular, the yield strength of the material is improved.
  • P content P in the medium and high carbon steel, easy to segregate at the grain boundary, thereby weakening the grain boundary and reducing the strength and toughness of the steel.
  • P ⁇ 0.020% As a harmful element, when P ⁇ 0.020%, there is no significant adverse effect on performance.
  • S content S tends to be segregated at the grain boundary, and easily forms inclusions with other elements, reducing the strength and toughness of the steel. As a harmful element, when S ⁇ 0.020%, there is no significant adverse effect on performance.
  • 2a is a 100 ⁇ optical metallographic structure diagram of the rim of the embodiment 1;
  • Figure 3a is a ferrule 100 x optical metallographic structure of the embodiment 2;
  • 4b is a ferrule 500 ⁇ optical metallographic structure diagram of Embodiment 3;
  • Figure 6 is a continuous cooling transition curve (CCT curve) of the steel of Example 2;
  • a low-cost, fine-grained bainitic steel wheel for rail transit containing the following weight percentage elements as shown in Table 2 below.
  • the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a bainitic steel wheel for rail transit which is produced at low cost and has the following steps:
  • the metallographic structure of the wheel rim prepared in this embodiment is mainly carbide-free bainite.
  • the mechanical properties of the wheel of this embodiment are shown in Table 3, Figures 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d, and the physical toughness of the wheel is better than that of the CL60 wheel.
  • the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a bainitic steel wheel for rail transit which is produced at low cost and has the following steps:
  • the molten steel of the second embodiment of the chemical composition is formed by an electric furnace steelmaking process, an LF furnace refining process, an RH vacuum process, a round billet continuous casting process, an ingot rolling process, a heat treatment process, a processing, and a finished product inspection process.
  • the heat treatment process is: heating to 870-890 ° C for 2.0-2.5 hours, rim tread spray cooling, cooling to below 400 ° C, self-tempering with residual heat, tempering, cooling to room temperature, no additional tempering deal with.
  • the metallographic structure of the wheel rim prepared in this embodiment is mainly carbide-free bainite.
  • the mechanical properties of the wheel of this embodiment are shown in Table 3.
  • the physical toughness of the wheel is better than that of the CL60 wheel.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮及其制造方法,含有以下重量百分比的元素:碳C:0.15~0.45%,硅Si:1.00~2.50%,锰Mn:1.20~3.00%,稀土RE:0.001~0.04%,磷≤0.020%,硫S≤0.02%,其余为铁和不可避免的残余元素;且3.00%≤Si+Mn≤5.00%。通过合金设计和制造工艺,特别是热处理工艺和技术,车轮轮辋获得无碳化物贝氏体组织结构;辐板、轮毂获得粒状贝氏体和过饱和铁素体组织结构及少量珠光体,车轮具有高的综合力学性能和服役使用性能;而且不特别添加Mo、Ni、V、Cr和B等合金元素,大幅度降低钢的成本,实现精节生产。

Description

一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮及其制造方法 技术领域
本发明属于钢的制造领域,具体涉及一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮及其制造方法,通过低成本精节生产实现轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,以及其它类似部件的钢种设计和生产制造方法。
背景技术
“高速、重载和低噪声”是世界轨道交通的主要发展方向,车轮是轨道交通的“鞋子”,是最重要行走部件之一,直接影响运行的安全。在列车正常运行过程中,车轮承受着车辆全部载重量,受到磨损和滚动接触疲劳(RCF)的损伤,同时,更重要的是,它与钢轨、闸瓦、车轴,以及周围介质有着非常复杂的作用关系,处在动态的、交替变化的应力状态中。特别是车轮与钢轨、车轮与制动闸瓦(盘式制动除外)是两对时刻存在的、不可忽视的摩擦副;在紧急情况或者特殊道路运行时,制动热损伤、擦伤则非常显著,产生热疲劳,也影响着车轮安全和使用寿命。
货运重载轨道交通,在车轮满足基本强度的情况下,特别关注车轮的韧性指标,确保安全性和可靠性,货运用车轮磨损和滚动接触疲劳(RCF)损伤大,而且是踏面制动,热疲劳损伤也大,产生剥离、剥落和辋裂等缺陷。
目前,国内外轨道交通用车轮钢,例如中国车轮标准GB/T8601、TB/T2817,欧洲车轮标准EN13262,日本车轮标准JRS和JIS B5402,以及北美车轮标准AAR M107等等,都是中高碳碳素钢或者中高碳微合金化钢,其金相组织都是珠光体-铁素体组织。
CL60钢车轮是我国目前轨道交通车辆(客运与货运)主要使用的辗钢车轮钢,BZ-L是我国目前轨道交通车辆(货运)主要使用的铸钢车轮钢,它们的金相组织都是珠光体-铁素体组织。
车轮各部位名称示意图见图1,CL60钢主要技术指标要求见下表1。
表1 CL60车轮主要技术要求
Figure PCTCN2017091919-appb-000001
生产制造过程中,要保证车轮材质优良,钢中有害气体和有害残余元素含量 低。车轮在高温状态下,轮辋踏面经过喷水强化冷却,进一步提高轮辋的强度和硬度;辐板和轮毂相当于正火热处理,从而达到轮辋有高的强度和韧性的匹配,辐板有高的韧性,最终实现车轮有优良的综合力学性能和服役使用性能。
在珠光体-少量铁素体车轮钢中,铁素体是材料中软相,韧性好,屈服强度低,因其较软所以抗滚动接触疲劳(RCF)性能差。通常,铁素体含量越高,钢的冲击韧性越好;与铁素体相比,珠光体强度较高,韧性较差,因此冲击性能较差。轨道交通的发展方向是高速、重载化,车轮运行时承受的载荷将大幅增加,现有珠光体-少量铁素体材质车轮在运行服役过程中暴露的问题越来越多,主要有以下几个方面不足:
(1)轮辋屈服强度低,一般不超过600MPa,因车轮在运行时轮轨间的滚动接触应力较大,有时超过车轮钢的屈服强度,使得车轮在运行过程当中产生塑性变形,导致踏面次表面发生塑性变形,又因为钢中存在夹杂物、渗碳体等脆性相,容易导致轮辋萌生微细裂纹,这些微细裂纹在车轮运行滚动接触疲劳的作用下,产生剥离、辋裂等缺陷。
(2)钢中含碳量高,抗热损伤能力差,当采用踏面制动或者车轮滑行时出现擦伤时,车轮局部瞬间升温至钢的奥氏体化温度,随后激冷,产生马氏体,如此反复热疲劳,形成制动热裂纹,产生剥落、掉块等缺陷。
(3)车轮钢淬透性差,车轮轮辋存在一定的硬度梯度,硬度不均匀,容易产生轮缘磨耗与失圆等缺陷。
随着贝氏体钢相变研究的发展与突破,尤其是无碳化物贝氏体钢的理论和应用研究,可以实现高强度、高韧性的良好匹配。无碳化物贝氏体钢具有理想的显微组织结构,也具有优良的力学性能,其精细显微组织结构为无碳化物贝氏体,也就是,纳米尺度的板条状过饱和铁素体,中间为纳米尺度的薄膜状富碳残余奥氏体,从而提高钢的强度和韧性,特别提高钢的屈服强度和冲击韧性与断裂韧性,降低钢的缺口敏感性。因此,贝氏体钢车轮有效增强车轮的抗滚动接触疲劳(RCF)性能,减少车轮剥离和剥落等现象,提高车轮的安全性能和使用性能。由于贝氏体钢车轮的含碳量低,改善车轮的热疲劳性能,防止轮辋热裂纹的产生,减少车轮的镟修次数和镟修量,提高轮辋金属的使用效率,提高车轮使用寿命。
公开日为2006年7月12日,公开号为CN 1800427A的中国专利“铁道车 辆车轮用贝氏体钢”公开的钢的化学成份范围(wt%)为:碳C:0.08-0.45%,硅Si:0.60-2.10%,锰Mn:0.60-2.10%,钼Mo:0.08-0.60%,镍Ni:0.00-2.10%,铬Cr:<0.25%,钒V:0.00-0.20%,铜Cu:0.00-1.00%。该贝氏体钢的典型组织为无碳化物贝氏体,其具有优异的强韧性,低的缺口敏感性,良好的抗热裂性能。Mo元素的加入能增加钢的淬透性,但对于大截面车轮,生产控制难度大,且成本较高。
英国钢铁有限公司专利CN1059239C公开了一种贝氏体钢及其生产工艺,该钢种的化学成份范围(wt%)为:碳C:0.05-0.50%,硅Si和/或铝Al:1.00-3.00%,锰Mn:0.50-2.50%,铬Cr:0.25-2.50%。该贝氏体钢的典型组织为无碳化物贝氏体,其具有高的耐磨性和抗滚压接触疲劳性能。该钢种虽具有良好的强韧性,但钢轨截面较简单,且20℃的冲击韧性性能不高,而且钢种成本高。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,通过成分设计为Si-Mn-RE系,不特别添加Mo、Ni、V、Cr和B等合金元素,充分利用制造技术,特别是热处理工艺和技术,大幅度降低钢的成本,实现精节生产。
本发明还提供了一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,创新热处理工艺,使轮辋典型组织为无碳化物贝氏体,获得优良的综合性能。
本发明提供的一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,含有以下重量百分比的元素:
碳C:0.15~0.45%,硅Si:1.00~2.50%,锰Mn:1.20~3.00%,
稀土RE:0.001~0.040%,磷P≤0.020%,硫S≤0.020%,
其余为铁和不可避免的残余元素;
且3.00%≤Si+Mn≤5.00%。
优选的,所述低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,含有以下重量百分比的元素:
碳C:0.19~0.28%,硅Si:1.40~1.90%,锰Mn:1.50~2.20%,
稀土RE:0.020~0.040%,磷P≤0.020%,硫S≤0.020%,其余为铁和不可避免的元素;且3.00%≤Si+Mn≤5.00%。
更优选的,所述低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,含有以下重量百分比的元素:
碳C:0.25%,硅Si:1.55%,锰Mn:1.68%,稀土RE:0.037%,磷P:0.007%,硫S:0.010%,其余为铁和不可避免的残余元素。
所得到的车轮显微组织为:车轮轮辋踏面下40毫米内金相组织为无碳化物贝氏体组织,也就是,纳米尺度的板条状过饱和铁素体,板条状过饱和铁素体中间为纳米尺度的薄膜状富碳残余奥氏体,其中残余奥氏体体积百分数为4%~15%;纳米尺度是指1纳米至999纳米的长度。
本发明提供的车轮可以用于货车车轮,以及轨道交通其它零部件及类似部件的生产。
本发明提供的一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,包括冶炼、精炼、成型和热处理工艺;冶炼、精炼和成型工艺利用现有技术,其热处理工艺为:将成型车轮加热至奥氏体化温度,轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,回火处理。所述加热至奥氏体化温度具体为:加热至860-930℃保温2.0-2.5小时。回火处理为:车轮小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温;或轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火。
热处理工艺还可以为:利用成型后高温余热,直接将成型车轮轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,回火处理。所述回火处理为:车轮小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温;或轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火。
热处理工艺还可以为:车轮成型后,车轮空冷至400℃以下,回火处理。回火处理为:车轮小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温;或空冷至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火。
具体为,所述热处理工序为以下方式中任意一种:
车轮加热至奥氏体化温度,轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火;
或,车轮加热至奥氏体化温度,轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,小于 400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温。
所述加热至奥氏体化温度具体为:加热至860-930℃保温2.0-2.5小时。
或,利用车轮成型后高温余热,轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火;
或,利用车轮成型后高温余热,轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温;
或,车轮成型后,车轮空冷至400℃以下,然后利用成型余热自回火;
或,车轮成型后,车轮空冷至400℃以下,再小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温。
本发明中各元素的作用如下:
C含量:钢中基础元素,有强烈的间隙固溶硬化和析出强化作用,随着碳含量的增加,钢的强度增加,韧性下降;碳在奥氏体中的溶解度要比在铁素体中大得多,而且是一种有效的奥氏体稳定元素;钢中碳化物的体积分数与碳含量成正比。为获得无碳化物贝氏体组织,必须确保一定的C含量固溶在过冷奥氏体中,以及在过饱和铁素体中,进一步有效提高材料强硬度,特别是提高材料的屈服强度。C含量高于0.45%时,会导致渗碳体的析出,降低钢的韧性,C含量低于0.15%时,铁素体的过饱和度降低,钢的强度下降,因此碳含量合理范围宜0.15-0.45%。
Si含量:钢中基本合金元素,常用的脱氧剂,Si的原子半径比铁小,对奥氏体和铁素体有强烈的固溶强化作用,使奥氏体的切变强度提高;Si是非碳化物形成元素,提高钢中碳的活度,提高铁素体中碳的过饱和度,达到提高钢的屈服强度的目的;Si阻止渗碳体的析出,促进贝氏体-铁素体间富碳奥氏体薄膜和(M-A)岛状组织的形成,是获得无碳化物贝氏体钢的主要元素;Si还能阻止渗碳体的析出,防止过冷奥氏体分解析出碳化物,在300℃~400℃回火时渗碳体析出完全被抑制,提高了奥氏体的热稳定性和机械稳定性。钢中Si含量高于2.50%,析出先共析铁素体倾向增加,钢的强韧性下降,Si含量低于1.00%时,钢中容易析出渗碳体,不易获得无碳化物贝氏体组织,因此Si含量应控制在1.00-2.50%。
Mn含量:Mn是钢中奥氏体稳定化元素,增加钢的淬透性,提高钢的力学性能。通过适当调整Si与Mn的合金量,获得无碳化物析出的,且在贝氏体铁素体板条之间相间分布的薄膜状奥氏体组织,即无碳化物贝氏体;Mn也能提高 P的扩散系数,增加钢的脆性。Mn含量低于1.20%,钢的淬透性差,不利于获得无碳化物贝氏体,Mn含量高于3.00%,钢的淬透性显著增加,也会大幅提高P的扩散倾向,降低钢的韧性,因此Mn含量应控制在1.20-3.00%。
Si和Mn总含量低于3%时,钢的淬透性降低,且容易形成碳化物,不利于获得具有良好强韧性的无碳化物贝氏体组织;Si和Mn总含量高于5%时,钢的淬透性过高,容易形成马氏体等不良组织,且生产控制难度大。
RE含量:钢中加入RE元素,可细化奥氏体晶粒,且有净化和变质作用,能减少有害杂质元素在晶界的偏聚,改善和强化晶界,从而提高钢的强度和韧性。同时,RE可以促进夹杂物的球化,进一步提高钢的韧性,减少材料的缺口敏感性。当RE含量过高时,其有利作用会减弱,同时会增加钢的生产成本。RE含量低于0.001%时,无法完全去除有害元素生成韧性稀土夹杂物,RE含量高于0.040%时,会造成RE元素富余,无法有效发挥其作用,综合考虑,RE含量控制在0.001-0.040%。
P含量:P在中高碳钢中,容易在晶界偏聚,从而弱化晶界,降低钢的强度和韧性。作为有害元素,当P≤0.020%时,不会对性能造成大的不利影响。
S含量:S容易在晶界偏聚,且容易与其它元素形成夹杂物,降低钢的强度和韧性。作为有害元素,当S≤0.020%时,不会对性能造成大的不利影响。
本发明中钢种化学成分利用价格低廉的Si和Mn合金元素;Si是非碳化物形成元素,提高碳在铁素体中的活度,推迟和抑制碳化物析出。同时,利用Mn元素具有优良的奥氏体稳定化作用,增加钢的淬透性,提高钢的强度。稀土元素具有吸附钢中氢等有害气体,球化钢中不可避免的夹杂物,进一步提高钢的韧性。通过适当调整Si与Mn,以及RE的含量,轮辋获得无碳化物析出的无碳化物贝氏体组织,进一步提高车轮的强度和韧性,在满足车轮力学性能的基础下,实现低成本精节生产。而且,本发明不特别添加Mo、V、Ni、Cu和B等合金元素,钢的成本低,通过简化工艺流程,精节生产。
另外,通过合适的成型工艺(包括锻造辗压轧制或者模型铸造等),尤其是本发明设计的热处理工艺,根据车轮钢种合金元素的配方,采用轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却使车轮轮辋得到无碳化物贝氏体组织,也就是,纳米尺度的板条状过饱和铁素体,中间为纳米尺度的薄膜状富碳残余奥氏体,其中残余奥氏体为4%~15%; 利用余热自回火或者中低温回火,进一步改善车轮的组织稳定性和车轮的综合力学性能,使得车轮具有优异的强韧性和低的缺口敏感性等特点。
本发明贝氏体钢其化学成份设计为C-Si-Mn-RE系,不特别添加Mo、Ni、V、Cr和B等合金元素,控制热处理工艺,使轮辋典型组织为无碳化物贝氏体,也就是,纳米尺度的板条状过饱和铁素体,中间为纳米尺度的薄膜状富碳残余奥氏体,其中残余奥氏体为4%~15%,车轮具有优异的强韧性和低的缺口敏感性等特点。本发明提供的钢种成本低,淬透性一般,稀土元素能球化钢中夹杂物,强化晶界,利用先进的热处理工艺使本钢种获得良好的综合力学性能。
与现有技术相比,通过合金设计和制造工艺,车轮轮辋获得无碳化物贝氏体组织结构;辐板、轮毂获得粒状贝氏体和过饱和铁素体组织结构及少量珠光体。本发明制备的贝氏体钢车轮与CL60车轮相比,轮辋强韧性匹配明显提高,从而在确保安全性的前提下,有效提高了车轮的屈服强度、韧性和低温韧性,提高车轮抗滚动接触疲劳(RCF)性能,提高车轮抗热裂纹性能,降低了车轮缺口敏感性,减小车轮在使用过程中剥离、剥落发生的几率,实现车轮踏面均匀磨耗以及少镟修,提高车轮轮辋金属使用效率,提高车轮的使用寿命和综合效益,同时,轮轨接触摩擦磨损面不易产生“白亮层”,而是产生纳米微晶或者非晶,降低轮轨摩擦系数,提高运行效率,减少钢轨的磨耗。具有一定的经济效益和社会效益。而且,钢种化学成分利用价格低廉的Si和Mn合金元素,降低成本,精节生产。
附图说明
图1为车轮各部位名称示意图;
1为轮毂孔,2为轮辋外侧面,3为轮辋,4为轮辋内侧面,5为辐板,6为轮毂,7为踏面;
图2a为实施例1轮辋100×光学金相组织图;
图2b为实施例1轮辋500×光学金相组织图;
图3a为实施例2轮辋100×光学金相组织图;
图3b为实施例2轮辋500×光学金相组织图;
图3c为实施例2轮辋500×染色金相组织图;
图3d为实施例2轮辋透射电镜组织图;
图4a为实施例3轮辋100×光学金相组织图;
图4b为实施例3轮辋500×光学金相组织图;
图5为实施例2车轮与CL60车轮轮辋断面硬度比较;
图6为实施例2钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线);
图7为实施例2车轮与CL60车轮摩擦磨损试验中摩擦系数与转数的关系比较;
图8为实施例2车轮与CL60车轮摩擦磨损试验后试样表面变形层组织。
具体实施方式
实施例1、2、3中的车轮钢的化学成分重量百分比如表2所示,实施例1、2、3均采用电炉冶炼经LF+RH精炼真空脱气后直接连铸成φ380mm的圆坯,经切锭、加热与辗压轧制、热处理、精加工后形成直径为840mm货车用车轮。
实施例1
一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,含有以下重量百分比的元素如下表2所示。
一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,包括以下步骤:
将化学成分如表2实施例1的钢水经过电炉炼钢工序、LF炉精炼工序、RH真空处理工序、圆坯连铸工序、切锭轧制工序、热处理工序、加工、成品检测工序而形成。所述的热处理工序为:加热至860-930℃保温2.0-2.5小时,轮辋喷水强化冷却,冷却到400℃以下,利用余热自回火,回火后冷却至室温,不进行另外的回火处理。
如图2a、图2b所示,本实施例制备的车轮轮辋金相组织主要为无碳化物贝氏体+少量铁素体。本实施例车轮机械性能如表3所示,车轮实物强韧性匹配优于CL60车轮。
实施例2
一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,含有以下重量百分比的元素如下表2所示。
一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,包括以下步骤:
将化学成分如表2实施例2的钢水经过电炉炼钢工序、LF炉精炼工序、RH 真空处理工序、圆坯连铸工序、切锭轧制工序、热处理工序、加工、成品检测工序而形成。所述的热处理工序为:加热至860-930℃保温2.0-2.5小时,轮辋喷水冷却,冷却到400℃以下,利用余热自回火,回火后冷却至室温,不进行另外的回火处理。
如图3所示,本实施例制备的车轮轮辋金相组织主要为无碳化物贝氏体。本实施例车轮机械性能如表3、图3a、3b、3c、3d所示,车轮实物强韧性匹配优于CL60车轮。
实施例3
一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,含有以下重量百分比的元素如下表2所示。
一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,包括以下步骤:
将化学成分如表2实施例2的钢水经过电炉炼钢工序、LF炉精炼工序、RH真空处理工序、圆坯连铸工序、切锭轧制工序、热处理工序、加工、成品检测工序而形成。所述的热处理工序为:加热至870-890℃保温2.0-2.5小时,轮辋踏面喷水冷却,冷却到400℃以下,利用余热自回火,回火后冷却至室温,不进行另外的回火处理。
如图4a、4b所示,本实施例制备的车轮轮辋金相组织主要为无碳化物贝氏体。本实施例车轮机械性能如表3所示,车轮实物强韧性匹配优于CL60车轮。
表2 实施例1、2、3及对比例车轮的化学成分(wt%)
Figure PCTCN2017091919-appb-000002
以上车轮的化学成分,余量为铁和不可避免的杂质。
表3 实施例1、2、3及对比例车轮轮辋机械性能
Figure PCTCN2017091919-appb-000003

Claims (10)

  1. 一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,其特征在于,所述低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮含有以下重量百分比的元素:
    碳C:0.15~0.45%,硅Si:1.00~2.50%,锰Mn:1.20~3.00%,
    稀土RE:0.001~0.040%,磷P≤0.020%,硫S≤0.020%,
    其余为铁和不可避免的残余元·素;且3.00%≤Si+Mn≤5.00%。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,其特征在于,所述低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮含有以下重量百分比的元素:
    碳C:0.19~0.28%,硅Si:1.40~1.90%,锰Mn:1.50~2.20%,
    稀土RE:0.020~0.040%,磷P≤0.020%,硫S≤0.020%,其余为铁和不可避免的元素;且3.00%≤Si+Mn≤5.00%。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,其特征在于,所述低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮含有以下重量百分比的元素:
    碳C:0.25%,硅Si:1.55%,锰Mn:1.68%,稀土RE:0.037%,磷P:0.007%,硫S:0.010%,其余为铁和不可避免的残余元素。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮,其特征在于,所述车轮轮辋踏面下40毫米内金相组织为无碳化物贝氏体组织,即为纳米尺度的板条状过饱和铁素体,板条状过饱和铁素体中间为纳米尺度的薄膜状富碳残余奥氏体,其中残余奥氏体体积百分数为4%~15%。
  5. 一种权利要求1-4任一项所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,包括冶炼、成型和热处理工艺,其特征在于,所述热处理工艺为:将成型车轮加热至奥氏体化温度,轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,回火处理。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,其特征在于,所述加热至奥氏体化温度具体为:加热至860-930℃保温2.0-2.5小时。
  7. 根据权利要求5或6所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,其特征在于,所述回火处理为:车轮小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温;或轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,其特征在于,所述热处理工艺还可以为:利用成型后高温余热,直接将成型车轮轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,回火处理。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,其特征在于,所述回火处理为:车轮小于400℃中低温回火,回火时间30分钟以上,回火后空冷至室温;或轮辋踏面喷水强化冷却至400℃以下,空冷至室温,期间利用余热自回火。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮的制造方法,其特征在于,所述热处理工艺还可以为:车轮成 型后,车轮空冷至400℃以下,回火处理。
PCT/CN2017/091919 2016-07-06 2017-07-06 一种低成本精节生产的轨道交通用贝氏体钢车轮及其制造方法 Ceased WO2018006843A1 (zh)

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EP17823655.0A EP3460089A4 (en) 2016-07-06 2017-07-06 WHEEL FOR RAILING FROM BAINITIC STEEL WITH COST-EFFECTIVE, SLIM PRODUCTION AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION THEREFOR
US16/314,394 US11434553B2 (en) 2016-07-06 2017-07-06 Low cost lean production bainitic steel wheel for rail transit, and manufacturing method therefor
BR112019000058-5A BR112019000058B1 (pt) 2016-07-06 2017-07-06 Roda de aço bainítico para trânsito em trilhos e processo de fabricação da mesma
AU2017294245A AU2017294245B2 (en) 2016-07-06 2017-07-06 Low cost lean production bainitic steel wheel for rail transit, and manufacturing method therefor

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