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WO2017211881A1 - Procédé d'alimentation de saumon en aquaculture - Google Patents

Procédé d'alimentation de saumon en aquaculture Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017211881A1
WO2017211881A1 PCT/EP2017/063813 EP2017063813W WO2017211881A1 WO 2017211881 A1 WO2017211881 A1 WO 2017211881A1 EP 2017063813 W EP2017063813 W EP 2017063813W WO 2017211881 A1 WO2017211881 A1 WO 2017211881A1
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Prior art keywords
dietary
fat
fish
salmon
protein
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English (en)
Inventor
Bente Ruyter
Jens-Erik DESSEN
Kjell-Arne RØRVIK
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Nofima As
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Nofima As
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Priority claimed from NO20170566A external-priority patent/NO20170566A1/en
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method to improve robustness and salmon welfare, and reduce unspecific mortality.
  • Cardiovascular diseases and circulatory failure are common in aquaculture and are often characterized as production-related diseases. Frequently cardiovascular diseases and circulatory failure coincide with outbreaks of the disease cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS). CMS is an increasing problem in salmon farming and since it is usually the largest and seemingly well-fit salmons that die, it is a great economic burden for the farming industry.
  • CMS disease cardiomyopathy syndrome
  • HSMI heart and skeletal muscle inflammation
  • PD pancreas disease
  • Salmon deposition and retention of dietary fat has proven to be dynamic and more season dependent than for example the retention of dietary protein.
  • the autumn has proven to be a period of high retention and accumulation of fat.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a method for rearing fish of the Salmon salar species wherein
  • a pre-dietary feed comprising a fat content of less than 27% (wt/wt) is administered to the fish during a pre-dietary phase throughout which the period of daytime increases for each subsequent day.
  • a main-dietary Salmon sa/arfeed having a fat content of more than 30% (wt/wt) is administered to the fish throughout a main-dietary phase during which the period of daytime decreases for each subsequent day.
  • the Salmon salar species comprises smolts and post-smolts.
  • the pre-dietary feed has a fat content of 15-27% (wt/wt) fat, more preferably a fat content of 18-26% fat, more preferably a fat content of 20-24% fat (wt/wt).
  • the pre-dietary feed contains 24% fat or less, ⁇ 43% protein, more preferably ⁇ 47% protein, and more preferably ⁇ 50% protein (wt/wt) when administered to fish weighing ⁇ 400g.
  • the pre-dietary feed contains 27% fat or less, ⁇ 40% protein, more preferably ⁇ 43% protein, and more preferably ⁇ 47% protein (wt/wt) when administered to fish weighing ⁇ 400g.
  • the pre-dietary feed is administered to the fish during a pre-dietary phase.
  • pre-dietary phase as used herein is intended to mean a time of the year during which the period of daytime increases for each subsequent day. This means that for each subsequent day during this phase the period of daytime becomes longer.
  • the pre-dietary feed comprising a fat content of less than 27% (wt/wt) is administered to the fish throughout a pre-dietary phase during which the period of daytime increases for each subsequent day until the pre-dietary phase has ended and the period of daytime starts decreasing for each subsequent day.
  • the advantage of administering the fish a low- fat diet during this phase is an increased robustness of the fish, reduced mortality with as much as 50% compared to fish administered a fish feed containing > 30% fat (see Example 1 and 3).
  • the administration of pre-dietary feed stops and instead a main-dietary Salmon sa/arfeed is administered to the fish.
  • the main-dietary feed as opposed to the pre-dietary feed, has a fat content of 30-40% fat, more preferably a fat content of 33-39% fat, more preferably a fat content of 35-38% fat (wt/wt).
  • the main-dietary Salmon sa/arfeed is administered to the fish during a main-dietary phase when the period of daytime decreases for each subsequent day.
  • the main-dietary phase starts about one month after the change in period of daytime from increasing to decreasing daylight (summer solstice in late June in the Northern
  • the main-dietary phase stops about the time of vernal equinox (about 7 months after the start), when day and night are of about equal lengths (i.e. in late March in the Northern hemisphere, and in late September in the Southern hemisphere, 12h nighttime:12h daylight).
  • the main-dietary Salmon sa/arfeed when administered to fish weighing ⁇ 400g contains 30% fat or more and ⁇ 35% protein, more preferably ⁇ 38% protein, more preferably ⁇ 42% protein (wt/wt).
  • the main-dietary Salmon sa/arfeed when administered to fish weighing ⁇ 400g contains 33% fat or more and ⁇ 30% protein, more preferably ⁇ 33% protein, more preferably ⁇ 35% protein (wt/wt).
  • the advantage of first administering the salmon a pre-dietary feed comprising a fat content of less than 27% during a pre-dietary phase, and thereafter administering a main- dietary Salmon sa/arfeed having a fat content of more than 30% throughout a main- dietary phase is that the growth is significantly improved compared to salmon not given the pre-dietary feed during the pre-dietary phase.
  • the robustness of the salmon is increased regarding handling of stress, which leads to reduced unspecific mortality and improved fish welfare. Salmon administered a pre-dietary feed with a fat content of less than 27% experience a reduced mortality by 50%.
  • a post-dietary feed comprising a fat content of less than 32% and more than 35% protein (wt/wt) is administered to the salmon to maintain robustness and improve the slaughter yield.
  • the method as described herein is also applicable to salmon reared in closed
  • Figure 1 displays a visualization of the salmon reproduction strategy hypothesis relative to timing of fat accumulation and requirement of energy for spawning.
  • Figure 2A discloses how the period of daytime changes for the northern hemisphere during the course of one year, and Figure 2B illustrates the rate of change expressed as percentage change.
  • Figure 3 reveals the significant decrease in mortality as a result from feeding the pre-test diet P(T) compared to the pre-control diet P(C).
  • Figures 4 A and B document the increased unspecific mortality in the late seawater phase at two different research locations. Stippled line shows the time of dietary change from low to high fat content in the test diet.
  • Figures 5 A and B illustrate the sudden increase in unspecific mortality (5A) and reduced growth (5B) observed in the late seawater phase (from mid-January 2016) at the R&D location in the North of Norway.
  • Vertically stippled line shows the time of dietary change from low to high fat content in the test diet.
  • Figure 6 exemplifies the significantly higher total level of fat observed in the liver of dead compared to in live salmon in the two net pens administered test diet at the R&D location in the North of Norway.
  • Figure 7 demonstrates that starvation reduces daily unspecific mortality (7A) in the test pens and the problem of yellowish fatty liver (7B).
  • Figure 8 discloses the presence of higher levels of the liver enzyme alanine
  • ALT aminotransferase
  • Figure 9 discloses the significant reduction in daily unspecific mortality among salmon (>1 kg) administrated , pre-dietary test feed, and 1 ⁇ 2 ration pre-dietary test feed compared to the pre-dietary control feed during the pre-dietary spring and summer period (May to August).
  • Figures 10A and B disclose the effects on muscle fat content (1 OA) and bodyweight (1 OB) in salmon from a change in administration of the pre-dietary feeds during a the pre-dietary phase to administration of a main Salmon sa/arfeed during the main-dietary phase.
  • Figures 1 1 A and B disclose that administration of both pre-dietary feeds had a highly significant positive effect on growth (1 1 A) and weight gain (1 1 B) throughout the 7-month main-dietary feeding phase (Aug-Mar).
  • Figure 12 discloses the dispersion in weight of the different pre-dietary, 1 ⁇ 2 ration and control groups during the pre-dietary phase and the main-dietary phase.
  • Figure 13 discloses the relation between muscle fat content for salmon in the pre-dietary, 1 ⁇ 2 ration and control groups at the end of the pre-dietary phase (x-axis), and the increase in fat percentage in non-edible (visceral) to edible (muscle) part of the salmon during the first month of the main-dietary phase (Aug-Oct).
  • Figure 14 displays seasonal accumulation of muscle fat relative to changes in day length in Salmon sa/arfarmed at 62°N in Norway.
  • fish feed relates to a feed suitable for being administrated to fish.
  • the fish feed comprises ingredients normally used for salmon such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and minerals.
  • protein when used herein is intended to mean both proteins derived from a source of protein and to free amino acids in general, therefore the term “protein” is meant the total content of proteinaceous material including free amino acids (if present).
  • the detailed make-up of the protein source is not believed to be critical to the present invention, and all protein sources suitable for fish feed can be used.
  • the protein may be any of dairy proteins, animal proteins, vegetable proteins, cereal proteins or a combination thereof.
  • the protein used in the control diet and test diet comprises the same source of protein (within each R&D location) in order to have the same amino acid profile in the test diet and the control diet.
  • the results obtained in the study are comparable.
  • the amount of protein in relation to the total fish feed is present in the fish feed in relation to the total fish feed is in the ranges as indicated herein.
  • the protein(s) in the protein source may be intact (non-hydrolysed) protein or partially hydrolysed or a combination of non-hydrolysed and hydrolysed proteins.
  • the protein is non-hydrolysed protein.
  • the protein is intact protein.
  • non-hydrolysed protein since high levels of hydrolysed protein may result in a negative effect on feed intake, i.e. if too high levels of hydrolysed proteins are used, the appetite may be reduced.
  • fat when used herein is intended to mean one or more lipid compounds and may be in the form of monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides and fatty acids, preferably the lipid or fat is an oil.
  • the lipid may be derived from any vegetable or animal source.
  • the lipid is in the context of the present invention edible.
  • edible is meant that the lipid composition is suitable for being consumed.
  • the lipid of the fish feed is suitable for being eaten by an animal, e.g., fish without being sick and/or violating internal organs.
  • the lipid is a mixture of marine and vegetable oil.
  • the lipid source may be any lipid or fat which is suitable for use in fish feed.
  • Preferred fat sources include a mixture of marine and vegetable oil.
  • the lipid used in the control diet and test diet comprises the same source of lipid (within each R&D location) in order to have the same fatty acid profile in the test diet and the control diet.
  • the amount of lipid present in the fish feed in relation to the total fish feed is in the range as indicated herein.
  • carbohydrate when used herein is intended to mean any carbohydrate suitable for use in fish feed.
  • the specific source of carbohydrate is not believed to be critical for the invention and therefore all sources of carbohydrate suitable for fish feed may be used.
  • the carbohydrate content of the fish feed is 5-20% by weight, such as 5-15% by weight, more preferably form 7-12% by weight.
  • the salmon dietary feed may also comprise other ingredients such as minerals, vitamins, ash and pigments.
  • the method described herein is advantageously used for Salmon salar. All salmonids spawn in fresh water but in many cases the fish spend most of their lives at sea returning to the rivers only to reproduce. They are predators feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects and smaller fish.
  • smolt is intended to mean a juvenile salmon, which undergoes a process of physiological changes that allows them to survive a shift from freshwater to saltwater (smoltification), regardless of what time of year the smoltifi cation takes place.
  • smolt as used herein also includes in-season smolt, S1 , and out-of- season smolt, SO.
  • post smolt is an all year around salmon adapted to seawater, where the early grow-out phase, and later the adult grow out phase, is in a water environment where the salinity is sufficiently high to avoid de-smoltification.
  • the water environment could be either on land or in sea, irrespective of type of containment systems (open, semi-closed or closed).
  • closed environments as used herein is intended to mean environments that is not normally exposed to natural photoperiods.
  • the salmon farmer may use artificial light to mimic the natural fluctuation of daylight described in the present invention to initiate the pre-dietary and main-dietary feeding phases for salmon as described herein at any time of the year.
  • period of daytime is roughly defined as the period between sunrise, i.e. when the earth's rotation towards the east first causes the sun's disc to appear above the horizon, to sunset, i.e. when the continuing rotation of the earth causes the sun's disc to disappear below the horizon to the west.
  • the period of daytime (defined as the time between sunrise and sunset) changes.
  • the extent to which the period of daytime changes depends on latitude, as shown in the graph in figure 2A.
  • Figure 2A discloses how the period of daytime changes for the northern hemisphere during the course of one year. Here it is seen that the period of daytime changes much more during the year the further away you get from the equator.
  • pre-dietary phase is intended to mean a time of the year during which the period of daytime increases for each subsequent day. This means that for every day the period of daytime becomes longer. Theoretically this increase in day length starts at the winter solstice in around 21 December and ends at the summer solstice around 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the pre-dietary phase will start around the 21 June and end around 21 of December.
  • the term "pre-dietary phase” starts about four weeks after the winter solstice, and ends about four weeks after the summer solstice, preferably it ends about five weeks after the summer solstice, more preferably it ends about six weeks after the summer solstice.
  • main-dietary phase as used herein is intended to mean a time of the year during which the period of daytime decreases for each subsequent day. This means that for every day the period of daytime becomes shorter. Theoretically this decrease in daytime starts at the summer solstice in around 21 June and ends at the winter solstice around 21 December in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the main- dietary phase will start around the 21 December and end around 21 of June.
  • the term "main-dietary phase” starts about four weeks after the summer solstice, preferably it starts about five weeks after the summer solstice, more preferably it starts about six weeks after the summer solstice.
  • the described method of light regimes for pre-, main- and post-dietary phases as defined above also include artificial light used in close environmental systems.
  • artificial light may be used to mimic the natural fluctuation in periods of daytime throughout the calendar year.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for rearing fish wherein during a pre-dietary phase, throughout which the period of daytime increases for each subsequent day, a pre- dietary feed comprising a fat content of less than 27% (wt/wt) is administered to the fish. After the end of said pre-dietary phase, a main-dietary Salmon sa/arfeed having a fat content of more than 30% (wt/wt) is administered to the fish throughout a main-dietary phase during which the period of daytime decreases for each subsequent day.
  • the inventors have surprisingly found that the above described feeding regime, increased the robustness of fish compared to fish being administered a fish feed having a fat content of more than 30% throughout both the pre-dietary and main-dietary phases.
  • Fish administered the pre-dietary feed reached a higher body weight and demonstrated an improved biological feed conversion ratio (FCRb) i.e. the efficiency with which the nutrients in the feed are convert to fish body weight, compared to fish administered a feed with higher fat content. Therefore, the method for rearing fish as described herein can advantageously also be used for increasing weight in fish of the Salmon salar species.
  • FCRb biological feed conversion ratio
  • the pre-dietary feed also had a higher positive influence on the mortality for fish of a smaller size compared to the mortality for fish of a larger size.
  • This positive influence started in late pre-dietary phase and continued until the first period of the main- dietary phase.
  • the dietary regime of administering a pre-dietary feed during the pre- dietary phase and thereafter switching to a main-dietary feed during the main-dietary phase will both improve the robustness of the fish (i.e. higher bodyweight, reduced unspecific mortality, improved biological feed conversion ratio and reduced disease related mortality) during the pre-dietary phase, as well as improve the growth rate and bodyweight increase during the main-dietary phase, thereby providing an improved economic profit to the fish farmer.
  • the site consists of four net pens (circumference of 120 m) each with approximately 100 000 salmon.
  • Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) transferred to sea in April 2014 as in-season (S1 ) smolt with an average weight of 106 grams were reared in the four net pens during the period April 2014 - July 2015.
  • the dietary treatments were randomly allocated among the four net-pens (2 pens per diet).
  • the site consists of six net pens (circumference of 120 m), each with approximately 100 000 Salmon salar.
  • the salmon were transferred to sea in September and October 2014 inducing two different weight classes at sea transfer (88 gram in September and 75 gram in October) as out-of-season smolt (SO).
  • SO out-of-season smolt
  • the dietary treatments were randomly allocated among the six net-pens (3 pens per diet regarding mortality and 2 pens per diet regarding repeated sampling for production and quality data).
  • the site consists of four net pens (circumference of 120 m), each net pen with
  • the salmon were transferred to sea during May 2015 as post-smolt.
  • the salmon was originally an out-of-season smolt (SO) kept at a land- based facility in fresh water until January 2015.
  • SO out-of-season smolt
  • 400 000 salmon post- smolt were divided into two tanks (200 000 in each tank) supplied with brackish water (14%o salt).
  • Each of the two tanks received different dietary treatments (pre-test or p re- control) from Mid-January until sea transfer in May.
  • the pre-test feed contained less than 24% fat.
  • the fish given the pre-test diet had an average weight of 135 grams (initial weight 80 gram), whereas the fish given the pre-control diet (24-28% fat) had an average weight of 165 grams (initial weight 85 gram).
  • the fish from the tanks were allocated among four net pens with 100 000 fish in each pen (two pens with an average fish weight of 135 grams and two pens with an average fish weight of 165 gram).
  • One net pen of each weight class/pre-dietary group were assigned to a new dietary treatment of control and test diet during the seawater phase.
  • Control diets contained protein/fat ratios that are commonly used in commercial feed according to fish size (Control diets) and the test diet had a higher protein/fat ratio according to fish size (Test diets).
  • Table 1 shows the dietary range of fat and protein content (%) used from 75 until 200 gram, 200 until 500 gram, 500 until 1000 gram, 1000 until 2500 and 2500 until ⁇ 5000 gram of bodyweight.
  • the diets comprised conventional feed ingredients that commonly are used in fish feed such as protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
  • Table 1 Range of dietary content of protein and fat in the test and control diets used for different fish size intervals at the R&D facilities.
  • Example 1 Positive effects of the test diet in all locations first period in sea R&D facility in the Middle of Norway:
  • the fish given the test diet had a higher bodyweight and better biological feed conversion ratio (in the period from sea transfer until April 2015) compared to the fish given the control diet (table 2).
  • test diet group 15 24 to 35% dietary fat content in the test diet group and from 35 to about 38% dietary fat content in the control diet group took place in October/November 2015. From October 2015 and until March 2016, the test group had a higher monthly unspecific mortality than the control group (figure 4B). The mortality in the test group was also here markedly increased during months with handling (routine delousing during October, January,
  • test diet i.e. groups P(C)-D(T) and P(T)-D(T)
  • P(C)-D(T) and P(T)-D(T) were observed in the late seawater phase (from the mid-January 2016) at the R&D facility in North of Norway (figure 5A).
  • a significant drop in growth was documented (figure 5B).
  • No increase in mortality or drop in growth was registered in the two net pens given the control diet.
  • P(T) and P(C) are pre-test diet and pre-control diet used in the land base, respectively,
  • D(T) and D(C) is the respective feeds used in the sea production. Due to this, a disease outbreak was suspected and the local veterinary service
  • FIG. 6 exemplifies the significantly higher total level of fat observed in the livers of dead compared to in live salmons in the two net pens fed test diet D(T) at the R&D location in the North of Norway. No difference in liver fat was observed between live salmon from all four net pens.
  • the low liver fat among dead fish in dietary group P(T)- D(C) (in figure 6) was probably due to the fact that only small fish were dead the day of sampling (February 18 th 2016).
  • D(T) and D(C) represent test- and control diet used in sea, respectively.
  • D(T) represents the test-diet used in sea. Feeding of the test groups was recommenced on 1 1 of March, and fish were given a diet with a lower fat content (30% fat). No increase in mortality was observed after the recommencement of feeding.
  • ALT alanine aminotransferase
  • AST aspartate aminotransferase
  • AP alkaline phosphatase
  • Example 3 A method to increase robustness and reduce unspecific mortality
  • the muscle fat content did not increase further after October, and the muscle fat did not differ significantly between the fish given different pre-dietary treatments during the samplings in October, December and March ( Figure 10A). This indicates a total replenishing of fat stores/reserves in fish given the test diet and the half-ration during the pre-dietary phase.
  • test groups at even higher bodyweight compared to the control group (mean bodyweight >6 kilo). This shows that both test-groups had more homogeneous growth among individual salmon compared to the control group during the main-dietary phase, but only when they had been fed low fat test diets in the pre-dietary period.
  • the fat accumulation was analyzed separately in edible and non-edible parts of the salmon.
  • the relation between, on one hand the fat content in the muscle in the three pre- dietary groups after increasing day length in spring, versus, on the other hand, the relative increase in fat percentage in non-edible (visceral) to edible (muscle) part of the salmon during the first month of falling daylight in the main-dietary autumn period (Aug-Oct) were investigated.
  • the fat/protein ratio in the feed for Atlantic salmon influences the recruitment of fat cells.
  • Fat-storage in salmon is strongly influenced by day length as visualized in figure 14 which shows changes in muscle fat of salmon during the autumn and winter period (M0rk0re, T., & Rorvik, K. A. (2001 ).
  • Aquaculture 199(1 ), 145-157; Alne, H., Oehme, M., Thomassen, M., Terjesen, B., & R0rvik, K. A. (201 1 ).
  • Salmon administered a lean diet in earlier stages of life develop fewer fat cells than salmon receiving a high-fat diet. If salmon fed the lean diet suddenly are administered a high-fat diet at a time of the year when they normally store less fat (late autumn), or are not storing fat at all (e.g. during winter, see figure 14), they will not be able to produce a sufficient amount of new fat cells. Hence, they will not have the capacity to store the sudden excess amount of fat in normal depots. Instead the excess fat will deposit in the liver.
  • the present invention reveals that the timing when the different feeds (high fat or low fat diets) are administrated is of crucial importance.
  • a low-fat diet is beneficial during the pre- dietary phase (spring in the Northern Hemisphere) to increase the robustness (increased survival during handling).
  • the salmon is administrated low-fat diet throughout the period of falling day length (early autumn in the Northern Hemisphere)
  • the initial robustness gained during the pre-dietary phase is lost and the salmon is worse off than salmon fed a high-fat control diet later on in the grow-out-period.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'élevage de poisson de l'espèce Salmo salar selon lequel un aliment pré-alimentaire ayant une teneur en graisse inférieure à 27 % (poids/poids) est fourni au poisson pendant une phase pré-alimentaire pendant laquelle la période diurne augmente chaque jour. À l'issue de ladite phase pré-alimentaire, un aliment d'alimentation principale de Salmo salar ayant une teneur en graisse supérieure à 30% (poids/poids) est fourni au poisson pendant une phase d'alimentation principale pendant laquelle la période diurne diminue chaque jour. Le régime alimentaire de la présente invention améliore la robustesse et le bien-être du poisson, et réduit la mortalité non spécifique.
PCT/EP2017/063813 2016-06-08 2017-06-07 Procédé d'alimentation de saumon en aquaculture Ceased WO2017211881A1 (fr)

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NO20160982 2016-06-08
NO20160982 2016-06-08
NO20170566 2017-04-05
NO20170566A NO20170566A1 (en) 2016-06-08 2017-04-05 A method for feeding salmon in aquaculture farming

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Cited By (4)

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CN108077130A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-05-29 山东省淡水渔业研究院（山东省淡水渔业监测中心） 可预防、减轻脂肪肝的乌鳢养殖池及相应饲料、养殖方法
CN110720409A (zh) * 2018-07-16 2020-01-24 镇江金山湖农业发展有限公司 一种铜鱼的养殖方法
CN111771771A (zh) * 2020-07-17 2020-10-16 青岛蓝色粮仓海洋渔业发展有限公司 促进大西洋鲑生长的深远海养殖方法
US11310999B2 (en) * 2017-12-01 2022-04-26 Stofnfiskur Hf Aquaculture process for the production of salmon eggs

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EP0801904A1 (fr) * 1996-04-17 1997-10-22 The Board Of Governors For Higher Education State Of Rhode Island And Providence Plantations Nourriture pour alevins

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CN110720409A (zh) * 2018-07-16 2020-01-24 镇江金山湖农业发展有限公司 一种铜鱼的养殖方法
CN111771771A (zh) * 2020-07-17 2020-10-16 青岛蓝色粮仓海洋渔业发展有限公司 促进大西洋鲑生长的深远海养殖方法

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