WO2017204687A1 - Electromagnetic engine - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used in linear mass drivers and as sustainer engines and/or orientation engines for vehicles for launching payloads into space and for spacecraft. The present engine consists of two conductive rails 3 and 4, disposed in proximity to one another, to which a voltage is applied, and a movable armature, mounted on the rails and comprising: a beaklike projection, consisting of two arcs 6 and 7; and a rear arc 8. The interaction of the conduction currents of the armature projection provides a resultant force along the core in the direction of the point of the beaklike projection. The technical result is a decrease in the mutual damping of magnetic fields and thus an increase in effectiveness.

Description

 ELECTROMAGNETIC MOTOR

 The field of technology.

 The invention relates to mechanical engineering, namely to the creation of electromagnetic motors. And it can be applied in a significant part of the areas of applicability of modern electric motors, both rotary and linear, including installation on vehicles, land, water, underwater, air, and also applicable in linear mass accelerators and as marching engines and / or orientation engines for means of outputting the payload into space and for spacecraft. It can also be used as a source of force, for example, to suspend objects movably or motionless at a certain height, or as a source of moment of force.

 In the description, the term anchor of the electromagnetic field will be used to denote the moving part of the engine, and the stator to indicate the fixed part. Also in the description, under the concept of current, in the general case, we mean both the conduction current and the magnetization current, which is the resulting sum of the molecular currents of the medium. Molecular currents in matter are determined by the orbital motion of electrons and the spin characteristics of electrons and nuclei and are essentially quantum phenomena. In technology, magnetizing currents are commonly used with the use of permanent or excited magnets. The concept of work performed by the engine through its final kinematic link is used to denote the work of the engine that can be used in a targeted way (useful work), for example, to rotate wheels or other mechanisms, linearly move material bodies and / or accelerate them, including acceleration the engine itself, in contrast to the useless operation of the engine, spent on heating, for example, to overcome internal friction of the engine or to warm up engine parts or external objects with Fuk currents .

The prior art.

Unlike traditional mechanics, in electromagnetism there is an uncompensated electromagnetic interaction of the totality of currents with each other. This is shown, in particular, in the Feyman thought experiment for two moving charges (R. Feyman, R. Leighton, M. Sands, issue 6. book 4 Feyman lectures on physics Electrodynamics publisher World 1977 UDC 530 p. 269-270), in the experiment Graham-Lachose (DG Lahoz GM Graham. Nature, 285, 154, 1980) demonstrated experimentally the detection of bias currents. violation of the angular momentum of an almost closed system. NASA's Anomalous Thrust Production from an RF Test Device Measured on a Low-Thrust Torsion Pendulum David A. Brady, Harold G. White, Paul March, James T. Lawrence, and Frank J. Davies NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058) violation of the law of conservation of momentum of a practically closed system. Whether such visible violations of the law of conservation of momentum and / or angular momentum are fundamental or in nature there is a field (s) or matter (already known or not yet known) that compensate for violations, thereby restoring Newton’s 3rd law, is not the subject of this invention. The invention is intended to use the discovered physical effects for practical use.

 Motors are known for variable (Piotrovsky L. M. Electric machines. A textbook for technical schools. Ed. 7th, stereotyped. L., "Energy", 1974 UDC 621.313 / 314 (075.3) p. 13) or permanent (ibid. 14) current selected as analogues. A common disadvantage of analogues is their large specific gravity. This drawback is associated, in particular, with the presence of heavy windings and / or non-permanent magnets and / or permanent magnets in the stator, moreover, the stator is usually larger than the armature.

 Known (I.E. Tamm. Fundamentals of the theory of electricity. 11th edition of FIZMATLIT 2003 § 112) unipolar Faraday motor with an anchor magnet. In this engine, the work performed by the engine through its final kinematic link (shaft) is carried out due to the electromagnetic interaction of the armature currents with each other, more precisely due to the influence of the axial magnetic field created by the circumferential conduction currents or magnetization currents of the armature on the radial conductivity of the armature. The effect of the stator on the work performed is negligible.

The advantage of the analogue is that the stator is significantly simplified in it and, in fact, consists of a suspension of the armature and means for supplying electric current. The disadvantage of this analogue is the critical dependence of the motor torque on the distance between the transition points of the conduction current between the armature and the stator. If we reduce the distance between such points, then, starting from a certain value, the moment of force of the analog will decrease in proportion to the decrease in the distance between such points. When the current circuit is closed inside the armature, for example, when a current source is placed on the armature, the effective force of the analog becomes identically equal to zero. Since the engine torque is determined by the value of only that part radial conduction current, which falls on the area inside the radius of the magnet. In addition, the Faraday unipolar motor has a very small internal resistance, which practically limits the voltage at one of its stages to 20 volts, has a large current, which means large heating losses, requires technically sophisticated current collectors to transfer the conduction current between the armature and stator in those areas where the linear relative velocities between the armature and the stator are large (for example, current collectors with liquid metals are used). The latter, in turn, leads to an increase in the cost of the device and an increase in the service price of rapidly wearing current collectors. In an analogue, a multi-turn winding is useless, it is impossible to increase the voltage with its help. These shortcomings virtually eliminated the use of Faraday engines in modern technology.

Known (US 5451825 A) is an electromagnetic motor: characterized by a predominance of a fraction of the work performed due to the electromagnetic interaction of the armature currents with each other relative to all work performed by the motor through its final kinematic link; characterized by the distance between the points of transition of the conduction currents between the armature and the stator substantially less than the characteristic size of the armature winding or characterized by the complete closure of the armature currents inside the armature;

selected as a prototype. Note that in the prototype, the current source of the armature winding can be placed directly on the armature, for example, in the form of a battery or accumulator, in this case, all currents inside the armature are completely closed and, therefore, all problems associated with current collectors are eliminated, since the need for current collectors. In the prototype, an attempt was made to fix the significant shortcomings of the Faraday unipolar engines but, it made a significant mistake, significantly lowering the efficiency of this engine. The prototype disks 14 and 16 in FIG. 1 of the prototype are located quite close and generate magnetic fields along their plane directed to each other (letters B and C). But, according to the Gauss theorem for magnetic fields (Sivukhin D.V. General physics course. Volume 3. Electricity 4th edition stereotyped. Moscow PHIZMATLIT Publishing House MIPT 2002 § 53) the magnetic flux through a closed surface must be equal to zero. And in the prototype, the magnetic flux through the surface of the inner barrier disk 12 is shown to be substantially positive. Which is physically impossible. In fact, the magnetic disks 14 and 16 of the prototype mutually cancel each other's magnetic fields (magnetic fluxes), including this mutual cancellation significantly reduces the effect on centrifugal and centripetal radial conductivity currents, which makes the prototype unviable. The increase in the number of turns of current around the barrier disk does not improve the situation. A criticism of the prototype is also given in US 7463914. The prototype armature winding contains figures in the form of protrusions, but each conduit current tube flows in the same plane and its sections interact with each other with forces directed in the same plane as the figures themselves, and thus , do not create a peripheral force for the production of engine operation. The circumferential forces of interaction of the tubes of conduction currents of figures not located in the same plane are mutually compensated for reasons of symmetry of the motor winding. Consequently, the conductivity currents cannot interact with each other to create motor operation, and the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetization currents on the conduction currents is actually reduced to zero due to the mutual cancellation of such magnetic fields.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

 An object of the invention is to achieve the following technical results: reducing the mutual cancellation of the magnetic fields involved in the production of the engine; increase engine efficiency; while maintaining the technical results stated in the prototype (but in reality unattainable due to the non-viability of the prototype): reducing the size of the stator part; removal of restrictions on the multi-turn winding of the armature (as in the prototype). In specific implementations, technical results are achieved: expanding the field of applicability of the engine to the area of linear motion; increased flexibility of engine configuration for various applications; lowering the requirements for current collectors and reducing the requirements for their number (as stated in the prototype); reduction of ohmic heat losses associated with high currents and associated with losses on current collectors (as stated in the prototype); reducing production costs and reducing the cost of maintenance due to the simplification of current collectors and a decrease in the number of current collectors (as stated in the prototype).

The technical result is achieved by a combination of restrictive and distinctive features, namely: restrictive features - an electromagnetic motor: characterized by a predominance of the share of the work performed due to the electromagnetic interaction of the armature currents with each other relative to all work performed by the motor through its final kinematic link; characterized by the distance between the points of transition of the conduction currents between the armature and the stator substantially less than the characteristic size of the armature winding or characterized by the complete closure of the armature currents inside the armature; distinctive features - armature winding and / or the configuration of the flow of magnetization currents of one or more armature magnets contains one or more geometric figures in the form of a protrusion or depression of an angular shape; moreover, the engine is characterized by the predominance of the total share of the work performed due to the electromagnetic interaction of the currents of all such figures with each other relative to all the work performed by the engine through its final kinematic link.

A brief description of the drawings.

 In FIG. 1 shows two connected rectilinear current sections connected by an angle. In FIG. 2 shows the simplest circuit of a linear motor with a rectilinear configuration of the armature currents.

 In FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a linear motor with a beak-like protrusion in the armature winding.

 In FIG. 4 shows a diagram of a linear motor with a beak-like protrusion in the armature winding and with rails as close as possible.

 In FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a statorless linear motor with a beak-shaped protrusion of the winding.

 In FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a statorless linear motor with an angled recess of the winding.

 In FIG. 7 shows a diagram of a rotary engine.

 In FIG. 8 shows a diagram of an engine with multidirectional angular protrusions in the armature winding.

 In FIG. 9 shows a diagram of an engine with many angular protrusions and depressions in the armature winding.

 In FIG. 10 shows a diagram of an engine with angled protrusions and recesses and a multilayer armature winding.

 In FIG. 11 shows a diagram of a multi-winding motor.

 In FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a permanent or excited magnet comprising angled protrusions and recesses in the configuration of the flow of magnetization currents.

Consider two connected rectilinear current conductors (Fig. 1). On the first conductor 1, the current moves vertically downward, passes to the second conductor 2 and moves along it horizontally to the right. The first conductor, according to the Bio-Savard-Laplace law (gimlet rule), creates a magnetic field in the region of the second conductor directed at the observer, and this magnetic field acts on the second conductor according to Ampere's law with the force directed downward (left hand rule). Second conductor creates a magnetic field in the region of the first conductor also directed at the observer, while the force of the amperage on the first conductor is directed to the left. The resulting force on the pair of conductors is directed towards the acute part of the angle down and to the left. In this situation, we observe at least a local violation of Newton’s Law 3 (the force of action is equal and opposite to the force of reaction). In contrast to electromagnetism in mechanical systems (in a broad sense), the Newton’s law is always observed, including locally. Next, we consider the well-known linear motor circuit (railgun) (Fig. 2), which consists of the lower 3 in the upper 4 conductors (rail) spaced 20 cm apart, to which a voltage difference is applied on the left side, positive voltage to the lower rail and negative to the upper rail, and movable in the horizontal direction of the vertical conductive jumper 5. Moreover, the length of the rail significantly exceeds the length of the jumper. Both the rails and the jumper are made with a radius of 1 mm. The current flowing along the rails creates a magnetic field in the area of the bridge, aimed at the observer. This means that the ampere force acting on the jumper is directed to the right. Moreover, from the calculations it follows that the Ampere force is approximately equal to:

F = uo * I ² * ln (d / rl) / (2 * 7t)

Where:

μο - magnetic constant;

I is the current strength;

d is the length of the jumper;

g is the radius of the rail.

 From which it follows that most of the effort on the jumper is concentrated on areas close to the junction of the jumper with the rails.

We will change the shape of the jumper to an angular beak-like protrusion (hereinafter referred to as the beak-like protrusion) (Fig. 3), composed of two arcs 6 and 7 with a radius of 20 cm (a convex angle). In this configuration, the force of the influence of rail currents on the beak-like protrusion sharply decreases, but a force arises due to the interaction of the currents of the arcs of the beak-like protrusion at an angle converging on each other, this force is directed to the right. An insignificant force of interaction of the currents of each arc on themselves also appears, having a positive horizontal projection to the right. The concentration of force increases closer to the tip of the bill-shaped protrusion. (Hereinafter, all statements about the forces acting on elements and systems are confirmed by numerical calculations with dividing each element into at least 100 parts, and in the case of a combination elements, the length of the splitting of elements exponentially decreases to the junction of the elements to a length equal to one fifth of the thickness of the conductor. All calculations are made taking into account the thickness of the conductor and the distribution of the field inside the conductor). Although the total useful force per beak-like protrusion decreases compared to the force on the direct web, most of its value is retained. Most of the force created by the described engine is the interaction force between the arcs, which does not depend on the interaction of the arcs with the rails, and therefore on the distance between the rails. The final kinematic link of such an engine is the beak-like protrusion itself, which is also the anchor of the engine.

The implementation of the invention.

Example 1. Reduce the distance between the rails of the engine with a beak-shaped protrusion, determined by the radius of insulation of the rail (Fig. 4). And we supplement the anchor with a conducting rear arc 8. In this configuration, the forces acting on the bill-shaped protrusion are supplemented by the interaction forces between the currents of the arches of the bill-shaped protrusion and the currents of the rear arc and the forces of interaction of the back arc currents of the anchors themselves. The resulting force on the anchor decreases, but the overall balance of forces acting on the anchor remains substantially positive, at least more than ten percent relative to the resultant force in the engine with a beak-like protrusion and with spaced rails. In an engine with a beak-like protrusion and flattened rails, the work is completely determined by the electromagnetic interaction of the conductor currents between the armature, the distance between the transition points of the conduction currents between the armature and the stator is negligible compared to the characteristic dimensions of the armature winding, the armature winding contains an angled protrusion, and it is the electromagnetic interaction of the currents in This angular beak-like protrusion provides the possibility of the engine performing work. Thus, the engine implements all the restrictive and distinctive features of the invention. In this embodiment, the positive work is done on the currents of the arcs 6 and 7, and the magnetic fields from the arc 6 and the rear arc 8 over the arc 7 are added to each other (and not mutually canceled, as in the prototype), since all the mentioned sections of the current create a magnetic field directed at the observer. Magnetic fields created by the arc 7 and the rear arc 8 in the region of the location of the arc 6 are also added up, demonstrating the absence of mutual cancellation of the magnetic fields involved in the work of the engine through its kinematic link. By reducing the mutual cancellation of magnetic fields, an increase in engine efficiency is automatically achieved, so as in the prototype, the efficiency is close to or equal to zero. The distance between the transition points of the conduction currents between the armature and the stator is also reduced, which reduced the transverse size of the stator, in fact, there is only one dimension left in the stator - the length. In this engine, the winding can be multi-turn along the specified circuit of two arcs and the rear arc several times, increasing the strength of the engine. The motor power at the same current in the multi-turn version will grow faster than the number of turns, with a dependence close, but less than quadratic, from the number of turns. In the described engine, the restriction on the multi-turn winding of the armature is removed. When using a multi-turn winding, the restriction on the use of high voltage is removed, so the internal resistance of the motor increases, which means that the motor currents are reduced and ohmic heat losses are reduced, the requirements for current collectors are reduced.

 Example 2. To reduce the power lines, it is possible (Fig. 5) to install the power supply 9 to the anchor and get a static motor. The anchor currents in such an engine are completely closed, and therefore the engine does not need current collectors, which removes any requirements for the number of current collectors, eliminates energy losses in them, reduces production costs and operating costs associated with current collectors. An engine with a beak-like protrusion can operate on direct or alternating or pulsed current, since a change in the direction of the current does not change the direction of the amperage acting on the armature. Moreover, pulsed current seems to be more preferable, since the motor power depends on the current strength quadratically.

Example 3. Instead of an angled protrusion, the armature winding may contain an angled depression 10 (Fig. 6), the principle of operation and the advantages of the motor in this embodiment are preserved.

If the extremum of an angled protrusion or trough is understood to be a point locally maximally or minimally remote from the center of mass of the winding or from the center of mass of the magnet cross section perpendicular to the magnetic field of the magnet, then the extremum of the angled protrusion or angled trough can be performed in both angular and rounded shapes. Angular extremum is preferable. The optimum angle of the angled projection or depression is less than 90 degrees, but greater than 30 degrees. Generally speaking, any asymmetric winding has an uncompensated force of interaction of its currents, the less the asymmetry, the less the resulting force. Example 4. We place inside the windings of a static-free motor with a beak-like protrusion from Example 1, a core of material with high magnetic permeability. The conductivity current of the winding will excite the magnetization of the core, and the resulting magnetization currents of the core will flow, as a whole (Sivukhin D.V. General physics course. Volume 3. Electricity 4th edition stereotyped. Moscow FIZMATLITZH MIPT 2002 2002 § 58 p. 244 ), along the surface of the magnet, in the same direction and, in essence, repeating the configuration of the flow of the conductivity currents of the winding, creating the same forces in the direction as the forces created by the conductivity currents. The excited magnet with a winding can be replaced by a permanent magnet while maintaining operability. Several such magnets may be used in an engine.

 Example 5. It is easy to obtain a rotary version of the engine. To do this, we will rigidly install a statorless motor with a beak-like protrusion on the rotary beam 11 (Fig. 7) with the protrusion direction perpendicular to the beam and to the shaft 12 of the rotation of the beam. Engine power will create a moment of force on the shaft. The current source at the anchor can be replaced by external power, and the motor power lines can be drawn out through current collectors located on the axis, which significantly reduces the linear speeds between the objects of transmission of conduction current by current collectors relative to classic Faraday engines. This option demonstrates an increase in the flexibility of configuring the engine for different applications - in fact, the same engine is used as a linear one and, with slight modifications, as a rotary one.

 Example 6. An equidistant line from the sides of a corner-shaped protrusion or depression at the point of intersection with the extremum can be directed not directly towards the instantaneous movement of the armature but, to make a positive contribution to the creation of the engine work, such a line should have a positive projection towards the instantaneous movement of the armature, as shown on the winding 13 (Fig. 8). The armature winding and / or magnetization currents can include several extrema, for example, two as on winding 13.

Example 7. To increase the specific force or torque of the motor in the armature winding, it is possible to reduce the size of the figures by the angular hollows and / or protrusions and increase the number of such figures 14 (Fig. 9). The winding of the armature can be multilayer 15 (Fig. 10) or multi-turn 16 (Fig. 11), the latter option is preferable. Since a decrease in the thickness of the conductor increases the efficiency of the motor, the conductive part of the armature can be made partially or completely of thin conductive films, which, in turn, can be made, including galvanic method or spraying method. Since the interaction force of the currents of the angular figure quadratically depends on the current strength, to increase the conductivity current, the armature winding can be partially or completely made of superconductors. An engine may include one or more cooling means. Since in some permanent magnets and in materials with a high coefficient of magnetic permeability, magnetization currents are very significant, to increase the useful force on the armature, the figures in the form of angled protrusions and / or depressions can be made on the permanent or core of the excited magnets, and the figures should be oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field of the magnet, in this case, the magnetization current will flow along the surface of the magnet, as a result of the molecular currents of the magnet (Sivukhin D.V. General course of physics. Volume 3. Electricity 4th stereotyped edition. Moscow FIZMATLITZ Publishing House MIPT 2002 § 58 p. 244). An example of a cross-section of such a magnet is shown in 17 (Fig. 12), and the magnetic field of the magnet should be oriented perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. An interesting feature should be possessed by a statorless motor based on superconductors and / or permanent magnets. In this case, the engine must run until the primary energy supplied to the superconductor is exhausted or the molecular currents in the permanent magnet are exhausted, including without supplying additional energy to the armature electromagnetic system. The device can be connected to a current generator. To change the power of the engine, it may contain means for controlling the force or moment of the motor, for example, a current control module. To control the direction of force, the engine can be installed in a special suspension, for example, in a swinging or cardan suspension.

Industrial applicability.

 The invention can be applied in a significant part of the areas of applicability of modern electric motors, both rotary and linear, including installation on vehicles, land, water, underwater, air, and also applicable in linear mass accelerators and as main engines and / or orientation engines for means of outputting the payload into space and for spacecraft. It can also be used as a source of force, for example, to suspend objects movably or motionless at a certain height, or as a source of moment of force.

Claims

FORMULA  1. Electromagnetic engine: characterized by a predominance of the proportion of work performed due to the electromagnetic interaction of the armature currents with each other relative to all work performed by the engine through its final kinematic link; characterized by the distance between the points of transition of the conduction currents between the armature and the stator substantially less than the characteristic size of the armature winding or characterized by the complete closure of the armature currents inside the armature; characterized in that the armature winding and / or the configuration of the flow of magnetization currents of one or more armature magnets contains one or more geometric figures in the form of a protrusion or depression of an angular shape; moreover, the engine is characterized by the predominance of the total share of the work performed due to the electromagnetic interaction of the currents of all such figures with each other relative to all the work performed by the engine through its final kinematic link. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is designed as a stationary motor. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is implemented as a constant and / or alternating and / or pulsed current machine.  4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is implemented as a linear or rotary engine.  5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the extremum of the figure in the configuration of the passage of the armature currents is made angular or rounded. 6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the configuration of the passage of the currents of the armature contains several figures in the form of angled protrusions and / or depressions.  7. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the armature winding is multilayer or multi-turn.  8. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the winding of the armature is made in the area of the angled protrusions or depressions of the thin-film.  9. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the winding of the armature is made partially or completely of a superconductor. 10. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one cooling means. 11. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is configured to perform work on the initial supply of internal energy of the armature for at least some time, without supplying additional energy to the electromagnetic system of the armature.  12. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is connected with a current generator driven by it.  13. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is installed in a movable suspension.