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WO2017195773A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'article de forme hybride, et article de forme hybride - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'article de forme hybride, et article de forme hybride Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017195773A1
WO2017195773A1 PCT/JP2017/017536 JP2017017536W WO2017195773A1 WO 2017195773 A1 WO2017195773 A1 WO 2017195773A1 JP 2017017536 W JP2017017536 W JP 2017017536W WO 2017195773 A1 WO2017195773 A1 WO 2017195773A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
shaped article
hybrid
base plate
modeled object
powder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/JP2017/017536
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
康之 宮原
竜也 妙島
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Enplas Corp
Original Assignee
Enplas Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Enplas Corp filed Critical Enplas Corp
Publication of WO2017195773A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017195773A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/30—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by applying the material on to a core or other moulding surface to form a layer thereon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
    • B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a hybrid shaped article, in which a second shaped article is integrally formed on a first shaped article using a powder sintering lamination method, and a hybrid shaped article.
  • This powder sintering and laminating apparatus carries metal powder contained in a powder material tank onto a metal modeling plate with a blade, forms a metal powder layer of a predetermined thickness on the modeling plate with a blade, and then lasers Multiple solidifications are performed by repeating the process of irradiating laser light to a predetermined part of the metal powder layer on the modeling plate from the light irradiation means and baking (solidifying) the metal powder layer in the portion irradiated with the laser light.
  • a metal three-dimensional structure in which layers are laminated and integrated is formed on a modeling plate (see Patent Document 1).
  • a metal three-dimensional structure formed using such a powder-sintering lamination method is made by conventional injection molding or cutting, using three-dimensional CAD software for the operation of the laser light irradiation means.
  • a complicated shape portion that could not be formed is easily formed.
  • the conventional powder sintering lamination method is integrated after the three-dimensional structure 101 is formed on the upper surface 100a of the modeling plate 100 (see FIGS. 5A to 5B).
  • the modeling plate 100 and the three-dimensional model 101 are removed from the powder sintering and laminating apparatus, and the three-dimensional model 101 and the modeling plate 100 are separated by a discharge wire 102 or a cutting tool (for example, a gold saw) (FIG. 5C )reference). Then, as shown in FIG.
  • the modeling plate 100 from which the three-dimensional structure 101 has been separated has the separation marks 103 of the three-dimensional structure 101 left on the surface (upper surface 100a).
  • the separation trace 103 of 101 is removed by grinding or the like to prepare for forming a new three-dimensional structure 101.
  • the conventional powder sintering lamination method takes a lot of time (cycle time) from the start of molding the three-dimensional structure 101 until the next new three-dimensional structure 101 can be molded. It was necessary.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a hybrid model and a hybrid model that can shorten the cycle time of molding a three-dimensional model and improve the productivity of the three-dimensional model.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid shaped article 1 of the present invention includes the following first to fifth steps.
  • 1st process The 1st modeling thing 2 is attached to the baseplate 6 so that attachment or detachment is possible.
  • Second Step The base plate 6 to which the first modeled object 2 is detachably attached is attached to the lifting table 5 of the powder sintered laminating apparatus 4.
  • the present invention also relates to the hybrid model 1 in which the second model 3 that is a three-dimensional model is joined to the joint surface 2a of the first model 2 by the powder sintering lamination method.
  • the hybrid model only removes the first model from the base plate after the second model is modeled on the first model by the powder sintering lamination method. And separated from the base plate.
  • the base plate can be used as it is for the production of the next new hybrid shaped article.
  • the molding cycle time of the (modeled object) can be shortened, and the productivity of the three-dimensional modeled object (second modeled object) can be improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a hybrid model according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 1 (a) is an external perspective view showing a hybrid model, and FIGS. 1 (b) to 1 (h) are hybrid models. It is a figure for demonstrating this manufacturing method.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a method for manufacturing a hybrid shaped article according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 2 (a-1) is an external perspective view of a base plate to which the first shaped article is attached, and FIG. 2 (a-2) Is a longitudinal sectional view of the base plate to which the first modeled object is attached, FIG.
  • FIG. 2 (b-1) is an external perspective view of the base plate to which the hybrid model is attached
  • FIG. 2 (b-2) is a figure to which the hybrid model is attached
  • FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of the base plate in a state where the hybrid model is being removed from the base plate
  • FIG. 2D is a cross-sectional view of the state where the hybrid model is removed from the base plate. It is a figure which shows the modification of a 1st molded article
  • Fig.3 (a) is a top view of a 1st molded article
  • FIG.3 (b) is a 1st molded article seen from the arrow A1 direction of Fig.3 (a).
  • FIG.3 (a) is a top view of a 1st molded article
  • FIG.3 (b) is a 1st molded article seen from the arrow A1 direction of Fig.3 (a).
  • FIG. 3C is a right side view of the first modeling unit viewed from the direction of the arrow A2 in FIG. 3A
  • FIG. 3D is a plan view of the first modeling unit attached to the base plate.
  • It is sectional drawing which shows the joint surface of the 1st molded article in another modification. It is a figure which shows the manufacturing process of the three-dimensional structure by the conventional powder sintering lamination method
  • Fig.5 (a) is an external appearance perspective view of a modeling plate
  • FIG.5 (b) is an external appearance perspective view of a modeling plate and a three-dimensional structure.
  • FIG. 5 (c) is a perspective view for explaining an operation of separating the three-dimensional structure from the modeling plate
  • FIG. 5 (d) is a perspective view showing a state in which the three-dimensional structure is separated from the modeling plate.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are views for explaining a method of manufacturing a hybrid shaped article 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the second model 3 is bonded to the bonding surface (upper surface) 2 a of the first model 2.
  • the first modeled object 2 is a columnar member formed in advance with high accuracy by cutting or the like.
  • the second modeled object 3 is a cylindrical member having the same diameter as the first modeled object 2 and is formed on the joint surface 2a of the first modeled object 2 through the steps shown in FIGS. 1 (b) to (h). Joined and integrated.
  • an iron-based material is used for the first modeled object 2.
  • the base plate 6 attached to the lifting table 5 of the apparatus 4 is detachably attached in the first modeled object accommodation recess 7.
  • the first modeling object accommodation recess 7 of the base plate 6 is a bottomed round hole, and the hole depth at which the joining surface (upper surface) 2a of the cylindrical first modeling object 2 slightly protrudes from the upper surface 6a of the base plate 6 is provided.
  • the first model 2 is fixed to the bottom surface 7a with bolts 8.
  • the base plate 6 is a metal flat plate member having a square planar shape.
  • the powder sintering and laminating apparatus 4 applies the same kind of metal powder 10 as the first modeled object 2 on the joint surface 2 a of the first modeled object 2 attached to the base plate 6.
  • a metal powder layer (powder layer) 12 having a desired thickness is formed on the joining surface 2a of the object 2 (powder layer forming step).
  • the laser beam 14 is irradiated from the laser beam irradiation means 13 onto the metal powder layer 10 on the bonding surface 2 a of the first modeled object 2. And the boundary part of the joint surface 2a of the 1st molded article 2 and the metal powder layer 12 is melt
  • the laser beam irradiation means 13 is controlled to operate based on input data such as three-dimensional CAD data, and can move with respect to the lifting table 5 (base plate 6). Moreover, the raising / lowering table 5 is comprised so that it can raise / lower along the Z-axis direction of FIG.1 (c), and is as much as the thickness of the metal powder layer 12 formed on the joining surface 2a of the 1st molded article 2. FIG. Only descends sequentially.
  • the solidified layer forming step of forming the solidified layer 15 by baking and solidifying the portion of the metal powder layer 12 irradiated with the laser beam 14 is repeated.
  • a second model 3 is formed as a three-dimensional model formed by laminating and integrating a plurality of solidified layers 15, and the second model 3 is bonded to the bonding surface 2 a of the first model 2.
  • the hybrid model 1 in which the first model 2 and the second model 3 are integrated is formed.
  • the hybrid shaped article 1 has the first shaping of the base plate 6 after the bolts 8 fixed to the base plate 6 are removed and separated from the base plate 6. It is taken out from the inside of the object housing recess 7 (fifth step).
  • the hybrid shaped article 1 is subjected to necessary processing such as polishing, grinding, and heat treatment (annealing) in order to remove internal distortion caused by the heat of the laser beam 14 of the powder sintering laminating apparatus 4.
  • necessary processing such as polishing, grinding, and heat treatment (annealing) in order to remove internal distortion caused by the heat of the laser beam 14 of the powder sintering laminating apparatus 4.
  • the hybrid shaped article 1 is formed by forming the second shaped article 3 on the joint surface 2a of the first shaped article 2 by the powder sintering lamination method. After being done, it is separated from the base plate 6 simply by removing the bolt 8 that fixes the first modeled object 2 to the base plate 6. As a result, according to the method for manufacturing the hybrid shaped article 1 according to the present embodiment, the base plate 6 can be used as it is for the production of the next new hybrid shaped article 1.
  • the uncut mark 103 of the three-dimensional structure 101 is removed from the modeling plate 100 by grinding or the like, and then the modeling plate 100 is used for manufacturing the next new three-dimensional structure 101. ),
  • the cycle time of molding the three-dimensional structure (second structure 3) can be shortened, and the productivity of the three-dimensional structure (second structure 3) can be improved.
  • the hybrid model 1 according to the present embodiment is cut in advance. By processing with high accuracy by processing or grinding, it is possible to engage with a fitting hole or the like of the mounted member with high accuracy.
  • the three-dimensional shaped article 101 manufactured by the conventional powder sintering lamination method is related to the fitting hole or the like of the mounted member after the modeling work is completed. It is necessary to machine the part to be combined with high precision by cutting or grinding, but when the external shape is complicated, it cannot be chucked to the jig for processing, and post processing cannot be performed. There may be a problem that it is difficult to attach to a member to be attached which requires high-precision engagement.
  • the first shaped article accommodation recess 7 is formed in the base plate 6, and the first shaped article 2 is accommodated in the first shaped article accommodation recess 7 of the base plate 6. Since the joining surface 2a of the first model 2 is slightly protruded from the upper surface 6a of the base plate 6, the base plate 6 is compared with the case where the first model 2 is fixed to the upper surface 6a of the base plate 6. The amount of the metal powder 10 to be supplied can be reduced, and the amount of the metal powder 10 used in one cycle of manufacturing the hybrid shaped article 1 can be saved.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid shaped article 1 according to the present embodiment is a method of hybrid shaping after three-dimensional shaping by forming a mounting hole for a jig of a machine (for example, a composite lathe) in the first shaped article 2 in advance.
  • the post-processing of the object 1 can be performed efficiently and accurately.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a modified example of the first modeled object 2.
  • 3A is a plan view of the first modeled object 2
  • FIG. 3B is a front view of the first modeled object 2 viewed from the direction of the arrow A1 in FIG. 3A.
  • FIG. 3C is a right side view of the first modeling unit 2 viewed from the direction of the arrow A2 in FIG. 3A
  • FIG. 3D is a plan view of the first modeling unit 2 attached to the base plate 6. .
  • the first model 2 is such that a part of the circumferential surface of the cylinder is scraped off in a virtual plane parallel to the YZ coordinate plane and perpendicular to the XY coordinate plane.
  • a plane 16 (a plane serving as a reference for three-dimensional modeling) is formed.
  • the first modeled object 2 is engaged with the first modeled object receiving recess 7 of the base plate 6, and then is attached to the base plate 6.
  • the position of the flat surface 16 is adjusted so as to be parallel to one of the four side surfaces of the base plate 6 (mounting reference surface 17), and then finally tightened to the base plate 6 (strongly tightened and fixed).
  • work which makes the plane 16 of the 1st molded article 2 and the attachment reference plane 17 of the baseplate 6 in parallel is performed using a dial gauge, a jig
  • the first model 2 since the first model 2 according to this modification can make the plane 16 of the first model 2 and the mounting reference surface 17 of the base plate 6 parallel, the first model 2 is attached.
  • the plane 16 of the first modeled object 2 (becomes a reference for three-dimensional modeling). The plane) can be positioned in the main scanning direction or the sub-scanning direction of the laser irradiation means 13.
  • the powder-sintering laminating apparatus 4 using the first modeled object 2 and the base plate 6 attached with the first modeled object 2 according to this modification accurately forms the second modeled object 3 on the first modeled object 2.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid shaped article 1 represents the joining surface 2a of the first shaped article 2 as a flat horizontal surface
  • the present invention is not limited thereto, and a metal that enables the powder sintering lamination method to be performed.
  • the bonding surface 2a may be a stepped surface (see FIG. 4A), an uneven surface (see FIG. 4B), or the like.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid molded article 1 which concerns on the said embodiment makes the joint surface 2a of the 1st molded article 2 protrude slightly from the upper surface 6a of the base plate 6, it is not restricted to this,
  • the bonding surface 2 a of the one shaped article 2 may be positioned on the same plane as the upper surface 6 a of the base plate 6.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid molded article 1 which concerns on the said embodiment makes the joint surface 2a of the 1st molded article 2 protrude slightly from the upper surface 6a of the baseplate 6, it is not restricted to this, 3
  • the joint surface 2a of the first modeled object 2 is positioned slightly retracted from the upper surface 6a of the base plate 6. May be.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid molded article 1 which concerns on the said embodiment illustrated as making the 1st molded article 2 and the metal powder 10 into the same kind of iron-type material (for example, carbon steel), it is not restricted to this.
  • the first modeled object 2 and the metal powder 10 may be made of a material other than the iron-based material (for example, a titanium alloy) or other metal material.
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid molded article 1 which concerns on the said embodiment illustrated as making the 1st molded article 2 and the metal powder 10 into the same kind of iron-type material (for example, carbon steel), it is not restricted to this.
  • the first model 2 and the metal powder 10 are different metal materials (for example, the first model 2 is carbon steel and the metal powder 10 is a titanium alloy, or the first model 2 is a titanium alloy,
  • the metal powder 10 may be carbon steel).
  • the manufacturing method of the hybrid modeling thing 1 which concerns on the said embodiment illustrated as making the 1st modeling object 2 and the 2nd modeling object 3 into the same kind of metal (for example, carbon steel), it is not restricted to this.
  • the first modeled object 2 and the second modeled object 3 may be formed of ceramics. That is, the manufacturing method of the hybrid model 1 according to the present invention replaces the first model 2 formed of a metal material with the first model 2 formed of ceramics, and replaces the metal powder 10 with the ceramic powder 10. May be.
  • the hybrid shaped article 1 according to the present invention is not limited to the hybrid shaped article 1 according to the above-described embodiment, and may have various shapes such as a triangular prism, a quadrangular pillar, a hexagonal pillar other than a cylindrical one. .
  • the hybrid model 1 according to the present invention is not limited to the hybrid model 1 according to the above-described embodiment, and the second model 3 may be formed in a shape different from that of the first model 2.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Producing Shaped Articles From Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Le problème posé par l'invention consiste à améliorer la productivité d'articles de forme tridimensionnelle réalisés par un procédé de stratification et frittage de poudre. La solution selon la présente invention comprend : (1) une première étape destinée à monter de manière détachable un premier article formé (2) sur une plaque de base (6) ; (2) une deuxième étape destinée à monter la plaque de base (6), sur laquelle le premier article formé (2) a été monté de manière détachable, sur une plaque mobile verticalement (5) d'un dispositif de stratification et frittage de poudre (4) ; (3) une troisième étape destinée à réaliser de manière répétée du travail de formation, sur le premier article formé (2), d'une couche de poudre (12) qui peut être liée au premier article formé (2) et du travail d'irradiation de la couche de poudre (12) avec une lumière laser afin de former une couche solide (15), afin de former d'un seul tenant, sur l'article formé (2), un second article formé (3) servant d'article de forme tridimensionnelle sur lequel une pluralité de couches solides (15) ont été stratifiées et intégrées ensemble, formant ainsi un article de forme hybride (1) composé du premier article formé (2) et du second article formé (3) ; (4) une quatrième étape destinée à sortir l'article de forme hybride (1) et la plaque de base (6) de la table mobile verticalement (5) du dispositif de stratification et frittage de poudre (4) ; et (5) une cinquième étape destinée à sortir l'article de forme hybride (1) de la plaque de base (6).
PCT/JP2017/017536 2016-05-12 2017-05-09 Procédé de fabrication d'article de forme hybride, et article de forme hybride Ceased WO2017195773A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2016-095723 2016-05-12
JP2016095723A JP6691429B2 (ja) 2016-05-12 2016-05-12 ハイブリッド造形物の製造方法及びハイブリッド造形物

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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110281683A (zh) * 2019-07-18 2019-09-27 广州番禺职业技术学院 一种陶瓷镶嵌金属的工艺饰品制作方法
CN114103098A (zh) * 2020-08-27 2022-03-01 精工爱普生株式会社 成型模的制造方法以及成型模

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP7213744B2 (ja) * 2019-04-23 2023-01-27 オークマ株式会社 ３次元形状加工方法
JP6774122B1 (ja) * 2019-04-26 2020-10-21 伊福精密株式会社 ３次元造形物関連データの作成方法及び３次元造形物の製造方法

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JPH08281807A (ja) * 1995-03-30 1996-10-29 Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Syst ３次元物体の製造方法および装置
JP2008189956A (ja) * 2007-02-02 2008-08-21 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 金型およびその製造方法
JP2009007605A (ja) * 2007-06-26 2009-01-15 Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd 三次元形状造形物の製造装置
JP2010215971A (ja) * 2009-03-17 2010-09-30 Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd 三次元形状造形物の製造方法およびそれから得られる三次元形状造形物
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JP2016203510A (ja) * 2015-04-23 2016-12-08 ダイハツ工業株式会社 ３次元構造体を含む製品の製造方法

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110281683A (zh) * 2019-07-18 2019-09-27 广州番禺职业技术学院 一种陶瓷镶嵌金属的工艺饰品制作方法
CN114103098A (zh) * 2020-08-27 2022-03-01 精工爱普生株式会社 成型模的制造方法以及成型模

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JP6691429B2 (ja) 2020-04-28

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