WO2017169267A1 - 細胞観察装置、免疫細胞の活性度の評価方法及び免疫細胞の品質管理方法 - Google Patents
細胞観察装置、免疫細胞の活性度の評価方法及び免疫細胞の品質管理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
- A61K40/11—T-cells, e.g. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL] or regulatory T [Treg] cells; Lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K40/30—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the recombinant expression of specific molecules in the cells of the immune system
- A61K40/32—T-cell receptors [TCR]
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
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- G01N33/5011—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity
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- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
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- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N2021/178—Methods for obtaining spatial resolution of the property being measured
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cell observation device, an immune cell activity evaluation method, and an immune cell quality control method.
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay which does not use a radioisotope, damage to cells can be measured by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from the cells.
- LDH lactate dehydrogenase
- Non-Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 1
- Non-patent Document 2 cell contact assays in which immune cells and cancer cells are brought into contact with each other to damage cancer cells and evaluated by fluorescence have been performed. No assay specifically identifying whether to damage cancer cells is disclosed.
- the present inventors have completed a method for quantitatively evaluating the activity of individual cells, not bulk, and an apparatus used therefor.
- a cell introduction unit a cell placement unit, an observation unit, and an analysis unit;
- the cell introduction part introduces one or a plurality of cells into the cell placement part,
- the cell placement unit places the introduced one or more cells,
- the observation unit observes events over time due to cell contact in the cell placement unit,
- the analysis unit analyzes events over time due to the cell contact,
- a cell observation device is provided.
- the cell observation device may include a drug addition unit that adds a drug to the cell introduction unit and / or the cell placement unit.
- Events over time due to cell contact include cell migration, change in cell migration speed, cell shape change, cell secretion release, cell predation, cell death, cell proliferation, change in fluorescence intensity emitted from cells, It is selected from the group consisting of changes in distance between cells, production of intracellular granules and localization of intracellular granules.
- the time-dependent event due to the cell contact is observed using an image selected from the group consisting of a bright field image, a phase difference image, a fluorescence image, and a refractive index image.
- the cells are immune cells and / or cancer cells.
- the cell arrangement part may have a plurality of wells, one or a plurality of the immune cells being arranged in each well, and one or a plurality of the cancer cells may be arranged in the well.
- This technology brings multiple cancer cells into contact with a single immune cell, Examining the number of cancer cells that the single immune cell has killed within a predetermined time period, A method for evaluating the activity of immune cells is also provided.
- this technology Contacting multiple cancer cells with a single immune cell, Determine the number of cancer cells killed by the single immune cell, If the single immune cell kills less than a predetermined number of cancer cells or more than a predetermined number of cancer cells within a predetermined time, the single immune cell is eliminated , A method for quality control of immune cells is provided.
- cell damage or predation by a single cell can be observed, the activity of the single cell can be quantitatively evaluated, and a cell suitable for use can be selected based on the evaluation.
- the effects described here are not necessarily limited, and may be any of the effects described in the present disclosure.
- Cell observation device 1-1 Configuration of apparatus 1-2.
- Data analysis 2.
- the cell observation device of the present technology includes at least a cell introduction unit 102, a cell placement unit 103, an observation unit 104, and an analysis unit 105. This is preferably provided with a drug addition unit 114, which is the main part 100 of the cell observation apparatus 1000 (the part surrounded by a thick line).
- a cell collection unit 101 can be provided upstream of the cell introduction unit 102.
- the cell collection unit 101 distinguishes the cells placed in the unit according to one or more parameters, and collects the cell types set in advance. Examples of the parameters include cell fluorescence intensity, size, morphology, and electrical characteristics. Specific devices used for the cell collection unit 101 include, for example, a FACS and a filter.
- the cell collection unit 101 can be installed arbitrarily, and the cells can be divided into cell types in advance and then introduced into the cell introduction unit 102.
- the cell introduction unit 102 has a flow path for introducing the cells prepared in the cell collection unit 101 into the cell placement unit 103.
- a drug can be added to the cell introduction part 102, and another drug may be added for each cell type.
- the cell introduction method of the cell introduction unit 102 is, for example, by suction of cells from the downstream cell arrangement unit 103 side.
- the drug include anticancer drugs such as molecular target drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 antibody, anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, etc.), interleukins (IL- 2), and interferon (IFN- ⁇ etc.).
- the cell placement unit 103 is provided with a well, and the introduced one type or a plurality of types of cells are mixed and placed in the well.
- the number of wells is not particularly limited, but can be set widely from several tens to several tens of thousands. Specific examples of the well include a suction well and a sedimentation well.
- the drug can be introduced into the cell placement unit 103, and the drug may be directly introduced into the cell placement unit 103 without using the cell introduction unit 101.
- One or a plurality of cells may be placed in the well.
- the cell placement unit may be configured such that a cell environment such as oxygen, temperature, and pH is controlled by a cell environment control unit 113 described later.
- a plurality of cells placed in each well of the cell placement unit 103 come into contact with each other, and some event occurs.
- Events include, for example, cell movement, changes in cell movement speed, changes in cell morphology, cell secretion release, cell predation, cell death, cell proliferation, changes in fluorescence intensity emitted from cells, changes in distance between cells And the production of intracellular granules and localization of intracellular granules.
- the immune cells and cancer cells are placed in each well, the immune cells come into contact with the cancer cells and cause cell damage, causing the cancer cells to die.
- immune cells examples include natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, killer T cells and the like. One of these may be selected, or a plurality may be selected.
- NK natural killer
- the observation unit 104 observes the cells arranged in the cell arrangement unit 103 over time. In this observation, the event due to the cell contact can be followed.
- the observation method is not particularly limited, for example, a bright field image, a phase difference image, a fluorescence image, and a refractive index image are used.
- fluorescent staining for example, cancer cells are genetically modified so that fluorescent proteins such as GFP are expressed in advance, and the process of cancer cells being damaged or preyed by immune cells to death is monitored with fluorescence. be able to. Observation is performed continuously, for example, for several minutes to several days.
- an image sensor such as a microscope or a CMOS can be cited.
- the analysis unit 105 analyzes data acquired by the observation unit, for example, image data.
- the data includes images representing the movement, contact, morphological change, secretion release, predation, death and proliferation of the cells, and these can be digitized and graphed.
- Specific devices used for the analysis unit 105 include, for example, a personal computer and a program for analysis.
- the observed event may be performed in real time, or the observed event may be acquired and stored as data for analysis. An analysis example will be described later.
- the cell observation device of the present technology may include the data storage unit 107.
- the data storage unit 107 stores the observation data and the analysis data.
- Specific devices used for the data storage unit 107 include a server and a memory disk.
- a database 115 may be provided downstream of the data storage unit 107, and various data may be accumulated so that past data can be searched and extracted.
- the cell observation device of the present technology may include the comparison unit 116 downstream of the analysis unit 105.
- the comparison unit 116 can compare the data of the analysis unit 105 with corn troll data or past analysis data.
- Specific devices used for the comparison unit 116 include, for example, a database reference personal computer and a program.
- a display unit 106 can also be provided.
- the display unit 106 displays the observation data and the analysis data.
- a specific apparatus used for the display unit 106 is a PC monitor or the like.
- the cells in the well of the cell placement unit 103 can be taken out.
- the cell extraction unit 108 is provided, and the cells specified in the analysis are extracted.
- a specific device used for the cell removal unit 108 includes a pipette and the like.
- the extracted cells are held by the cell holding unit 109.
- the cell holding unit 109 There may be a plurality of cell holding units 109 depending on, for example, the type of cell.
- the cell holding unit 109 is controlled with respect to oxygen, temperature, pH, and the like by the cell environment control unit 113 according to the cell.
- the cell holding unit 109 can add a reagent from the drug addition unit 114.
- preprocessing for gene analysis in the downstream gene analysis unit 110 can be performed.
- a specific apparatus used for the cell holding unit 109 includes a 96-well plate.
- the gene analysis unit 110 performs gene analysis on the cells held by the cell holding unit 109.
- Specific apparatuses used for the gene analysis unit 110 include, for example, a DNA sequencer and an RNA sequencer.
- the cell observation device of the present technology may include the flow channel priming unit 111 and the chip setting unit 112.
- the channel priming unit 111 prepares a channel chip.
- the channel priming unit 111 can perform, for example, an operation for eliminating bubbles or an operation for improving paintability (eg, washing with water or a buffer after flowing ethanol).
- the chip placement unit 112 correctly attaches the flow channel chip washed by the flow channel priming unit 111 so that cells are arranged in the cell arrangement unit.
- the cell environment control unit 113 may be provided.
- the cell environment control unit 113 adjusts and controls the environment of the cells contained in the cell placement unit 103 and the cell holding unit 109.
- Specific devices used for the cell environment control unit 113 include, for example, a CO 2 / O 2 invoker, a temperature control device, and a medium exchange device.
- the drug addition unit 114 can put different drugs or reagents into the cell introduction unit 102, the cell placement unit 103, and the cell holding unit 109, respectively.
- a plurality of drugs or reagents may be placed in the same part.
- Specific devices used for the drug addition unit 114 include, for example, a sampler (pipette) and a micro flow channel.
- Specific examples of drugs or reagents include cell activators such as cytokines, cancer cells that are damaged or predated by immune cells, cancer antigens, drugs that examine effectiveness against cancer cells, anticancer drugs, and staining Examples include reagents, cell dispersion reagents, viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and allergens.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a series of flow from collecting a target cell from a sample and observing / analyzing it with the cell observation apparatus of the present technology.
- Samples include multiple types of cells, such as regulatory T cells (Treg) 201, bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) 202, dendritic cells (DC) 203, cytotoxic T cells (CTL) 204, and cancer cells 205. included.
- the sample is sorted by a flow cytometer 2000 and sorted for each cell type (for example, cytotoxic T cell 204, cancer cell 205).
- the cancer cell may specify the type of cancer cell using an antibody 206 specific to the type of cancer cell.
- the sorted cytotoxic T cells 204 and cancer cells 205 are placed from the cell introduction part 102 into the well 1031 of the cell placement part 103. Thereafter, observation over time is performed, but the observation may be performed for each well 1031 or the entire cell placement unit 103. Alternatively, the cell placement unit 103 may be divided into several parts, and different types of cells may be introduced and observed for each part.
- the cytotoxic T cell 204 attacks the cancer cell 205, and cancer cell death occurs. This series of events is observed with CMOS or the like, and data is recorded.
- FIG. 3 shows a flowchart from cell collection to cell reaction analysis according to the present technology.
- a cell sample S301
- a flow cytometer to collect cells for each cell type (S302).
- One cell is directly introduced into the cell introduction unit 102 of the cell observation apparatus 1000 according to the present technology (S303).
- the other cell is treated with the drug supplied from the drug addition unit 114 of the cell observation device 1000 (S304) and introduced into the cell introduction unit 102 (S305).
- a desired number of cells are arranged in each well of the cell placement unit 103 from the cell introduction unit 102 (S306).
- the cells arranged in the cell arrangement unit 103 cause a cell contact reaction, secretion discharge, predation, cell death, and the like, and these events are observed by the observation unit 104 over time. For example, it is observed with a phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope, a CCD, a CMOS, etc. (S307) and can be recorded as data.
- Data analysis For example, data obtained from a cell contact reaction is analyzed by the analysis unit 105 (S308). An example of the operation of the analysis unit 105 is shown in FIG.
- image processing of the data is performed (S402).
- the image processing includes, for example, contrast adjustment, image threshold segmentation, noise processing, border elimination, and the like.
- cell identification processing is performed (S403).
- the difference in cell type is identified and divided for each type. For example, it can be identified and separated by a texture such as a color, a size, and a texture.
- the position information of the detected cells can be obtained at regular intervals and types of the time until then (S404), which can be one of the data.
- the event detection process detects an event caused by cell interaction.
- Events include, for example, cell color change (Apoptosis reaction reagent), cell morphological change (Apoptosis morphological change), or co-localization of two types of cells (assuming immune cells are colored green) And the green color of the cells contains a certain percentage of red color developed from cancer cells), contact (the boundary between immune cells and cancer cells is a certain distance or less), and the like.
- These events are detected at regular intervals. Since these events are observed over time, the definition and determination of events may be somewhat ambiguous or may overlap between events with different determination times.
- These events may be detected and calculated for each cell, or the cells introduced into the wells of the cell placement unit 103 may be detected and calculated together (S406).
- the cancer cell death rate in all wells can be represented by a cumulative graph (207) that is followed over time.
- the region of interests (ROI) function is then used to extract the portion of the cell in which the event was detected from the image data and to quantify fluorescence.
- the ROI is created by the image analysis apparatus that has (S408). When creating an ROI, it may be created in accordance with the size of the cell, or may be created with an arbitrary size relative to the size of the cell.
- the shape of ROI is not particularly limited.
- the movement of the cell in the created ROI is analyzed before and after the event, and the movement index is calculated and evaluated (S409).
- the cell movement index include cumulative movement distance between ROI frames, movement evaluation by automatic multivariate image analysis (MVA), and the like.
- MVA automatic multivariate image analysis
- FIG. 6 simulated graph
- the activity of changes in the movement of cytotoxic T cells in each well (S410) can be expressed as an index and graphed (208).
- Other data display examples include, for example, distribution information of cell movement before and after a specific event, image display of movement tracking per cell, number of dead cancer cells per immune cell, For example, the elapsed time is displayed.
- NK cells NK cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.
- cytotoxicity assay Using the cell observation device of this technology, as mentioned above, immune cells (NK cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.) are brought into contact with cancer cells, and damage to cancer cells And evaluation of immune cell activity at that time, evaluation of injury compatibility between immune cells and cancer cells, and the like.
- the negative control is For cancer cell viability determination: Cells that do not contain immune cells or are negative
- Calculation of cancer cell survival rate after cell contact Survival after cell contact
- the number of cancer cells / total number of cancer cells in contact with cells, and the survival rate can be calculated only for cancer cells that have made cell contact. In this case, the survival or death of cancer cells by immune cells can be calculated without taking a background.
- Identification of immune cells and cancer cells can be performed by, for example, morphology, size, staining with fluorescence, or movement.
- the determination of cell contact can be performed by, for example, contact time, stoppage of cell movement (movement speed), localization of granules, and adjacency between cells having different fluorescent dyes (fluorescence staining).
- the cell death can be determined by, for example, cell shape change or signal enhancement (fluorescence staining) of a cell death determination dye.
- the evaluation can be performed by observing and analyzing cells in real time.
- secretory release assay the presence or absence of a secretory release from cells accompanying cell contact is evaluated. The determination of cell contact is as described above. The determination of secretion release can be carried out by existing assays such as cell shape change, granule production, secretion immunoassay, calcium and the like.
- ADCC Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity
- NK cells NK cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.
- Evaluation by antibody-dependent cell injury may be judged by performing, for example, evaluation of binding between a cancer cell and an antibody, evaluation of binding between an antibody and an immune cell, evaluation of activation, evaluation of damage to the cancer cell by an immune cell, and the like. it can.
- the mechanism of effectiveness of anticancer agents can be examined. Specifically, the contact time between NK cells and cancer cells is measured and observed, and the affinity between the Fc portion of the antibody and Fc ⁇ III expressed in the NK cells may be observed. In addition, the expression induction of proteins such as perforin and granzyme in the cytoplasm of NK cells and the generation of granules may be examined. Further, invasion of a protein such as perforin into a target cell may be observed. Furthermore, cell death induction of cancer cells and non-induction of apoptosis may be examined.
- This technology can also be applied to evaluate anticancer drugs during drug discovery.
- a candidate anticancer agent is administered to a cancer cell placed in a well, and immune cells (for example, NK cells, cytotoxic T cells) are introduced into the same well. Observe and analyze the resulting events using this technology, and determine whether cancer cells are alive or dead.
- immune cells for example, NK cells, cytotoxic T cells
- immune cells can be proliferated, immune cells grown on cancer cells can be administered, and changes in cancer cells can be observed to confirm the effect.
- the present technology may be applied to cancer immunity checkpoint inhibitors.
- T cell receptor can be selected by the reaction between cancer cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL).
- TIL tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- isolate TIL from cancer cells or isolate T cells from blood is treated with IL-2, IFN- ⁇ or the like.
- cancer cells are treated with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (for example, Opdivo (registered trademark)).
- Opdivo registered trademark
- the treated TIL or T cell is brought into contact with the treated cancer cell, and the TIL or T cell individual showing a specific response to the cancer antigen of the cancer cell is observed and analyzed by this technology. Identify.
- the identified cell is isolated, and sequence analysis of DNA, RNA, etc. possessed by the cell is performed to identify TCR.
- the application example can be performed even if the number of immune cells such as TIL and T cells is small, and a small amount of drugs and reagents are used.
- the immune cell quality control method of this technology is: Contacting multiple cancer cells with a single immune cell, Investigate the number of cancer cells that the single immune cell has injured or prey, If the single immune cell preyes less than a predetermined number of cancer cells or injures or prey over a predetermined number of cancer cells within a predetermined time, the single immune cell is excluded , Can be done.
- immune cells When performing quality control of immune cells, it is not preferable that the activity of immune cells is too strong or too weak. This is because immune cells that are too active may cause symptoms such as autoimmune diseases when the immune cells are administered to a subject. In addition, immune cells whose activity is too weak do not sufficiently function as immune cells even when immune cells are administered to a subject.
- a single immune cell showing a range of cytotoxicity from 4 to 6 can be selected. Since conventional quality control was performed in bulk, as shown in Table 1, even if immune cells having a cytotoxicity range of 4 to 6 were present, it could not be excluded. In other words, even when the bulk as a whole showed good activity, in terms of individual immune cells, both high activity immune cells and low activity immune cells were mixed.
- This technique can also be applied to quality control during production of immune cells.
- immune cells In the production of immune cells, it is necessary to appropriately manage the storage state and confirm that the quality of the produced cells as a whole is high.
- the activation of cells may be uneven in the production process of immune cells, it is necessary to confirm that the quality of each individual cell is high.
- cell quality control can be performed by evaluating a cell at a single cell level.
- Table 2 shows a simulation example of what data is obtained when the evaluation of the activity of immune cells for quality control during production of immune cells is performed using this technology.
- the conventional bulk quality control cannot exclude immune cells that are mixed with extremely high activity (extremely high) and extremely low activity (extremely low). Samples in the range 4 to 6 can be selected. In addition, quality control immediately before administering immune cells to a patient can be performed in the same manner.
- this technique can also take the following structures.
- a cell introduction section, a cell placement section, an observation section, and an analysis section The cell introduction part introduces one or a plurality of cells into the cell placement part, The cell placement unit places the introduced one or more cells, The observation unit observes events over time due to cell contact in the cell placement unit, The analysis unit analyzes events over time due to the cell contact, Cell observation device.
- Time-dependent events due to cell contact include cell migration, change in cell migration speed, cell shape change, cell secretion release, cell predation, cell death, cell proliferation, fluorescence intensity emitted from cells
- the cell observation device according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the cells are immune cells and / or cancer cells.
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Abstract
Description
細胞導入部と、細胞配置部と、観察部と、解析部とを備え、
前記細胞導入部は、前記細胞配置部に1個又は複数個の細胞を導入し、
前記細胞配置部は、導入された前記1個又は複数個の細胞を配置し、
前記観察部は、前記細胞配置部における細胞接触による経時的な事象を観察し、
前記解析部は、前記細胞接触による経時的な事象を解析する、
細胞観察装置を提供する。
また、前記細胞観察装置は、前記細胞導入部及び/又は前記細胞配置部に薬剤を添加する薬剤添加部を備えてもよい。
前記細胞接触による経時的な事象は、細胞の移動、細胞の移動スピードの変化、細胞の形態変化、細胞の分泌物放出、細胞の捕食、細胞死、細胞増殖、細胞から発する蛍光強度の変化、細胞間の距離の変化、細胞内顆粒の生成及び細胞内顆粒の局在化からなる群から選択される。
また、前記細胞接触による経時的な事象は明視野像、位相差像、蛍光像及び屈折率像からなる群から選択される像を用いて観察される。
更に、前記細胞は免疫細胞及び/又はがん細胞である。
前記細胞配置部は複数のウェルを有し、各ウェルに前記免疫細胞が1個又は複数個配置され、また、前記ウェルに、前記がん細胞が1個又は複数個配置されてもよい。
前記単一免疫細胞が既定の時間内に致死させたがん細胞の数を調べることを含む、
免疫細胞の活性度の評価方法も提供する。
単一免疫細胞に複数のがん細胞を接触させ、
前記単一免疫細胞が致死させたがん細胞の数を調べ、
前記単一免疫細胞が、既定の時間内に、既定の数未満のがん細胞を致死させた場合又は既定の数を超えたがん細胞を致死させた場合、該単一免疫細胞を排除する、
免疫細胞の品質管理方法を提供する。
なお、ここに記載された効果は必ずしも限定されるものではなく、本開示中に記載されたいずれかの効果であってもよい。
1.細胞観察装置
1-1.装置の構成
1-2.細胞観察及び解析の例
1-3.データ解析
2.免疫細胞の活性度の評価方法
2-1.細胞傷害アッセイによる評価
2-2.分泌物放出アッセイによる評価
2-3.抗体依存性細胞傷害による評価
2-4.応用例1
2-5.応用例2
3.免疫細胞の品質管理方法
1-1.装置の構成
本技術の細胞観察装置の一例を模式的に図1に示す。
本技術の細胞観察装置は、少なくとも細胞導入部102と、細胞配置部103と、観察部104と、解析部105とを備える。これに、好ましくは薬剤添加部114を備え、細胞観察装置1000の主要部100(太線で囲んだ部分)とする。
細胞分集部101は、該部に入れた細胞を1つ又は複数のパラメーターによって区別して、あらかじめ設定された細胞のタイプを分けて集める。
前記パラメーターとして、例えば、細胞の蛍光強度、サイズ、形態、電気特性が挙げられる。
細胞分集部101に用いる具体的な装置として、例えば、FACS、フィルターが挙げられる。
なお、細胞分集部101の設置は任意であり、細胞のタイプごとに予め分けて細胞を次に細胞導入部102に導入することも可能である。
細胞導入部102には薬剤を添加することもでき、各細胞種類ごとに別の薬剤を添加するようにしてもよい。
細胞導入部102の細胞導入方法は、例えば、下流の細胞配置部103側からの細胞の吸引による。
また、前記薬剤の例としては、分子標的薬や免疫チェックポイント阻害剤(抗CTLA-4抗体、抗PD-1抗体、抗PD-L1抗体等)等の抗がん剤、インターロイキン(IL-2等)、インターフェロン(IFN-γ等)が挙げられる。
細胞配置部103には、前記薬剤を導入することができ、細胞導入部101を介さずに細胞配置部103に直接薬剤を導入してもよい。
ウェルに入れる細胞数は、1個又は複数個でもよい。
また、細胞配置部は、後述の細胞環境制御部113により、酸素、温度、pH等の細胞環境が制御されるようにしてもよい。
例えば、各ウェルに免疫細胞とがん細胞と入れると、免疫細胞ががん細胞に接触して細胞傷害を起こし、がん細胞を死に至らしめる。
免疫細胞としては、例えば、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞、T細胞、マクロファージ、樹状細胞、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、キラーT細胞等が挙げられる。これらのうち1種類を選択してもよいし、複数選択してもよい。
観察方法は特に限定されないが、例えば明視野像、位相差像、蛍光像、屈折率像を利用して行う。蛍光染色を利用した場合、例えば、がん細胞に予めGFP等の蛍光タンパク質が発現されるように遺伝子組み換えしておき、がん細胞が免疫細胞に傷害または捕食され死に至る過程を蛍光で追跡することができる。観察は、例えば数分~数日間、連続して行う。
また、観察部103に用いる具体的な装置として、顕微鏡、CMOS等のイメージセンサーが挙げられる。
解析部105に用いる具体的な装置として、例えばパーソナルコンピュータ及び解析のためのプログラムが挙げられる。
また、解析は、観察される事象をリアルタイムで行ってもよいし、観察される事象を取得しデータとして保存してから解析してもよい。
解析例については後述する。
データ保存部107は、前記観察データ及び前記解析データを保存する。
データ保存部107に用いる具体的な装置として、サーバーやメモリーディスク等が挙げられる。
更に、データ保存部107の下流にデータベース115を備え、各種データを蓄積して、過去のデータの検索、抽出等を行えるようにしてもよい。
比較部116に用いる具体的な装置として、例えばデータベース参照パーソナルコンピュータ及びプログラムが挙げられる。
表示部106は、前記観察データ及び前記解析データを表示する。
表示部106に用いる具体的な装置として、PCモニター等が挙げられる。
細胞取り出し部108に用いる具体的な装置として、ピペット等が挙げられる。
また、細胞保持部109は、薬剤添加部114から試薬が添加されるようにすることもできる。
あるいは、下流の遺伝子解析部110での遺伝子解析のための前処理を行うこともできる。
細胞保持部109に用いる具体的な装置として、96穴プレート等が挙げられる。
遺伝子解析部110に用いる具体的な装置として、例えば、DNAシークエンサー、RNAシークエンサーが挙げられる。
流路プライミング部111は、流路チップを準備する。流路プライミング部111は、例えば、気泡をなくすための動作や塗れ性改善動作(例:エタノールを流してから水やバッファーで洗浄する)を行うことができる。
チップ設置部112は、流路プライミング部111で洗浄した流路チップを、細胞配置部に細胞が配置されるよう、正しく取り付ける。
細胞環境制御部113に用いる具体的な装置として、例えばCO2・O2レグレター、温調装置、培地交換装置が挙げられる。
薬剤添加部114に用いる具体的な装置として、例えばサンプラー(ピペット)、マイクロ流路が挙げられる。
薬剤又は試薬の具体例としては、サイトカイン等の細胞活性化剤、免疫細胞に傷害又は捕食されるがん細胞、がん抗原、がん細胞への有効性を調べる薬剤、抗がん剤、染色試薬、細胞分散試薬、あるいは、ウイルス、細菌、真菌、寄生虫、アレルゲン等が挙げられる。
サンプルから目的細胞を分取し、本技術の細胞観察装置にて観察・解析するまでの一連の流れの例を図2に示す。
該サンプルをフローサイトメーター2000によりソーティングし、細胞の種類ごとに分取する(例えば細胞傷害性T細胞204、がん細胞205)。ここで、がん細胞は、がん細胞の種類に特異的な抗体206を用いて、がん細胞の種類を特定してもよい。
その後、経時的な観察を行うが、観察はウェル1031ごとに行ってもよいし、細胞配置部103全体で行ってもよい。あるいは、細胞配置部103をいくつかのパートに区切って、パートごとに異なる種類の細胞を導入して観察することもできる。
まず、細胞サンプル(S301)をフローサイトメーターにかけ、細胞の種類ごとに細胞分集する(S302)。
一方の細胞は、そのまま本技術に係る細胞観察装置1000の細胞導入部102に導入される(S303)。
他方の細胞は、細胞観察装置1000の薬剤添加部114から供給される薬剤で処理され(S304)、細胞導入部102に導入される(S305)。
細胞配置部103に配置された細胞は、細胞接触による反応、分泌物放出、捕食、細胞死等を起こし、これらの事象が観察部104で経時的に観察される。例えば、位相差顕微鏡、蛍光顕微鏡、CCD、CMOS等で観察され(S307)、データとして記録することができる。
例えば、細胞接触による反応から得られたデータは、解析部105で解析される(S308)。
解析部105の動作の例を図4に示す。
蛍光画像データを解析する場合(S401)、データの画像処理を行う(S402)。画像処理は、例えば、コントラスト調整、画像閾値セグメンテーション、ノイズ処理、ボーダー排除等である。
また、これら事象は、細胞ごとに検出、算出してもよいし、細胞配置部103のウェルに導入された細胞をまとめて検出、算出してもよい(S406)。例えば、図5(模擬グラフ)に示すように、全ウェルでのがん細胞死率を時間経過で追った累積のグラフ(207)で表すことができる。
2-1.細胞傷害アッセイによる評価
本技術の細胞観察装置を用いて、前述のように、免疫細胞(NK細胞、T細胞、マクロファージ、樹状細胞等)をがん細胞に接触させ、がん細胞への傷害を生じさせ、そのときの免疫細胞の活性評価、免疫細胞とがん細胞の傷害相性の評価等を行うことができる。
がん細胞生存割合の算出:細胞接触後の生存がん細胞数/全がん細胞数
がん細胞死割合の算出: 細胞接触後の致死がん細胞数/全がん細胞数
免疫細胞生存割合の算出:細胞接触後の生存免疫細胞数/全免疫細胞数
免疫細胞死割合の算出: 細胞接触後の致死免疫細胞数/全免疫細胞数
更に、
接触細胞数/非接触細胞数、又は接触細胞数/全細胞数
で、細胞接触アッセイの効率を表すことができる。
ここで、ネガティブコントロールは、
がん細胞生死判定の場合:免疫細胞を含まない又はネガティブとなる細胞
免疫細胞生死判定の場合:がん細胞を含まない又はネガティブとなる細胞
抗がん剤評価の場合: 抗がん剤を含まない又は反応を起こさない分子
である。
なお、細胞接触による反応開始前時点での細胞数を、100%生存しているものとする。
また、
細胞接触によるがん細胞死の割合の算出:細胞接触後の致死がん細胞数/細胞接触をした全がん細胞数
細胞接触後のがん細胞生存の割合の算出:細胞接触後の生存がん細胞数/細胞接触をした全がん細胞数
で、細胞接触を起こしたがん細胞に限定して、生死割合を算出することができる。この場合、バックグランドを取らずに、免疫細胞によるがん細胞の生死を算出することができる。
また、細胞接触の判定は、例えば、接触時間、細胞の動きの停止(移動スピード)、顆粒の局在化、異なる蛍光色素をもつ細胞同士の隣接化(蛍光染色)で行うことができる。
細胞死の判定は、例えば、細胞の形態変化、細胞死判定色素のシグナル増強(蛍光染色)で行うことができる。
なお、当該評価は、リアルタイムで細胞を観察、解析して行うことも可能である。
分泌物放出アッセイでは、細胞接触に伴う細胞からの分泌物放出有無の評価を行う。
細胞接触の判定については、前述のとおりである。
分泌物放出の判定は、例えば、細胞形態変化、顆粒生成、分泌物のイムノアッセイ、カルシウム等の既存アッセイで行うことができる。
Antibody-Dependent-Cellular-Cytotoxicity(ADCC)を適用して免疫細胞の活性度を評価することができる。
例えば、抗体を介した免疫細胞(NK細胞、T細胞、マクロファージ、樹状細胞等)による、がん細胞への傷害を観察する。
抗体依存性細胞傷害による評価は、例えば、がん細胞と抗体の結合評価、抗体と免疫細胞の結合評価及び活性化評価、免疫細胞によるがん細胞への傷害評価等を行って判断することができる。
例えば、抗がん剤の有効性の機序について調べることができる。
具体的には、NK細胞とがん細胞との接触時間を測定、観察し、抗体のFc部分とNK細胞に発現しているFcγIIIの親和性をみればよい。
また、NK細胞の細胞質にあるパーフォリンやグランザイム等のタンパク質の発現誘導、顆粒の生成についてみればよい。
更に、パーフォリン等のタンパク質の標的細胞への侵入をみてもよい。
また更に、がん細胞の細胞死誘導、アポトーシスの非誘導を調べてもよい。
本技術を応用して、創薬時の抗がん剤評価をすることもできる。
例えば、ウェルに配置されたがん細胞に候補の抗がん剤を投与し、同じウェルに免疫細胞(例えばNK細胞、細胞傷害性T細胞)を導入する。それにより生じる事象を本技術により観察、解析し、がん細胞の生死判断を行う。
また、免疫療法の場合は、免疫細胞を増殖し、がん細胞に増殖した免疫細胞を投与し、がん細胞の変化を観察して効果を確認することができる。更に、がん免疫チェックポイント阻害剤に本技術を適用してもよい。
本技術を応用して、がん細胞と腫瘍内浸潤リンパ球(Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL))の反応によるT細胞受容体(TCR)の選択をすることもできる。
まず、がん細胞からTILを単離するか、血液からT細胞を単離する。
次に、単離したTIL又はT細胞を、IL-2やIFN-γ等で処理する。
一方、がん細胞を免疫チェックポイント阻害剤(例えば、オプジーボ(登録商標))で処理する。
処理したTIL又はT細胞と、処理したがん細胞とを接触させ、本技術により観察、解析して、がん細胞のがん抗原に対して特異的な反応を示すTIL又はT細胞の個体を識別する。
識別された細胞を単離し、その細胞が有するDNA、RNA等の配列解析を行い、TCRを特定する。
近年、がんの免疫療法が注目され、免疫細胞を生体外で増殖し、活性化後、体内へ投与する過程が必要とされている。
本技術は、増殖した免疫細胞を、バルクではなく、単一細胞ごとに品質評価、管理することにも適用できる。
具体的には、本技術の免疫細胞の品質管理方法は、
単一免疫細胞に複数のがん細胞を接触させ、
前記単一免疫細胞が傷害又は捕食したがん細胞の数を調べ、
前記単一免疫細胞が、既定の時間内に、既定の数未満のがん細胞を捕食した場合又は既定の数を超えたがん細胞を傷害又は捕食した場合、該単一免疫細胞を排除する、
ことで行うことができる。
生体由来の免疫細胞の活性度を評価する場合、様々な種類の免疫細胞を含む多様な細胞群となる。その場合、個々の免疫細胞とターゲット細胞との相性に依存して、細胞傷害数が異なってくる。
そこで、例えば、免疫細胞1個ごとにID番号を付し、ウェルに免疫細胞1個を配置し、更にがん細胞を10個程度配置したときに、その免疫細胞ががん細胞を何個傷害するかを、本技術を用いて観察、解析した場合、以下の表1に示すデータが想定される。
従来の品質管理は、バルクでおこなわれていたため、表1に示すように、細胞傷害数の範囲が4以上6以下の免疫細胞が存在しても、それを排除することはできなかった。つまり、バルク全体として良好な活性を示していても、個々の免疫細胞でみると、活性の高い免疫細胞も活性の低い免疫細胞も混在していた。
免疫細胞の製造において、保存状態等を適切に管理し、製造された全体としての細胞の品質が高いことを確認する必要がある。
その一方で、免疫細胞の製造過程において細胞の活性化が不均一な場合も起こり得るので、個々の細胞としても、品質が高いことを確認する必要がある。
本技術によれば、単一細胞レベルで細胞評価をすることで、細胞の品質管理を行うことができる。
なお、免疫細胞を患者に投与する直前の品質管理も同様に行うことができる。
〔1〕細胞導入部と、細胞配置部と、観察部と、解析部とを備え、
前記細胞導入部は、前記細胞配置部に1個又は複数個の細胞を導入し、
前記細胞配置部は、導入された前記1個又は複数個の細胞を配置し、
前記観察部は、前記細胞配置部における細胞接触による経時的な事象を観察し、
前記解析部は、前記細胞接触による経時的な事象を解析する、
細胞観察装置。
〔2〕前記細胞導入部及び/又は前記細胞配置部に薬剤を添加する薬剤添加部を備える、〔1〕に記載の細胞観察装置。
〔3〕前記細胞接触による経時的な事象は、細胞の移動、細胞の移動スピードの変化、細胞の形態変化、細胞の分泌物放出、細胞の捕食、細胞死、細胞増殖、細胞から発する蛍光強度の変化、細胞間の距離の変化、細胞内顆粒の生成及び細胞内顆粒の局在化からなる群から選択される、〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の細胞観察装置。
〔4〕前記細胞接触による経時的な事象は蛍光色素を用いて観察される、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の細胞観察装置。
〔5〕前記細胞は免疫細胞及び/又はがん細胞である、〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれかに記載の細胞観察装置。
〔6〕前記細胞配置部は複数のウェルを有し、各ウェルに前記免疫細胞が1個又は複数個配置される、〔5〕に記載の細胞観察装置。
〔7〕前記ウェルに、前記がん細胞が1個又は複数個配置される、〔6〕に記載の細胞観察装置。
〔8〕単一免疫細胞に複数のがん細胞を接触させ、
前記単一免疫細胞が既定の時間内に致死させたがん細胞の数を調べることを含む、
免疫細胞の活性度の評価方法。
〔9〕単一免疫細胞に複数のがん細胞を接触させ、
前記単一免疫細胞が致死させたがん細胞の数を調べ、
前記単一免疫細胞が、既定の時間内に、既定の数未満のがん細胞を致死させた場合又は既定の数を超えたがん細胞を致死させた場合、該単一免疫細胞を排除する、
免疫細胞の品質管理方法。
101 細胞分集部
102 細胞導入部
103 細胞配置部
104 観察部
105 解析部
106 表示部
107 データ保存部
108 細胞取り出し部
109 細胞保持部
110 遺伝子解析部
111 流路プライミング部
112 チップ設置部
113 細胞環境制御部
114 薬剤添加部
115 データベース
201 調節性T細胞
202 骨髄由来抑制細胞
203 樹状細胞
204 細胞傷害性T細胞
205 がん細胞
206 抗体
207 がん細胞死率を時間経過で追った累積のグラフ
208 細胞傷害性T細胞の動きの変化のグラフ
1000 細胞観察装置
1031 ウェル
2000 フローサイトメーター
Claims (9)
- 細胞導入部と、細胞配置部と、観察部と、解析部とを備え、
前記細胞導入部は、前記細胞配置部に1個又は複数個の細胞を導入し、
前記細胞配置部は、導入された前記1個又は複数個の細胞を配置し、
前記観察部は、前記細胞配置部における細胞接触による経時的な事象を観察し、
前記解析部は、前記細胞接触による経時的な事象を解析する、
細胞観察装置。 - 前記細胞導入部及び/又は前記細胞配置部に薬剤を添加する薬剤添加部を備える、請求項1に記載の細胞観察装置。
- 前記細胞接触による経時的な事象は、細胞の移動、細胞の移動スピードの変化、細胞の形態変化、細胞の分泌物放出、細胞の捕食、細胞死、細胞増殖、細胞から発する蛍光強度の変化、細胞間の距離の変化、細胞内顆粒の生成及び細胞内顆粒の局在化からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の細胞観察装置。
- 前記細胞接触による経時的な事象は明視野像、位相差像、蛍光像、屈折率像からなる群から選択される像を用いて観察される、請求項1に記載の細胞観察装置。
- 前記細胞は免疫細胞及び/又はがん細胞である、請求項1に記載の細胞観察装置。
- 前記細胞配置部は複数のウェルを有し、各ウェルに前記免疫細胞が1個又は複数個配置される、請求項5に記載の細胞観察装置。
- 前記ウェルに、前記がん細胞が1個又は複数個配置される、請求項6に記載の細胞観察装置。
- 単一免疫細胞に複数のがん細胞を接触させ、
前記単一免疫細胞が既定の時間内に致死させたがん細胞の数を調べることを含む、
免疫細胞の活性度の評価方法。 - 単一免疫細胞に複数のがん細胞を接触させ、
前記単一免疫細胞が致死させたがん細胞の数を調べ、
前記単一免疫細胞が、既定の時間内に、既定の数未満のがん細胞を致死させた場合又は既定の数を超えたがん細胞を致死させた場合、該単一免疫細胞を排除する、
免疫細胞の品質管理方法。
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| JP2005506083A (ja) * | 2001-10-25 | 2005-03-03 | バル−イラン ユニバーシティ | 相互作用型透明個別細胞バイオチッププロセッサー |
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| WO2009110614A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-07 | 2009-09-11 | Kobayashi Yasunobu | エフェクター細胞の機能測定法及び測定用キット並びに測定システム |
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| CN111239026A (zh) * | 2018-11-29 | 2020-06-05 | 肖光文 | 一种免疫细胞运动速度检测系统 |
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| EP3438242A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
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