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WO2017037015A1 - Fabrication additive d'un corps moulé - Google Patents

Fabrication additive d'un corps moulé Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017037015A1
WO2017037015A1 PCT/EP2016/070310 EP2016070310W WO2017037015A1 WO 2017037015 A1 WO2017037015 A1 WO 2017037015A1 EP 2016070310 W EP2016070310 W EP 2016070310W WO 2017037015 A1 WO2017037015 A1 WO 2017037015A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particles
cores
core
powder
shaped body
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2016/070310
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Carl Mikael Ahlstedt
Carsten Schuh
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of WO2017037015A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017037015A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/04—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of turbine blades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B22F1/102—Metallic powder coated with organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/17—Metallic particles coated with metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/18—Non-metallic particles coated with metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/70—Recycling
    • B22F10/73—Recycling of powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/30—Platforms or substrates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
    • C22C1/1005—Pretreatment of the non-metallic additives
    • C22C1/101—Pretreatment of the non-metallic additives by coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/08—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/14—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on borides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0089—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with other, not previously mentioned inorganic compounds as the main non-metallic constituent, e.g. sulfides, glass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/0203—Contacts characterised by the material thereof specially adapted for vacuum switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H11/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches
    • H01H11/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts
    • H01H11/048—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts by powder-metallurgical processes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/34—Process control of powder characteristics, e.g. density, oxidation or flowability
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • H01H1/0233—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing carbides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • H01H1/0237—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/025—Composite material having copper as the basic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/027—Composite material containing carbon particles or fibres
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2300/00—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to electric switches, relays, selectors or emergency protective devices covered by H01H
    • H01H2300/036—Application nanoparticles, e.g. nanotubes, integrated in switch components, e.g. contacts, the switch itself being clearly of a different scale, e.g. greater than nanoscale
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • Additives producing a molded article The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture ⁇ development of a shaped body in which a plurality of superimposed layers of material of the shaped body by means of an additive manufacturing process in a plurality of successive and similar to each other substeps are constructed, wherein a powder solid in each partial step at a
  • the invention relates to a powder for such a production method and a molded article produced in this way.
  • three-dimensionally shaped bodies are typically built up from a sequence of individually formed superimposed layers. These layers can be constructed, for example, each from a powdery or liquid starting material.
  • pulverför ⁇ -shaped starting material that can be prepared by various Ver ⁇ drive at the predefined locations at which the molding is to be constructed, are solidified. For the process ⁇ steps to solidify the powder in the respective
  • Layer can be used various methods in which, for example, a sintering at predefined locations by focused laser radiation or focused electron beams is achieved. Examples of such methods are selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser beam melting (SLM for SLS), selective laser beam melting (SLM for SLS), selective laser beam melting (SLM for SLS), selective laser beam melting (SLM for SLS), selective laser beam melting (SLM for SLS), selective laser beam melting (SLM for
  • Laser melting laser metal deposition
  • LMD laser metal deposition
  • EBW electron beam welding
  • EBM electron beam melting
  • a disadvantage of additive state-of-the-art production processes is that the material composition of the molded articles to be produced is often determined by the boundary conditions of the molded articles. set sintering processes is limited. The temperatures achieved during the sintering process in the powder are often between 850 ° C. and 1365 ° C. In such a case, the material of the powder used must, according to the prior art, be meltable at the set process temperature and secondly chemically stable. In particular, the powder must be stable against chemical decomposition even at the process temperature used. When carrying out the process in air, it must also be stable with respect to a chemical reaction with the air. With these constraints, the materials of the powder are typically limited to relatively low melting and chemically stable mate ⁇ rials. For applications in which moldings are required with high-melting and / or easily decomposable materials, the manufacturability with such additive manufacturing methods is usually severely limited.
  • moldings with freely definable possible three-dimensional structures which are not limited in its material composition so.
  • moldings containing high-melting components such as refractory metals and / or refractory ceramics are required.
  • An example of such an application are the contacts or contact carriers in medium and high-voltage switches.
  • Her ⁇ position method is used to, for example, complex field controlling geometry.
  • such contacts should, especially for use in vacuum or gas-insulated high-voltage switches, have refractory materials which at most melt or evaporate only slightly in the areas of arcs and flashovers.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a production method which overcomes the disadvantages mentioned.
  • ⁇ sondere is to be made available a process with which moldings can be produced additively, which have a relatively high proportion of high-melting and / or easily decomposable materials.
  • Another object is to provide a powder for such a production method and a molded article produced in this way.
  • the powder comprises a multiplicity of particles which each have at least one inner core and a shell substantially enclosing the core.
  • an essential advantage of the inventive method is that the material of the shell can be adapted to to satisfy the requirements ⁇ gene of the additive manufacturing process, while the material of the core thereof can be adapted to thereof Differing requirements for an application of the finished shaped body separately.
  • a powder having a relatively high proportion by weight of relatively high-melting material and / or easily decomposable material than would be possible in the case of an additive manufacturing method using a homogeneous powder made of a uniform material.
  • a shell essentially enclosing the core, it should be understood here in general that such a shell covers the core over almost its entire outer surface.
  • a degree of coverage for the multiplicity of particles can be on average above 60% of the surface area.
  • surface of the core lying in particular above 80%, particularly before ⁇ geous above 90% of the surface.
  • the powder according to the invention comprises a large number of particles and is suitable for the production of a shaped article with a method according to the invention.
  • the particles each have an inner core and a shell substantially enclosing the core.
  • the shells of the particles comprise a material which melts below 1400 ° C.
  • the cores of the particles comprise at least one material wel ⁇ ches is not sintered at a process temperature of 1400 ° C as such, because it is at this temperature not meltable and / or decomposed and / or oxidized in air.
  • a significant advantage of the powder according to the invention is that such a powder can be well processed by the comparatively easy fusibility of the shell with an additive manufacturing process in which the individual layers of the shaped body formed are solidified by powder sintering.
  • the powder may be advantageous for this purpose ⁇ adhesive formed mainly of the described type of particles.
  • the trays may be almost completeness, are ⁇ dig from a below 1400 ° C melting material ⁇ particular. Despite the choice of a non sinterable material at 1400 ° C for the cores thus a powder can be provided, which can be processed by means of an additive manufacturing process.
  • the formed molded article is still relatively stable even at relatively high thermal, electrical and / or mechanical loads, in particular more stable than if it formed only from the material of the shells would have been.
  • the shaped body according to the invention is a shaped body which is produced by the method according to the invention.
  • the use The additive manufacturing process can be recognized on the finished shaped body by the structuring in individually constructed material layers.
  • the layer boundaries of such a body built up in layers of sintered powder can generally be seen well at the deposited layer boundaries either with the naked eye or at least under the microscope.
  • the grain boundaries of the sintered powder can be recognized on such a molded article generally under the microscope at least for a part of the original particles, since the powder, in particular when it contains a core with a refractory material component, is generally not complete by such a sintering process is melted on ⁇ , but the particles are fused in these cases only in their outer regions with each other, and the original grain structure is at the centers with a high proportion of the material of the core at least in part still visible.
  • the original structure of the powder particles used for the production process can also be clearly recognized, since there are islands of core material between the material of the shells which connects the original particles, which islands are at most incompletely fused within a sintered layer.
  • Advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims 1 and 14 claims and the following description.
  • the described embodiments of the production method, of the powder and of the shaped body can generally be advantageously combined with one another.
  • the shells of the particles may have an average weight fraction of at least 10% of the average Vo ⁇ lumenanteils of the individual particles, in particular between 10% and 90% by volume.
  • the average volume fraction of the shells is even at least 10%, in particular at least 20% of the average total volume.
  • the cores of the particles can at least one material aufwei ⁇ sen, which is not sintered as such at a process temperature of 1400 ° C as such.
  • the cores can be made more uniformly ⁇ or even substantially from such Materi- al. It is thus achieved for these cores by the Ummante ⁇ ment with a shell in the first processability at the said process temperature. Without such a cladding processing of the cores would therefore with the above-mentioned methods of additive manufacturing not easily or only with increased process cost mög ⁇ lich.
  • the cores of the particles may have at least one material melting above 1700 ° C.
  • it may be a material from the group of Refraktärmetal- le, ceramics, glasses, carbon fibers, borides or carbides.
  • Such materials are relatively high melting and therefore can be made processable by cladding with lower melting shells in an additive manufacturing process.
  • a non-separating mixture of at least two physically possibly very different components can be produced and processed.
  • two or more material components of different density, different weight proportions or different volume fractions can be processed together without segregating during processing.
  • the embodiments with a temperature above 1700 ° C Schmel ⁇ collapsing material component is particularly advantageous for such At ⁇ applications in which the shaped body to high thermal and / or thermomechanical loads formed are exposed and, therefore, at least one should have high melting Materi ⁇ alkomponente.
  • the cores of the particles may consist almost completely of one or more of the said refractory materials.
  • Under a refractory metal is a metal in this context ver ⁇ were whose melting point is above that of platinum, in particular such a high-melting metal of the fourth, fifth or sixth subgroup.
  • the metals Wolf ⁇ ram, chromium, molybdenum and titanium are particularly advantageous for use in a contact element .
  • Nickel can also be advantageously used as a high-melting component of the shaped body. although, with its melting point, it is somewhat lower than the actual refractory metals.
  • borides prop ⁇ is net particularly TiB second
  • carbides to be ⁇ Sonder tungsten carbide is suitable for body thermally particularly stable form.
  • the shells of the particles may comprise a material melting below 1400 ° C.
  • the saddle ⁇ len of the particles may consist of such a relatively Low WC melting material a majority.
  • the comparatively low-melting material of the cores may be, for example, a metal or a polymer, in particular it may advantageously be silver or copper.
  • the shells of the particles may melt at a lower temperature than the cores.
  • the particles can be sintered during the additive layer construction without having to exceed a melting point or melting range of the material of the cores.
  • the powder may then have a relatively high proportion of refractory material, so that the shaped body formed melts or vaporizes as little as possible during its operation.
  • a comparatively high melting point material for the cores it can be achieved that the shaped body formed is nevertheless comparatively stable even with relatively high thermal, electrical and / or mechanical loads, in particular more stable than if it were made only of the material of the shells would have been formed.
  • the additive manufacturing process may include a process step of laser beam welding, laser beam melting, laser beam sintering, laser metal deposition, laser cladding Recently, the electron beam welding and / or the electric ⁇ nenstrahlschmelzens. These processes are well be ⁇ Sonders to single out an inventive powder layers of the shaped body to verfesti ⁇ gene each with predefined geometrical rie by locally limited sintering of the powder.
  • the shells of the particles may each have at least two kon ⁇ center, the core substantially surrounding entirelyscha- len.
  • Such multiply coated particles have the advantage that certain physical properties such as thermal expansion coefficient, an absorption of the laser used, or electron beam or an elasticity ⁇ module of the shells can be tailored to the given requirements of the manufacturing process and / or the finished Formkör ⁇ pers can be adjusted.
  • one of the partial shells, in particular the inner part shell, a Ma ⁇ TERIAL may have at least that improves the wettability of the cores with the material of the outer shell part. For example, nickel as a material for the inner shell improves the wettability of tungsten (as material for the core) with silver (as material for the outer shell).
  • the subshells can generally have different materials. It may also be advantageous if the materials of the subshells gradually merge into one another in the manner of a radial concentration gradient.
  • an outer shell part may be substantially hen completeness, ⁇ dig out comparatively easily melting material consist, while an inner part shell comprises a mixture of a relatively higher melting point material of the core and low melting material of the outer shell.
  • the relative concentrations of the two components may vary gradually depending on the radius.
  • the shell may have at least two material components, even in those cases where the shell is not clearly subdivided into two individual subshells. It can advantageously vary a concentration of the two material components as a function of a distance to the center of the respective particle. Even in such a case, such, for example, gradual variation may be advantageous in order to set desired physical properties in a targeted manner, as already described above in connection with the discrete partial shells.
  • the particles can each have a multiplicity of internal cores within a common shell.
  • the cores may be advantageous in each case individual nanoparticles.
  • a particular advantage with this embodiment is that nanoparticles can then be embedded in the molded body by the method, which without such a cladding could not readily be used in such an additive manufacturing process, since their high surface area leads to an excessive affinity for agglomeration exhibit. As a result, the flow properties of such a substantially nanoparticulate powder are very poor, and the processing of the powder is difficult. Possible environmental and / or health-damaging effects of the nanoparticles can also be reduced by embedding them in a common shell prior to their processing.
  • the nanoparticles can, for example, carbon-containing nanoparticles, in particular particles of graphite, carbon fibers or Koh ⁇ lenstoffnanorschreiben.
  • An average outer circumference of such nanoparticles may be, for example, between 10 nm and 250 nm.
  • the individual nanoparticles can produce a variety differed ⁇ Licher shapes and sizes. Since they are embedded together in a larger particle, such Variatio ⁇ NEN be compensated by the envelope and then no longer complicates the processing in the additive manufacturing process.
  • the nanoparticles may be approximately spherical particles, rod-shaped particles, disc-shaped particles, entirely asymmetric. see particles and / or act on a mixture of different such types of particles.
  • the overall particle formed by the co-coating may have an approximately spherical shape to facilitate processing in the additive manufacturing process.
  • the cores of the particles may advantageously be cured, be ⁇ are coated with the shell in front of them. This can be beneficial to increase the strength of the cores.
  • the cores can be pretreated by precipitation hardening. As a result, in particular, the strength of an alloy as a material for the core can be increased.
  • the cores may have a substantially aspherical shape
  • the shells may have a substantially spherical shape.
  • a substantially spherical shape is to be understood as meaning a shape in which the surface of the particle does not deviate at any point with more than 20% of the radius from a sphere which encloses the particle.
  • Radius should also be understood accordingly the radius of this einhül ⁇ lenden ball.
  • an aspherical shape is to be understood as meaning a shape in which the surface deviates from the enveloping sphere by more than 20% of the radius, at least in a partial region.
  • a relatively large distribution in the outer diameters of the cores can be achieved by embedding them in a shell with a smaller diameter distribution of the resultant balancing total particles. It can therefore be generally advantageous if an absolute Halbwertsbrei ⁇ te for the diameter distribution of the total particles in the powder is at most half as large as an absolute half-width of the diameter distribution of the embedded in these total particulate cores.
  • a mean circumference of the coated total particles can generally advantageously be between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, in particular between 20 ⁇ m and 40 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the shell can advantageously be between 50 nm and 50 ⁇ m.
  • the shell of the particles may have a mate rial ⁇ advantageous, which acts as a flux for a material of the core.
  • an outer partial shell may have a flux for a material of an inner partial shell.
  • phosphorus, silver, tin and zinc act as fluxes for copper
  • copper, zinc and tin act as fluxes for silver.
  • the shaped body can have at least two material components for which there is a varying concentration gradient in at least one spatial direction in at least one part of the supporting element.
  • the thermal and / or thermo-mechanical stability of the shaped body can advantageously be improved in comparison with a homogeneous composition.
  • a proportion of a component which melts at a higher level can be increased.
  • Such a variation of the concentration may, for example, be gradual. However, it can also vary in discrete ranges between discrete concentration levels.
  • the molded body may be an example of a supporting element of a switching contact of an electrical switch.
  • Such a supporting element can either be the actual con ⁇ tact body of the switch contact or as a support body for serve the actual contact body, which is mechanically held by this.
  • a bearing element of the switching contact at least ⁇ has a component of a high-melting material up because such switch contacts are exposed to high thermal loads during operation.
  • temperatures in the range between 5000 ° C and 10000 ° C may occur. At these temperatures, there is a melting of the surface of the switch contact. A melting of a larger volume fraction, however, should be prevented as possible, so that the switching contacts during
  • the load-bearing elements of such a switching contact should comprise a proportion of a refractory material.
  • the shaped body may be, for example, a turbine blade or an element of a turbine blade.
  • Turbi ⁇ nenschaufeln, particularly gas turbine blades are exposed during operation high thermo-mechanical stresses and therefore have also advantageously has a relatively high proportion of high-melting material component.
  • the cores of the Pul ⁇ verpitate used for such a component may comprise a superalloy or even essen- sentlichen be formed of a superalloy.
  • a superalloy can be particularly advantageously a nickel-base superalloy.
  • the shaped article formed may be, for example, a filament or an electrode of a lamp.
  • it may be a tungsten-containing electrode of a high-pressure gas discharge lamp.
  • the tips of such electrodes are exposed during operation to high loads due to arc discharges and can therefore evaporate during operation.
  • a complex shape of such components by an additive manufacturing method is advantageous when a high thermal resistance of the component can be achieved gleichzei ⁇ tig.
  • the molded body formed by the manufacturing method described may generally advantageously have an internal cooling channel. Such a cooling channel can be used to cool the shaped body during a thermal load and, for example, to prevent melting. By the described additive manufacturing method, the at least one cooling channel can be easily manufactured.
  • Insbeson ⁇ more complete and complex shapes can be produced, thus for example meandering structures and / or structures of several branched cooling channels.
  • the integration of cooling channels is generally useful for the production of moldings for use in switch contacts, turbine blades, electrodes and / or filaments.
  • the shaped body can have at least two material components for which there is a concentration gradient in at least one spatial direction in at least one part of the shaped body.
  • the thermal and / or thermomechanical be advantageously improved stability of the shaped body compared to a homo ⁇ antigenic composition.
  • a proportion of a higher melting component can be increased in the direction of a thermally and / or mechanically heavily loaded in use of the molding surface.
  • a portion of a higher melting component may be increased, especially in the direction of a thermally and / or mechanically heavily loaded tip or edge of the molding.
  • Such a variation of the concentration may, for example, be gradual.
  • the concentration may also vary in discrete ranges between discrete concentration levels.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a particle of a powder according to a first exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a particle of a powder according to a second exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic sectional view of a particle of a powder according to a third embodiment
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic sectional view of a particle of a powder according to a fourth exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of a
  • Figure 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a turbine blade according to a seventh exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 8 shows a schematic side view of a lamp filament according to an eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a particle of a powder 5 is shown according to a first,sbei ⁇ play of the invention. Shown is a substantially spherical particle 5 with an inner core 7 of the material A and an outer shell 9 of the material B.
  • material B has a lower melting point than material A, so that a powder of such particles 5 for producing individual sintered layers 3i can be used in an additive manufacturing process without the cores 7 of material A having to melt in this sintering process.
  • material A is carbon, tungsten, tungsten carbide, tin oxide and / or nickel may have Bezie ⁇ hung example be a majority of such material.
  • the shell 9 may, for example, comprise silver and / or copper. Hung as the majority of such a material B ⁇ best hen.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a particle of a powder 5 is shown according to a secondspecsbei ⁇ play of the invention. Shown again is a substantially spherical particle 5 with an internal one
  • the outer partial shell 9b may, for example, consist of a material M which melts more easily, and the inner shell may consist of a mixture of the materials A and B.
  • a concentration of the material A within the shell 9 or within a subshell 9a can continuously drop from the inside to the outside with the radius r, with a concentration of the more easily melting material B corresponding to the outside increases.
  • the inner shell may increase the wettability of the core with the outer shell material.
  • FIG. 3 shows a similar sectional view of a Parti ⁇ kels 5 is shown according to a third embodiment of the invention. Shown is a plurality of cores 7i embedded in a common matrix 8. This matrix 8 already acts as the first envelope of the cores 7i.
  • the matrix 8 is wrapped in the example shown of a further shell 9, wel ⁇ surface having a lower melting material at least in comparison to a material of the cores A B 7i.
  • the material of the matrix 8 can in principle be higher, lower or equal to the same compared to the material B melting. It may speak for example, the material of the outer shell 9 ent ⁇ so that the matrix 8 and shell 9 may pass each other in ⁇ without an interface. But it can also be as in Figure 3 shown an interface and there may be ⁇ different materials for matrix and shell are used.
  • FIG. 4 shows a similar sectional view of a particle 5 according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • Shown is an aspherical core 7, the example ⁇ at a point pl has a distance rl to a center z of the core, which deviates by more than 20% from an enveloping ball 10a of the core.
  • This aspheric core 7 is enveloped by a substantially spherical shell 9, the outer surface of which differs by no more than 20 ⁇ 6 from an enveloping sphere 10b of the shell 9 at any point. From the largest ⁇ deviation is given for the cross-section shown for example in the point p2, wherein the distance r2 from the center differs even only slightly from the radius of the enveloping ball 10b from ⁇ .
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic perspective illustration of a shaped body 1 according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. Shown is a cuboidal shaped body 1, which has a refractory and a lower melting Mate ⁇ rialkomponente, wherein the proportion of refractory ⁇ the component along the shown spatial direction x increases.
  • the spatial direction x shown is also the direction in which the layers are applied 3i of the additive manufacturing process aufei ⁇ Nander here.
  • the proportion of the high-melting component thus increases steadily from layer to layer and is essentially constant within the respective layer 3i. This can be easily achieved by adjusting the composition of the powder separately for each layer.
  • the front shown in Figure 5 shows a schematic perspective illustration of a shaped body 1 according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. Shown is a cuboidal shaped body 1, which has a refractory and a lower melting Mate ⁇ rialkomponente, wherein the proportion of refractory ⁇ the component along the shown spatial direction x
  • end face has the highest proportion of corona zendem material and may be advantageous in this example, be a thermally and / or mechanically particularly heavily loaded in use of the molding surface.
  • a concentration gradient can also be achieved in that the -
  • composition of the starting material serving powder is changed within a layer after a predetermined spatial distribution.
  • the composition of the powder can thus be varied within the layers and / or from layer to layer. In both directions, it can be varied either continuously or by leaps and bounds.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a switching contact 13 for an electrical switch.
  • the switching contact includes two contact elements 11, each ⁇ wells comprise a contact body and a contact carrier IIa IIb.
  • the contact bodies IIa are formed from electrically conductive material and each have a contact surface 19, wherein these two contact surfaces 19 can be reversibly mitei ⁇ nander brought into electrical contact.
  • the two contact bodies IIa are each mechanically held by an associated contact carrier IIb.
  • the contact carrier IIb may also be formed significantly larger in relation to the contact bodies IIa as shown in Figure 6.
  • the contact carrier can each be larger than the contact body arranged thereon.
  • the respective contact carrier can also be electrically conductive, but this is not absolutely necessary.
  • the two contact bodies IIa as well as the two contact carrier IIb produced as a shaped body by the manufacturing method according to the invention.
  • These parts of the two contact elements have been placed ⁇ builds thus in each case by layered application and solidification of powder by means of an additive manufacturing process.
  • only the respective contact body IIa or only the respective contact carrier IIb may have been constructed with such an additive manufacturing method.
  • the contact surfaces 19 of the two contact bodies IIa each have a bent portion 21, wherein the curvatures in these portions are coordinated with each other so that the two contact bodies IIa can engage with each other.
  • the switch When the switch is closed, the largest possible and stable electrical contact is formed.
  • a circuit ⁇ arc between the two contact surfaces 19 can be formed.
  • the contact body IIa shown below has in this area a rounded surface 21, whereby a formed in the area ⁇ sem switching arc can tear quickly.
  • the material of the two contact bodies IIa in the region of the contact surfaces 19 and in particular in the region of the edge 20 is particularly strongly thermally stressed by the formation of switching arcs.
  • the contact bodies IIa are formed as ⁇ forth here so that, in the region of the contact surfaces 19 and especially in the region of the edges 20 a higher is present by ⁇ -average concentration of a high-melting material component than in the more inner Berei- chen 23rd
  • the contact body IIa of the sixth embodiment Kgs ⁇ NEN silver or copper as the low melting point component and tungsten, tungsten carbide and / or chromium as a high melting point component.
  • the average content of the high melting component ⁇ can thereby increase in the direction of the contact surfaces 19 of either approximately continuously or in discrete steps. Alternatively or additionally, it can continue to rise on the contact surface 19 in the direction of the edge 20.
  • a structuring of the contact bodies 10a and 10b into individual layers applied in an additive manner is not shown in FIG. 6, since such layers may be visible on a macroscopic component only under microscopic observation are.
  • the orientation of these layers may, for example, be parallel to the planar regions of the contact surfaces. However, the layers may also be perpendicular to these parts of the contact surfaces or include another angle with them.
  • Figure 7 shows a further embodiment of the invention, in which the molded body produced by this invention is a door ⁇ binenschaufel 31 of a gas turbine. Shown is a cross-sectional view of a ⁇ such a turbine blade having a plurality of cavities 33 in its interior.
  • a turbine blade having such or may also significant more complex shape can be produced advantageously by a method of additive manufacturing.
  • the material of the turbine blade 31 may in this case comprise a high proportion of a nickel-based alloy.
  • Figure 8 shows a further embodiment of the invention, in which the shaped body according to the invention produced a Fila ⁇ ment 41 is a lamp.
  • the actual filament 41 two contacts 43 are shown, between which an electric current can flow.
  • the filament advantageously has a comparatively high proportion of tungsten in order to ensure high thermal stability during operation.
  • ER may be sufficient that such a filament having a high proportion of such a high melting point component can be built as a complex shaped and mechanically resistant component additively on ⁇ still 41st

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'un corps moulé. Selon le procédé, plusieurs couches de matériau de corps moulé reposant l'une sur l'autre sont structurées au moyen d'un procédé de fabrication additive en une multitude d'étapes partielles successives et similaires les unes aux autres, une poudre étant solidifiée pour donner une couche solide au cours de chaque étape partielle. La poudre comprend une pluralité de particules qui présentent respectivement au moins un noyau situé à l'intérieur et une coque entourant sensiblement le noyau. L'invention concerne en outre une poudre pour la fabrication d'un corps moulé par le procédé selon l'invention. La poudre comprend une pluralité de particules. Les particules présentent respectivement un noyau situé à l'intérieur et une coque entourant sensiblement le noyau. Les coques des particules comprennent un matériau fondant à une température inférieure à 1400°C. Les noyaux des particules comprennent au moins un matériau fondant à une température supérieure à 1700°C. L'invention concerne en outre des corps moulés fabriqués par le procédé selon l'invention.
PCT/EP2016/070310 2015-09-02 2016-08-29 Fabrication additive d'un corps moulé Ceased WO2017037015A1 (fr)

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DE102018202187A1 (de) * 2018-02-13 2019-08-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Strompfadteil für ein elektrisches Schaltgerät
CN115121794B (zh) * 2022-07-27 2024-04-02 厦门慧金盟磁电有限公司 一种高绝缘合金材料的制备方法

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