WO2017036303A1 - 电动工具及其无刷电机的驱动方法 - Google Patents
电动工具及其无刷电机的驱动方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017036303A1 WO2017036303A1 PCT/CN2016/095631 CN2016095631W WO2017036303A1 WO 2017036303 A1 WO2017036303 A1 WO 2017036303A1 CN 2016095631 W CN2016095631 W CN 2016095631W WO 2017036303 A1 WO2017036303 A1 WO 2017036303A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- brushless motor
- driving
- rotor
- state
- position sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K11/00—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection
- H02K11/20—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection for measuring, monitoring, testing, protecting or switching
- H02K11/21—Devices for sensing speed or position, or actuated thereby
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
- H02P6/14—Electronic commutators
- H02P6/16—Circuit arrangements for detecting position
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25F—COMBINATION OR MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DETAILS OR COMPONENTS OF PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS NOT PARTICULARLY RELATED TO THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B25F5/00—Details or components of portable power-driven tools not particularly related to the operations performed and not otherwise provided for
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
- H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
- H02P6/30—Arrangements for controlling the direction of rotation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
- H02K7/14—Structural association with mechanical loads, e.g. with hand-held machine tools or fans
- H02K7/145—Hand-held machine tool
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of power tools, and in particular to a power tool using a brushless motor and a driving method of the same.
- Brushless motors generally consist of a motor itself and a corresponding drive circuit, which has a lower operating noise and a longer life than a brush motor.
- the brushless motor is classified into a sensorless control brushless motor and a non-inductively controlled brushless motor, depending on whether or not there is a sensor that detects the rotor position.
- a power tool comprising: a brushless motor comprising a rotor and at least two-phase stator windings; a drive system for driving a brushless motor; wherein the drive system comprises: a drive circuit for driving the brushless motor; a sensor for detecting the position of the rotor; a controller, controlling the driving circuit according to the signal of the position sensor; the rotor of the brushless motor rotating in the forward direction, sequentially passing through: a commutation position, at least one position sensor of the brushless motor Signal change; reference position, the back electromotive force of at least one phase stator winding of the ⁇ brushless motor is at the midpoint position of the back electromotive force waveform; the angle at which the commutation position and the reference position are electrically different is in the range of 20° Up to 40°.
- stator windings are 3, and the three stator windings constitute a "Y" type connection.
- stator windings 3
- the three stator windings form a delta connection.
- the position sensor includes a first position sensor and a second position sensor
- the driving circuit drives the rotor to rotate in the forward direction, sequentially rotates through the first position and the second position, and the rotor rotates to the first position, the first position
- the sensor signal is changed, the driving circuit is switched to the first forward driving state, the rotor is turned to the second position ⁇ , the second position sensor signal is changed, the driving circuit is switched to the first forward driving state; and the driving circuit drives the rotor to rotate in the opposite direction ⁇
- the driving circuit is switched to the first reverse driving state
- the rotor is turned to the first position ⁇
- the first position sensor signal is changed, and the driving circuit is switched to the second reverse direction.
- the driving state; the voltage applied to the rotor by the driving circuit in the first reverse driving state is opposite to the direction of the voltage applied to the rotor in the first forward driving state.
- a method of driving a brushless motor in a power tool comprising a position sensor and a driving circuit, comprising the steps of: detecting, by a position sensor, a rotor position of the brushless motor; and driving the circuit to apply a voltage to the stator winding according to a change of the position sensor signal a state; wherein, a state in which the driving circuit applies a voltage to the stator winding is defined as a driving state of the driving circuit; when the rotor of the brushless motor is rotating forward, the driving circuit is sequentially in the first forward driving state according to the change of the position sensor signal and a second forward driving state; the brushless motor rotor is reversed, and the driving circuit is sequentially in the first reverse driving state and the second reverse driving state according to the change of the position sensor signal; the first forward driving state and the second reverse driving state The driving state corresponds to the same rotor position; the second forward driving state corresponds to the same rotor position as the first reverse driving state; the driving circuit applies the voltage applied to
- the drive circuit has six drive states in one electrical cycle.
- the number of stator windings in the brushless motor is 3, and the three stator windings constitute a " ⁇ " type connection.
- the number of stator windings in the brushless motor is 3, and the three stator windings form a delta connection.
- the driving circuit In the first-low state, when the position sensor signal changes again in the forward rotation state of the brushless motor rotor, the driving circuit is switched from the second two forward driving state to the third forward driving state; the third forward driving state The same driving state as the second reverse driving state.
- the position sensor signal changes again, the driving circuit is switched from the second reverse driving state to the third reverse driving state; the third reverse driving state is the first positive driving state
- the drive state is the same drive state.
- the number of position sensors is 3, making them physically apart by 120°.
- the position sensors are positioned such that their signals lead the electrical angle of the rotor reference position by 20° [0017] Further, the position sensors are positioned such that they can produce a signal change within an electrical angle of 20° to 40° before the phase line neutral position.
- position sensors are positioned such that they can produce a signal change within an electrical angle of 20 to 40 degrees before the line voltage neutral position of the winding.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a power tool as an embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of one embodiment of a brushless motor in the power tool of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a peripheral circuit of the brushless motor shown in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view of another embodiment of a brushless motor in the power tool shown in FIG. 1;
- Figure 5 is a schematic view showing the position of a position sensor in the power tool shown in Figure 1;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a correspondence relationship between a sensor signal and a signal interval shown in FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a phase voltage waveform of the scheme shown in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a line voltage waveform of the scheme shown in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a line voltage waveform of the scheme shown in FIG. 4;
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the torque and the rotational speed of a scheme in which the position sensor advances the electrical angle by 20° and the position sensor is set at the reference position; [0029] FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing a torque versus current relationship between a position sensor having an advanced electrical angle of 20° and a position sensor disposed at a reference position; [0030] FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between the torque and the rotational speed of a scheme in which the position sensor advances the electrical angle by 40° and the position sensor is set at the reference position;
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing torque versus current for a position sensor with an advanced electrical angle of 40° and a position sensor set at a reference position.
- the power tool shown in FIG. 1 includes: a brushless motor, a drive system, and a power module.
- the brushless motor comprises: a rotor and at least two-phase stator windings.
- the drive system is used to drive the rotation of the brushless motor.
- the drive system includes: a position sensor, a controller, and a drive circuit.
- the position sensor is used to detect the position of the rotor, more specifically, when the rotor is rotated to a preset range that can be detected by the position sensor, the position sensor is in a signal state, when the rotor is turned out of the preset range, the position sensor Switch to another signal state.
- three position sensors D1, D2, and D3 can be used, and the range that the position sensor can detect is a range of 180 degrees of physical angle, when the rotor E is turned in and out. In this range, the position sensor signal changes.
- the signal of the position sensor is defined as 1, and outside the preset range, the signal of the position sensor is defined as 0.
- the three position sensors are separated from each other by a physical angle of 120°. As shown in Fig. 6, when the rotor rotates, six signal intervals will be generated. If the signals are sorted in the order of D1, D2, and D3, six different ones appear. Signal combination 100, 110, 01 0, 011, 001, 101.
- the brushless motor For a brushless motor having a three-phase winding, it has six driving beats in one electrical cycle (corresponding to one driving state of the driving circuit) corresponding to the signal combination generated by the scheme shown in FIG. Therefore, the brushless motor can perform a commutation action after the signal combination of the position sensor changes.
- the position sensor may specifically be a sensor made of a Hall element.
- the controller is configured to control the driving circuit according to the signal of the position sensor.
- the controller can accept the signal from the position sensor and then control the drive circuit according to the signal of the position sensor to switch the drive circuit to the drive state.
- the driving circuit is used to drive the brushless motor.
- the driving circuit includes a plurality of semiconductor switches, which can change the conduction state according to the signal of the controller, thereby changing the voltage of the power module loaded on the winding of the brushless motor. status.
- the driving circuit has a plurality of driving states. In a driving state, the stator winding of the brushless motor generates a magnetic field, and the controller controls the driving circuit to switch the driving state to change the magnetic field generated by the stator winding to drive the rotor to rotate. Achieve drive to brushless motors.
- the brushless motor shown in FIG. 2 has three-phase windings u, v, w constituting a "Y" type connection; one of them is connected to the neutral point 0, and the other ends thereof are A and B. , C respectively as a winding terminal to lead out the brushless motor and connected to the winding terminal (not shown) provided by the brushless motor, the drive circuit and other external circuits can be connected to the three-phase winding u , v through the winding terminal Terminals A, B, C of w .
- the driving circuit has at least six driving states (determined by the number of phases of the stator windings).
- the following terminals in the driving state corresponding to the driving states indicate driving states, for example, driving.
- the circuit connects terminals A and B to the power supply. If A is the high voltage terminal, the driving state is indicated by AB. If B is the high voltage terminal, the driving state is indicated by BA.
- A is the high voltage terminal
- B is the high voltage terminal
- BA the driving state mode is also applicable to Figure 4.
- the switching of the driving state may also be simply referred to as a commutation operation of the brushless motor.
- the driving circuit can sequentially output six driving states of AB, AC, BC, BA, CA, and CB in the driving port.
- the driving of the brushless motor can be realized when the controller detects a change in the signal combination, that is, the control drive circuit switches the driving state.
- the position of the position sensor can be set such that its physical position is ahead of the ideal position.
- the broken line indicates that the position sensor should originally set the position (ideal position), and the positions correspond to the actual commutation position.
- the solution of the present application sets the position sensor so that the position sensor is advanced. In the range of 20° to 40°, or in advance, the physical angles of these positions are in the range of 20 P to 40 P, where P is the number of pole pairs of the rotor of the brushless motor.
- the position of the position sensor is determined by the following scheme.
- the reference position is determined, so that the brushless motor is idling forward for one week under the action of the external force, and the phase voltage of each phase winding is detected, thereby determining the phase voltage curve, and then the position corresponding to the midpoint position of the phase voltage curve.
- the position sensor is then mounted at a position within the range of the lead electrical angle of 20° to 40° based on the position, which is defined as the commutation position, and then according to the position The sensor angle is set to the remaining sensors.
- the ⁇ phase voltage curve is a curve of the counter electromotive force waveform
- the reference position is the midpoint position of the opposite electromotive force waveform.
- the rotor of the brushless motor rotates in the forward direction, and sequentially passes through the commutation position and the reference position, and at least one of the position sensors in the brushless motor after the commutation position
- the signal changes, triggering the commutation action; thus enabling the rotor to commutate with the ⁇ .
- the midpoint position referred to herein refers to the position corresponding to the midpoint of the counter electromotive force waveform, because the waveform is periodically changed, and each one can have a one-sided (or positive or negative) waveform at The position corresponding to the midpoint of the mid-turn point. If the waveform change is considered in an ideal state, the one-sided waveform is symmetric with respect to the line passing through the midpoint, and the straight line is defined as the center line.
- the range of electrical angles referred to herein should be the range of values of the reference position and the closest advanced commutation position, rather than the range of all commutation positions. The same is true for the physical angle range.
- phase voltage U1 of the u-phase stator winding in FIG. 2 As shown in FIG. 7, taking the phase voltage U1 of the u-phase stator winding in FIG. 2 as an example, it is assumed that the phase voltage U1 is 0 at the beginning of the rotation of the rotor. As can be seen, the rotor is rotating one revolution, the phase voltage. U1 is divided into two parts, positive and negative, which each occupy 180 °, wherein the 90° position ml is one of the midpoint positions of the waveform, and the position sensor can be set at the position corresponding to the midpoint position before the electrical angle is 20° to 40°. In the range, that is, the area represented by n1 shown in FIG. M2 is another midpoint position of the waveform, which is determined by the negative portion of the waveform, and based on this point, the region represented by n2 can be determined.
- the actual positions corresponding to the six midpoint positions can be determined based on the three phases, thereby determining the six phase changes that actually cause the position sensor signal combination to change.
- the line voltage U2 curve shown in FIG. 8 can also be used to determine the lead position, which is the same as in FIG. In Fig. 8, m3 and m4 are the two midpoint positions of the waveform, and n3 and n4 are the positions set by the position sensor.
- the advantage of the line voltage determining position is that no peripheral circuitry is required.
- FIG. 3 since the stator windings 1!, v, w are located inside the brushless motor, if it is necessary to detect the phase voltage, an additional detection circuit is required, as shown in FIG. 3, by the resistors R1, R2.
- R3 constitutes a circuit connected to each terminal A, B, C and connects the other end to the analog neutral point 0' to detect or simulate the voltage of the stator winding u, v, w inside the motor, such as the stator winding u
- the phase voltage U1 of the phase is used to detect or convert the voltage across the AO' to obtain the phase voltage U1. Therefore, the phase voltage curve can be determined by the detection circuit.
- the brushless motor needs to switch six different driving states in one electrical cycle, and only the winding wiring manner is different, which also requires advanced control, and the advanced control is targeted
- the rotor of the test object is independent of the winding wiring, so the above scheme is also applicable to the scheme shown in FIG. The difference is that the phase voltage U3 and the line voltage U4 shown in Fig. 4 are the same.
- the curve is the curve of the line voltage U4 of the scheme shown in FIG. 4.
- the line voltage U4 and the phase voltage U3 are the same. Therefore, the winding connection method is different, but there is no difference between the rotor and the position sensor. Similarly, the three phases also need to switch between six driving modes, so the above method can also be used to determine the leading position for the triangular connection.
- m5 and m6 are the two midpoint positions of the waveform
- n5 and n6 are the positions set by the position sensor.
- the solid line is a curve of a scheme in which the position sensor is advanced by an electrical angle of 20°
- the broken line is a curve of a scheme that is not advanced.
- the solid line is a curve of a scheme in which the position sensor advances by an electric angle of 40°
- the broken line is a curve of a scheme that is not advanced, which is similar to the case of FIG.
- the position sensor's advanced electrical angle of 40° also improves the speed performance of the motor.
- the advanced electrical angle is in the range of 20° to 40°, and the performance of the motor can be effectively improved.
- the lead angle can be further reduced to a range of 25° to 35°, and the motor is tested to have a good performance within this range.
- the driving circuit drives the rotor to rotate in the forward direction, sequentially rotates through the first position and the second position, and the rotor rotates to the first position, the first position sensor signal changes, and the driving circuit switches to the first In the forward driving state, the rotor is turned to the second position ⁇ , the second position sensor signal is changed, and the driving circuit is switched to the first forward driving state;
- the driving circuit drives the reverse rotation of the rotor, and the rotor is rotated to the second position, and the second position sensor signal is changed. Changing, the driving circuit is switched to the first reverse driving state, the rotor is turned to the first position ⁇ , the first position sensor signal is changed, and the driving circuit is switched to the second reverse driving state;
- the voltage applied to the rotor by the drive circuit in the first reverse drive state is opposite to the direction of the voltage applied to the rotor in the first forward drive state.
- the position sensor signal changes again, the driving circuit is switched from the second forward driving state to the third forward driving state; the third forward driving state and the second reverse driving The status is the same drive status.
- the position sensor signal changes again, the drive circuit is switched from the second reverse drive state to the third reverse drive state; the third reverse drive state is the same as the first forward drive state Drive status.
- Table 2 takes a three-phase winding brushless motor as an example.
- the driving state outputted by the inversion is the opposite state of the previous driving state corresponding to the forward-turning driving state of the signal combination (the opposite direction of the voltage application) ).
- the scheme is reversed. If the signal combination is 100, it does not output the opposite state CA of the forward rotation driving state AC corresponding to 100, but outputs the last forward driving of the forward rotation driving AC.
- the opposite state BA of the state AB so that in the reverse ⁇ , the compensation of the control lag by the lead angle can also be realized, thereby ensuring the performance and safety of the reverse ⁇ .
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Abstract
一种电动工具及无刷电机的驱动方法,该电动工具包括:无刷电机,包括转子和至少两相定子绕组;驱动系统,用于驱动无刷电机;其中,驱动系统包括:驱动电路,用于驱动无刷电机;位置传感器(D1,D2,D3),用于检测转子的位置;控制器,根据位置传感器(D1,D2,D3)的信号控制驱动电路;无刷电机的转子在正向转动时依次经过:换相位置,此时无刷电机中的至少一个位置传感器(D1,D2,D3)的信号改变;基准位置,此时无刷电机中的至少一相定子绕组的反电动势处于反电动势波形的中点位置;换相位置与基准位置在电角度上相差的角度的取值范围为20°至40°;通过位置传感器(D1,D2,D3)的设置使无刷电机性能得到提升。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及电动工具领域, 具体涉及一种采用无刷电机的电动工具及其无刷电 机的驱动方法。
背景技术
[0002] 无刷电机一般由电机本身和相应驱动电路组成, 无刷电机相比有刷电机而言其 运转噪音低并且寿命更长。 一般而言, 按照是否具有检测转子位置的传感器来 区分, 无刷电机分为有感控制的无刷电机和无感控制的无刷电机。
[0003] 对于有感控制而言, 位置传感器的位置设置以及其与控制方法的配合, 是影响 无刷电机性能的重要因素。
技术问题
问题的解决方案
技术解决方案
[0004] 一种电动工具, 包括: 无刷电机, 包括转子和至少两相定子绕组; 驱动系统, 用于驱动无刷电机; 其中, 驱动系统包括: 驱动电路, 用于驱动无刷电机; 位 置传感器, 用于检测转子的位置; 控制器, 根据位置传感器的信号控制驱动电 路; 无刷电机的转子在正向转动吋依次经过: 换相位置, 此吋无刷电机中的至 少一个位置传感器的信号改变; 基准位置, 此吋无刷电机中的至少一相定子绕 组的反电动势处于反电动势波形的中点位置; 换相位置与基准位置在电角度上 相差的角度的取值范围为 20°至 40°。
[0005] 进一步, 基准位置与最接近的换相位置在物理角度上相差的角度的取值范围为
20 P至 40 P, 其中 P为无刷电机的极对数。
[0006] 进一步, 定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个定子绕组构成 "Y"型连接。
[0007] 进一步, 定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个定子绕组构成三角型连接。
[0008] 进一步, 位置传感器包括第一位置传感器和第二位置传感器, 驱动电路驱动转 子正向转动吋, 依次转过第一位置和第二位置, 转子转至第一位置吋, 第一位
置传感器信号改变, 驱动电路切换至第一正向驱动状态, 转子转至第二位置吋 , 第二位置传感器信号改变, 驱动电路切换至第一正向驱动状态; 驱动电路驱 动转子反向转动吋, 转子转至第二位置吋, 第二位置传感器信号改变, 驱动电 路切换至第一反向驱动状态, 转子转至第一位置吋, 第一位置传感器信号改变 , 驱动电路切换至第二反向驱动状态; 驱动电路在第一反向驱动状态吋对转子 施加的电压与在第一正向驱动状态吋对转子施加的电压的方向相反。
一种驱动电动工具中的无刷电机的方法, 该电动工具包括位置传感器和驱动电 路, 包括如下步骤: 位置传感器检测无刷电机转子位置; 驱动电路根据位置传 感器信号的改变对定子绕组加载电压的状态; 其中, 将驱动电路对定子绕组加 载电压的一个状态定义为驱动电路的一个驱动状态; 无刷电机转子在正转吋, 驱动电路根据位置传感器信号的改变依次处于第一正向驱动状态和第二正向驱 动状态; 无刷电机转子在反转吋, 驱动电路根据位置传感器信号的改变依次处 于第一反向驱动状态和第二反向驱动状态; 第一正向驱动状态与第二反向驱动 状态对应相同的转子位置; 第二正向驱动状态与第一反向驱动状态对应相同的 转子位置; 驱动电路在第一反向驱动状态吋对转子施加的电压与在第一正向驱 动状态吋对转子施加的电压的方向相反。
[0010] 进-一少, 驱动电路一个电周期内具有六个驱动状态。
[0011] 进-一少, 无刷电机中定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个定子绕组构成 "Υ "型连接。
[0012] 进-一少, 无刷电机中定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个定子绕组构成三角型连接。
[0013] 进-一少, 在无刷电机转子正转状态下, 位置传感器信号再次改变时, 驱动电路 由第二二正向驱动状态切换至第三正向驱动状态; 第三正向驱动状态与第二反向 驱动状态为相同的驱动状态。
[0014] 进一步, 在无刷电机转子反转状态下, 位置传感器信号再次改变吋, 驱动电路 由第二反向驱动状态切换至第三反向驱动状态; 第三反向驱动状态与第一正向 驱动状态为相同的驱动状态。
[0015] 进一步, 位置传感器的数目为 3, 使它们在物理角度上相距 120°。
[0016] 进一步, 设置位置传感器的位置使它们的信号超前转子基准位置电角度的 20°
[0017] 进一步, 设置位置传感器的位置使它们能在相电压中线位置之前的电角度 20° 至 40°范围内产生信号改变。
[0018] 进一步, 设置位置传感器的位置使它们能在绕组的线电压中线位置之前的电角 度 20°至 40°范围内产生信号改变。
[0019] 以上方案能改善无刷电机的性能。
发明的有益效果
对附图的简要说明
附图说明
[0020] 图 1是作为实施例的电动工具的示意框图;
[0021] 图 2是图 1所示电动工具中无刷电机的一个实施方案的示意图;
[0022] 图 3是图 2所示无刷电机的一个外围电路的示意图;
[0023] 图 4是图 1所示电动工具中无刷电机的另一个实施方案的示意图;
[0024] 图 5是图 1所示电动工具中位置传感器位置的示意图;
[0025] 图 6是图 5所示传感器信号与信号区间的对应关系示意图;
[0026] 图 7是图 2所示方案的相电压波形示意图;
[0027] 图 8是图 2所示方案的线电压波形示意图;
[0028] 图 9是图 4所示方案的线电压波形示意图;
[0029] 图 10是将位置传感器超前电角度 20°的方案与位置传感器设置于基准位置的方 案作对比的扭矩与转速关系曲线图;
[0030] 图 11是位置传感器超前电角度 20°的方案与位置传感器设置于基准位置的方案 作对比的扭矩与电流关系曲线图;
[0031] 图 12是是将位置传感器超前电角度 40°的方案与位置传感器设置于基准位置的 方案作对比的扭矩与转速关系曲线图;
[0032] 图 13是位置传感器超前电角度 40°的方案与位置传感器设置于基准位置的方案 作对比的扭矩与电流关系曲线图。
本发明的实施方式
[0033] 以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作具体的介绍。
[0034] 如图 1所示的电动工具包括: 无刷电机、 驱动系统和电源模块。
[0035] 其中, 无刷电机包括: 转子和至少两相定子绕组。
[0036] 驱动系统用于驱动无刷电机转动。 具体而言, 驱动系统包括: 位置传感器、 控 制器和驱动电路。
[0037] 位置传感器用于检测转子的位置, 更具体而言, 当转子转动至能被位置传感器 检测的预设范围吋, 位置传感器处于一种信号状态, 当转子转出预设范围吋位 置传感器切换至另一种信号状态。
[0038] 一般而言为了得知转子的位置, 位置传感器的预设范围越小、 数目越多所能得 出的转子的位置越精确。 但是实际上, 由于无刷电机驱动吋仅需要知道换相位 置即可, 或者说, 位置传感器的设置仅需要在信号上能够反映出转子的换相位 置即可。
[0039] 作为一种实现方案, 如图 5所示, 可以采用三个位置传感器 Dl、 D2、 D3, 位置 传感器所能检测的范围为物理角度 180°的范围, 当转子 E转入和转出该范围吋, 位置传感器信号发生改变。 转子转入预设范围吋, 位置传感器的信号定义为 1, 而位于该预设范围之外吋, 位置传感器的信号定义为 0。 将这三个位置传感器彼 此相距物理角度 120°, 如图 6所示, 当转子转动吋, 将会产生六种信号区间, 如 果将信号按照 Dl、 D2、 D3的顺序排序则出现六个不同的信号组合 100、 110、 01 0、 011、 001、 101。 这样一来就可以根据三个位置传感器 Dl、 D2、 D3的信号组 合得知转子在那个位置范围中。 需要说明的是, 即使转子的极对数增加, 对于 其中一个极对而言, 位置的检测是相同的, 不同的在于仅仅是压缩了一个电周 期所对应的实际的物理角度。
[0040] 从图 5所示方案来看, 只要使相邻的位置传感器之间的物理角度小于位置传感 器所能检测的物理角度, 即能通过检测位置重叠而使不同区间对应不同的信号 组。
[0041] 对于具有三相绕组的无刷电机而言, 其在一个电周期内具有六个驱动节拍 (对 应驱动电路的一个驱动状态) 与如图 5所示的方案所产生的信号组合所对应, 所 以在位置传感器的信号组合发生变化吋, 该无刷电机即可以执行一次换相动作
[0042] 具体地, 位置传感器具体可以采用霍尔元件制成的传感器。
[0043] 控制器用于根据位置传感器的信号控制驱动电路。 控制器能接受位置传感器的 信号, 然后根据位置传感器的信号控制驱动电路, 使驱动电路切换驱动状态。
[0044] 驱动电路用于驱动无刷电机, 具体而言, 驱动电路包括多个半导体幵关, 它们 能根据控制器的信号改变导通状态, 从而改变电源模块加载在无刷电机绕组上 的电压状态。 为了使无刷电机转动, 驱动电路具有多个驱动状态, 在一个驱动 状态下无刷电机的定子绕组会产生一个磁场, 控制器控制驱动电路切换驱动状 态使定子绕组产生的磁场变化以驱动转子转动实现对无刷电机的驱动。
[0045] 以图 2所示的无刷电机为例, 其具有构成 "Y"型连接的三相绕组 u、 v、 w; 它们 其中一端连接至中性点 0, 它们的另一端 A、 B、 C分别作为绕组接线端引出无刷 电机并连接至无刷电机设有的绕组接线端子 (图中未示出) ,驱动电路以及其他 外部电路可以通过绕组接线端子连接三相绕组 u、 v、 w的接线端A、 B、 C。 为了 驱动图 2所示的无刷电机, 驱动电路至少具有 6个驱动状态 (由定子绕组的相数 决定) , 为了方便说明, 以下以驱动状态对应接通的接线端表示驱动状态, 比 如, 驱动电路使接线端 A、 B接入电源, 如果 A为高压端则该驱动状态则用 AB表 示, 如果 B为高压端则该驱动状态则用 BA表示, 这样表示驱动状态方式同样适 用于图 4所示的三角型连接的方案。 另外, 驱动状态的切换也可以简称为无刷电 机的换相动作。
[0046] 图 2所示的方案, 驱动电路能在驱动吋依次输出 AB、 AC、 BC、 BA、 CA、 CB 六个驱动状态。
[0047] 假设驱动状态与位置传感器信号组合的对应关系表 1所示:
[]
[表 1]
[0048] 表 1
[0049] 根据这样的对应关系, 在控制器检测到信号组合变化即控制驱动电路切换驱动 状态即可实现对无刷电机的驱动。
[0050] 在实际情况中, 由于控制总是事后控制, 所以当转子转动需要切换驱动状态的 位置吋, 往往来不及控制, 这会影响无刷电机的性能的发挥。
[0051] 为了尽可能消除延迟, 使换相与转子位置能够对应, 可以采用超前于转子的实 际位置即幵始进行换相的控制的方法。
[0052] 超前控制的问题在于: 如果采用软件进行超前控制首先需要复杂的软件程序并 且未必可靠, 另外超前到什么程度也是需要控制, 超前不足或者超前过多都会 影响无刷电机的性能。
[0053] 如图 5所示, 为了实现超前控制, 可以通过设置位置传感器的位置, 使其物理 位置超前于理想位置。
[0054] 如图 5所示, 虚线表示位置传感器原来应当设置位置 (理想位置) , 这些位置 是对应实际换相位置的, 本申请的方案在设置位置传感器吋使位置传感器设置 超前这些位置电角度 20°至 40°的范围内, 或者说, 超前这些位置物理角度 20 P 至 40 P的范围内, 其中 P为无刷电机的转子的极对数。
[0055] 然而实际而言, 在安装位置传感器吋, 是没有这些虚线位置的。 因此采用如下 方案确定位置传感器的位置。
[0056] 首先确定基准位置, 使无刷电机在外力的作用下正向空转一周, 检测其各相绕 组的相电压, 从而确定相电压曲线, 然后以相电压曲线的中点位置所对应的位 置作为基准位置 (即图 5中虚线框的位置) , 然后以该位置为基准在超前电角度 20°至 40°的范围内的一个位置安装位置传感器, 该位置定义为换相位置, 然后按 照位置传感器角度间隔设置其余传感器。
[0057] 由于此吋相电压是由反电动势产生的, 所以此吋相电压曲线即为反电动势波形 的曲线, 基准位置也即为相反电动势波形的中点位置。
[0058] 经过这样配置后, 无刷电机的转子在正向转动吋, 会依次经过换相位置和基准 位置, 在经过换相位置吋, 此吋无刷电机中的至少一个所述位传感器的信号改 变, 触发换相动作; 从而使转子能够及吋换相。
[0059] 需要说明的是, 这里所指的中点位置是指反电动势波形中点所对应的位置, 因 为该波形是周期性变化的, 每个能将单侧 (或正或负) 波形在吋间上中点位置 所对应的位置, 如果在理想状态下考虑波形变化, 单侧波形是相对通过中点的 直线对称的, 该直线定义为中线。
[0060] 并且这里所指的电角度范围应该是基准位置与最接近的超前的换相位置的取值 范围, 而不是与所有的换相位置的范围。 物理角度范围也是这样的。
[0061] 如图 7所示, 以图 2中 u相定子绕组的相电压 U1为例,假设在转子在转动之初吋相 电压 U1为 0, 如图可知, 转子在转动一周吋, 相电压 U1分为正负两部分, 它们各 占180°, 其中 90°位置 ml为该波形的其中一个中点位置, 可以将位置传感器设置 在中点位置所对应的位置之前电角度 20°到 40°的范围中, 即图 7所示 nl代表的区 域。 m2为该波形的另一个中点位置, 其由波形负的部分所确定, 同理根据该点 可以确定 n2代表的区域。
[0062] 由于图 2所示的方案具有三相绕组, 所以根据三相一起可以确定六个中点位置 所对应的实际位置, 从而确定实际使位置传感器信号组合发生变化的 6个换相位 置。
[0063] 图 8所示线电压 U2曲线也可以用于确定超前位置, 与图 7是相同的道理。 图 8中 m3、 m4为该波形的两个中点位置, n3、 n4为位置传感器所设置的位置。 线电压 确定位置的优势在于不需要使用外围电路。
[0064] 如图 3所示, 定子绕组1!、 v、 w由于位于无刷电机内部, 如果需要检测相电压需 要借助额外的检测电路, 具体如图 3所示, 通过由电阻 Rl、 R2、 R3构成电路分 别连接至各个接线端 A、 B、 C并使它们另一端连接模拟中性点 0'即可检测或模 拟定子绕组 u、 v、 w在电机内部的电压情况, 比如需要定子绕组 u相的相电压 U1 , 就检测 AO'两端的电压即可得出或换算出相电压 Ul。 因此可以通过该检测电 路确定相电压曲线。
[0065] 为了节约成本, 也可以采用以线电压的方式来确定基准位置。 将定子绕组 u、 V 、 w任意两个接线端之间的电压定义为线电压, 因为它们是可以在无刷电机的接 线端子处获得的。
[0066] 相类似的, 以线电压波形曲线的中点位置所对应的位置作为基准位置。
[0067] 对于图 4所示的方案而言, 该无刷电机在一个电周期内通过需要切换六个不同 的驱动状态, 其仅仅绕组接线方式不同, 其也需要超前控制, 并且超前控制所 针对的检测对象转子是与绕组接线方式无关的, 所以以上方案也适用于图 4所示 的方案。 不同之处在于, 图 4所示的方案相电压 U3和线电压 U4是相同的。
[0068] 另外如图 9所示曲线为图 4所示方案的线电压 U4的曲线, 对于三角形连接, 其线 电压 U4和相电压 U3是相同的。 所以绕组连接方式不同, 但是对于转子和位置传 感器而言是没有区别的, 同样是三相同样需要 6个驱动模式的切换, 所以对于三 角形连接也可以以上方法实现超前位置的确定。 图 9中 m5、 m6为该波形的两个 中点位置, n5、 n6为位置传感器所设置的位置。
[0069] 参照图 10和图 11所示, 将位置传感器超前电角度 20°的方案和位置传感器设置 于基准位置的方案的扭矩与转速以及扭矩与电流关系进行检测, 检测结果如图 所示。
[0070] 参照图 12和图 13所示, 将位置传感器超前电角度 40°的方案和位置传感器设置 于基准位置的方案的扭矩与转速以及扭矩与电流关系进行检测, 检测结果如图 所示。
[0071] 如图 10所示, 其中实线为位置传感器超前电角度 20°设置的方案的曲线, 虚线 为未做超前设置的方案的曲线, 从检测结果可知, 在低扭矩吋, 实线的方案转 速高于虚线方案, 对于电动工具而言, 比如电动螺丝批, 在低扭矩吋往往希望
快速旋紧从而节省吋间, 在其他电动工具也有类似需求, 可以看出实线方案能 够获得更高的转速。 在高扭矩吋, 也就是对应电动工具重载吋, 虚线方案转速 下降明显, 而实线方案则改善了这种情况。
[0072] 如图 12所示, 其中实线为位置传感器超前电角度 40°的方案的曲线, 虚线为未 做超前设置的方案的曲线, 其与图 10的情况类似。 位置传感器超前电角度 40°也 能改善电机的转速性能。
[0073] 如图 11所示, 其中实线为位置传感器超前电角度 20°的方案的曲线, 虚线为未 做超前设置的方案的曲线, 从检测结果可知, 在重载吋, 虚线方案电流上升较 快, 而实线方案则较为平缓, 这说明位置传感器超前电角度 20°的方案在重载吋 在安全性和防止电机过热等方面效果更好。
[0074] 如图 13所示, 其中实线为位置传感器超前电角度 40°的方案的曲线, 虚线为未 做超前设置的方案的曲线, 从检测结果可知, 位置传感器超前电角度 40°的方案 同样具有重载降低电流的效果。
[0075] 由以上可知, 超前的电角度在 20°至 40°的范围内, 能够对电机性能做出有效的 改进。
[0076] 另外经过我们检测, 如果超前小于 20°则可能会导致超前不足, 不能实现补偿 的效果, 如果超前大于 40°则会使电机难以启动。 为了获得更好的性能改进, 超 前电角度可以进一步缩小到 25°至 35°的范围内, 经过检测在该范围内电机运行效 果较好。
[0077] 以上方案在正向转动吋, 由于位置传感器的硬件位置的超前, 提高了无刷电机 的性能; 但是在反转吋, 位置传感器的硬件位置相当于滞后与实际位置, 再叠 加因控制而带来延迟, 电机在反转吋, 不但性能降低, 并且绕组电流会增大, 影响无刷电机寿命。
[0078] 作为一种解决方案, 驱动电路驱动转子正向转动吋, 依次转过第一位置和第二 位置, 转子转至第一位置吋, 第一位置传感器信号改变, 驱动电路切换至第一 正向驱动状态, 转子转至第二位置吋, 第二位置传感器信号改变, 驱动电路切 换至第一正向驱动状态;
[0079] 驱动电路驱动转子反向转动吋, 转子转至第二位置吋, 第二位置传感器信号改
变, 驱动电路切换至第一反向驱动状态, 转子转至第一位置吋, 第一位置传感 器信号改变, 驱动电路切换至第二反向驱动状态;
[0080] 驱动电路在第一反向驱动状态吋对转子施加的电压与在第一正向驱动状态吋对 转子施加的电压的方向相反。
[0081] 进一步地, 在转子正转状态下, 位置传感器信号再次改变吋, 驱动电路由第二 正向驱动状态切换至第三正向驱动状态; 第三正转驱动状态与第二反向驱动状 态为相同的驱动状态。
[0082] 在转子反转状态下, 位置传感器信号再次改变吋, 驱动电路由第二反向驱动状 态切换至第三反向驱动状态; 第三反向驱动状态与第一正向驱动状态为相同的 驱动状态。
[0083] 具体而言如表 2所示, 表 2以三相绕组的无刷电机为例。
[] [表 2]
[0084] 表 2
[0085] 假设第一正向驱动状态 AB, 第一正向驱动状态 AC; 按照一般控制, 在反转吋 应当依次输出 CA和 BA (反转吋信号顺序为 100、 101) , 由于刚才所述原因, 这 样的反转控制必将更加滞后, 从而影响无刷电机的性能。
[0086] 为了克服这个缺陷, 作为解决方案, 在反转吋, 使反转所输出的驱动状态为对 应该信号组合的正转吋驱动状态的上一个驱动状态的相反状态 (电压施加的方 向相反) 。
[0087] 结合表 2, 该方案在反转吋, 如果信号组合是 100其并不输出 100对应的正转驱 动状态 AC的相反状态 CA, 而是输出正转驱动装 AC的上一个正转驱动状态 AB的 相反状态 BA, 这样一来在反转吋, 也能实现超前角对控制滞后的补偿, 从而保 证反转吋性能和安全性。
[0088] 以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、 主要特征和优点。 本行业的技术人员应 该了解, 上述实施例不以任何形式限制本发明, 凡采用等同替换或等效变换的 方式所获得的技术方案, 均落在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims
权利要求书
一种电动工具, 包括:
无刷电机, 包括转子和至少两相定子绕组;
驱动系统, 用于驱动所述无刷电机;
其中,
所述驱动系统包括:
驱动电路, 用于驱动所述无刷电机;
位置传感器, 用于检测所述转子的位置;
控制器, 根据所述位置传感器的信号控制所述驱动电路;
所述无刷电机的转子在正向转动吋依次经过:
换相位置, 此吋所述无刷电机中的至少一个所述位置传感器的信号改 变.
基准位置, 此吋所述无刷电机中的至少一相所述定子绕组的反电动势 处于反电动势波形的中点位置;
所述换相位置与所述基准位置在电角度上相差的角度的取值范围为 20 。至 40°。
根据权利要求 1所述的电动工具, 其特征在于:
所述基准位置与最接近的换相位置在物理角度上相差的角度的取值范 围为 20 P至 40 P, 其中 P为所述无刷电机的极对数。
根据权利要求 1所述的电动工具, 其特征在于:
所述定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个所述定子绕组构成 "Y"型连接。
根据权利要求 1所述的电动工具, 其特征在于:
所述定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个所述定子绕组构成三角型连接。
根据权利要求 1所述的电动工具, 其特征在于:
所述位置传感器包括第一位置传感器和第二位置传感器, 所述驱动电 路驱动所述转子正向转动吋, 依次转过第一位置和第二位置, 所述转 子转至第一位置吋, 所述第一位置传感器信号改变, 所述驱动电路切 换至第一正向驱动状态, 所述转子转至第二位置吋, 所述第二位置传
感器信号改变, 所述驱动电路切换至第一正向驱动状态; 所述驱动电路驱动所述转子反向转动吋, 所述转子转至第二位置吋, 所述第二位置传感器信号改变, 所述驱动电路切换至第一反向驱动状 态, 所述转子转至第一位置吋, 所述第一位置传感器信号改变, 所述 驱动电路切换至第二反向驱动状态;
所述驱动电路在所述第一反向驱动状态吋对所述转子施加的电压与在 所述第一正向驱动状态吋对所述转子施加的电压的方向相反。
[权利要求 6] —种电动工具中无刷电机的驱动方法, 该电动工具包括位置传感器和 驱动电路, 包括如下步骤:
位置传感器检测无刷电机转子位置;
驱动电路根据位置传感器信号的改变对定子绕组加载电压的状态; 其中,
将驱动电路对定子绕组加载电压的一个状态定义为驱动电路的一个驱 动状态;
无刷电机转子在正转吋, 驱动电路根据位置传感器信号的改变依次处 于第一正向驱动状态和第二正向驱动状态;
无刷电机转子在反转吋, 驱动电路根据位置传感器信号的改变依次处 于第一反向驱动状态和第二反向驱动状态;
所述第一正向驱动状态与所述第二反向驱动状态对应相同的转子位置 所述第二正向驱动状态与所述第一反向驱动状态对应相同的转子位置 所述驱动电路在所述第一反向驱动状态吋对所述转子施加的电压与在 所述第一正向驱动状态吋对所述转子施加的电压的方向相反。
[权利要求 7] 根据权利要求 6所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在于:
所述驱动电路一个电周期内具有六个驱动状态。
[权利要求 8] 根据权利要求 6所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在于:
所述无刷电机中定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个所述定子绕组构成 "Y"型
连接。
根据权利要求 6所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在于: 所述无刷电机中定子绕组的数目为 3, 且 3个所述定子绕组构成三角型 连接。
根据权利要求 6所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在于: 在无刷电机转子正转状态下, 位置传感器信号再次改变吋, 所述驱动 电路由所述第二正向驱动状态切换至第三正向驱动状态; 所述第三正 向驱动状态与所述第二反向驱动状态为相同的驱动状态。
根据权利要求 6所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在于: 在无刷电机转子反转状态下, 位置传感器信号再次改变吋, 所述驱动 电路由所述第二反向驱动状态切换至第三反向驱动状态; 所述第三反 向驱动状态与所述第一正向驱动状态为相同的驱动状态。
根据权利要求 6至 11任意一项所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在 于:
所述位置传感器的数目为 3, 使它们在物理角度上相距 120°。
根据权利要求 6至 11任意一项所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在 于:
设置所述位置传感器的位置使它们的信号超前转子基准位置电角度的 20。至 40。。
根据权利要求 6至 11任意一项所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在 于:
设置所述位置传感器的位置使它们能在相电压中线位置之前的电角度 20°至 40°范围内产生信号改变。
根据权利要求 6至 11任意一项所述的无刷电机的驱动方法, 其特征在 于:
设置所述位置传感器的位置使它们能在绕组的线电压中线位置之前的 电角度 20°至 40°范围内产生信号改变。
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| DE112016003094.0T DE112016003094T5 (de) | 2015-09-02 | 2016-08-17 | Elektrowerkzeug und Verfahren zum Antreiben eines bürstenlosen Motors des Elektrowerkzeuges |
| CN201680055331.2A CN109463038B (zh) | 2015-09-02 | 2016-08-17 | 电动工具及其无刷电机的驱动方法 |
| US15/905,028 US10256701B2 (en) | 2015-09-02 | 2018-02-26 | Electric power tool and method for driving brushless motor thereof |
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| CN201510557695.8A CN106487288A (zh) | 2015-09-02 | 2015-09-02 | 驱动无刷电机的方法 |
| CN201510557759.4 | 2015-09-02 | ||
| CN201510557695.8 | 2015-09-02 | ||
| CN201510557759.4A CN106487192A (zh) | 2015-09-02 | 2015-09-02 | 电动工具 |
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| US11362600B2 (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2022-06-14 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Electrostatic motor having unipolar drive |
| CN116742998B (zh) * | 2022-03-02 | 2025-01-14 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 电机控制系统、方法和车辆 |
| TWI798151B (zh) * | 2022-08-29 | 2023-04-01 | 茂達電子股份有限公司 | 馬達正反轉偵測器以及具有馬達正反轉偵測器的馬達驅動器 |
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| CN109463038B (zh) | 2021-10-22 |
| US10256701B2 (en) | 2019-04-09 |
| CN109463038A (zh) | 2019-03-12 |
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