WO2017004732A1 - Method and optimised system for generating hydrogen and oxygen from electrolysis - Google Patents

Abstract

Described is a system and method for performing electrolysis which allows hydrogen and oxygen to be obtained from the dissociation of the water molecule, wherein the physical conditions of the water are controlled and maintained within specific ranges so as to prevent the water used as a dielectric from becoming contaminated and to allow same to be reused. In addition, a lithium-palladium assembly is used to achieve improved efficiency in the production of hydrogen and oxygen at low external energy values.

Description

 OPTIMIZED METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR THE GENERATION OF HYDROGEN / OXYGEN FROM AN ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS

DESCRIPTIVE MEMORY

FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION

 The present invention relates to a method and system optimized for the generation of hydrogen / oxygen from an electrolysis process.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

 The present invention relates to a method and system for the generation of hydrogen / oxygen from the dissociation of distilled water molecules in an electrolysis cell. To achieve the objective of improving the yield in obtaining Hydrogen / Oxygen, it is necessary to control the physical conditions of the electrolyte.

 Through sensors of temperature, pH, pressure, etc., data are obtained on the physical conditions of the process, which are captured as information by a microprocessor which is responsible for processing said information and controlling the electrolysis process.

There are multiple documents in which the process of obtaining hydrogen / oxygen from the dissociation of water molecules is described. The document ES0262033 discloses an apparatus for the production of hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis of water, provided with water dissociation cells of special constitution, characterized in that it has an assembly arrangement that affects the gas evolution tubes in the cells; collector and deglemer tubes; decanters and gas coolers; hydraulic valves; electrolysis cells; intermediate body electrolyte cooler; electrolyte feeder tubes and filters thereof, such elements adopting any general system admitted and used in the gas circuits.

EP0389263 discloses a water electrolysis system with phase separation and zero gravity for the production of hydrogen and oxygen in gaseous form from water, where the hydrogen outlet, which includes proton water, is first taken to a separator. hydrophilic, or some other type of preferential separator, porous in phases (such as a hydrophobic separator or a combination of both; and then to an electrochemical separator, for the separation of hydrogen gas from proton water, without significant parasite loss and without need The two separators can be grouped and integrated with the hydrophilic layer of the hydrophilic separator, which forms the upper part of the electrochemical separator.The electrochemical separator includes a solid membrane of polymers of a sulfonated fluorocarbon intercalated between two platinum electrodes (102 / 103) .The hydrogen separated in the electrochemical chamber, together with the water pumped protonically, it is passed back to the hydrophilic separator, while the water from which the hydrogen has been separated electrochemically is brought back (17) under a relatively low pressure to the water supply inlet line (1/2) for the electrolysis module, or, if desired, directly to the oxygen feedback line at a relatively high pressure.

 Document ES2294922 discloses a process of obtaining electrical energy and purified water from electrolysis. The process of obtaining energy and purified water from the electrolysis that the invention proposes consists in the application of energy, in the form of electricity, which can perfectly come from renewable energies, to the water to be purified, so that it will cause a electrolysis process, in which hydrogen is to be generated that is accumulated in a hydrogen compressor-accumulator. This hydrogen accumulated in the compressor is the fuel used in the hydrogen stack (6), from which electrical energy and purified water are obtained in the form of water vapor. In this way, a process that provides a better use of energy is achieved.

None of the documents of the state of the art describe a method and device to perform an electrolysis to obtain hydrogen / oxygen, in which elements such as lithium and palladium are used together with the specific control of the variables of the electrolyte (distilled water) to improve performance in obtaining H / O and keep the electrolyte free of contaminants, allowing its reuse in the process.

 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

 A system and method for the realization of an electrolysis process is described that allows the obtaining of Hydrogen / Oxygen from the dissociation of the water molecule, where the physical conditions of the water are controlled and maintained within specific ranges to prevent that the water used as a dielectric is contaminated and can be reused. In addition, a lithium-Palladium assembly is used to achieve improved performance in obtaining H / O at low external energy values.

 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

 Figure 1 .1 shows the inside view of the generated tube or inner tube, consisting of lithium electrodes and a palladium wire.

 Figure 1.2 shows the exterior view of the generator tube and its perforations.

 Figure 1.3 shows the inner and outer tube assembly.

Figure 1 .4 shows a representation of the inside of the battery and its composition.

 Figure 1.5 shows the radii of the lithium element and the insulating membranes both on walls and between the lithium elements.

Figure 1 .6 shows a top section view of the outer and inner tube and its arrangement. Figure 2.1 shows a side view of a group generator stack (multi-tube)

 Figure 2.2 shows a top view of the generator set (group generator stack).

 Figure 2.3 shows a detail of the separators used to center the inner cylinder and isolate the lithium battery.

 Figure 2.4 represents an inner and outer tube section and its details.

 Figure 3.1 shows a variation of the lithium multilayer battery and its connection to the PWM source.

 Figure 3.2 shows dimensions for an embodiment of the inner tube.

 Figure 3.3 shows dimension of the inner and outer cylinder assembly.

 Figure 3.4 shows the inside of the battery composed of a series of lithium electrodes.

 Figure 3.5 shows the radii and insulating membranes both on walls and between lithium for an embodiment of the invention.

 Figure 3.6 shows a section of the inner cylinder with the dimensions for an embodiment of the invention.

Figure 4 shows a scheme of the energy entering the electrolyzer batteries. Figure 5 shows a scheme of the water monitoring and conditioning system.

 Figure 6 shows a scheme of the water supply system.

 Figure 7 shows a scheme of the oxygen gas and hydrogen gas supply and separation system.

 Figure 8.1 shows the front disks of the generating column of an industrial model that gathers the experience of the laboratory prototype.

 Figure 8.2 shows the way in which the discs are linked.

 Figure 8.3 shows the packing of the generating column

 Figure 8.4 shows the inside of the column

 Figure 8.5 shows the interaction of the column with the different peripheral units of the system.

 Figure 9 shows a scheme of the microprocessor card.

Figure 10 represents a diagram of the pulse width modulation generator module.

Figure 1 1 shows the voltage applied to the electrolysis cell with pulse width modulation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

Electrolysis Process

 Faraday laws

It is the basis for the determination of the electrical efficiency for the separation of the water molecule.

M_ = J_x_t equation (1)

 Pe F

Where:

M: Mass of the Gas (Kg).

Pe: Equivalent weight of the electrolyte (Kg / Kmol).

I: Electric current (A). t: Time (s).

F: Faraday constant 9.65x10 exp7 (c / Kmol).

All chemical changes involve a regrouping or readjustment of electrons in the substances that react; That is why it can be said that these changes are of an electrical nature. Although this equation (1) can be expressed because of the mass flow of the gas to be obtained.

M = l / F x Pe Where:

 M: Mass flow of GAS (Kg / s).

 Pe: Equivalent weight of the electrolyte (Kg / Kmol).

 I: Electric current (A).

 F: Faraday constant 9.65x10 exp7 (c / Kmol).

 M = (V / (RxF)) x Pe

 Where:

 V: Voltage applied to the electrolyte (V).

 A: Electrolyte resistance (Ohms).

 Ohms law applied

This Law allows to calculate all the losses and resistance that exist in the system, call it water, steel, or any other material. The voltage E, which exists between the ends of a conductor of the electrical resistance R through which a current of intensity I flows, is related to the resistance and the intensity, by the following expression:

The electrical resistance R of the conductor depends on its section s of length I (cm) in addition to its specific resistance, p (_) and is precisely: fl = p ^* (l / S) The specific resistance represents a characteristic of the material that is defined by the resistance of a 1 cm cube on the side of the corresponding substance, when an electric current flows uniformly in every direction of this section perpendicular to two opposite faces. In a conductor (metallic wire) of uniform section, S (cm ² ) and of length L (cm) it can be simply calculated from the potential drop E (V) that produces current intensity I (A between its ends) ). It is then obtained from the particular measured values: p = (S ^* E) / (L ^* I)

All pure metals have, therefore, a temperature coefficient of the positive resistance, that is, their resistance always increases as their temperature rises, the same happens, generally in alloys. It is our case in the design of keeping below a stable temperature which will keep the resistance of the electrodes stable.

 Instead of the specific resistance, it is frequently operated with the reciprocal magnitude, the specific conductivity, κ:

 K = 1 / p

Ohm's law is verified without limitations on metallic conductors. FEM:

 It is the magnitude that determines the energy needed to move a unit of charge (whatever unit we have chosen to measure it) between two points or regions of the space between which it is necessary to move to said load. On this occasion the formula allows to calculate the power differential between lithium and electrolysis, obtaining the maximum voltage of the vessels.

 The electromotive force E, in a closed circuit is responsible for establishing a potential difference whereby current is created in a circuit, where its origin is from a non-commutative electric field called Emomomotor field.

 In a circuit, the loads always navigate with greater or lesser potential, but when they pass through the source of electromotive force or EMF, they are driven from a smaller potential to a greater one. The value of the EMF (E) is expressed in volts and indicates the potential between the positive (+) pole of the battery with respect to the negative (-).

 Electric power.

The knowledge of the EMF is indispensable when it comes to deducing from it the maximum electrical energy that a current source can supply. In the flow or circulation, of a current of intensity I amps by a resistance wire R ohms, the electrical energy is transformed into heat. At the ends of the cable, during this current flow, there is, according to Ohm's law, the potential difference

 E = I · R.

 If the current flows for t in seconds, the energy taken or absorbed by the cable, and transferred in the form of heat, is calculated by: A = E x I xt in the system of practical units A corresponding amount of energy would be obtained in the form of mechanical energy when the amount of electricity I · t, using the forces of electrical attraction, was transported by one conductor to another whose potential was E volts lower.

 The practical unit, of electrical power (energy / s.), Of the dimensions: ampere - volt, has been designated by 1 watt and, correspondingly, to that of electrical energy of the dimensions: ampere - volt · second, with which measures the amount of work indicated above, for 1 watt second.

The maximum energy that a current source can supply is therefore given by the product of its EMF and the maximum amount of electricity it can deliver, I · t, that is:

Determination of the minimum voltage to start electrolysis. The reaction of decomposition of water to give hydrogen and gaseous oxygen does not occur spontaneously, but it is necessary to apply an energy corresponding to the free energy change of Gibbs, which in standard conditions takes the value:

2H2O _ ^ 2H + O2 AG = + 474.4 Kj / Kmol Therefore, the breakdown of the water molecule by electrochemical route requires applying a minimum electrical potential in the electrolytic cell (E _eqU iiibrio) to overcome the value of ΔΘ in given conditions. The necessary cell potential is related to the Gibbs free energy by the following equation: AG = XFX Mascara Equilibrium

In the present invention, the electrical potential applied by an external source generates a flow of electrons from the positive electrode (anode) to the negative electrode (cathode). After the flow of electrons has started, the energy consumption efficiency control is controlled and provided by means of the PWM system.

 The reduction reaction in which a chemical species gains electrons therefore occurs in the cathode, while the oxidation reaction with loss of electrons by an element occurs in the anode.

To maintain the balance of charges in the system it is necessary that there is also an electronic transport within the electrolytic cell. Saying Transport is achieved by introducing an electrolyte that provides positively and negatively charged ions to the reaction medium.

 The anions transport the negative electrical charges to the anode and the cations transport the positive electrical charges to the cathode, thus completing the electrical current circuit. Finally, the electrolytic cell usually consists of a diaphragm that separates the products of the redox reaction, to avoid its possible recombination.

 In the case of water electrolysis, a base that acts as an electrolyte is usually added and provides the reaction medium with the necessary ions to increase the conductivity of the medium.

 In alkaline medium, the reactions that occur in both electrodes are:

 Anode (Oxidation):

₄ OH ^~ → O2 + 2H2O + 4 e- E ^Q = - 0.40 Volts

 Catado (reduction)

4H2O + 4 e ^→ 2H2 + 4OH E ^Q = - 0.83 Volts.

Global reaction:

2H2O ^→ 2H2 + O2 E ^Q = - 1, 23 Volts.

Total voltage needed to start electrolysis.

The voltage of an electrolytic cell is the potential difference (in volts) between the two extreme electrodes. Said unit cell potential (E _C eida) must reach a minimum value to produce the reaction, which results from the sum of several contributions:

Ecerda ⁼ E _e balance + Π

 Where:

 η = He + Ha + ηΩ + η s¡st.

E ^Q equilibrium = - 0.83 volts + (-0.40) Volts = -1, 23 Volts. η (Over voltage): The over voltage is defined as the difference between the potential at which an electrochemical reaction takes place and its equilibrium potential. This additional voltage that is necessary to apply to the electrolytic cell for the reaction to occur results from the sum of the different electrical resistors that oppose the system components:

 r | c: Cathodic overvoltage. It is the overvoltage that exists in the cathode to the cathodic reaction of hydrogen gas formation.

 Ha: Anodic overvoltage. It is the overvoltage that exists in the anode to the reaction of oxygen gas formation.

 η_: It is the voltage drop in the electrolyte due to the resistivity of the solution.

 nsist: Represents the potential drop across the rest of the system, such as the diaphragm, the power cables, etc.

In the case of water electrolysis, typical overvoltage values in electrolysers they would give an estimate of the unit voltage of the cell of:

E ^Q sow = E ^Q balance + T \ C + Γ \ Ά + ηΩ + η SÍSt.

 Encelda = - (1, 23 + 0.30 + 0.30 + 0.25 + 0.1 1) = -2.19V On the other hand, the magnitude of these overvoltages will depend on various factors that will determine the operation of the equipment: chemical nature of its components (electrodes, electrolyte, diaphragm, etc.), their dimensions and geometry, operating conditions (temperature and pressure), presence of impurities or deposits and, fundamentally, of the intensity of electric current supplied .

 Equation of Balance

 This equation is useful to perform the balance of energy gain between outside and inside.

Ti W elect E cell I circuit 7 n e F

speci ⁱ co ^_ Ty / _† ^~ T / r¡ F ~ balance

 prod consumed and I E

SYSTEM

 The system of the present invention consists of an electrolysis cell consisting basically of the following elements:

- An inner stainless steel tube with screens to facilitate the exit of the gas (generator tube), which fulfills the function of cathode in the electrolysis process (cathode).

 The inner tube contains two lithium contacts joined by a Palladium (Battery) wire, the latter used as a hydrogen concentrator. This Lithium-Palladium set is called the "Hybrid set" because it changes its polarity during the electrolysis process. The battery must contain Palladium either in the form of wire, bathed in a physical body and / or of various geometries that contain or form it. Lithium can be present as a metallic body, multifibers, multilayer or any geometric body that contains it and participates as an energy actor.

 - A stainless steel shell in the form of an outer tube that inside contains the inner tube and the electrodes (battery).

 Figure 1 .6 describes the arrangement of the inner and outer tubes, where in one of the possible embodiments of the invention there is that in the space generated between the two tubes (4mm) high resistance polymer Teflon guides are installed, whose dimensions are 300mm long, 5mm wide and 4mm thick and are located at 0, 90,180 and 270 degrees. These huinchas have a 500 Mega Ohm resistive insulation and prevent both tubes from coming into contact.

 The hybrid assembly (lithium / Palladium) is located inside the inner tube or generator tube (cathode) and which in turn is located inside the housing or outer tube containing the electrodes (anode 2).

The inner tube consists of a steel cylinder (316 L), which has a high temperature resistant insulator (High temperature polymer paper and high resistance electrical insulator) with perforations so that there is electrical contact between lithium and metal (steel). Lithium is used as an electron accumulator and accumulator, which at the time of activating electrolysis travels from positive to negative, allowing energy transfer to act as a battery. This reaction occurs thanks to the energy balance, since lithium provides its energy when the external energy that is applied to the electrolysis is turned off.

 The form of recovery and charge of lithium is carried out when external energy is applied to the electrolysis cell by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), recovering the dissipated energy that was not used in the electrolyzer. Once the lithium takes these charges, it becomes a battery that delivers continuous current to the process, increasing the efficiency in the production of H / O.

 Lithium is physically and electrically connected with palladium and these also with the cathode and anode through the electrolyte, forming a micro battery or battery.

At the beginning of the process, external energy is applied to the system, and the hybrid set has a negative polarity, in this way hydrogen atoms are attracted to palladium. By stopping the external energy the hybrid set changes polarity becoming positive and causing the expulsion of the captured hydrogen atoms and trapping oxygen. The lithium battery is isolated from the water wrapped in a high temperature polymer, from which two wires come out, one connected to the palladium and the other to the inner tube. The palladium is the one that allows to realize the electrical connectivity from the cathode of the lithium and the reaction occurs to the interior of this one, whose energy is transmitted to the inner tube to contribute to the generation process.

 When applying external energy to the electrolysis system or cell, Lithium is at rest and receives energy due to its ionization potential differential.

 Upon stopping the application of external energy to the electrolysis cell, the lithium battery has a greater potential difference and releases the stored energy to the electrolysis cell.

 The cathode and anode of stainless steel can be tubes of different diameters, plates or multi-fiber tapes of any geometry. Steel can be silver plated to reduce oxidation.

 To start the electrolysis process, an external starting voltage of 12V is applied, which depending on the scale of the system can reach 300V, between the anode and the cathode of the cell, where the positive voltage is applied to the anode (stainless steel shell / anode 1) and a negative tension to the generator tube or inner tube (cathode).

The application of external tension causes the water molecules to dissociate generating oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen released is received and stabilized in palladium in pairs of atoms. The released hydrogen atoms identify palladium as the nucleus, having the ability to bind two pairs of hydrogen atoms with a lithium nucleus. That is, 4 hydrogen atoms are linked to each palladium core.

 The hydrogen atoms captured and accumulated by palladium are subsequently released into the generator tube.

 On the other hand, oxygen atoms adhere to the outside of the generator tube. Ducts located at the top of the outer shell allow the separation, capture and storage of hydrogen and oxygen for later use.

 To achieve an improved result of obtaining hydrogen, the physical conditions of the water used in the electrolysis process must be controlled very severely, so it is necessary to perform a demanding monitoring of parameters such as acidity and temperature, the which must be within a specific range of values, which will be defined later.

 Said control of the physical conditions of the water involved in the electrolysis process allows the generation of hydrogen to be optimized, without producing particle shocks or excessive energy use, in order to saturate production (hydrogen and oxygen).

To maintain the electrolysis water temperature in the desired ranges external elements are used as a sensor temperature for the identification of this, being the cooler (radiator) responsible for reducing it, and then to be injected back into the process

 The other parameter that stabilizes the physical conditions of water is acidity. Keeping the pH of the water in check prevents its "breakage" or "fracture", since it is part of the process that does not saturate in ionization, current or acidity. To comply with the above, the pH must be maintained in a range of 7.07 to 8.8, so that the electrical resistance of the water remains between 22 to 37 ohm. That is, the pH of the water is analyzed as a resistance or dielectric.

 To achieve water stabilization in the electrolysis process, the concepts of Meyer's theories and cold currents are applied.

 Stanley Meyer describes using an electromagnetic power supply that tunes the emission of signals with an oscillating system responsible for releasing the hydrogen found in palladium, based on electrical pulses.

 This process has the peculiarity of allowing hydrogen to be generated quickly and harmoniously, without producing molecular shocks and only with the necessary energy.

The definition of cold currents is the management of minimum currents to generate maximum energy (hydrogen and oxygen release). This introduces the concept of PWM (Width Modulation of Pulse), which is applied to the process according to the amount of water, acidity and temperature necessary for optimal hydrogen production and according to the quantity requirements, which must be generated by the electrolyzer cell.

 A comparative example of the energy requirements in a traditional electrolysis process versus an electrolysis process according to the present invention is developed below.

 Example 1 .

The electrical resistance of the Water in a normal process is 5 to 10 ohm in 1 mm ³ in untreated water (it can be seawater) or 100 to 500 K ohms in demineralized water.

According to the monitoring conditions required for the improved electrolysis process of the present invention, the electrical resistance of the water must be maintained between 22 to 37 ohm per mm ³ .

 In these ranges of current consumption, water evaporation is avoided; since leaving these ranges consume more energy and more water.

 If 12 volts are applied between the anode and cathode, the current value to be circulated through the water is:

 Normal case: IN = 12 volt / 5 ohm = 2.4 A

Enhanced Case: l _M = 12 volt / 22 ohm = 0.5 A

That is, by monitoring and controlling the electrical resistance of water, for the same voltage applied, the current must be applied in the case Improved (IM) is 4.8 times lower than the current in the normal case (IN).

 Lithium Contribution

 Lithium has the peculiarity of using 78% of the total energy, that is,

 IM = 0.5 A x 0.78 = 0.39 A

 Palladium Contribution

Palladium is used for its ability to store Hydrogen (H ₄ ) and its reaction with Lithium and Oxygen.

The palladium in the form of wire is connected at one end to lithium, and at the other end it is connected to the insulator. Under the same conditions of energy applied to electrolysis, in the improved case, twice as many hydrogen atoms are obtained. Therefore, we can infer that in the improved process it is possible to obtain the same amount of hydrogen atoms as in the normal process using half of the electric current. l _M = 0.39 A / 2 = 0.195 A

That is, once the physical conditions of the water (PH, Temperature) are controlled to achieve an electrical resistance in the range of 22 to 37 ohm, the process of the present invention can obtain a ratio between the energy required in a normal electrolysis and the Improved present development.

Base Case: 2.4 Amp

Enhanced Case according to the invention: 0.195 Amp. That is, the system improved in theory uses 12 times less power to generate the same amount of hydrogen.

Electrolyte

 The electrolyte consists of the solution of distilled water and sodium hydroxide, where the latter is the one that maintains the dielectric of the water (electrolyte) allowing it to control its electrical resistance, in the ratio of 1 Liter of water to 10ml of sodium hydroxide.

 The importance of this concept is essential when unifying the electrolyzer with water, since it can function stably in the separation of oxygen and hydrogen, being one of the important factors for the separation of particles.

According to the ionic theory, the electrolyte molecules are partially or totally dissociated into charged particles or ions, the charge of each gram equivalent being equal to the Faraday constant of 96500 coulombs.

Ionic Theory

The dissolved sodium chloride molecules are composed, largely of positively charged sodium cations, indicated at the beginning by the symbol Na now, usually, (Na +), and an equal number of negatively charged chlorine anions, indicated by Cl or by Cl-; while dissolved sodium sulfate is similarly composed of sodium cations and half of its number of bivalent sulfate anions.

The charge of 23 g of sodium ion is 96500 coulombs of positive electricity, while 35.5 g of chlorine ion or 48 g of sulfate ion carry a similar negative charge. What, at one time, was probably the most serious difficulty presented by ionic theory, has been solved by modern theories of atomic structure.

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

 The pulse width modulation (PWM) applied to the electrodes, lithium-palladium assembly and inner tube, has a double control functionality, as it acts as a charger and discharger of the electrodes for the generation of hydrogen-oxygen.

 As an example, the process of a pulse width modulation cycle (PWM) is described.

A 1 second cycle is divided into 10 pulses (see Figure 1 1). At the beginning of the cycle an electric voltage is applied for a time of 0.3 seconds to the electrodes from an external medium, starting the generation of oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen generated during this period of time is captured by palladium. Subsequently, and for 0.1 seconds the polarity of the voltage applied to the hybrid assembly is reversed, which allows hydrogen to be released from palladium. Oxygen is attracted by lithium at the time of polarity change and during this time the process reacts to the lithium-palladium combination charging and acting as a battery. For the next 0.6 seconds the battery injects energy into the electrolysis system. Said combination acts as an anode (2) which together with the cathode continue with the hydrogen-oxygen generation process of the electrolysis process energization cycle.

The pulse amplitude voltage is 12V to 48V, depending on the generator's production model and a demolition width of 10% to 60%.

Table 1 shows the current and voltage ranges to generate the pulse width, then with a current of 0.5A and a voltage of 12v a fundamental is created with a pulse width of 10% on and 90% off, using a frequency from 400hz to 650hz for electrolyzer excitation, the secondary frequency is generated between 2.4Khz and 3.9Khz

The second option is to vary the input current to 2.5A, changing the pulse width to 60% on and 40% off.

These ranges allow to control the necessary gas production ranges according to the characteristics of the generator.

Table 1 . mm

 Cálenl ol aj S & esée H¾sts ø «$ *! * Enough

^' «FrHfc .¾»

¾S: 12 »üfe SIÉtfe« THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE

 Magnetic resonance is applied externally to the hydrogen-oxygen generation system to stabilize and orient the gas ions obtained in the electrolysis process in order to perform a high purity separation of hydrogen and oxygen. Magnetic resonance is digitally controlled by a microprocessor that contains the algorithms that act according to the system variables.

 The following table shows the frequency values of magnetic resonance.

 10

 Table 2.

 Magnetic Gas Separation Injection Table (Electromagnet)

Frequency of magnetic injection time

 Current Voltage From Up to Seconds Gauss Gas (cc / min)

 0.030 A 600v 1.8 KHz 100 KHz 0.1 - 20 2550 280

 0.060 A 300v 1.8 KHz 100 KHz 0.1 - 20 6540 800

15 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

 Figure 1 .1 to 1 .6 Lithium Battery Generator Cylinder - Palladium

 The inner cylinder (P08) conducts the electric charge to Lithium (P13), which is charged with energy at the same time that electrolysis occurs in the sections that will be indicated below: between the charged palladium

0 negatively (P06) and inner cylinder walls (P08) (loaded positively), between the inner cylinder (P08) and the outer cylinder (PG02). The perforations (P07) in the inner cylinder (P08) allow the water to be in contact with the palladium (P06). Once the lithium electrodes (P05-P13) are charged, the external source (controlled by the electronic card (A13)) is disconnected and electrolysis continues to occur with the charge accumulated by the lithium electrodes. The model in Figure 1 describes only one positive electrode of lithium in the upper part and another in the lower section of the cylinder, however more lithium electrodes can be added, making the load more effective and with greater capacity to capture the energy.

 The external energy delivery times are 0.04 s, the use of energy stored in the Metallic Lithium electrodes will be 0.06 s.

 Figure 2, Group Stack. The different cylinders (PG02) are joined by a 316L steel clamp (PG01). The assembly is grounded through connection P04. The outer cylinder (PG02) (figure 2.1 and 2.2) is connected to ground (P04), next to the negative lithiums (P05) and palladium (P06) (figure 3). The PWD source (B17 of Figure 5.1) is connected to the 316L steel of the inner cylinder (P08), Figure 3. Scheme of Multilayer Lithium-Palladium Battery, optional model.

 The lithium battery is separated from the aqueous medium by the separator (P1 1), the positively charged (P13) and negatively (P05) lithiums are separated by an insulating membrane (P12).

Figure 4, Describe the scheme for external energization. The electrolysis cell can have 3 types of electrical power supply:

 a.- Photovoltaic cell (A01) Responsible for electrolyzer excitation

 b.- Battery (A02) from 12 Volt to 24 Volt; direct power (dynamic power source from the power grid);

 These power supplies are connected to the power distributor corresponding to the power source of the different voltages applied to the electrolysers. The solar panel must generate at least 200 W; The battery should be 12 volt / 75 amperes.

 Water already demineralized enters the system through the valve (A06). Once the processor is energized (A03), the distribution of energy to the electrolysers (A5) will begin. The processor acts as a controller of excess hydrogen saturation and excess oxygen saturation, so as to avoid fracture at the time of gas separation. For this, the voltage pulse that will be applied to each electrolyzer will be a maximum of 2 Volt, its stabilization being at 1, 6 Volt. Once the

gas separation, the processor will control the pH of the solution. The lithium-palladium battery (micro battery) stores energy from the potential difference applied. This energy is what the palladium lithium battery will deliver to the electrolysis once the external energy is no longer applied. Water monitoring and conditioning

 Figure 5 describes the main generator, which inside has a thermocouple sensor type k (B06), whose function is to monitor the temperature of the water deposited in the electrolysers; If this water does not meet the desired ranges, it will exit through the nozzle (B10) where, in addition to being stabilized, it will be purified, entering a recirculation pump (B1 1), responsible for stirring the water to speed up the cooling and stabilize the ions inside the thermoelectric refrigerator (B15). The natural heat sink (B14), eliminates excess heat, supported by the forced air fan (B13) which is a cooler that operates between 1 ° to 5 ° C, and aims to concentrate and stabilize the electrolyte ions In the recirculation pump (B1 1), which fulfills the function of expelling water, and then be injected into the radiator (B02); whose mission is to maintain the water temperature between 22 and 25 degrees Celsius, which is achieved through a 12 Volt motor (B01). Once the water reaches the optimum temperature, the particle filter (B03) retains all the impurities generated in the electrolysers. The water inlet valve (B07), receives the water already conditioned for the process (which will act in conjunction with the electrolysers), and once it starts to operate, hydrogen and oxygen escape through the outlet valve (B09) .

Emphasis should be placed on the control of two points. First, you should not generate molecular fracture in water, this means you should not increase your temperature Secondly, the pH of the water must be balanced, since at this point, the ions found in the aqueous medium are stabilized. The optimum pH of the water varies from 7.07 to 8.08; This PH is controlled by incorporating 10 milligrams of caustic soda per liter of water (sodium oxide) into the aqueous medium.

 Figure 6, Water supply system: The water tank (C04) must be supplied (automatic or manual) by passing through activated carbon filters (C05), which demineralize it. Once the water is distilled, it accumulates in the pond and it is the electronic level sensor (C03), which has the function of maintaining a level higher than 3 liters. The water enters the pump (C02) with an atmospheric weight pressure, being expelled in 5 times its pressure, to make it enter the sodium dioxide mixer (C01), which has the task of injecting 10 ml of sodium hydroxide per liter of water (electrolytes). Once the solution is made, it enters the electrolyzer container.

Figure 7, Gas storage and separation system: The bubbling tank (D01) functions as a non-return protective system, so that hydrogen gas does not re-enter the electrolyzer chamber. The hydrogen and oxygen gas flows through a valve, which pass through the pressure gauge (D02), which shows the pressure generated in the transfer to the separator. Once hydrogen and oxygen enter the gas separator (D03), electromagnets (D04) begin to operate to separate molecularly gases, due to its positive and negative polarity; being the negative one that attracts hydrogen, and the positive one that attracts oxygen. Oxygen exits through the outlet valve (D06), and hydrogen (through the valve (D05)) exits the hydrogen, being taken to the hydrogen compressor vacuum pump (D07), and then injected into the retention tank (D09) . When the hydrogen gas is inside, it is compressed, maintaining a pressure of 10 to 50 Bar, which is measured by the electronic sensor (D08), and at a temperature equal to the ambient. The analog visual pressure gauge (D10) has the function of delivering the visible pressure values. The high pressure hydrogen gas (D1 1) is exited when it is used in some equipment or device that requires it.

 Microprocessor Card,

 Figure 9 describes by blocks the different functions and parts that make up the Micropocessor card.

A set of sensors that capture information regarding the different variables or parameters to be controlled in the electrolysis process is described: Temperature, Pressure, level, electric current, etc. Sensed signals are converted from digital analogs through different A / D converters. The digital information is delivered to the processor which, by means of the programmed control algorithms, generates the output signals for the module in charge of generating the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), a module that controls the signal applied to the electrolysers and signals to drive valves, fans, pumps, electromagnets, etc., which are involved in the hydrogen production process during electrolysis.

 Figure 10 shows the block diagram of the module responsible for generating the Pulse Width Modulation, signal input granted by microprocessor. This signal, called PWM (pulse width demolitor), is the frequency carrier for the control of the hydrogen production process.

 The fundamental (dock) is produced by the microprocessor to generate the control pulses in the PWM system, occupying external energy (EL1) who initiates the electrolization of the system, in the fourth pulse (DC2) the hydrogen accumulated in the palladium is discharged, in the period five to ten (Li3) corresponds to the delivery of lithium energy that accumulated in (EL1).

 The frequency covered by this device ranges from 400 hertz to 650 hertz. The PWM has a range that goes from 10% to 70% in its pulse width, which refers to the state of ignition for power generation.

This process is in charge of exciting the electrolysers in a time base, with this the necessary current will be generated in the electrolysing vessels to separate the hydrogen with the oxygen in non-saturation conditions, with a range from 1, 48Volt to 2 Volt per cell. METHOD

 The steps that make up the hydrogen generation method of the present invention are described below.

 one . - Fill the electrolysis cell with distilled water and sodium hydroxide until the electrodes (anode / cathode) are covered;

 2. - apply a voltage of 12 volt to 48 volt to the electrodes;

3. - censor water temperature;

 4. - censor the acidity of water;

 5. - correlate the temperature and acidity (PH) of the water with the electrical resistance of the water;

 6. - control the temperature and pH of the water so that its electrical resistance is in the range of 22 to 37 ohm;

 7. - Apply pulse width modulation to the voltage applied to the electrolysis cell, where a pulse width modulation cycle consists of:

 apply positive voltage pulses;

 a pulse of negative tension, so that the hydrogen captured by palladium is released;

 stop applying the external voltage for the lithium battery to act, providing the energy to continue the electrolysis process.

8. - As the hydrogen and oxygen gas is generated, separate and store them for reuse using the magnetic resonator. Where

 The voltage applied to the electrodes is in the range of 12 to 48 volts; Depending on the mm3 of water, the voltage will be applied.

 Water temperature is controlled by radiators and / or humidifiers;

 The PH is controlled by the appropriate incorporation of sodium hydroxide into the water;

 Pulse width modulation of the applied voltage implies voltage pulses with a duration ranging from 10 microseconds to 50 microseconds over a cycle time period of one second to three seconds.

 The processor is in charge of handling the information obtained from the sensors that detect the physical variables of the water, to perform the control of said physical conditions by means of the actuators.

 LAB TESTS

 Normal Electrolysis

 Prototype

Pond corresponding to the cell is filled with distilled water and sodium hydroxide. The amount of sodium hydroxide is defined in the processor according to the amount of hydrogen to be generated, thus determining the necessary amperage to apply to the cell. The central processing unit, automatically, begins the withdrawal of battery power begins to Modulate the voltage in the form of pulses once the system starts producing hydrogen. A gas separation chamber with two outlets allows oxygen and hydrogen to be separated. During the electrolysis process, the water is recirculated and treated and conditioned to maintain its initial condition and not present color changes and the electrodes are kept clean. The generated hydrogen is separated from oxygen and transferred to a storage pond. The experimental data of temperature, flow for a given voltage and current applied to the electrolysis cell are shown in Table 2. Once the external energy is cut off, the system continues to produce by its internal battery, Lithium-palladium assembly.

 LABORATORY RESULT

 The measurements of the hydrogen gas flow produced were adjusted according to the manufacturer's instructions for the Hydrogen Rotometer.

The adjustment formula is as follows:

Ctesm ™ Os ^^ x Factor

Factor-

Cursis e correcttd wte M H i«, SO Hi QSSSÉS * Fl0 asmlctsd ñmmmím scfs {mtm uriís % m%} SGsset* ^« SpftdHc gr l!f of gas fl r^er scafe

Cursis e correcttd wte MH i «, SO Hi QSSSÉS * Fl0 asmlctsd ñmmmím scfs {mtm uriís% m%} SGsset * ^« SpftdHc gr l! F of gas fl r ^ er scafe

Ρ * ½ * ~ N $ wop $ rain $ pm ssurs f s! &!

 F »- P w its twisting sc! I (psla)

Table 3. Hydrogen flow measurement result (Standardization of

Rotameter (N).

Table 3 shows a series of experiences which change the input variables in volt and ampere. To analyze each case, these variables are multiplied to obtain the Watts of consumption. Then the adjustment is made of the observed amount of hydrogen to take it to industry standard values, which is normally Liters of Hydrogen at 1 bar of pressure, at 0 degrees Celsius, generated by 1 Kw / hour.

 By thermodynamics the maximum that can be generated is 280 liters of Hydrogen gas per 1 Kw Hour, being on average the base case that is handled in the industry of 200 liters of Hydrogen gas per Kw hour. Then, in order to generate a larger amount of gas with 1 Kw / hour (last column Table 2), the set of improvements implemented in the present invention is required, which corresponds to the use of pulse width modulation, magnetic resonance, use of the lithium-palladium set, water dielectric control, etc.

According to mathematical estimates with all the improvements, the release of hydrogen should be required from the outside 12 times less energy. In the laboratory according to the availability of resources, a decrease of up to 5 times less was verified. The difference lies in the size of the Lithium-Palladium battery installed in the generator tube.

ALTERNATIVE MODEL FOR THE INTERNAL BATTERY

 Figure 3 describes a multilayer lithium-palladium battery that is a variant of the figural battery. This model differs in that the lithium body is divided into multilayers with inverted polarities which multiplies the effect of the battery, estimating an improvement greater than 10% in hydrogen production.

 There are two lithium bodies connected by a palladium wire (P06), however each Lithium body is composed of six plates of the same material and in turn separated by a sheet of Germanium silicon aluminum (P15) that fulfills the function of diode and where said plates are connected consecutively, and with a different polarity. Each of the two lithium bodies begins with an insulating water cap (P1 1), followed by the positively charged lithium (P12) connected to (P08), then another insulator (P12) and ends a negative metallic lithium layer ( P05) thus repeating the structure, In the example of figure 3 it was designed six times.

 The connection between the two lithium contacts is through the palladium, however there is an insulating separation between the two batteries in order not to cancel.

For lithium in multilayers in metallic state a Kilogram has an energy of 1 10 to 160 Kilo watt / hour and a voltage of 1, 8 volt per plate, therefore it is an energy accumulator that reacts with palladium and oxygen, contributing this energy to the system in the rest cycles and charging it in the active cycles taking 20% of the energy per pulse and in the rest cycle it delivers 40%.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

According to the experimental results of the present invention and based on the laboratory prototype, an industrial design is presented that allows the generation of hydrogen gases in large quantities, using the present invention:

 Figure 8, Industrial Design diagram, describes the design of a generation cell that is capable of generating a useful volume for the industry based on the improvements of the present invention tested in the laboratory prototype. Each of these cells can be incorporated into the production line until the desired amount of hydrogen is obtained.

 The geometric shape may vary, and be used in various shapes such as squares, cylinders, rectangles, etc. For this case a multilayer cylindrical figure is described. In this scenario, the water management changes since immersing the battery in a giant pond would become inefficient, the industrial design proposes that water must circulate through the generator's ducts, breaking the molecules along the way, also allowing their recirculation.

The negative contact (anode) is composed of Ni-Cr (TP1) and one of its faces is bathed in Palladium, the gas separator (TP2) is a magnetized polymer paper that fulfills the function of removing gases according to their polarity, in this position it takes out the hydrogen. Then an ion-oriented magnetic insulator (TP3) is installed, which fulfills the function of attracting gas, the TP4 removes the oxygen thanks to its positive polarity. The design continues with a neutral plate (TP5) that is used to inject more ions into the medium. The oxygen corridor (TP6) is responsible for extracting the oxygen that will subsequently activate the catalyst.

 The electron catalyst (TP7) receives the oxygen to be charged and transferred to activated carbon (TP8). Aqueous electrolysis carbon (TP9) maintains the electrical capacity to introduce or remove electrons through the potential differential. The plate named (TP10) does the same job as the TP9 but works with the metallic lithium layer (TP1 1). This design is closed by a layer called a container support constructed by a polymer (TP12).

The C1 connection corresponds to the Hydrogen gas outlet, the C2 is the Oxygen outlet, the water flow is made through the C3 and C4 connections. Water enters the cell through C4 and the flooding of the vessels begins, being evacuated by C3. The multilayer supports are carried out by connection C5. The C6 connector is the communication channel with the PWM that crosses the entire structure. Since the battery is not immersed in water, coal can be used in this design to capture oxygen from the environment and subsequently react with lithium for the internal energy supply to the system. FIGURE NUMERICAL REFERENCE TABLES COMPONENTS OF FIGURES TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 1

 TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 2

Description of components

 PG 01 316L stainless steel holder

 PG 02 316L stainless steel outer cylinder; anode

 PG 03 Teflon Centralizers

 P 04 Power terminal (battery) chassis in contact with anode 1

P 05 Negative Metallic Lithium

 P 08 Internal cylinder, Positive electrode (internal); cathode

P ll Separator / cap to the aqueous medium

 P 12 Insulating membrane

 P 13 Positive metallic lithium

 P 14 Teflon separator

P 15 Insulating membrane II TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 3

PG 02 316L stainless steel outer cylinder; anode

TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 4

Description of components

 A 01 Solar panel 80-5000 VA

 A 02 Battery 10-100 A / 12-600 V DC

 A 03 Central CPU card for process control and system generation 350 Mips

 A 04 Water outlet valve to be stabilized

 A 05 Stainless steel electrolysis cathode and ion stabilizing palladium

A 06 Demineralized water inlet valve TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 5

TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 6

Description of components

 C OI Electronic droplet dispenser Sodium hydroxide

 c oz Water pump H2 generator

 C 03 Electronic water level sensor

 C 04 20-liter stainless steel water pond

 C 05 Water inlet cover from filters

 C 06 Stop valve

 C 07 Stop valve

 S x Sensors

 Vv x Valve

TPx Terminal point addressed to the CPU TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 7

TABLE DESCRIPTION REFERENCES FIGURE 8

TP1 Negative anode Ni-Cr 316L 904L palladium plated Pd 0.5mm Ni-Cr-Pd C1 Oxygen Outlet

TP2 i Hydrogen Gas Separator Rubber C2 Hydrogen Outlet

TP3 i Magnetic Ion Insulation Insulator Magnetized Paper C3 Water Outlet

TP4 i Oxygen gas separator Rubber C4 Water inlet

TP5 i Electron input plate 316L 904L Ni-Cr C5 Multilayer Guides

TP6 I Oxygen Corridor Polymer CN1 Positive Anode

TP7 i Electron Catalyst Potacio Film CN2 Negative Cathode NÍ-Cr.Pd.

TP8 i Activated carbon Coal with treatment to attract particles N CN3 Lithium Anode

TP9 i Aqueous carbon electrolysis Gel with carbonic mesh

 TP10 i Carbon organic electrolysis Gel with carbonic mesh

 TP11 Metallic Lithium Metallic Lithium

 TP12 i Polymer container support.

Claims

one . System to improve the performance of obtaining hydrogen in an electrolysis process, CHARACTERIZED because it comprises:  - a processor for the control of the electrolysis system;  - an electrolysis cell;  - an external voltage source;  - a device for generating magnetic resonance; Y  - a water conditioning and recirculation system used in the electrolysis process;  - hydrogen and oxygen storage system;  wherein the electrolysis cell comprises:  - an inner tube (cathode);  - an outer tube (anode); Y  - a lithium-palladium electrode assembly;  wherein the outer tube contains the inner tube and where said inner tube contains the lithium-palladium assembly.  2. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the lithium-palladium assembly consists of at least one lithium disk attached to a palladium wire 3. - The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because the inner tube has screens or perforations for the circulation of the electrolyte of the electrolysis.  4. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the electrolysis cell is composed of multiple outer tubes each containing an inner tube and the corresponding lithium-palladium assembly. 5. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the lithium disk is composed of multiple layers of lithium. 6. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because the external source is connected and is controlled by the processor for the generation of pulse width modulation; 7. The system according to claim 6, CHARACTERIZED because the pulse width modulation consists of a fundamental voltage with a pulse width of 10% on and 90% off at a frequency of 400 Hz to 650 Hz, with a frequency secondary 2.4 KHz to 3.9 KHz.  8. The system according to claim 6, CHARACTERIZED because the pulse width modulation consists of a fundamental voltage with a pulse width of 70% on and 30% off at a frequency of 400 Hz to 600 Hz, with a frequency secondary 2.4 KHz to 3.9 KHz.  9. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because the magnetic resonance is applied externally to the electrolysis cell. 10. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because the inner tube is separated from the inner tube by insulating guides. eleven . The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because the Electrolysis cell has temperature and PH sensors.  12. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because it further comprises a gas storage and separation system. 13. The system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED because the processor is responsible for controlling the system by capturing data from the sensors and operating the actuators they handle: voltage sources, valves, fans, pumps, electromagnets.  14. Method for improving the yield of hydrogen in an electrolysis process, CHARACTERIZED because it comprises:  - fill the electrolysis cell with distilled water and sodium hydroxide to cover the electrodes: the outer tube, inner tube and the lithium-palladium assembly;  - apply a starting voltage to the electrodes, outer tube and inner tube;  - sensing the water temperature;  - sensing the acidity (PH) of the water;  - correlate the temperature and acidity (PH) of the water with the electrical resistance of the water;  - control water temperature and pH parameters to prevent breakage; - eliminate the initial external voltage and apply a pulse width modulated voltage (PWM) to the cell electrodes, where a cycle of Pulse width modulation consists of:  apply positive voltage pulses to the cell electrodes; apply a negative voltage pulse, so that the hydrogen captured by palladium is released;  stop applying the external voltage so that the energy is delivered to the electrolysis cell by the inner tube lithium-palladium assembly;  - start a new voltage application cycle using PWM;  - as hydrogen and oxygen gas is generated, separate them by applying magnetic resonance; Y  - store these gases for reuse. 15. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that the initial starting voltage applied is from 12 to 48 volts according to mm ³ . 16. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that the water temperature is controlled by radiators and / or humidifiers and is maintained in the range of 22 to 25 ^QC .  17. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that the PH is controlled by the incorporation of sodium hydroxide into the water. 18. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that the pH of the water must be in the range of 7.07 to 8.8, so that the electrical resistance of the water is maintained between 22 to 37 ohms. 19. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED because Pulse width modulation consists of a voltage with a fundamental with a pulse width of 10% on and 90% off at a frequency of 400 Hz to 650 Hz, with a secondary frequency of 2.4 KHz to 3.9 KHz . 20. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that the pulse width modulation consists of a voltage with a fundamental with a pulse width of 70% on and 30% off at a frequency of 400 Hz to 650 Hz, with a secondary frequency of 2.4 KHz to 3.9 KHz.