WO2016204233A1 - アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム - Google Patents
アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム Download PDFInfo
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention is obtained by combining an alkaline water electrolysis device and an alkaline fuel cell, both using an alkaline aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution, and generating power using hydrogen and oxygen produced by the alkaline water electrolysis device as raw materials for the alkaline fuel cell.
- the present invention relates to a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell that performs electrolysis treatment with an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus using electrical energy and water.
- the present invention provides a second, third... Nth alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and a second, third... N alkaline fuel cell apparatus with respect to the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and alkaline fuel cell.
- the present invention relates to an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus as a raw material of an alkaline fuel cell by combining alkaline water electrolysis and an alkaline fuel cell using raw water containing tritium water as raw material water and using an alkaline aqueous solution as an electrolyte.
- an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus as a raw material of an alkaline fuel cell by combining alkaline water electrolysis and an alkaline fuel cell using raw water containing tritium water as raw material water and using an alkaline aqueous solution as an electrolyte.
- nth alkaline water electrolyzer and 2nd, 3rd ... nth alkaline fuel cell are connected by a cascade system, electrolysis is continuously performed, and high-concentration tritium water is contained.
- the present invention relates to a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell that sequentially concentrates raw water and collects a small amount of concentrated contaminated water. Furthermore, the present invention uses a raw water containing a large amount of impurities such as chloride ions as a raw water containing tritium water, and utilizes an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell that perform electrolysis after removing the impurities. Water treatment system.
- Tritium Most of the tritium present on the ground exists as tritium water and tritium water which are oxides.
- the concentration of tritium water circulating in the atmosphere is roughly constant in both east and west, including animals and plants, and it is possible to detect the period outside the atmospheric circulation from the amount of decrease in the water concentration, and the dating of groundwater is possible. It is useful for empirical investigation of groundwater flow in civil engineering and agriculture.
- Tritium is mixed in water as tritium water combined with oxygen, and is widely used in the vapor, liquid, solid phase in steam, precipitation, groundwater, river water, lake water, seawater, drinking water, and living organisms. Diffuse distribution.
- tritium recovery method a water distillation method using the vapor pressure of H 2 O, HTO, T 2 O, a water-hydrogen exchange method using exchange reaction of H, T atoms, and an isotope chemical equilibrium shift were used.
- a double temperature exchange method and a water electrolysis method using a gas generation potential difference are conceivable, but efficient tritium separation is difficult except for the water electrolysis method.
- the separation factor is remarkably high, and tritium can be efficiently separated.
- electrolytic concentration is generally performed to improve measurement accuracy.
- electrolytic concentration of heavy water has been known by preparing a sample solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved and electrolyzing plate-shaped flat plates facing each other.
- water contained in the electrolyte includes HDO and HTO, which are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen in accordance with ordinary water electrolysis, but the decomposition of H 2 O is caused by the isotope effect.
- the present inventor has solved the problems of the prior art as a method of treating raw water containing a large amount of tritium water by alkaline water electrolysis, and electrolytically concentrating and separating raw water containing a large amount of heavy water by the alkaline water electrolysis method. And developed and filed an application for an electrolytic concentration method of heavy water capable of producing high-purity hydrogen gas and / or high-purity oxygen gas (Patent Document 1).
- heavy water is electrolyzed using an alkaline water electrolyzer comprising an anode chamber containing an anode, a cathode chamber containing a cathode, and a diaphragm partitioning the anode chamber and the cathode chamber.
- the electrolytic solution is supplied to both the anode chamber and the cathode chamber from a circulation tank that stores an electrolytic solution obtained by adding high-concentration alkaline water to raw water made of heavy water containing tritium.
- an anode side gas-liquid separation device In addition to circulating supply to the electrolysis chamber, an anode side gas-liquid separation device, an anode side water sealing device, a cathode side gas liquid separation device and a cathode side water sealing device are connected to the anode chamber and the cathode chamber, respectively.
- the alkali concentration of the electrolyte supplied into the two electrolytic chambers is always constant by circulatingly supplying the electrolyte from which the generated gas has been separated by the liquid separator and the cathode-side gas-liquid separator to the circulation tank.
- Electrolysis is continued while maintaining the concentration, and heavy water in the electrolyte is concentrated, and hydrogen gas is recovered or discarded from the cathode-side gas-liquid separator, and oxygen gas is discharged from the anode-side gas-liquid separator. It is possible to provide a method for electrolytic concentration of heavy water, which is characterized by being collected or discarded. Furthermore, according to the method described in Patent Document 1, radioactive waste containing a large amount of tritium can be efficiently concentrated and fractionated by electrolysis with alkaline water, and high-concentration, high-purity hydrogen gas. And or oxygen gas can be efficiently recovered.
- the present inventor has studied reduction of power consumption by a combination of an alkaline water electrolysis method and a fuel cell. That is, according to the water electrolysis method, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are generated. Conventionally, these have been discarded, but since hydrogen gas and oxygen gas that have been discarded so far can be used as raw materials for fuel cells, the present inventor has produced them by the water electrolysis method as a power source for the water electrolysis method. A method of using a fuel cell that uses hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as raw materials was studied.
- Fuel cells are classified into the following types according to the type of electrochemical reaction and electrolyte.
- Alkaline fuel cell AFC
- Phosphoric acid fuel cell PAFC
- MCFC Molten carbon dioxide fuel cell
- SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell
- PEFC Proton conduction fuel cell
- DMFC Direct methanol fuel cell
- MFC Biofuel cell
- DFAFC Direct formic acid fuel cell
- PEFC proton conduction fuel cell
- the electrolyte layer uses a solid polymer (cation exchange membrane) containing a strongly acidic electrolyte solution. Oxygen gas is introduced and the following reaction occurs at each electrode, and as a whole, water is generated according to the following reaction formula.
- an alkaline electrolyte fuel cell is known as a fuel cell, and the alkaline electrolyte fuel cell uses a hydroxide ion as an ion conductor and an alkaline electrolyte as a separator between electrodes.
- a cell is formed by impregnating with a cell. Similar to PEFC, a type using a polymer membrane has also been reported. Because the structure is the simplest and it is used in an alkaline atmosphere, it is possible to use an inexpensive electrode catalyst such as nickel oxide, and because the cell configuration can be simplified because a liquid electrolyte is used at room temperature, This fuel cell is highly reliable and has been put to practical use in space applications.
- the purity of hydrogen fuel is important because the activity of nickel-based catalysts is lowered by coordinating carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen, water vapor, and the like.
- the use of reformed hydrogen containing these as impurities is not desirable, and as oxygen and hydrogen, pure oxygen and hydrogen raw materials not containing CO 2 are required.
- AFC has an advantage that since the electrolyte is alkaline, it is not necessary to use expensive platinum as an electrode material, and a relatively inexpensive metal material such as nickel, cobalt, or iron can be used. On the other hand, when carbon dioxide gas or the like is mixed into the raw material hydrogen, the alkaline electrolyte becomes carbonate and deteriorates. In order to realize a high output, it is necessary to use oxygen having a high purity as an oxidizing agent.
- the inventor of the present invention pays attention to the need for a raw material that does not include carbonaceous materials as pure hydrogen and oxygen as raw material gas in an alkaline fuel cell (AFC), and hydrogen gas produced by an alkaline water electrolysis device. And oxygen gas was found to be optimal.
- AFC alkaline fuel cell
- oxygen gas was found to be optimal.
- an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus requires a large amount of electric energy, enormous costs have been required if all the electric energy must be procured from the outside.
- the present inventor pays attention to the above points, and combines the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the alkaline fuel cell (AFC) to thereby provide the electric power required in the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the alkaline fuel cell, the raw material of the electric power, Alkaline water electrolyzer and alkaline fuel that are effectively utilized by a circulation system in the process without newly supplying an externally supplied hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, water disappearing by the electrolytic treatment, and an electrolytic solution comprising the alkaline aqueous solution.
- a water treatment system using a battery was invented.
- the object of the present invention is to pay attention to the above points, and by combining an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell (AFC), the electric power required in the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the alkaline fuel cell, and the raw material of the electric power A part of water corresponding to the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, the alkaline aqueous solution, and the water lost by the electrolytic treatment are circulated and used in the water treatment system, and the raw material components and intermediate products are mutually used. It is an object of the present invention to provide a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell, which can be effectively used for efficient operation of the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the alkaline fuel cell.
- AFC alkaline fuel cell
- the first solving means in the present invention is: (1) Connecting an alkaline water electrolysis device and an alkaline fuel cell, (2) The raw water and the aqueous alkali solution are mixed, and the electrolyte solution adjusted to a desired concentration and the amount of water corresponding to the water lost by the electrolytic treatment are supplied to the alkaline water electrolysis device, and the alkali concentration is set to the initial concentration.
- the second solving means of the present invention provides the second, third,..., Nth alkaline water electrolyzer and the first one for the alkaline water electrolyzer and the alkaline fuel cell.
- 2, 3... N-th alkaline fuel cells are connected in a cascade manner, and the electrolytic solution concentrated by electrolytic treatment with the alkaline water electrolysis device is sequentially added to the second, third.
- Supply to the alkaline water electrolyzers, electrolysis is performed in the same manner as the alkaline water electrolyzer, and the generated oxygen gas and hydrogen gas are supplied to the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,.
- At least one alkaline fuel cell Supplied to at least one alkaline fuel cell, and uses at least a part of the oxygen gas and hydrogen gas to generate power using the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,... Nth alkaline fuel cells. And electric Recovering energy, generating water, supplying the recovered electrical energy to at least one of the alkaline water electrolyzer and the second, third,. And discarding water generated during the power generation by the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,..., Nth at least one alkaline fuel cell, or the alkaline water electrolysis device and the second.
- 3rd to nth alkaline water electrolyzers are supplied to the electrolyte circulation line of at least one alkaline water electrolyzer, and the raw water reduced in volume by the alkaline water electrolyzer is supplied to the second alkaline water electrolyzer. , 3...
- a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolysis device and an alkaline fuel cell that are further reduced in volume by an nth alkaline water electrolysis device are further reduced in volume by an nth alkaline water electrolysis device.
- the third solving means in the present invention is a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolysis device and an alkaline fuel cell using pure water as the raw water in order to achieve the above object.
- a fifth solution of the present invention is an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and alkaline fuel using raw water containing tritium water containing impurities containing a large amount of chloride ions as the raw water. It is in a water treatment system using batteries.
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the second, third,... Nth alkaline water electrolysis apparatuses are made of Ni or an iron base.
- a diaphragm type alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode and a diaphragm made of an electrode or a surface of the substrate subjected to Raney nickel, Ni-based dispersion plating or noble metal-based pyrolysis coating were used.
- a diaphragm type alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode and a diaphragm made of an electrode or a surface of the substrate subjected to Raney nickel, Ni-based dispersion plating or noble metal-based pyrolysis coating were used.
- Raney nickel Raney nickel
- Ni-based dispersion plating or noble metal-based pyrolysis coating were used.
- the seventh solving means of the present invention is characterized in that the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,..., Nth alkaline fuel cells are platinum catalyst or ruthenium on a carbon black support.
- raw water containing tritium water containing impurities including a large amount of chloride ions is used as the raw water, and the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus is used.
- a distillation step for removing the impurities is provided, raw water containing impurities including the chloride ions is supplied to the distillation step, and the impurities are removed as a salt slurry.
- a raw water containing tritium water after removing the impurities is supplied to the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus.
- the water treatment system uses an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell.
- a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and an alkaline fuel cell that concentrates the salt slurry and separates and recovers it as a solid in the distillation step. It is in.
- the tenth solving means of the present invention is the electrolytic treatment by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the second, third... N alkaline water electrolysis apparatuses, the alkaline fuel cell, and the Water treatment using an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus using an alkaline aqueous solution of 5 to 60% by mass as an electrolytic solution comprising an alkaline aqueous solution used for the second, third,..., Nth alkaline fuel cells and an alkaline fuel cell.
- the system is the electrolytic treatment by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the second, third... N alkaline water electrolysis apparatuses, the alkaline fuel cell, and the Water treatment using an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus using an alkaline aqueous solution of 5 to 60% by mass as an electrolytic solution comprising an alkaline aqueous solution used for the second, third,..., Nth alkaline fuel cells and an alkaline fuel cell.
- the alkaline water electrolysis device and the alkaline fuel cell are combined, and the electric power required for the alkaline water electrolysis device is electrolyzed by itself.
- Alkaline water electrolysis is performed using the power generated by the alkaline fuel cell using the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas generated by the above as raw materials, so the power for alkaline water electrolysis is generated inside the system after starting electrolysis.
- the alkaline water electrolysis can be continued using the generated electric power, the electrolysis can be performed while the electric power is regenerated, and the power cost required for the water treatment can be greatly reduced.
- hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as raw materials for the alkaline fuel cell are hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of the alkaline water electrolysis device. And oxygen gas are used, so there is no need to procure these hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from the outside, and electrical energy used as a power source for alkaline water electrolysis can be circulated inside the system, making efficient use of energy can do.
- hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as raw materials for the alkaline fuel cell are hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of the alkaline water electrolysis device.
- oxygen gas may be used, and since it is not necessary to procure these hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from the outside, the power cost used for electrolysis can be greatly reduced.
- hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as raw materials of the alkaline fuel cell are hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of the alkaline water electrolysis device.
- oxygen gas can be used, so that pure oxygen and hydrogen free from impurities such as carbonaceous and carbon dioxide can be used as raw materials, and an alkaline fuel cell can be efficiently performed.
- an electrolytic solution comprising an alkaline aqueous solution is used as an alkaline fuel cell raw material.
- the electrolytic solution used for electrolysis of the water electrolysis apparatus can be used, and all the materials used or generated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus can be circulated as the raw material of the alkaline fuel cell.
- the electric power used for electrolysis of the alkaline water electrolysis device is partially from the alkaline fuel cell after the start of electrolysis.
- the water supplied and generated by the alkaline fuel cell is used as auxiliary water for water that disappears by electrolysis of the alkaline electrolyzer, and all the raw materials of the alkaline water electrolyzer are generated by the power and water generated by the alkaline fuel cell. Can be replenished.
- the raw water containing tritium water containing impurities such as a large amount of chloride ions can be used as a distiller as a pre-process.
- the impurities can be removed as a salt slurry, thereby enabling a treatment that can obtain the above-described effects.
- mode of the water treatment system using the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and alkaline fuel cell which concern on this invention The flowchart which shows an example of the alkaline water treatment apparatus used for the one aspect
- Oxygen gas 6 and hydrogen gas 7 are generated from the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1, Oxygen gas 6 and hydrogen gas 7 are generated.
- the alkaline fuel cell 2 is supplied with an oxygen gas 6 generated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1, a hydrogen gas 7, and an electrolytic solution 3 made of an alkaline aqueous solution adjusted to a desired concentration. 2 generates electric power and collects electric energy 9 and water 10.
- the recovered electrical energy 9 is supplied to the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1 as its power source, and the water 10 recovered from the alkaline fuel cell 2 is supplied to an electrolyte circulation line made of the alkaline aqueous solution.
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1 and the alkaline fuel cell 2 AFC
- the power energy 9 required in the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1 and the alkaline fuel cell 2 AFC
- the hydrogen gas 7 and oxygen gas 6 to be used the electrolytic solution 3 made of the alkaline aqueous solution, and a part of the water 10 corresponding to the raw water from which the electrolytic solution disappears by the electrolytic treatment are circulated in the water treatment system.
- the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas produced by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1 can be used as pure fuel for an alkaline fuel cell without being discarded. It can, without waste, it is possible to perform efficient water treatment system.
- the alkali concentration is maintained at the initial concentration, raw water is replenished from outside the system during the electrolysis or pure water is replenished. Since the water 10 generated by the alkaline fuel cell 2 can be used, the amount of water newly replenished from the outside can be reduced.
- the water utilization rate in this case is the same as the gas utilization rate. When the production gas utilization rate is 60%, the water utilization rate is also about 60%.
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the alkaline fuel cell it is necessary to use an electrolytic solution composed of an alkaline aqueous solution.
- concentration of the alkaline aqueous solution used is 5 to 60 mass according to the present invention.
- % Alkaline aqueous solution is used and can be shared by both devices.
- the water treatment system connects an alkaline fuel cell and an alkaline water electrolysis device.
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus in the present invention will be described.
- the present invention is particularly useful when treating contaminated water containing tritium water as the raw water.
- a case where raw water made of contaminated water containing tritium is used will be described.
- Alkaline water electrolysis apparatus FIG. 2 is applicable to raw water containing tritium water that does not contain impurities such as chloride ions or that does not hinder the operation of the electrolysis system even if it is contained.
- 1 shows one embodiment of an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus used in a water treatment system. In this case, the raw water containing tritium water is continuously subjected to alkaline water electrolysis treatment while keeping the alkali concentration constant without providing a pre-process for removing impurities.
- FIG. 2 shows an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus, which includes a raw water storage tank 11, a raw water treatment tank 12, an alkaline water electrolysis tank 13, a circulation tank 14, an electrolyte circulation pipe 19, and a supply pump 18.
- the alkaline water electrolytic cell 13 includes an anode chamber 15 that accommodates an anode, a cathode chamber 16 that accommodates a cathode, and a diaphragm 17 that partitions the anode chamber 15 and the cathode chamber 16.
- a diaphragm 17 As the diaphragm 17, a neutral diaphragm is preferable, but a cation exchange membrane can also be used.
- the raw water containing tritium water As the raw water containing tritium water, a distillation step described later for removing impurities such as chloride ions contained in the raw water is unnecessary, and the raw water containing tritium water is directly subjected to alkaline water electrolysis. What is necessary is just to supply to the circulation tank 14 of an apparatus.
- the raw material water storage tank 11 for storage is configured to be supplied to the circulation tank 14 through the raw material water treatment tank 12 that has been partially transferred as a treatment target. Also good.
- the raw water containing tritium water which does not contain impurities such as chloride ions can be treated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus shown in FIG.
- raw water containing tritium water containing impurities such as chloride ions can be treated according to this embodiment.
- raw water containing tritiated water the 800,000 m 3
- raw water impurities contains only small amounts of such chloride ions (I).
- the processing target in the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus is set to 800,000 m 3 of raw water containing tritium water stored in the raw water storage tank 11.
- 400 m 3 / day of raw water is supplied from the raw water storage tank 11 through the raw water treatment tank 12 to the circulation tank 14 by the pump 18.
- an alkaline aqueous solution is supplied to the circulation tank 14 (not shown).
- the raw water in the raw water storage tank 11 is preferably sent to the circulation tank 14 through the raw water treatment tank 12 and electrolyzed, but the raw water in the raw water storage tank 11 is large.
- the anode and cathode of the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the second, third,..., Nth alkaline water electrolysis apparatuses are Ni or iron bases, or nickel bases on these bases. In order to reduce the electrode overvoltage, it is preferable to apply various coatings of Raney nickel or noble metal.
- the electrolyte mixed in the circulation tank 14 and controlled to have a desired alkali concentration is supplied to the anode chamber 15 of the alkaline water electrolysis tank 13 through the supply pump 18 by the electrolyte circulation pipe 19. At the same time, it is supplied to the cathode chamber 16 of the alkaline water electrolysis tank 13 through the supply pump 18 by the electrolyte circulation pipe 19 and electrolyzed.
- the electrolytic solution is electrolyzed through the diaphragm 17. As a result of electrolysis, oxygen gas is generated in the anode chamber 15, and the generated oxygen gas and the electrolyte are separated into gas and liquid, and the separated electrolyte is circulated to the circulation tank 14 by the electrolyte circulation pipe 19.
- the cathode chamber 16 hydrogen gas is generated, and the generated hydrogen gas and the electrolytic solution are separated into gas and liquid, and the separated electrolytic solution is circulated to the circulation tank 14 by the electrolytic solution circulation pipe 19. .
- the current density at this time is set to a high current density, the time required for the electrolytic treatment can be shortened.
- the range of the electroconductivity is affected by the performance of the electrolytic cell, particularly the anode, cathode, diaphragm, and electrolytic cell structure, which are the main factors, but the current density is 5 A / dm 2 or more, 80 A / dm 2. The following is preferable.
- alkaline water electrolysis can be performed even with an electrolyte solution having an alkali concentration of 32% by mass.
- concentration when the concentration is higher than that, the viscosity of the electrolyte solution also increases. Further, the generated gas is not quickly removed from the system, the cell voltage becomes high, and energy consumption increases, which is not a good idea.
- tritium water corresponding to water that has been decomposed and lost by electrolysis is continuously supplied to the process, and the physical operating environment is always the same, such as the amount of liquid in the electrolytic cell in the process and the discharge amount of the circulation pump. Keep driving and driving.
- the tritium water supplied to the process corresponds to the concentration of the raw water.
- the operation is such that the tritium concentration of the process is maintained at the concentration of the raw water, and the tritium in the electrolytic cell does not become thick.
- the gas generated by electrolysis is converted at a ratio corresponding to the concentration ratio between light water and tritium water.
- the tritium concentration contained in the raw material water is 4.2 ⁇ 10 6 Bq / L
- the exhaust or air concentration limit is 7 ⁇ 10 4 Bq / L or less
- the tritium water drainage standard is 6 ⁇ 10 4 Bq / L or less.
- the raw water containing tritium water contains a large amount of impurities such as chloride ions, it is necessary to remove the impurities before supplying the raw water to the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus.
- Alkaline fuel cell that recovers power energy and water supplied to the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus.
- the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas generated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus were released into the atmosphere and discarded, but in the present invention, they are sent to the alkaline fuel cell to recover power energy. Then, this is sent to the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and used as a power source for the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus.
- the utilization rate of the generated gas was about 60%.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of an alkaline fuel cell used in the present invention, in which an anion exchange membrane (electrolyte layer) 21 is provided between separators 20 and 20, and an anion exchange membrane (electrolyte layer). ) 21 is provided with a positive electrode catalyst layer 22 on the oxygen electrode side, and a gas diffusion layer 23 is provided outside the positive electrode catalyst layer 22. A negative electrode catalyst layer 24 is provided on the fuel electrode side of the anion exchange membrane (electrolyte layer) 21, and a gas diffusion layer 25 is provided outside thereof.
- the anion exchange membrane 21 is impregnated with an electrolytic solution made of an alkaline aqueous solution having a desired concentration.
- the electrolytic solution composed of the alkaline aqueous solution is an electrolytic solution having substantially the same concentration as the electrolytic solution used in the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus, and the concentration of the alkaline aqueous solution in the electrolytic solution is preferably high. It is preferable to set it as 60 mass%. In addition, as an alkali to be used, KOH or NaOH is preferable.
- the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas generated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus are supplied to the alkaline fuel cell so as not to stagnate by providing a buffer tank before being supplied to the alkaline fuel cell.
- Oxygen gas supplied to the alkaline fuel cell from the flow path 26 provided on the positive electrode catalyst layer 22 side passes through the gas diffusion layer 23, reacts with water by the positive electrode catalyst layer 22, and generates hydroxide ions (OH ⁇
- the hydroxide ions (OH ⁇ ) pass through the anion exchange membrane 21 and move to the negative electrode catalyst layer side, and react with hydrogen gas to generate water.
- the reaction formula of the alkaline fuel cell is as follows.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,..., Nth alkaline fuel cells are preferably electrode materials in which a platinum catalyst or a ruthenium-platinum alloy catalyst is supported on a carbon black carrier.
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1 and the alkaline fuel cell 2 are arranged with respect to the second, third... Nth alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the second, Third ... nth alkaline fuel cells are connected in a cascade manner, and the electrolytic solution electrolyzed by the alkaline water electrolysis device is used as the second, third ... nth alkaline water electrolysis devices. And the electrolytic treatment is performed in the same manner as in the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus 1, and the generated oxygen gas and hydrogen gas are supplied to the alkaline fuel cell 2 and the second, third,.
- FIG. 4 shows the second, third... Nth alkaline water electrolysis devices and the second, third... Nth alkaline fuel cells with respect to the alkaline water electrolysis device 1 and the alkaline fuel cell 2.
- Contaminated water is used as the raw material water.
- the alkaline water electrolysis device is activated by external power, the resulting hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are sent to the alkaline fuel cell, and the alkaline fuel cell collects electrical energy and water.
- Electrolysis is continued with the obtained electric energy, and the obtained water is used as auxiliary water for the alkaline water electrolysis device, alkaline water electrolysis is continued, the contaminated water is concentrated to the raw water, and the concentrated pollution Water is sent to the second alkaline water electrolysis apparatus, and electric energy and water are recovered by the second alkaline fuel cell in the same manner as described above, and the second alkaline water electrolysis treatment is continued. Similarly, electrolysis is continued by the third and fourth alkaline water electrolyzers, and the concentrated contaminated water is further concentrated. Note that the combination of the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus and the alkaline fuel cell can be changed according to the amount of treatment, but usually four stages are appropriate as shown in FIG.
- the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,..., Nth alkaline fuel cells are one of the alkaline water electrolysis device, the second, the third,..., The nth alkaline water electrolysis device.
- One may be provided, or one may be provided for a plurality of alkaline water electrolysis apparatuses.
- the water recovered from the alkaline fuel cell and the second, third,..., Nth alkaline fuel cells is concentrated even if it is used for replenishing water that is lost by electrolysis in an alkaline water electrolysis device.
- the raw material water may be supplied.
- Example 1 A simulated solution of the following components was used as a simulated solution of raw material water containing tritium water not containing impurities (hereinafter also referred to as “simulated solution”). Simulated liquid: 180L Initial concentration of tritium in the simulated solution: 4.2 ⁇ 10 6 Bq / L As shown in FIG. 2, a raw material water storage tank 11 containing the above simulated liquid 180L was prepared. In this test, the simulated liquid was supplied from the raw water storage tank 11 to the circulation tank 14 via the treatment tank 12. Specifically, the simulated liquid 9.67 L / day was supplied from the raw water storage tank 11 to the circulation tank 14 by the pump 18 through the treatment tank 12. In this test, the simulated solution was continuously supplied in an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus.
- the circulation tank 14 is supplied with the simulated liquid 9.60 L / day from the pump 18 and the alkaline aqueous solution.
- the simulated solution and the alkaline aqueous solution were mixed in the circulation tank 14 to prepare an electrolytic solution having an alkali concentration of 20% by mass.
- Continuous electrolysis was performed while circulating an electrolyte of 9.67 L / day.
- the electrolytic solution in the alkaline water electrolytic cell 13 is 30 L (15 dm 2 cell (15 L) is 2 cells), the amount of the electrolytic solution in the circulation tank 14 and the pipe is 12 L, and the total electrolytic process capacity is 42 L. .
- Electrolysis cell 15 dm 2 cell (15 L) using 2 cells (30 L) Operating electric tightness: 40 A / dm 2 Caustic concentration: NaOH, 20% by mass Membrane: Diaphragm Anode / cathode: Ni substrate + active coating Circulation: External circulation system Water seal: Water seal system for gas pressure control 50-100mmH 2 O cathode pressurization Electrolyte capacity: 42L (electrolysis cell: 30L, circulation pipe Etc .: 12L) Electrolytic current was set to 600A (15dm 2 ⁇ 40A / dm 2).
- an amount of simulated liquid (raw water) equivalent to the water that has been decomposed and lost by electrolysis is continuously supplied to the process.
- the operation is performed in such a manner that the physical operation environment such as the discharge amount is maintained the same.
- the simulated liquid (raw water) was continuously supplied, the tritium concentration in the process was maintained at the simulated liquid concentration, and the tritium in the electrolytic cell was not concentrated. Therefore, under this continuous operation condition, the gas generated by electrolysis is converted at a ratio corresponding to the concentration ratio between light water and tritium water.
- the amount of the circulating electrolyte solution at this time was 42 L, and 180 L of tritium water-containing water was reduced to 42 L in 15.2 days (365 hours).
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus starts electrolysis with a normal driving power source, and when oxygen gas generated by electrolysis becomes 1.044 L or more and hydrogen gas becomes 2.088 L or more, FIG.
- the alkaline fuel cell shown was fed.
- an anion exchange membrane having a quaternary ammonium group is impregnated with an electrolytic solution made of an alkaline aqueous solution of 20% by mass NaOH, and then oxygen gas generated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus is used as a positive electrode catalyst layer
- the hydrogen gas supplied into the alkaline fuel cell from the flow path 26 provided on the 22 side and generated by the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus is supplied to the alkaline fuel cell from the flow path 27 provided on the negative electrode catalyst layer side.
- the Oxygen gas supplied to the alkaline fuel cell from the flow path 26 provided on the positive electrode catalyst layer 22 side passes through the gas diffusion layer 23, reacts with water by the positive electrode catalyst layer 22, and generates hydroxide ions (OH ⁇ ) pass through the anion exchange membrane 21 and move to the negative electrode catalyst layer side, and react with hydrogen gas to generate water.
- 60% of the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas sent to the alkaline fuel cell contributed to the reaction, and electric energy and water were obtained. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas that did not contribute to the reaction were released to the outside.
- the reaction formula of the alkaline fuel cell is as follows.
- Example 2 The raw water used in Example 1 was replaced with pure water, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 1. As a result, the same results as in Example 1 were obtained.
- Example 3 As shown in FIG. 4, the second, third, and fourth alkaline water electrolysis devices and the second and third alkaline fuel cells are connected to the alkaline water electrolysis device 1 and the alkaline fuel cell 2 in a cascade manner. did.
- the simulated liquid 180L used in Example 1 is used as raw water (contaminated water), and an electrolytic solution (alkali concentration 20% by mass) composed of contaminated water and an alkaline aqueous solution is used.
- the alkaline water electrolysis apparatus is activated by external power.
- the contaminated water is concentrated 3.2 times in a single cascade treatment, and the concentration in the raw water is 100 times higher by performing the fourth cascade treatment. It was possible to concentrate as described above.
- the heavy water concentration function and generated power of the fuel cell can be used to concentrate contaminated water and significantly reduce the processing energy.
- an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus that circulates and uses the amount of water corresponding to the electrolytic solution composed of the alkaline aqueous solution and the raw material water that disappears by the electrolytic treatment in the water treatment system, and effectively utilizes the raw material components and the intermediate product.
- the alkaline fuel cell can be operated efficiently, so that the power cost can be greatly reduced, and the oxygen gas generated by alkaline water electrolysis is a high purity oxygen gas, so that the electrolyte solution is not deteriorated. There is no problem.
- the electrolyte is an aqueous solution, the equipment is also inexpensive, and the range of utilization can be applied to a wide range of applications including treatment of contaminated water.
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Abstract
Description
更に、本発明は、アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池に対して、第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置と第2、第3・・・n個のアルカリ燃料電池装置とをカスケード方式により接続し、連続的に電解を行い、アルカリ水電解装置によって原料水を減容化するアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システムに関するものである。
更に、本発明は、原料水として、トリチウム水を含む原料水を用いて、共にアルカリ水溶液を電解液とした、アルカリ水電解とアルカリ燃料電池とを組み合わせ、アルカリ燃料電池の原料としてアルカリ水電解装置により生成する水素と酸素を使用して発電し、得られた電気エネルギーと水とを用いてアルカリ水電解装置により電解処理を行うとともに、アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池に対して、第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置と第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池をカスケード方式により接続し、電解を連続的に行い、高濃度のトリチウム水を含む原料水を順次濃縮し、少量の濃縮された汚染水を回収するアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システムに関するものである。
更に、本発明は、トリチウム水を含む原料水として、塩化物イオン等の不純物を多量に含有する原料水を用い、該不純物を除去した後、電解を行うアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システムに関するものである。
しかるに、トリチウム濃度は極低レベルであるため、その濃度を測定する場合には、測定精度の向上のため電解濃縮することが一般的である。ここで、従来から重水の電解濃縮は、電解質を溶解させた試料溶液を作製し、板状の平板を向かい合わせて電解する方法が知られている。電解液中に含まれる水には、H2Oの他にHDOやHTOがあり、これらは通常の水電解に従って水素と酸素に分解されるが、同位体効果によりH2Oの分解がHDOやHTOの分解に対して優先し、電解液中のデューテリウムやトリチウムの濃度が上昇し、濃縮が行われる。この電解濃縮に使用する陽極としてはニッケルが、また、陰極としては、鋼、鉄及びニッケル等が使用されている。そして、これらの電極を洗浄し、希薄苛性ソーダを支持塩として重水を含む水の溶液に添加して調製した試料水をガラス容器に入れ、通電して電解を行う。その際、電流密度を1~10A/dm2程度とし、発熱による水の蒸発を防止するために液温を5℃以下に維持しながら、通常、液量が10分の1以下になるまで電解を継続して重水素の濃縮を行っている。
更に、特許文献1に記載の方法によれば、多量のトリチウムを含有する放射性廃棄物をアルカリ水による電解によって、効率的に濃縮、分画することができるとともに、高濃度、高純度の水素ガス及び又は酸素ガスを効率的に回収できる。
即ち、水電解方法によれば、水素ガスと酸素ガスが生成される。従来、これらは、廃棄されていたが、これまで廃棄されていた水素ガスと酸素ガスは、燃料電池の原料として使用できるため、本発明者は、水電解方法の電源として、水電解方法によって生成される水素ガスと酸素ガスを原料とする燃料電池を使用する方法を検討した。
(1)アルカリ燃料電池(AFC)
(2)燐酸燃料電池(PAFC)
(3)溶融炭酸燃料電池(MCFC)
(4)固体酸化物燃料電池(SOFC)
(5)プロトン伝導燃料電池(PEFC)
(6)直接型メタノール燃料電池(DMFC)
(7)バイオ燃料電池(MFC)
(8)直接蟻酸型燃料電池(DFAFC)
PEFCは、燃料極、酸素極、電解質層から構成され、電解質層は、強酸性の電解質水溶液を含む固体高分子(陽イオン交換膜)が使用されており、燃料極に水素ガス、酸素極に酸素ガスを導入し、各電極で次のような反応が起こり、全体として、以下の反応式により水が生成される。
全体 2H2+O2→2H2O
燃料極(負極) H2→2H++2e-
酸素極(正極) 4H++O2+4e-→2H2O
燃料極で生成されるプロトン(H+)は、固体高分子膜(陽イオン交換膜)中を拡散して酸素極側に移動し、酸素(O2)と反応して生成されたミスト(H2O)は、酸素極側から排出される。
全体 2H2+O2→2H2O
燃料極(負極) 2H2+4OH-→4H2O+4e-
酸素極(正極) O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-
このようにAFCは、電解質がアルカリ性のために、電極材料として、高価な白金を使う必要がなく、ニッケル、コバルト又は鉄などの比較的安価な金属材料を使用することができるという利点がある。一方で、原料の水素中に炭酸ガス等が混入すると、アルカリ性電解液が炭酸塩となり、劣化する。高出力を実現するために、純度の高い酸素を酸化剤として用いる必要がある。
一方では、アルカリ水電解装置においては、大量の電気エネルギーを必要とするため、その電気エネルギーをすべて外部から調達しなければならないとすると、莫大な費用が必要となっていた。
本発明者は、上記の点に着目し、アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池(AFC)を組み合わせることにより、前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記アルカリ燃料電池において必要とされる電力、該電力の原料となる水素ガス及び酸素ガス、前記電解処理により消失する水並びに前記アルカリ水溶液からなる電解液を、外部より新たに供給することなく、プロセス内における循環システムにより、有効利用するアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システムを発明したものである。
(1)アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を連結し、
(2)原料水とアルカリ水溶液とを混合し、所望の濃度に調整した電解液と電解処理によって消失する水に相当する量の水を前記アルカリ水電解装置に供給し、前記アルカリ濃度を初期濃度に維持し、前記電解液を循環させながら連続電解処理を行い、原料水を減容化するとともに、該アルカリ水電解装置の陽極室より酸素ガスを生成し、陰極室より水素ガスを生成し、
(3)前記アルカリ燃料電池に、所望の濃度に調整したアルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液と前記アルカリ水電解装置により生成した酸素ガスと水素ガスを供給し、該酸素ガスと水素ガスの少なくとも一部を利用して、該アルカリ燃料電池により発電し、電気エネルギー及び水を回収し、
(4)前記アルカリ水電解装置に、その電源として、回収した前記電気エネルギーを供給するとともに、前記回収した水の一部又は全部を前記アルカリ水電解装置の前記電解液の循環ラインに供給して、電解処理を継続することにより、
前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記アルカリ燃料電池において必要とされる電力エネルギー、該電力エネルギーの原料となる水素ガス、酸素ガス、前記電解処理によって消失する水及び電解液の大部分又は一部を、水処理システム内において効率的に循環使用し、有効利用することを特徴とするアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システムにある。
図1は、本発明に係る水処理システムの実施態様を示す概念図である。
本発明の第1の実施態様においては、図1に示すように、
(1)アルカリ水電解装置1とアルカリ燃料電池2が連結されている。
(2)前記アルカリ水電解装置1には、所望の濃度に調整したアルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液3と原料水4と該電解処理によって消失する原料水に相当する量の水5を供給し、前記アルカリ水電解装置1において、前記アルカリ濃度を初期濃度に維持し、前記電解液3を循環させながら電解処理を行うことにより、原料水4を減容化するとともに、該アルカリ水電解装置1より、酸素ガス6及び水素ガス7を生成する。
(3)前記アルカリ燃料電池2には、前記アルカリ水電解装置1により生成した酸素ガス6と水素ガス7と所望の濃度に調整したアルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液3とを供給し、該アルカリ燃料電池2により発電を行い、電気エネルギー9及水10を回収する。
(4)回収した前記電気エネルギー9は、前記アルカリ水電解装置1に、その電源として供給するとともに、該アルカリ燃料電池2より回収した水10は、前記アルカリ水溶液からなる電解液の循環ラインに供給され、アルカリ濃度を調整したり、次のカスケードのアルカリ水電解槽に供給するための水として使用することができ、不純物含む場合には、破棄することもできる。
このようにして、アルカリ水電解装置1とアルカリ燃料電池2(AFC)を組み合わせることにより、前記アルカリ水電解装置1及び前記アルカリ燃料電池2において必要とされる電力エネルギー9、該電力エネルギー9の原料となる水素ガス7及び酸素ガス6、前記アルカリ水溶液からなる電解液3及び前記電解液を前記電解処理によって消失する原料水に相当する一部の量の水10を、水処理システム内における循環使用により、原料成分、中間製品を相互に循環活用し、アルカリ水電解装置1とアルカリ燃料電池2を効率よく運転することができ、電力費を大幅に削減し、原料水を効率的に減容化でき、アルカリ水電解装置1により生成される水素ガスも酸素ガスも、破棄されることなく、アルカリ燃料電池の純粋な燃料として使用することができ、無駄がなく、効率的な水処理システムを行うことができる。
尚、アルカリ水電解装置により生成される水素ガス、酸素ガスの利用率は、前記アルカリ燃料電池の触媒とのガスの接触状況などによって、一回の電池内通過反応では60%前後となる。第2、第3・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置より発生する生成ガスの利用率は、同様に一回の電池内通過反応では、60%前後である。
本発明は、該原料水としてトリチウム水含有汚染水を処理する場合に、特に有用であり、以下、トリチウムを含む汚染水よりなる原料水を使用した場合について説明するが、該原料水として純水を用いた場合も同様である。
(1)アルカリ水電解装置
図2は、塩化物イオン等の不純物が含まれていないか、含まれていても電解システムの運転に支障の無いトリチウム水を含む原料水に適用できる、本発明の水処理システムに使用するアルカリ水電解装置の1実施態様を示したものである。この場合は、不純物を除去する前工程を設けることなく、トリチウム水を含む原料水を、アルカリ濃度を一定に保持して連続的にアルカリ水電解処理を行う。
塩化物イオン等の不純物が含まれていないトリチウム水を含む原料水は、図2に示すアルカリ水電解装置により処理できる。
尚、塩化物イオン等の不純物が含まれているトリチウム水を含む原料水を用いた場合においても、処理量、処理時間が短い場合、不純物の量が少ない場合、或いは、連続電解の途中で不純物を除去する構成とした場合は、この実施態様により、トリチウム水を含む原料水を処理することができる。
尚、原料水貯蔵タンク11内の原料水は、その全量を、原料水処理槽12を経て循環タンク14に送り、電解処理することが好ましいが、原料水貯蔵タンク11内の原料水が多量の場合は、これを複数回に分けて、原料水処理槽12に送って、原料水処理槽12内の原料水を連続処理するように構成することが好ましい。これは、以下の実施態様及び実施例においても同様である。
また、前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置の陽極及び陰極は、Ni若しくは鉄基材、又はこれらの基材に表面にニッケルメッキした、更に電極過電圧を低減するためにラネーニッケルや貴金属の各種コーティングを施したものが好ましい。
アルカリ水電解槽13内の電解液は、400m3であり、循環タンク14及びパイプ等内の電解液量は、400m3であり、全電解プロセス容量は、800m3となる。
同時に、陰極室16内においては、水素ガスが生成され、生成した水素ガスと電解液とに気液分離され、分離された電解液は、電解液循環パイプ19により、循環タンク14に循環される。このときの電流密度は、高電流密度にすることにより、電解処理に要する時間を短縮することができる。運転電密の範囲としては、電解槽の性能、特にその主要因子の陽極、陰極、隔膜、電解槽の構造などに影響を受けるが、電流密度としては、5A/dm2以上、80A/dm2以下とすることが好ましい。5A/dm2以上、60A/dm2以下することが更に好ましい。特に、水の電気分解でガス化する量を小さく定めれば、当然プロセス量は少なくなるし、大容量の分解を期すればプロセス量も一般に増加する。
上記した方法で電解処理量を400m3/日とした場合、80万m3のトリチウム水を含む原料水の全量は、5.5年(800,000m3÷400m3/日÷365日=5.5年)で処理されることになる。
この時の電解液の循環液量は、800m3であるので、80万m3のトリチウム水含有水は、5.5年で800m3に減量化されることになる。
連続的に水を供給する場合は、プロセスのトリチウム濃度を原料水の濃度に維持するような運転となり、電解槽内のトリチウムが濃くならない。この連続運転条件では、電気分解で発生するガスは軽水とトリチウム水との濃度比に相当する比率で転換するものとする。
[仕様]
1)トリチウム汚染水よりなる原料水:80万m3
2)電解処理容量:400m3/日の処理量
3)アルカリ:苛性ソーダ、アルカリ濃度:20質量%
4)排出トリチウム濃度:1.350×103Bq/L
5)アルカリ水電解槽:48槽(1槽が75エレメント)
6)電流密度40A/dm2
7)電解プロセス:循環式電解プロセス+電解プロセスへの原料水の連続供給
[性能]
原料水中のトリチウムの転換率は、トリチウムの濃度に一般に主に依存するが、1.0~0.6である(常時トリチウム分子ガスとして分画した場合。)。
原料水中に含まれるトリチウム濃度が4.2×106Bq/Lとした場合、上記電解システムで処理後の原料流体中に含まれるトリチウム濃度は、下記の通りとなる。
4.2×106×0.4/1,244Bq/L=1.350×103Bq/L
ここで、排気中又は空気中濃度限度:7×104Bq/L以下であり、トリチウム水排水基準:6×104Bq/L以下である。
(2)アルカリ燃料電池
前記アルカリ水電解装置によって生成された水素ガス及び酸素ガスは、大気中に放出され、捨てられていたが、本発明においては、アルカリ燃料電池に送られ、電力エネルギーを回収し、これを前記アルカリ水電解装置に送り、アルカリ水電解装置の電源として使用する。生成されたガスの利用率は、60%程度であった。
陰イオン交換膜21には、所望の濃度のアルカリ水溶液からなる電解液が含浸されている。このアルカリ水溶液からなる電解液は、アルカリ水電解装置に使用する電解液とほぼ同濃度の電解液が用いられており、電解液のアルカリ水溶液の濃度は、高濃度であることが好ましく、5~60質量%とすることが好ましい。尚、使用するアルカリとしては、KOH又はNaOHが好ましい。
アルカリ水電解装置により生成された水素ガスと酸素ガスは、アルカリ燃料電池に供給する前にバッファータンクを設けることにより、アルカリ燃料電池に水素ガスと酸素ガスをよどみが生じないよう供給する。
本発明においては、アルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液を陰イオン交換膜に含浸させた後、アルカリ水電解装置によって生成された酸素ガスを、正極触媒層22側に設けられた流路26より、アルカリ燃料電池内に供給し、アルカリ水電解装置によって生成された水素ガスは、負極触媒層側に設けられた流路27より、アルカリ燃料電池に供給される。
正極触媒層22側に設けられた流路26より、アルカリ燃料電池に供給された酸素ガスは、ガス拡散層23を通過し、正極触媒層22により、水と反応し、水酸イオン(OH-)が生成され、この水酸イオン(OH-)が、陰イオン交換膜21を通り、負極触媒層側に移行し、水素ガスと反応し、水が生成される。
アルカリ燃料電池の反応式は、次の通りである。
全体 2H2+O2→2H2O
燃料極(負極) 2H2+4OH-→4H2O+4e-
酸素極(正極) O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-
尚、前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池の正極及び負極は、カーボンブラック担体上に白金触媒又はルテニウム-白金合金触媒を担持した電極材料が好ましい。
また、本発明に使用するアルカリ燃料電池に使用する水素ガス及び酸素ガスは、アルカリ水電解装置によって生成された生成ガスを使用することができ、炭素質を含有しない純粋な水素と酸素を使用することができ、極めて効率的である。
また、酸素ガスとして、空気を酸化剤として用いると、電解液が二酸化炭素を吸収して劣化するが、本発明のように、アルカリ水電解により生成する酸素ガスは、純度の高い酸素ガスであるので、電解液の劣化の問題は生じない。また、電解質が水溶液であるため、設備も安価となる。
これに対して、従来、例えば、開発され、使用されている自動車用アルカリ燃料電池は、酸素ガスとしては、空気を使用しており、アルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液を循環使用する場合、空気中に含まれる炭酸ガス等によって劣化されるおそれがあり、効率的に使用することはできない。
原料水として、汚染水を使用し、先ず、アルカリ水電解装置を外部電力により起動し、得られた水素ガスと酸素ガスとをアルカリ燃料電池に送り、アルカリ燃料電池により、電気エネルギーと水を回収し、得られた電気エネルギーにより電解を継続するとともに、得られた水をアルカリ水電解装置の補助水として使用し、アルカリ水電解を継続し、汚染水を原料水を濃縮し、濃縮された汚染水を第2のアルカリ水電解装置に送り、上記と同様にして第2のアルカリ燃料電池により電気エネルギーと水を回収し、第2のアルカリ水電解処理を継続する。
同様にして第3、第4のアルカリ水電解装置により電解を継続し、濃縮された汚染水を更に濃縮する。
尚、アルカリ水電解装置、アルカリ燃料電池との組み合わせは、処理量に応じて変更することができるが、通常、図4に示すよう、4段階ぐらいが適切である。
また、アルカリ燃料電池及び第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池は、アルカリ水電解装置、第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置の1つに対して1つ設けても、複数のアルカリ水電解装置に対して1つ設けてもよい。
更に、前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池から回収された水は、アルカリ水電解装置における電解により消失する水の補給用として使用しても、濃縮される原料水に供給してもよい。
不純物を含有しないトリチウム水を含む原料水の模擬液(以下、「模擬液」とも呼ぶ)として、以下の成分の模擬液を使用した。
模擬液:180L
模擬液中のトリチウムの初期濃度:4.2×106Bq/L
図2に示すように、上記した模擬液180Lを入れた原料水貯蔵タンク11を用意した。本試験では、原料水貯蔵タンク11から処理槽12を介して循環タンク14に模擬液を供給した。具体的には、原料水貯蔵タンク11より、模擬液9.67L/日を、処理槽12を介してポンプ18により循環タンク14に供給した。本試験では、アルカリ水電解装置において、模擬液を連続的に供給した。
アルカリ水電解槽13内の電解液は、30L(15dm2セル(15L)を2セル)、循環タンク14及びパイプ等内の電解液量は、12Lであり、全電解プロセス容量は、42Lとなる。循環タンク14内でアルカリを混合して得た、アルカリ濃度20質量%に制御した電解液を、供給ポンプ18を介して電解液循環パイプ19によりアルカリ水電解槽13の陽極室15に供給するとともに、供給ポンプ18を介して電解液循環パイプ19によりアルカリ水電解槽13の陰極室16に供給した。陽極室15においては、酸素ガスが生成され、生成した酸素ガスと電解液とに気液分離され、分離された電解液は、電解液循環パイプ19により、循環タンク14に循環した。同時に、陰極室16内においては、水素ガスが生成し、生成した水素ガスと電解液とに気液分離され、分離された電解液は、電解液循環パイプ19により、循環タンク14に循環した。
電解セル:15dm2セル(15L)を2セル(30L)使用
運転電密:40A/dm2
苛性濃度:NaOH、20質量%
膜:隔膜
陽極/陰極:Ni基材+活性コーティング
循環:外部循環システム
水封:ガス圧コントロールのため水封システム
50-100mmH2O陰極加圧
電解液容量:42L(電解セル:30L、循環パイプ等:12L)
電解電流は、600A(15dm2×40A/dm2)とした。
この時の電解液循環液量は、42Lであり、15.2日間(365時間)で180Lのトリチウム水含有水は、42Lに減量化した。
正極触媒層22側に設けられた流路26より、アルカリ燃料電池に供給された酸素ガスは、ガス拡散層23を通過し、正極触媒層22により、水と反応し、水酸イオン(OH-)が生成され、この水酸イオン(OH-)が、陰イオン交換膜21を通り、負極触媒層側に移行し、水素ガスと反応し、水が生成される。アルカリ燃料電池に送られた水素ガス及び酸素ガスは、60%が反応に寄与し、電気エネルギーと水が得られた。反応に寄与しなかった水素ガスと酸素ガスは、外部に放出された。
アルカリ燃料電池の反応式は、次の通りである。
全体 2H2+O2→2H2O
燃料極(負極) 2H2+4OH-→4H2O+4e-
酸素極(正極) O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-
正極材料及び負極材料としては、カーボンブラック担体上に白金触媒あるいはルテニウム-白金合金触媒を担持した電極材料が使用された。
得られた電気エネルギーは、アルカリ水電解装置に送られ、その電源として使用され、水は、アルカリ水電解装置の補給水としてアルカリ水電解装置に送られた。
熱力学的には、投入されたガスの6割が電気エネルギーとして回収された。
実施例1で使用した原料水を純水に代え、その他の条件は、実施例1と全く同様にして実施した結果、実施例1と同じ結果が得られた。
図4に示すように、アルカリ水電解装置1とアルカリ燃料電池2に対して、第2、第3、第4のアルカリ水電解装置と第2、第3のアルカリ燃料電池とをカスケード方式により接続した。
実施例1において使用した模擬液180Lを原料水(汚染水)とし、汚染水とアルカリ水溶液からなる電解液(アルカリ濃度20質量%)を使用し、先ず、アルカリ水電解装置を外部電力により起動し、アルカリ電解により得られた水素ガスと酸素ガスとをアルカリ燃料電池に送り、アルカリ燃料電池により、電気エネルギーと水を回収し、得られた電気エネルギーにより電解を継続するとともに、得られた水をアルカリ水電解装置の補助水として使用し、アルカリ水電解を継続し、汚染水を濃縮し、濃縮された汚染水を第2のアルカリ水電解装置に送り、上記と同様にして第2のアルカリ燃料電池により電気エネルギーと水を回収し、第2のアルカリ水電解装置を継続する。
同様にして第3、第4のアルカリ水電解装置により電解を継続し、濃縮された汚染水を更に濃縮する。
その結果、アルカリ水電解装置による電解処理により、汚染水は、一回のカスケード処理で3.2倍の濃縮が達成され、第4段のカスケード処理をすることで、原料水中の濃度の100倍以上に濃縮化することができた。また、燃料電池の重水濃縮機能と発生電力を活用することで汚染水の濃縮と処理エネルギーの格段の低減が可能となった。
2:アルカリ燃料電池
3:電解液
4:原料水
5:水
6:酸素ガス
7:水素ガス
9:電力エネルギー
10:水
11:原料水貯蔵タンク
12:原料水処理槽
13:アルカリ水電解槽
14:循環タンク
15:陽極室
16:陰極室
17:隔膜
18:ポンプ
19:電解液循環パイプ
20:セパレーター
21:陰イオン交換膜
22:正極触媒層
23:ガス拡散層
24:負極触媒層
25:ガス拡散層
26:酸素ガスの流路
27:水素ガスの流路
Claims (10)
- (1)アルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を連結し、
(2)原料水とアルカリ水溶液とを混合し、所望の濃度に調整した電解液と電解処理によって消失する水に相当する量の水を前記アルカリ水電解装置に供給し、前記アルカリ濃度を初期濃度に維持し、前記電解液を循環させながら連続電解処理を行い、原料水を減容化するとともに、該アルカリ水電解装置の陽極室より酸素ガスを生成し、陰極室より水素ガスを生成し、
(3)前記アルカリ燃料電池に、所望の濃度に調整したアルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液と前記アルカリ水電解装置により生成した酸素ガスと水素ガスを供給し、該酸素ガスと水素ガスの少なくとも一部を利用して、該アルカリ燃料電池により発電し、電気エネルギー及び水を回収し、
(4)前記アルカリ水電解装置に、その電源として、回収した前記電気エネルギーを供給するとともに、前記回収した水の一部又は全部を前記アルカリ水電解装置の前記電解液の循環ラインに供給して、電解処理を継続することにより、
前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記アルカリ燃料電池において必要とされる電力エネルギー、該電力エネルギーの原料となる水素ガス、酸素ガス、前記電解処理によって消失する水及び電解液の大部分又は一部を、水処理システム内において効率的に循環使用し、有効利用することを特徴とするアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。 - 前記アルカリ水電解装置と前記アルカリ燃料電池に対して、第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置と第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池とをカスケード方式により接続し、前記アルカリ水電解装置により電解処理し濃縮された電解液を、順次前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置に供給し、前記アルカリ水電解装置と同様にして電解処理を行い、生成する酸素ガスと水素ガスを前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個の少なくとも一つのアルカリ燃料電池に供給し、該酸素ガスと水素ガスの少なくとも一部を利用して前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個の少なくとも一つのアルカリ燃料電池により発電し、電気エネルギーを回収するとともに、水を生成し、回収した電気エネルギーを前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置の少なくとも一つに供給して、電解処理を継続し、前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個の少なくとも一つのアルカリ燃料電池による前記発電の際に生成される水を破棄又は前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置の少なくとも一つのアルカリ水電解装置の電解液の循環ラインに供給し、前記アルカリ水電解装置によって減容化された原料水を、前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置によって更に減容化することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記原料水として、純水を用いたことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記原料水として、トリチウム水を含む原料水を用いたことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記原料水として、多量の塩化物イオンを含む不純物を含有するトリチウム水を含む原料水を使用したことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置が、Ni又は鉄基材よりなる電極又は前記基材の表面に、ラネーニッケル、Ni系分散メッキ若しくは貴金属系の熱分解法コーティングを施した電極よりなる陽極及び陰極と隔膜よりなる隔膜型アルカリ水電解装置であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池が、カーボンブラック担体上に白金触媒又はルテニウム-白金合金触媒を担持した電極材料よりなる正極及び負極と陰イオン交換膜よりなるアルカリ膜型燃料電池であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記原料水として、多量の塩化物イオンを含む不純物を含有するトリチウム水を含む原料水を使用し、前記アルカリ水電解装置によるアルカリ水電解工程の前工程として、前記不純物を除去するための蒸留工程を設け、該蒸留工程に前記塩化物イオンを含む不純物を含有する原料水を供給し、前記不純物を塩スラリーとして除去し、前記不純物を除去した後のトリチウム水を含む原料水を前記アルカリ水電解装置に供給することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記蒸留工程において、前記塩スラリーを濃縮し、固形物として分離回収することを特徴とする請求項8に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
- 前記アルカリ水電解装置及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ水電解装置による電解処理及び前記アルカリ燃料電池及び前記第2、第3・・・第n個のアルカリ燃料電池に使用するアルカリ水溶液よりなる電解液として、5~60質量%のアルカリ水溶液を使用する請求項2に記載のアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ燃料電池を利用した水処理システム。
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| MX2017016367A MX2017016367A (es) | 2015-06-17 | 2016-06-16 | Sistema para el tratamiento de agua que utiliza un dispositivo de electrolisis de agua alcalina y una pila de combustible alcalina. |
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| CN108649240B (zh) * | 2018-05-15 | 2021-06-22 | 常州大学 | 一种燃料电池 |
| KR102468372B1 (ko) * | 2021-02-01 | 2022-11-18 | (주) 테크윈 | 격막이 구비된 전해액 보정부를 포함하는 수전해 장치 |
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| CA2989151A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
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| CL2017003238A1 (es) | 2018-08-03 |
| US10622659B2 (en) | 2020-04-14 |
| AU2016281251B2 (en) | 2019-08-08 |
| MX2017016367A (es) | 2018-05-22 |
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| RU2718872C2 (ru) | 2020-04-15 |
| EP3312304B1 (en) | 2021-03-17 |
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| RU2017141982A3 (ja) | 2019-08-01 |
| US20180175425A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
| AU2016281251A1 (en) | 2018-01-04 |
| CA2989151C (en) | 2021-11-16 |
| DK3312304T3 (da) | 2021-05-03 |
| EP3312304A4 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
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