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WO2016111345A1 - NOx SENSOR - Google Patents

NOx SENSOR Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016111345A1
WO2016111345A1 PCT/JP2016/050435 JP2016050435W WO2016111345A1 WO 2016111345 A1 WO2016111345 A1 WO 2016111345A1 JP 2016050435 W JP2016050435 W JP 2016050435W WO 2016111345 A1 WO2016111345 A1 WO 2016111345A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ratio
electrode
sensor electrode
sensor
alloy
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PCT/JP2016/050435
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
充伸 中藤
久美 澤口
水谷 圭吾
貴司 荒木
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Denso Corp
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Denso Corp
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Priority claimed from JP2015232151A external-priority patent/JP6488224B2/en
Application filed by Denso Corp filed Critical Denso Corp
Priority to US15/542,219 priority Critical patent/US10288580B2/en
Priority to DE112016000301.3T priority patent/DE112016000301B4/en
Publication of WO2016111345A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016111345A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416Systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a NOx sensor that detects the concentration of NOx (nitrogen oxide) in a gas containing oxygen.
  • a general gas sensor for detecting the concentration of NOx has an electrode for adjusting the oxygen concentration in a gas to be measured (exhaust gas) containing oxygen (hereinafter referred to as a pump electrode) on the surface of the solid electrolyte body, and the oxygen concentration is adjusted. And an electrode (hereinafter referred to as a sensor electrode) for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured.
  • the pump electrode contains Pt (platinum) or the like as a metal component, and the sensor electrode contains Rh (rhodium) in addition to Pt as a metal component.
  • Japanese Patent No. 3701114 discloses a method for preventing oxidation of a NOx decomposition electrode.
  • the limiting current characteristic is a characteristic in which the oxygen ion current flowing between the sensor electrode and the reference electrode becomes substantially constant regardless of a change in voltage.
  • an index representing the capability of the sensor electrode there are the rate of change of the oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode and the activation time from when the gas sensor is started until the sensor electrode becomes usable, which is related to the NOx decomposition performance. is there.
  • the ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy is constant throughout the electrode. And the device for suppressing the change rate of the oxygen ion current in a sensor electrode small, and shortening the active time of a sensor electrode is not made
  • the present invention has been made in view of such a background, and an object of the present invention is to provide a NOx sensor that suppresses the rate of change of the oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode and reduces the active time of the sensor electrode.
  • One aspect of the present invention includes one or more solid electrolyte bodies (2) having oxygen ion conductivity, A pump electrode (21) provided on the surface (201) of the solid electrolyte body that is exposed to the gas to be measured (G) containing oxygen and used to adjust the oxygen concentration in the gas to be measured; A sensor electrode (22) provided on a surface of the solid electrolyte body exposed to the gas to be measured and used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured after the oxygen concentration is adjusted by the pump electrode;
  • the atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio of Rh.
  • the NOx sensor defines the composition of the surface layer (layer from the surface to a depth of 350 nm) of the sensor electrode used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured.
  • the mass ratio is shown in terms of the atomic composition ratio.
  • the Pt content in the sensor electrode is 22.1 to 55.2 atm% (35 to 70% by mass) with respect to the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode, and the Rh content in the sensor electrode is It is 44.8-77.9 atm% (30-65 mass%) with respect to the whole Pt—Rh alloy of the electrode.
  • the atomic weight of Pt was 195.08 (g / mol), and the atomic weight of Rh was 102.91 (g / mol).
  • the Pt content is less than 35% by mass (in other words, when the Rh content exceeds 65% by mass)
  • the oxygen adsorption amount of Rh is large, and the active time of the sensor electrode may be delayed.
  • the oxidative expansion of Rh is large and the sensor electrode may be peeled off.
  • the Pt content exceeds 70% by mass (in other words, when the Rh content is less than 30% by mass)
  • the limit current characteristic cannot be secured, and the detection accuracy may be deteriorated.
  • Rh has a property of easily adsorbing NOx (nitrogen oxide) and O 2 (oxygen).
  • NOx nitrogen oxide
  • O 2 oxygen
  • Rh content is increased, the NOx adsorption performance increases, and the rate of change of the oxygen ion current detected from the sensor electrode with respect to the fluctuation of the voltage applied to the sensor electrode can be kept small.
  • the content of Rh is too high, it takes time to remove O 2 adsorbed on Rh when the NOx sensor is started, and the active time of the sensor electrode becomes longer.
  • Rh that can be in direct contact with NOx and O 2 is Rh arranged on the surface of the sensor electrode.
  • the NOx sensor not only defines the ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode, but also determines the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer of the sensor electrode to Pt ⁇
  • the atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio of Rh in the Rh alloy.
  • An uneven shape made of a Pt—Rh alloy or the like is formed on the surface of the sensor electrode.
  • the surface layer of the sensor electrode is a part of the thickness of the sensor electrode. Specifically, the surface layer is a sensor electrode having a depth of 350 nm from the surface in a thickness direction perpendicular to the center line of the longitudinal direction of the sensor electrode, in other words, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the solid electrolyte body. And has an inner surface that faces the surface of the surface layer, and the outline of the inner surface geometrically matches, that is, follows, the outer shape of the surface. And part of a sensor electrode having a thickness of 350 nm from the surface.
  • the change rate of oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode (hereinafter referred to as current change rate).
  • the sensor electrode activation time is kept short. If the difference in Rh ratio is smaller than 4 atm%, it is difficult to keep the current change rate small. On the other hand, when the difference in the ratio of Rh becomes larger than 10 atm%, it becomes difficult to keep the activation time short.
  • the sensor electrode may contain metal components other than Pt and Rh.
  • the pump electrode is made of a Pt—Au alloy
  • Au in the pump electrode may evaporate and adhere to the sensor electrode when the NOx sensor is manufactured.
  • the sensor electrode contains minute Au in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a NOx sensor according to an embodiment, and is a cross-sectional explanatory view taken along line II-II in FIG.
  • the schematic diagram which shows the surface layer of the sensor electrode concerning an Example.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the voltage applied to a sensor cell, and a sensor cell current concerning an Example.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the elapsed time after starting a NOx sensor and a sensor cell current concerning an Example.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the whole sensor electrode, and current change rate (%) concerning an Example.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy, and the active time (s) in the whole sensor electrode concerning an Example The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the surface layer of a sensor electrode concerning Example, and a current change rate (%).
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr in Pt-Rh alloy and Zr, and the current change rate (%) in the whole sensor electrode concerning an Example The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr in Pt-Rh alloy and Zr, and the current change rate (%) in the whole sensor electrode concerning an Example.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the temperature (degreeC) which heats the laminated body of a NOx sensor concerning an Example, and the expansion coefficient (%) of a sensor electrode.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the voltage (V) applied to a sensor cell concerning the Example, and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the surface layer of a sensor electrode.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface of a sensor electrode concerning the Example, and distribution (atm%) of atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer of a sensor electrode.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface of a sensor electrode concerning an Example, and distribution (atm%) of atomic composition ratio of Pt, Rh, and Zr in the surface layer of a sensor electrode.
  • the graph which shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface of a reference electrode concerning an Example, and distribution (atm%) of atomic composition ratio of Pt and Zr in the surface layer of a reference electrode.
  • the NOx sensor has a sensor electrode.
  • This sensor electrode contains ZrO 2 in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy.
  • the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is more than the atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode. It is preferably 25 to 55 atm% higher.
  • the mass ratio is shown in terms of the atomic composition ratio.
  • the content of the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode is 62.0 to 87.9 atm% (75 to 93% by mass).
  • the Zr content in the entire sensor electrode is 12.1 to 38.0 atm% (7 to 25 mass%) with respect to the entire sensor electrode.
  • the content of the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode is 66. 9 to 90.0 atm% (75 to 93% by mass).
  • the Zr content in the entire sensor electrode is 10.0 to 33.1 atm% (7 to 25 mass%) with respect to the entire sensor electrode.
  • the Pt—Rh alloy At the three-phase interface between the Pt—Rh alloy in the sensor electrode, ZrO 2 in the sensor electrode, and the measurement gas containing oxygen, the Pt—Rh alloy adsorbs oxygen atoms in NOx, and these oxygen atoms are ionized. And passes through ZrO 2 to generate an oxygen ion current.
  • the presence of a large amount of Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode promotes ionization of oxygen atoms in NOx, enhances the decomposition performance of NOx, and suppresses the current change rate in the sensor electrode.
  • the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is 25 in terms of atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode. Up to 55 atm%. Thereby, the current change rate in the sensor electrode can be further effectively suppressed to be small.
  • the difference in the ratio of Zr is smaller than 25 atm%, oxygen atoms in NOx are difficult to ionize and it is difficult to suppress the current change rate in the sensor electrode.
  • the difference in the ratio of Zr is larger than 55 atm%, it becomes difficult to ensure the continuity of the sensor electrode, and it becomes difficult to keep the current change rate in the sensor electrode small.
  • the sensor electrode may contain Y 2 O 3 (yttrium oxide or yttria) in addition to ZrO 2 as a ceramic component.
  • Y 2 O 3 can be used as a stabilizer for stabilizing ZrO 2 into cubic or tetragonal crystals.
  • the content of Y 2 O 3 in the ceramic component of the sensor electrode can be 5 to 10 mol%.
  • the mass ratio of Zr to the total of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode is composed of zirconia containing no yttria. This is the same as in the case of a sensor electrode having a ceramic component. Further, the difference between the ratio of Zr in the entire yttria-stabilized zirconia sensor electrode and the ratio of Zr in the surface layer is the same as in the case of the sensor electrode having a ceramic component made of zirconia not containing yttria.
  • the reference electrode (24) is opposed to the sensor electrode in the thickness direction of the NOx sensor.
  • the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the surface layer (241) existing between the surface (240) and the depth of 350 nm of the reference electrode is the sum of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode.
  • the atomic composition ratio is preferably 40 to 65 atm% higher than the ratio of Zr in the total.
  • the mass ratio is shown in terms of the atomic composition ratio.
  • the Pt content in the entire reference electrode is 72.6 to 93.8 atm% (85 to 97% by mass) with respect to the entire reference electrode, and the Zr content in the entire reference electrode is Is 6.2 to 27.4 atm% (3 to 15% by mass).
  • ionized oxygen atoms pass through ZrO 2 , and at Pt, the ionized oxygen atoms are It is molecularized.
  • the presence of a large amount of Zr in the surface layer of the reference electrode facilitates the passage of ionized oxygen atoms, can enhance the NOx decomposition performance, and suppresses the current change rate in the sensor electrode.
  • the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the surface layer of the reference electrode is made 40 to 65 atm% higher in atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode. As a result, the rate of change of current in the sensor electrode is effectively reduced.
  • the difference in the ratio of Zr is smaller than 40 atm%, ionized oxygen atoms will not easily pass through ZrO 2 , and it will be difficult to suppress the current change rate in the sensor electrode.
  • the difference in the ratio of Zr is larger than 65 atm%, it becomes difficult to ensure the conductivity of the reference electrode, and it becomes difficult to keep the current change rate in the sensor electrode small.
  • the NOx sensor 1 includes a solid electrolyte body 2, a pump electrode 21, and a sensor electrode 22, as shown in FIGS.
  • the solid electrolyte body 2 is formed in a plate shape and has oxygen ion conductivity.
  • the pump electrode 21 is provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 exposed to the measurement gas G containing oxygen, and is used to adjust the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas G.
  • the sensor electrode 22 is provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 exposed to the gas G to be measured, and is used for detecting the oxygen concentration by the pump electrode 21.
  • the metal component of the sensor electrode 22 is composed of a Pt—Rh alloy.
  • the Pt content in the sensor electrode 22 is 22.1 to 55.2 atm% (35 to 70% by mass) with respect to the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22, and the Rh in the sensor electrode 22. Is 44.8 to 77.9 atm% (30 to 65% by mass) with respect to the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 existing between the surface 220 and the depth of 350 nm of the sensor electrode 22 is the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • the atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio.
  • the NOx sensor 1 is used in an exhaust pipe of an automobile.
  • the gas to be measured G is exhaust gas passing through the exhaust pipe, and the NOx sensor 1 is used to detect the concentration of NOx (nitrogen oxide) that is a predetermined gas component in the exhaust gas.
  • NOx nitrogen oxide
  • the NOx sensor 1 is held in the housing by an insulator (insulator), and the housing is fixed to the exhaust pipe. Further, the tip side portion of the NOx sensor 1 protrudes from the insulator, and this tip side portion is covered with a protective cover provided with a through hole through which the gas G to be measured passes.
  • insulator insulator
  • a monitor electrode 23 is provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 so as to be separated in the width direction of the sensor electrode 22 and the solid electrolyte body 2.
  • the monitor electrode 23 is used for detecting the oxygen concentration in the gas G to be measured after the oxygen concentration is adjusted by the pump electrode 21.
  • a reference electrode 24 is provided on the second surface 202 of the solid electrolyte body 2 exposed to the atmosphere as the reference gas A.
  • the reference electrode 24 is opposed to the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22, and the monitor electrode 23 provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 on the second surface 202 in the thickness direction of the solid electrolyte body 2. It is provided as follows.
  • the reference electrode 24 is composed of a single electrode, and coincides in the thickness direction of the solid electrolyte body 2 with respect to the entire region of the solid electrolyte body 2 provided with the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22 and the monitor electrode 23. It may be provided.
  • the reference electrode 24 may be composed of a plurality of electrodes, and may be provided separately for each of the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22, and the monitor electrode 23.
  • the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22, the monitor electrode 23, and the reference electrode 24 are provided on one solid electrolyte body 2.
  • a plate-shaped insulator 52 is stacked on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 with a spacer 51 interposed therebetween.
  • a gas chamber 501 into which the measurement gas G is introduced is formed by the solid electrolyte body 2, the spacer 51, and the insulator 52.
  • the hole 510 provided in the spacer 51 is provided with a diffusion resistance layer 511 for introducing the measurement gas G into the gas chamber 501 under a predetermined diffusion resistance.
  • a plate-shaped heater 3 is laminated on the second surface 202 of the solid electrolyte body 2 with a spacer 53 interposed therebetween.
  • a reference gas chamber 502 into which the reference gas A is introduced is formed by the solid electrolyte body 2, the spacer 53, and the heater 3.
  • the pump electrode 21 and the reference electrode 24 (in this example, a part of the reference electrode 24) and the part of the solid electrolyte body 2 sandwiched between them are used.
  • a pump cell 41 is formed.
  • the pump cell 41 applies a voltage between the pump electrode 21 and the reference electrode 24 and causes an oxygen ion current to flow between the pump electrode 21 and the reference electrode 24, thereby removing oxygen in the measurement gas G. It is configured as follows.
  • the sensor cell 42 is formed in the NOx sensor 1, the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24 (a part of the reference electrode 24 in this example), and a part of the solid electrolyte body 2 sandwiched between them.
  • the sensor cell 42 is configured to detect an oxygen ion current flowing between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24 in a state where a voltage is applied between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24.
  • a monitor cell 43 is formed by the monitor electrode 23 and the reference electrode 24 (in this example, a part of the reference electrode 24) and a part of the solid electrolyte body 2 sandwiched therebetween. .
  • the monitor cell 43 is configured to detect an oxygen ion current flowing between the monitor electrode 23 and the reference electrode 24 in a state where a voltage is applied between the monitor electrode 23 and the reference electrode 24.
  • Sensor cell 42 detects oxygen ion current due to NOx and residual oxygen
  • monitor cell 43 detects oxygen ion current due to residual oxygen. Then, the NOx concentration in the measurement gas G is detected by subtracting the value of the oxygen ion current in the monitor cell 43 from the value of the oxygen ion current in the sensor cell 42.
  • the heater 3 includes an insulating heater substrate 31 and a conductive conductor layer 32 provided on the heater substrate 31.
  • the conductor layer 32 includes a pair of leads 322 and a heating element 321 that connects the pair of leads 322 to each other.
  • the heating element 321 generates a Joule heat larger than that of the leads 322 when energizing between the pair of leads 322 because the cross-sectional area is smaller than that of the leads 322.
  • the heater substrate 31, the insulator 52, and the spacers 51 and 53 are made of ceramics such as alumina.
  • the conductor layer 32 is disposed between the pair of heater substrates 31 and is made of a conductive material provided on the heater substrate 31 with a certain thickness.
  • the NOx sensor 1 of this example defines the composition of the surface layer 221 (layer from the surface 220 to a depth of 350 nm) of the sensor electrode 22 used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas G to be measured. Specifically, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is set higher than the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • the sensor electrode 22 contains ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows the vicinity of the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • metal particles of Pt and Rh particle size: 0.8 to 3 ⁇ m
  • ceramic particles of ZrO 2 including Y 2 O 3 ) (particle size: 0.5 to 2.5 ⁇ m)
  • the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 has irregularities formed by Pt and Rh metal particles and ZrO 2 ceramic particles.
  • the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is a part of the thickness of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the surface layer 221 is a depth from the surface 220 in a thickness direction perpendicular to the center line in the longitudinal direction of the sensor electrode 22, in other words, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2.
  • the surface layer 221 is composed of a part of the sensor electrode 22 having a thickness of 350 nm from the surface 220.
  • the difference in the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is that the ratio of the surface area of Pt that appears on the surface 220 to the area of the entire surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 and the area of the entire surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 To the ratio of the surface area of Rh appearing on the surface 220.
  • Pt and Rh are contained in the metal particles as an alloy.
  • the change rate (current change rate X) of the oxygen ion current I in the sensor electrode 22 and the activation time T of the sensor electrode 22 are used as indices representing the capability of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the current change rate X and the activation time T are indices related to the NOx decomposition performance of the NOx sensor 1.
  • FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the voltage V applied to the sensor cell 42 (voltage applied between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24) and the oxygen ion current I flowing through the sensor cell 42 (referred to as sensor cell current I). .
  • the voltage V applied to the sensor cell 42 is set to a voltage V ′ for showing a limit current characteristic that makes the oxygen ion current flowing through the sensor cell 42 almost constant regardless of the change in voltage.
  • the current change rate X is the change rate that occurs in the sensor cell current I when a change of ⁇ 0.01 V occurs in the value of the voltage V ′.
  • X ⁇ I / (2 ⁇ I) ⁇ 100 (%) Represented as:
  • FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the elapsed time t after starting the NOx sensor 1 and the sensor cell current I.
  • the activation time T is expressed as a required time from when the NOx sensor 1 is activated (that is, when the heater 3 is activated) until the concentration of NOx represented by the sensor cell current I decreases to 10 ppm or less.
  • FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy and the current change rate X (%) in the entire sensor electrode 22. It can be seen that the current change rate X increases as the Rh ratio becomes smaller than 30% by mass. The reason for this is considered to be that the adsorption performance of NOx and O 2 by Rh is lowered due to the decrease in the ratio of Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the Rh ratio (mass%) in the Pt—Rh alloy and the activation time T (s) in the entire sensor electrode 22. It can be seen that the activation time increases as the ratio of Rh increases from 65% by mass. The reason for this is considered to be that it takes time to remove O 2 adsorbed to Rh when the NOx sensor 1 is started due to an increase in the ratio of Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the Rh ratio (atm%) in the Pt—Rh alloy and the current change rate X (%) in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the content of Rh in the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22 is 55 atm%.
  • the current change rate X increases as the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221 becomes smaller than 59 atm%. The reason for this is considered to be that the adsorption performance of NOx and O 2 by Rh is lowered due to the decrease in the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221.
  • FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the Rh ratio (atm%) in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 and the activation time T (s).
  • the content of Rh in the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22 is 55 atm%.
  • the activation time T becomes longer as the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221 becomes larger than 65 atm%. The reason for this is considered to be that it takes time to remove O 2 adsorbed to Rh when the NOx sensor 1 is started because the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221 increases.
  • the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is larger than the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22. It can be seen that by increasing the ratio by 4 to 10 atm%, the current change rate X in the sensor electrode 22 can be kept small and the activation time T of the sensor electrode 22 can be kept short.
  • the ceramic component in the sensor electrode 22 is yttria stabilized zirconia containing ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 .
  • FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr with respect to the total of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr and the current change rate X (%) in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • the ratio of Zr becomes smaller than 7% by mass
  • the current change rate X increases.
  • the reason for this is considered to be that the ability of ZrO 2 to promote ionization of oxygen atoms in NOx decreases due to a decrease in the ratio of Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22, and the decomposition performance of NOx decreases.
  • the ratio of Zr becomes larger than 25% by mass the current change rate X becomes larger. This is because the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy in the sensor electrode 22 decreases as the Zr ratio in the sensor electrode 22 increases, and the conduction resistance for adsorbing oxygen atoms in NOx increases. I think.
  • FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 and the current change rate X (%).
  • the content of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr of the sensor electrode 22 is 25 atm%.
  • the current change rate X increases. This is because the ability of ZrO 2 to promote ionization of oxygen atoms in NOx decreases due to a decrease in the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22, and the decomposition performance of NOx decreases.
  • the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is greater than 80 atm%, the current change rate X is slightly increased.
  • the ratio of Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 decreases as the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 increases, thereby adsorbing oxygen atoms in NOx. This is considered to be because the conduction resistance increases.
  • the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is larger than the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • the reference electrode 24 in the NOx sensor 1 of the present example contains Pt, ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 .
  • the ratio of Zr to Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 existing between the surface 240 and the depth of 350 nm of the reference electrode 24 is based on the ratio of Zr to Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24.
  • the atomic composition ratio is 40 to 65 atm% higher.
  • the ceramic component in the reference electrode 24 is yttria-stabilized zirconia containing ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 . Similar to the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 shown in FIG.
  • the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is a layer from each position of the uneven surface 240 to a position having a depth of 350 nm following the uneven shape.
  • the case of the reference electrode 24 is shown in parentheses.
  • the pump electrode 21 and the monitor electrode 23 may be made of a Pt—Au alloy and ZrO 2 .
  • FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr in Pt and Zr and the current change rate X (%) in the entire reference electrode 24.
  • the current change rate X increases as the Zr ratio becomes smaller than 3 mass%. The reason for this is considered that oxygen atoms ionized in the sensor electrode 22 are less likely to pass through ZrO 2 in the reference electrode 24 and the NOx decomposition performance is reduced.
  • the current change rate X increases when the Zr ratio is greater than 15% by mass. The reason for this is considered to be that when the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 increases, the ratio of Pt in the reference electrode 24 decreases, and the conduction resistance of the reference electrode 24 increases.
  • FIG. 13 shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Zr in Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 and the current change rate X (%).
  • the content of Zr in Pt and Zr of the reference electrode 24 is 20 atm%.
  • the current change rate X increases.
  • the reason for this is considered to be that oxygen atoms ionized in the sensor electrode 22 are less likely to pass through ZrO 2 in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 and the NOx decomposition performance is reduced.
  • the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is greater than 85 atm%, the current change rate X is slightly increased. This is because the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 increases, the Pt ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 decreases, and the conduction resistance of the reference electrode 24 increases.
  • the ratio of Zr occupying Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is 40 to 65 atm in terms of atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr occupying Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24.
  • the plate-shaped solid electrolyte body 2 provided with the electrodes 21, 22, 23, 24, the plate-shaped insulator 52, the spacers 51, 53, the heater 3, and the like are stacked to form a stack of the NOx sensor 1.
  • the laminate is degreased to remove resin components and the like in the laminate.
  • the laminate is fired in an environment where the oxygen concentration is reduced. At this time, by adjusting the oxygen concentration at the time of firing to 3% or less, Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the sensor electrode 22 may be attracted to oxygen and concentrated near the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22. Be prevented
  • FIG. 14 shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration (%) during firing and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is Pt in the entire sensor electrode 22. -Almost the same as the ratio of Rh in the Rh alloy.
  • the surface energy of Pt (J / m2) and the surface energy of Rh (J / m2) are almost the same. Therefore, if the oxygen concentration, which is an external factor, is kept low during firing, the surface layer 221 having the same state as the composition at the time of raw material charging is formed. Thereby, the composition of the final surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 can be easily adjusted.
  • the laminated body of the NOx sensor 1 After firing the laminated body of the NOx sensor 1, the laminated body is fixed by an insulator (insulator), a trap layer is applied to the tip of the NOx sensor 1, and this trap layer is baked.
  • the trap layer is made of a porous ceramic material, and prevents a poisoning substance for each electrode from entering the gas chamber 501 of the NOx sensor 1.
  • FIG. 15 shows the relationship between the temperature (° C.) for heating the laminate of the NOx sensor 1 and the expansion coefficient (linear expansion coefficient%) of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the sensor electrode 22 when the temperature is 500 ° C. or lower, the sensor electrode 22 hardly expands.
  • the sensor electrode 22 expands when the temperature exceeds 500 ° C. and reaches about 1150 ° C. It is considered that the expansion of the sensor electrode 22 occurs because Rh is oxidized.
  • the heating temperature is preferably adjusted to 500 ° C. or lower. Moreover, it is preferable to adjust the temperature at the time of bringing the laminate into contact with the air after firing the laminate or baking the trap layer to 500 ° C. or less.
  • the adjustment voltage V1 for adjusting the composition of the sensor electrode 22 is applied to the sensor cell 42 (between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24). . Then, by applying the adjustment voltage V1, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is made higher than the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22. .
  • the laminated body of the NOx sensor 1 subjected to firing and trap layer baking is exposed to the atmosphere of the atmosphere.
  • Rh is attracted to oxygen in the atmosphere, and the ratio of Rh may be higher than the target ratio. Therefore, an adjustment voltage V1 higher than the voltage V ′ applied to the sensor cell 42 when the NOx sensor 1 is used is applied to the sensor cell 42.
  • FIG. 16 shows the relationship between the adjustment voltage V1 (V) applied to the sensor cell 42 and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • V the adjustment voltage
  • Rh the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the adjustment voltage V1 is applied in an environment where the oxygen concentration is 100 ppm is shown.
  • FIG. 16 shows that when the adjustment voltage V1 applied to the sensor cell 42 is as low as less than 1.6 V, it is difficult to reduce the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the adjustment voltage V1 is set within the range of 1.6 to 2.4 V
  • the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 decreases to the target ratio.
  • the reason for this is considered that the oxygen concentration on the surface of the sensor electrode 22 is lowered by applying a voltage, and the surface energy of Pt and Rh is almost equal as described above, so that Rh diffuses inside.
  • the adjustment voltage V1 applied to the sensor cell 42 is preferably set to 1.6 to 2.4V.
  • FIG. 17 shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 and the distribution of the atomic composition ratio (atm%) of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the difference ⁇ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is 10 atm% or less.
  • the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 and the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 are prevented from being extremely different.
  • the difference ⁇ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Rh ratio in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 exceeds 10 atm%, Rh is concentrated near the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22; When the NOx sensor 1 is used, Rh may be diffused early.
  • FIG. 18 shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 and the distribution of atomic composition ratios (atm%) of Pt, Rh, and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the ratio of Zr and Rh in the vicinity of the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is high.
  • the ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 increases as Pt in the entire sensor electrode 22 increases. And approaches the ratio of Rh slowly.
  • the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy to Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 gradually approaches the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy to ZrO 2 (Zr) in the entire sensor electrode 22.
  • the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is overwhelmingly higher than the ratio of Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22. Therefore, the component ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22 does not appear unless the depth from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is about 1000 nm or more (FIG. 18 shows the component ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22). Not)
  • the difference ⁇ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is 30 atm% or less. This prevents the ZrO 2 (Zr) ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22 from being extremely different from the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
  • the difference ⁇ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 exceeds 30 atm%, the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is such that the Zr ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Zr. There is a risk of approaching the ratio at an early stage.
  • FIG. 19 shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface 240 of the reference electrode 24 and the distribution of the atomic composition ratio (atm%) of Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24.
  • the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is overwhelmingly higher than the ratio of Zr in the entire reference electrode 24. Therefore, unless the depth from the surface 240 of the reference electrode 24 is increased to about 1000 nm or more, the ratio of components in the entire reference electrode 24 does not appear (in the same figure, the ratio of components in the entire reference electrode 24 appears). Not)
  • the difference ⁇ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is 25 atm% or less. This prevents the ZrO 2 (Zr) ratio in the entire reference electrode 24 from being extremely different from the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24.
  • the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is There is a risk of approaching the ratio of Zr at an early stage.
  • the definition of the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 and the atomic composition ratio of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 are as follows. Further, by defining the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24, the current change rate X in the sensor electrode 22 can be kept small, and the active time T of the sensor electrode 22 can be kept short. It is done. Thereby, the NOx decomposition performance of the NOx sensor 1 is maintained high over a long period of time.

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Abstract

Provided is an NOx sensor that suppresses the rate of change of an oxygen ion current in a sensor electrode to a low rate and shortens the activation time of the sensor electrode. An NOx sensor is provided with a solid electrolyte body, a pump electrode for adjusting the oxygen concentration of a gas to be measured G, and a sensor electrode for detecting the NOx concentration of the gas to be measured G. A metal component of the sensor electrode comprises a Pt-Rh alloy. The overall ratio of Pt and Rh in the sensor electrode is Pt:Rh = 70:30 to 35:65. The atomic ratio of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy on the surface layer of the sensor electrode is higher than the atomic ratio of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy for the entire sensor electrode by 4 to 10 at.%.

Description

NOxセンサNOx sensor

 本発明は、酸素を含むガスにおけるNOx(窒素酸化物)の濃度を検出するNOxセンサに関する。 The present invention relates to a NOx sensor that detects the concentration of NOx (nitrogen oxide) in a gas containing oxygen.

 NOxの濃度を検出する一般的なガスセンサは、固体電解質体の表面に、酸素を含む被測定ガス(排ガス)における酸素濃度を調整する電極(以下、ポンプ電極という)と、酸素濃度が調整された被測定ガスにおけるNOxの濃度を検出するための電極(以下、センサ電極という)とを備えている。ポンプ電極は、金属成分としてPt(白金)等を含有し、センサ電極は、金属成分としてPtの他にRh(ロジウム)を含有する。 A general gas sensor for detecting the concentration of NOx has an electrode for adjusting the oxygen concentration in a gas to be measured (exhaust gas) containing oxygen (hereinafter referred to as a pump electrode) on the surface of the solid electrolyte body, and the oxygen concentration is adjusted. And an electrode (hereinafter referred to as a sensor electrode) for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured. The pump electrode contains Pt (platinum) or the like as a metal component, and the sensor electrode contains Rh (rhodium) in addition to Pt as a metal component.

 例えば、特許第3701114号公報には、NOx分解電極の酸化防止方法が開示されている。この方法は、Pt-Rhの合金とセラミック成分からなるNOx分解電極に、PtとRhの比率が、重量比でPt:Rh=10:90~50:50であるサーメット電極を使用している。このNOx分解電極におけるPtとRhの比率により、Rhの酸化と再金属化が抑制されることが示されている。また、特開2003-322634号公報には、NOx分解電極及びNOx濃度測定装置を開示しており、サーメット電極層における、PtとRhの比率を、重量比で、Pt:Rh=10:90~90:10とすることが示されている。 For example, Japanese Patent No. 3701114 discloses a method for preventing oxidation of a NOx decomposition electrode. In this method, a cermet electrode having a weight ratio of Pt: Rh = 10: 90 to 50:50 is used for a NOx decomposition electrode made of a Pt—Rh alloy and a ceramic component. It is shown that oxidation and remetallization of Rh are suppressed by the ratio of Pt and Rh in this NOx decomposition electrode. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-322634 discloses a NOx decomposition electrode and a NOx concentration measuring device, and the ratio of Pt and Rh in the cermet electrode layer is expressed as Pt: Rh = 10: 90 to It is shown to be 90:10.

 ところで、上記ガスセンサは、センサ電極と、センサ電極に固体電解質体を挟んで向き合う基準電極との間に、限界電流特性を示すための電圧を印加している。ここで、限界電流特性とは、電圧の変化に関わらずセンサ電極と基準電極との間に流れる酸素イオン電流がほぼ一定になる特性である。そして、センサ電極の能力を表す指標としては、NOxの分解性能と関連する、センサ電極における酸素イオン電流の変化率と、ガスセンサを始動してからセンサ電極が使用可能になるまでの活性時間とがある。
 しかしながら、上記二つの特許文献においては、Pt-Rh合金に占めるPtとRhとの比率が、電極の全体において一定である。そして、センサ電極における酸素イオン電流の変化率を小さく抑えるとともに、センサ電極の活性時間を短くするための工夫はなされていない。
By the way, in the gas sensor, a voltage for indicating a limiting current characteristic is applied between the sensor electrode and a reference electrode facing the sensor electrode with a solid electrolyte body interposed therebetween. Here, the limiting current characteristic is a characteristic in which the oxygen ion current flowing between the sensor electrode and the reference electrode becomes substantially constant regardless of a change in voltage. As an index representing the capability of the sensor electrode, there are the rate of change of the oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode and the activation time from when the gas sensor is started until the sensor electrode becomes usable, which is related to the NOx decomposition performance. is there.
However, in the above two patent documents, the ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy is constant throughout the electrode. And the device for suppressing the change rate of the oxygen ion current in a sensor electrode small, and shortening the active time of a sensor electrode is not made | formed.

 本発明は、かかる背景に鑑みてなされたもので、センサ電極における酸素イオン電流の変化率を小さく抑えるとともに、センサ電極の活性時間を短く抑えるNOxセンサを提供することを目的とする。 The present invention has been made in view of such a background, and an object of the present invention is to provide a NOx sensor that suppresses the rate of change of the oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode and reduces the active time of the sensor electrode.

 本発明の一態様は、酸素イオン伝導性を有する1つ又は複数の固体電解質体(2)と、
 該固体電解質体における、酸素を含む被測定ガス(G)に晒される表面(201)に設けられ、上記被測定ガスにおける酸素濃度を調整するために用いられるポンプ電極(21)と、
 上記固体電解質体における、上記被測定ガスに晒される表面に設けられ、上記ポンプ電極によって酸素濃度が調整された後の被測定ガスにおけるNOxの濃度を検出するために用いられるセンサ電極(22)と、を備え、
 該センサ電極の金属成分は、Pt-Rh合金によって構成されており、
 上記センサ電極の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比は、Pt:Rh=70:30~35:65であり、
 上記センサ電極の、表面(220)から深さ350nmまでの間に存在する表面層(221)における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率は、上記センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率よりも、原子組成比で4~10atm%高い、NOxセンサ(1)にある。
One aspect of the present invention includes one or more solid electrolyte bodies (2) having oxygen ion conductivity,
A pump electrode (21) provided on the surface (201) of the solid electrolyte body that is exposed to the gas to be measured (G) containing oxygen and used to adjust the oxygen concentration in the gas to be measured;
A sensor electrode (22) provided on a surface of the solid electrolyte body exposed to the gas to be measured and used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured after the oxygen concentration is adjusted by the pump electrode; With
The metal component of the sensor electrode is composed of a Pt—Rh alloy,
The mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode is Pt: Rh = 70: 30 to 35:65,
The ratio of Rh to the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer (221) existing between the surface (220) and the depth of 350 nm of the sensor electrode occupies the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode. In the NOx sensor (1), the atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio of Rh.

 上記NOxセンサは、被測定ガスにおけるNOxの濃度を検出するために用いられるセンサ電極の表面層(表面から深さ350nmまでの層)の組成について規定している。
 具体的には、センサ電極の全体におけるPt(白金)とRh(ロジウム)の質量比は、Pt:Rh=70:30~35:65である。ここで、質量比を原子組成比に換算して示す。センサ電極におけるPtの含有量は、センサ電極のPt-Rh合金の全体に対して、22.1~55.2atm%(35~70質量%)であり、センサ電極におけるRhの含有量は、センサ電極のPt-Rh合金の全体に対して、44.8~77.9atm%(30~65質量%)である。Ptの原子量は195.08(g/mol)、Rhの原子量は102.91(g/mol)とした。
The NOx sensor defines the composition of the surface layer (layer from the surface to a depth of 350 nm) of the sensor electrode used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured.
Specifically, the mass ratio of Pt (platinum) and Rh (rhodium) in the entire sensor electrode is Pt: Rh = 70: 30 to 35:65. Here, the mass ratio is shown in terms of the atomic composition ratio. The Pt content in the sensor electrode is 22.1 to 55.2 atm% (35 to 70% by mass) with respect to the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode, and the Rh content in the sensor electrode is It is 44.8-77.9 atm% (30-65 mass%) with respect to the whole Pt—Rh alloy of the electrode. The atomic weight of Pt was 195.08 (g / mol), and the atomic weight of Rh was 102.91 (g / mol).

 Ptの含有量が35質量%未満の場合(言い換えれば、Rhの含有量が65質量%を超える場合)には、Rhの酸素吸着量が多く、センサ電極の活性時間が遅延するおそれがある。また、この場合には、Rhの酸化膨張が大きく、センサ電極が剥がれるおそれもある。
 Ptの含有量が70質量%を超える場合(言い換えれば、Rhの含有量が30質量%未満の場合)には、Rhが少なくNOx分解活性が下がるおそれがある。また、この場合には、限界電流特性を確保できず、検出精度が悪化するおそれもある。
When the Pt content is less than 35% by mass (in other words, when the Rh content exceeds 65% by mass), the oxygen adsorption amount of Rh is large, and the active time of the sensor electrode may be delayed. In this case, the oxidative expansion of Rh is large and the sensor electrode may be peeled off.
When the Pt content exceeds 70% by mass (in other words, when the Rh content is less than 30% by mass), there is a risk that the Rx content is low and the NOx decomposition activity decreases. In this case, the limit current characteristic cannot be secured, and the detection accuracy may be deteriorated.

 Rhは、NOx(窒素酸化物)及びO2(酸素)を吸着しやすい性質を有している。そして、Rhの含有率を高めると、NOxの吸着性能が増加し、センサ電極に印加される電圧の変動に対する、センサ電極から検出される酸素イオン電流の変化率が小さく抑えられる。一方、Rhの含有率を高くし過ぎると、NOxセンサの始動時に、Rhに吸着されたO2を除去するために時間が掛かり、センサ電極の活性時間が長くなる。また、センサ電極において、NOx及びO2と直接接触することができるRhは、センサ電極の表面に配置されるRhである。 Rh has a property of easily adsorbing NOx (nitrogen oxide) and O 2 (oxygen). When the Rh content is increased, the NOx adsorption performance increases, and the rate of change of the oxygen ion current detected from the sensor electrode with respect to the fluctuation of the voltage applied to the sensor electrode can be kept small. On the other hand, if the content of Rh is too high, it takes time to remove O 2 adsorbed on Rh when the NOx sensor is started, and the active time of the sensor electrode becomes longer. In the sensor electrode, Rh that can be in direct contact with NOx and O 2 is Rh arranged on the surface of the sensor electrode.

 そこで、上記NOxセンサは、センサ電極の全体におけるPtとRhの比率を規定するだけでなく、センサ電極の表面層における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率を、センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率よりも、原子組成比で4~10atm%高くしている。センサ電極の表面には、Pt-Rh合金等による凹凸形状が形成されている。そして、センサ電極の表面層とは、センサ電極の厚みの一部である。具体的には、表面層とは、センサ電極の長手方向の中心線に垂直な厚み方向において、言い換えれば、固体電解質体の表面に対して略垂直方向において、表面から深さ350nmまでのセンサ電極の一部であって、表面層の表面に対向する内面を有し、この内面の外形(Outline)は、表面の外形に幾何学的に一致、すなわち、倣っている、言い換えれば、表面層は、表面から厚み350nmを有するセンサ電極の一部からなる。 Therefore, the NOx sensor not only defines the ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode, but also determines the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer of the sensor electrode to Pt− The atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio of Rh in the Rh alloy. An uneven shape made of a Pt—Rh alloy or the like is formed on the surface of the sensor electrode. The surface layer of the sensor electrode is a part of the thickness of the sensor electrode. Specifically, the surface layer is a sensor electrode having a depth of 350 nm from the surface in a thickness direction perpendicular to the center line of the longitudinal direction of the sensor electrode, in other words, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the solid electrolyte body. And has an inner surface that faces the surface of the surface layer, and the outline of the inner surface geometrically matches, that is, follows, the outer shape of the surface. And part of a sensor electrode having a thickness of 350 nm from the surface.

 センサ電極の表面層におけるRhの比率を、センサ電極の全体におけるRhの比率よりも原子組成比で4~10atm%高くしたことにより、センサ電極における酸素イオン電流の変化率(以下、電流変化率ということがある。)を小さく抑えるとともに、センサ電極の活性時間を短く抑える。
 なお、Rhの比率の差が4atm%よりも小さくなると、電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。一方、Rhの比率の差が10atm%よりも大きくなると、活性時間を短く抑えることが困難になる。
By changing the ratio of Rh in the surface layer of the sensor electrode by 4 to 10 atm% in terms of atomic composition ratio from the ratio of Rh in the entire sensor electrode, the change rate of oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode (hereinafter referred to as current change rate). The sensor electrode activation time is kept short.
If the difference in Rh ratio is smaller than 4 atm%, it is difficult to keep the current change rate small. On the other hand, when the difference in the ratio of Rh becomes larger than 10 atm%, it becomes difficult to keep the activation time short.

 また、センサ電極においては、Pt及びRh以外の金属成分が含まれることがある。例えば、ポンプ電極を、Pt-Au合金から構成する場合には、NOxセンサの製造時において、ポンプ電極におけるAuが蒸散してセンサ電極に付着することがある。この場合、センサ電極は、Pt-Rh合金以外に微小のAuを含有することになる。 Also, the sensor electrode may contain metal components other than Pt and Rh. For example, when the pump electrode is made of a Pt—Au alloy, Au in the pump electrode may evaporate and adhere to the sensor electrode when the NOx sensor is manufactured. In this case, the sensor electrode contains minute Au in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy.

実施例にかかる、NOxセンサを示す断面説明図。Cross-sectional explanatory drawing which shows the NOx sensor concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、NOxセンサを示す図で、図1のII-II線断面説明図。FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a NOx sensor according to an embodiment, and is a cross-sectional explanatory view taken along line II-II in FIG. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の表面層を示す模式図。The schematic diagram which shows the surface layer of the sensor electrode concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、センサセルに印加する電圧と、センサセル電流との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the voltage applied to a sensor cell, and a sensor cell current concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、NOxセンサを起動してからの経過時間と、センサセル電流との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the elapsed time after starting a NOx sensor and a sensor cell current concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(質量%)と、電流変化率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the whole sensor electrode, and current change rate (%) concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(質量%)と、活性時間(s)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy, and the active time (s) in the whole sensor electrode concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の表面層における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)と、電流変化率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the surface layer of a sensor electrode concerning Example, and a current change rate (%). 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の表面層における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)と、活性時間(s)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the surface layer of a sensor electrode concerning an Example, and active time (s). 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金及びZr中のZrの比率(質量%)と、電流変化率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr in Pt-Rh alloy and Zr, and the current change rate (%) in the whole sensor electrode concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の表面層における、Pt-Rh合金及びZr中のZrの比率(atm%)と、電流変化率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Zr in Pt-Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of a sensor electrode concerning an Example, and current change rate (%). 実施例にかかる、基準電極の全体における、Pt及びZr中のZrの比率(質量%)と、電流変化率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr in Pt and Zr, and the electric current change rate (%) in the whole reference electrode concerning an Example. 実施例にかかる、基準電極の表面層における、Pt及びZr中のZrの比率(atm%)と、電流変化率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Zr in Pt and Zr, and a current change rate (%) in the surface layer of the reference electrode according to the example. 実施例にかかる、焼成時の酸素濃度(%)と、センサ電極の表面層における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration (%) at the time of baking concerning the Example, and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the surface layer of a sensor electrode. 実施例にかかる、NOxセンサの積層体を加熱する温度(℃)と、センサ電極の膨張率(%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the temperature (degreeC) which heats the laminated body of a NOx sensor concerning an Example, and the expansion coefficient (%) of a sensor electrode. 実施例にかかる、センサセルに印加する電圧(V)と、センサ電極の表面層におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the voltage (V) applied to a sensor cell concerning the Example, and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt-Rh alloy in the surface layer of a sensor electrode. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の表面からの深さ(nm)と、センサ電極の表面層におけるPtとRhの原子組成比の分布(atm%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface of a sensor electrode concerning the Example, and distribution (atm%) of atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer of a sensor electrode. 実施例にかかる、センサ電極の表面からの深さ(nm)と、センサ電極の表面層におけるPt、Rh及びZrの原子組成比の分布(atm%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface of a sensor electrode concerning an Example, and distribution (atm%) of atomic composition ratio of Pt, Rh, and Zr in the surface layer of a sensor electrode. 実施例にかかる、基準電極の表面からの深さ(nm)と、基準電極の表面層におけるPtとZrの原子組成比の分布(atm%)との関係を示すグラフ。The graph which shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface of a reference electrode concerning an Example, and distribution (atm%) of atomic composition ratio of Pt and Zr in the surface layer of a reference electrode.

 以下、NOxセンサにおける実施の形態について説明する。NOxセンサは、センサ電極を有する。このセンサ電極は、Pt-Rh合金の他に、ZrO2を含有している。上記センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZrとの質量比は、Pt-Rh合金:Zr=93:7~75:25であることが好ましい。上記センサ電極の上記表面層における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率は、上記センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で25~55atm%高いことが好ましい。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the NOx sensor will be described. The NOx sensor has a sensor electrode. This sensor electrode contains ZrO 2 in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy. The mass ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy to Zr in the entire sensor electrode is preferably Pt—Rh alloy: Zr = 93: 7 to 75:25. The ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is more than the atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode. It is preferably 25 to 55 atm% higher.

 センサ電極における酸素イオン電流の変化率を小さく抑えるためには、センサ電極における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの比率を適切に規定することも有効である。
 具体的には、センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZr(ジルコニウム)との質量比は、Pt-Rh合金:Zr=93:7~75:25である。ここで、質量比を原子組成比に換算して示す。センサ電極の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比がPt:Rh=70:30の場合には、センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金の含有量は、センサ電極の全体に対して、62.0~87.9atm%(75~93質量%)である。また、この場合には、センサ電極の全体におけるZrの含有量は、センサ電極の全体に対して、12.1~38.0atm%(7~25質量%)である。
In order to keep the rate of change of the oxygen ion current in the sensor electrode small, it is also effective to appropriately define the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the sensor electrode.
Specifically, the mass ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy to Zr (zirconium) in the entire sensor electrode is Pt—Rh alloy: Zr = 93: 7 to 75:25. Here, the mass ratio is shown in terms of the atomic composition ratio. When the mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode is Pt: Rh = 70: 30, the content of the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode is 62.0 to 87.9 atm% (75 to 93% by mass). In this case, the Zr content in the entire sensor electrode is 12.1 to 38.0 atm% (7 to 25 mass%) with respect to the entire sensor electrode.

 また、センサ電極の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比がPt:Rh=35:65の場合には、センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金の含有量は、センサ電極の全体に対して、66.9~90.0atm%(75~93質量%)である。また、この場合には、センサ電極の全体におけるZrの含有量は、センサ電極の全体に対して、10.0~33.1atm%(7~25質量%)である。 Further, when the mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode is Pt: Rh = 35: 65, the content of the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode is 66. 9 to 90.0 atm% (75 to 93% by mass). In this case, the Zr content in the entire sensor electrode is 10.0 to 33.1 atm% (7 to 25 mass%) with respect to the entire sensor electrode.

 なお、Zrの原子量は91.22(g/mol)とした。また、原子組成比がPt:Rh=70:30である、センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金の原子量を167.43(g/mol)とし、原子組成比がPt:Rh=35:65である、センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金の原子量を135.17(g/mol)とした。 The atomic weight of Zr was 91.22 (g / mol). Further, the atomic composition ratio is Pt: Rh = 70: 30, the atomic weight of the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode is 167.43 (g / mol), and the atomic composition ratio is Pt: Rh = 35: 65. The atomic weight of the Pt—Rh alloy in the whole sensor electrode was set to 135.17 (g / mol).

 センサ電極におけるPt-Rh合金と、センサ電極におけるZrO2と、酸素を含む被測定ガスとの三相界面においては、Pt-Rh合金がNOx中の酸素原子を吸着し、この酸素原子がイオン化されてZrO2を通過して、酸素イオン電流を生じさせる。そして、センサ電極の表面層にZrが多く存在することにより、NOx中の酸素原子のイオン化を促進し、NOxの分解性能を高め、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑える。 At the three-phase interface between the Pt—Rh alloy in the sensor electrode, ZrO 2 in the sensor electrode, and the measurement gas containing oxygen, the Pt—Rh alloy adsorbs oxygen atoms in NOx, and these oxygen atoms are ionized. And passes through ZrO 2 to generate an oxygen ion current. The presence of a large amount of Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode promotes ionization of oxygen atoms in NOx, enhances the decomposition performance of NOx, and suppresses the current change rate in the sensor electrode.

 一方、センサ電極の表面層におけるZrの比率が高くなり過ぎると、センサ電極の表面層におけるPt-Rh合金の比率が低くなって、NOx中の酸素原子を吸着するための導通抵抗が増加し、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。 On the other hand, if the ratio of Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode becomes too high, the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer of the sensor electrode decreases, and the conduction resistance for adsorbing oxygen atoms in NOx increases. It becomes difficult to keep the current change rate in the sensor electrode small.

 そこで、センサ電極の表面層における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に対するZrの比率は、センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で25~55atm%高くしている。これにより、センサ電極における電流変化率をさらに効果的に小さく抑えられる。 Therefore, the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is 25 in terms of atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode. Up to 55 atm%. Thereby, the current change rate in the sensor electrode can be further effectively suppressed to be small.

 なお、Zrの比率の差が25atm%よりも小さくなると、NOx中の酸素原子がイオン化しにくくなり、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。一方、Zrの比率の差が55atm%よりも大きくなると、センサ電極の導通性を確保することが困難になり、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。 If the difference in the ratio of Zr is smaller than 25 atm%, oxygen atoms in NOx are difficult to ionize and it is difficult to suppress the current change rate in the sensor electrode. On the other hand, if the difference in the ratio of Zr is larger than 55 atm%, it becomes difficult to ensure the continuity of the sensor electrode, and it becomes difficult to keep the current change rate in the sensor electrode small.

 また、センサ電極は、セラミック成分として、ZrO2の他に、Y23(酸化イットリウム又はイットリア)を含有していてもよい。Y23は、ZrO2を立方晶又は正方晶に安定化させるための安定化剤として用いることができる。センサ電極のセラミック成分中のY23の含有量は5~10mol%とすることができる。 The sensor electrode may contain Y 2 O 3 (yttrium oxide or yttria) in addition to ZrO 2 as a ceramic component. Y 2 O 3 can be used as a stabilizer for stabilizing ZrO 2 into cubic or tetragonal crystals. The content of Y 2 O 3 in the ceramic component of the sensor electrode can be 5 to 10 mol%.

 センサ電極におけるセラミック成分がZrO2及びY23を含有するイットリア安定化ジルコニアの場合、センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZrの合計に対するZrの質量比は、イットリアを含まないジルコニアからなるセラミック成分を有するセンサ電極の場合と同じである。また、イットリア安定化ジルコニアのセンサ電極の全体におけるZrの比率と表面層におけるZrの比率との差は、イットリアを含まないジルコニアからなるセラミック成分を有するセンサ電極の場合と同じである。 When the ceramic component in the sensor electrode is yttria-stabilized zirconia containing ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 , the mass ratio of Zr to the total of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode is composed of zirconia containing no yttria. This is the same as in the case of a sensor electrode having a ceramic component. Further, the difference between the ratio of Zr in the entire yttria-stabilized zirconia sensor electrode and the ratio of Zr in the surface layer is the same as in the case of the sensor electrode having a ceramic component made of zirconia not containing yttria.

 また、上記固体電解質体における、一定濃度の酸素を含む基準ガス(A)に晒される表面(202)上に、NOxセンサの厚み方向において、上記センサ電極と対向するように、基準電極(24)が設けられており、該基準電極は、PtとZrO2を含有しており、上記基準電極の全体におけるPtとZrの質量比は、Pt:Zr=97:3~85:15であり、上記基準電極の、表面(240)から深さ350nmまでの間に存在する表面層(241)における、PtとZrの合計に占めるZrの比率は、上記基準電極の全体における、Pt及とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で40~65atm%高いことが好ましい。 Further, on the surface (202) exposed to the reference gas (A) containing a constant concentration of oxygen in the solid electrolyte body, the reference electrode (24) is opposed to the sensor electrode in the thickness direction of the NOx sensor. The reference electrode contains Pt and ZrO 2 , and the mass ratio of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode is Pt: Zr = 97: 3 to 85:15, The ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the surface layer (241) existing between the surface (240) and the depth of 350 nm of the reference electrode is the sum of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode. The atomic composition ratio is preferably 40 to 65 atm% higher than the ratio of Zr in the total.

 NOxの分解性能を高めるためには、センサ電極と対応して固体電解質体に設けられる基準電極の組成も適切に規定することが有効である。
 具体的には、PtとZrO2を含有する基準電極においては、基準電極の全体におけるPtとZrの質量比は、Pt:Zr=97:3~85:15である。ここで、質量比を原子組成比に換算して示す。基準電極の全体におけるPtの含有量は、基準電極の全体に対して、72.6~93.8atm%(85~97質量%)であり、基準電極の全体におけるZrの含有量は、基準電極の全体に対して、6.2~27.4atm%(3~15質量%)である。
In order to enhance the decomposition performance of NOx, it is effective to appropriately define the composition of the reference electrode provided in the solid electrolyte body corresponding to the sensor electrode.
Specifically, in the reference electrode containing Pt and ZrO 2 , the mass ratio of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode is Pt: Zr = 97: 3 to 85:15. Here, the mass ratio is shown in terms of the atomic composition ratio. The Pt content in the entire reference electrode is 72.6 to 93.8 atm% (85 to 97% by mass) with respect to the entire reference electrode, and the Zr content in the entire reference electrode is Is 6.2 to 27.4 atm% (3 to 15% by mass).

 基準電極におけるPtと、基準電極におけるZrO2と、一定濃度の酸素を含む基準ガスとの三相界面においては、イオン化された酸素原子がZrO2を通過し、Ptにおいて、イオン化された酸素原子が分子化される。そして、基準電極の表面層にZrが多く存在することにより、イオン化された酸素原子の通過を促進し、NOxの分解性能を高めることができ、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑える。 At the three-phase interface between Pt at the reference electrode, ZrO 2 at the reference electrode, and a reference gas containing a constant concentration of oxygen, ionized oxygen atoms pass through ZrO 2 , and at Pt, the ionized oxygen atoms are It is molecularized. The presence of a large amount of Zr in the surface layer of the reference electrode facilitates the passage of ionized oxygen atoms, can enhance the NOx decomposition performance, and suppresses the current change rate in the sensor electrode.

 一方、基準電極の表面層におけるZrの比率が高くなり過ぎると、センサ電極の表面層におけるPtの比率が低くなって、導通抵抗が増加し、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。 On the other hand, when the ratio of Zr in the surface layer of the reference electrode becomes too high, the ratio of Pt in the surface layer of the sensor electrode becomes low, the conduction resistance increases, and it is difficult to keep the current change rate in the sensor electrode small. Become.

 そこで、基準電極の表面層における、PtとZrの合計に占めるZrの比率を、基準電極の全体における、PtとZrの合計に占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で40~65atm%高くすることにより、センサ電極における電流変化率を効果的に小さく抑える。 Therefore, the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the surface layer of the reference electrode is made 40 to 65 atm% higher in atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode. As a result, the rate of change of current in the sensor electrode is effectively reduced.

 なお、Zrの比率の差が40atm%よりも小さくなると、イオン化された酸素原子がZrO2を通過しにくくなり、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。一方、Zrの比率の差が65atm%よりも大きくなると、基準電極の導通性を確保することが困難になり、センサ電極における電流変化率を小さく抑えることが困難になる。 If the difference in the ratio of Zr is smaller than 40 atm%, ionized oxygen atoms will not easily pass through ZrO 2 , and it will be difficult to suppress the current change rate in the sensor electrode. On the other hand, if the difference in the ratio of Zr is larger than 65 atm%, it becomes difficult to ensure the conductivity of the reference electrode, and it becomes difficult to keep the current change rate in the sensor electrode small.

 以下に、本実施例のNOxセンサ1を、図面を参照して説明する。
(実施例1)
 NOxセンサ1は、図1、図2に示すように、固体電解質体2、ポンプ電極21及びセンサ電極22を備えている。固体電解質体2は、板形状に形成されており、酸素イオン伝導性を有している。ポンプ電極21は、酸素を含む被測定ガスGに晒される固体電解質体2の第1の表面201に設けられており、被測定ガスGにおける酸素濃度を調整するために用いられる。センサ電極22は、被測定ガスGに晒される固体電解質体2の第1の表面201に設けられており、ポンプ電極21によって酸素濃度の検出に用いられる。
Below, the NOx sensor 1 of a present Example is demonstrated with reference to drawings.
(Example 1)
The NOx sensor 1 includes a solid electrolyte body 2, a pump electrode 21, and a sensor electrode 22, as shown in FIGS. The solid electrolyte body 2 is formed in a plate shape and has oxygen ion conductivity. The pump electrode 21 is provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 exposed to the measurement gas G containing oxygen, and is used to adjust the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas G. The sensor electrode 22 is provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 exposed to the gas G to be measured, and is used for detecting the oxygen concentration by the pump electrode 21.

 センサ電極22の金属成分は、Pt-Rh合金によって構成されている。センサ電極22の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比は、Pt:Rh=70:30~35:65である。言い換えると、センサ電極22におけるPtの含有量は、センサ電極22のPt-Rh合金の全体に対して、22.1~55.2atm%(35~70質量%)であり、センサ電極22におけるRhの含有量は、センサ電極22のPt-Rh合金の全体に対して、44.8~77.9atm%(30~65質量%)である。 The metal component of the sensor electrode 22 is composed of a Pt—Rh alloy. The mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt: Rh = 70: 30 to 35:65. In other words, the Pt content in the sensor electrode 22 is 22.1 to 55.2 atm% (35 to 70% by mass) with respect to the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22, and the Rh in the sensor electrode 22. Is 44.8 to 77.9 atm% (30 to 65% by mass) with respect to the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22.

 また、センサ電極22の、表面220から深さ350nmまでの間に存在する表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率は、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率よりも、原子組成比で4~10atm%高い。 Further, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 existing between the surface 220 and the depth of 350 nm of the sensor electrode 22 is the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22. The atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio.

 以下に、NOxセンサ1について、図1~図19を参照して詳説する。
 NOxセンサ1は、自動車の排気管内において使用される。また、被測定ガスGは排気管を通過する排ガスであり、NOxセンサ1は、排ガス中の所定ガス成分であるNOx(窒素酸化物)の濃度を検出するために用いられる。
Hereinafter, the NOx sensor 1 will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.
The NOx sensor 1 is used in an exhaust pipe of an automobile. The gas to be measured G is exhaust gas passing through the exhaust pipe, and the NOx sensor 1 is used to detect the concentration of NOx (nitrogen oxide) that is a predetermined gas component in the exhaust gas.

 NOxセンサ1は、インシュレータ(碍子)によってハウジングに保持され、ハウジングは、排気管に固定される。また、NOxセンサ1の先端側の部分は碍子から突出しており、この先端側の部分は、被測定ガスGを通過させる貫通孔が設けられた保護カバーによって覆われている。 The NOx sensor 1 is held in the housing by an insulator (insulator), and the housing is fixed to the exhaust pipe. Further, the tip side portion of the NOx sensor 1 protrudes from the insulator, and this tip side portion is covered with a protective cover provided with a through hole through which the gas G to be measured passes.

 図1、図2に示すように、固体電解質体2の第1の表面201には、センサ電極22と固体電解質体2の幅方向に離間してモニタ電極23が設けられている。モニタ電極23は、ポンプ電極21によって酸素濃度が調整された後の被測定ガスGにおける酸素濃度を検出するために用いられる。 As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a monitor electrode 23 is provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 so as to be separated in the width direction of the sensor electrode 22 and the solid electrolyte body 2. The monitor electrode 23 is used for detecting the oxygen concentration in the gas G to be measured after the oxygen concentration is adjusted by the pump electrode 21.

 固体電解質体2における、基準ガスAとしての大気に晒される第2の表面202には、基準電極24が設けられている。基準電極24は、第2の表面202において、固体電解質体2の第1の表面201に設けられたポンプ電極21、センサ電極22及びモニタ電極23に対し、固体電解質体2の厚み方向において対向するように設けられている。基準電極24は、単一の電極からなり、ポンプ電極21、センサ電極22及びモニタ電極23が設けられた固体電解質体2の領域の全体に対し、固体電解質体2の厚み方向において一致するように設けてもよい。また、基準電極24は、複数の電極から構成してもよく、ポンプ電極21、センサ電極22及びモニタ電極23のそれぞれに対して別々に設けることもできる。 A reference electrode 24 is provided on the second surface 202 of the solid electrolyte body 2 exposed to the atmosphere as the reference gas A. The reference electrode 24 is opposed to the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22, and the monitor electrode 23 provided on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 on the second surface 202 in the thickness direction of the solid electrolyte body 2. It is provided as follows. The reference electrode 24 is composed of a single electrode, and coincides in the thickness direction of the solid electrolyte body 2 with respect to the entire region of the solid electrolyte body 2 provided with the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22 and the monitor electrode 23. It may be provided. The reference electrode 24 may be composed of a plurality of electrodes, and may be provided separately for each of the pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22, and the monitor electrode 23.

 ポンプ電極21、センサ電極22、モニタ電極23及び基準電極24は、1枚の固体電解質体2に設けられている。固体電解質体2の第1の表面201には、スペーサ51を介して板形状の絶縁体52が積層されている。固体電解質体2の第1の表面201上には、固体電解質体2、スペーサ51及び絶縁体52によって、被測定ガスGが導入されるガス室501が形成されている。スペーサ51に設けられた穴510には、所定の拡散抵抗下においてガス室501に被測定ガスGを導入するための拡散抵抗層511が設けられている。固体電解質体2の第2の表面202には、スペーサ53を介して板形状のヒータ3が積層されている。固体電解質体2の第2の表面202上には、固体電解質体2、スペーサ53及びヒータ3によって、基準ガスAが導入される基準ガス室502が形成されている。 The pump electrode 21, the sensor electrode 22, the monitor electrode 23, and the reference electrode 24 are provided on one solid electrolyte body 2. A plate-shaped insulator 52 is stacked on the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2 with a spacer 51 interposed therebetween. On the first surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2, a gas chamber 501 into which the measurement gas G is introduced is formed by the solid electrolyte body 2, the spacer 51, and the insulator 52. The hole 510 provided in the spacer 51 is provided with a diffusion resistance layer 511 for introducing the measurement gas G into the gas chamber 501 under a predetermined diffusion resistance. A plate-shaped heater 3 is laminated on the second surface 202 of the solid electrolyte body 2 with a spacer 53 interposed therebetween. On the second surface 202 of the solid electrolyte body 2, a reference gas chamber 502 into which the reference gas A is introduced is formed by the solid electrolyte body 2, the spacer 53, and the heater 3.

 図1に示すように、NOxセンサ1においては、ポンプ電極21及び基準電極24(本例では基準電極24の一部)と、これらの間に挟まれた固体電解質体2の一部とによって、ポンプセル41が形成されている。ポンプセル41は、ポンプ電極21と基準電極24との間に電圧を印加して、ポンプ電極21と基準電極24との間に酸素イオン電流を流すことによって、被測定ガスG中の酸素を除去するよう構成されている。 As shown in FIG. 1, in the NOx sensor 1, the pump electrode 21 and the reference electrode 24 (in this example, a part of the reference electrode 24) and the part of the solid electrolyte body 2 sandwiched between them are used. A pump cell 41 is formed. The pump cell 41 applies a voltage between the pump electrode 21 and the reference electrode 24 and causes an oxygen ion current to flow between the pump electrode 21 and the reference electrode 24, thereby removing oxygen in the measurement gas G. It is configured as follows.

 また、図2に示すように、NOxセンサ1においては、センサ電極22及び基準電極24(本例では基準電極24の一部)と、これらの間に挟まれた固体電解質体2の一部とによって、センサセル42が形成されている。センサセル42は、センサ電極22と基準電極24との間に電圧を印加した状態において、センサ電極22と基準電極24との間に流れる酸素イオン電流を検出するよう構成されている。 Further, as shown in FIG. 2, in the NOx sensor 1, the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24 (a part of the reference electrode 24 in this example), and a part of the solid electrolyte body 2 sandwiched between them, Thus, the sensor cell 42 is formed. The sensor cell 42 is configured to detect an oxygen ion current flowing between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24 in a state where a voltage is applied between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24.

 NOxセンサ1においては、モニタ電極23及び基準電極24(本例では基準電極24の一部)と、これらの間に挟まれた固体電解質体2の一部とによって、モニタセル43が形成されている。モニタセル43は、モニタ電極23と基準電極24との間に電圧を印加した状態において、モニタ電極23と基準電極24との間に流れる酸素イオン電流を検出するよう構成されている。 In the NOx sensor 1, a monitor cell 43 is formed by the monitor electrode 23 and the reference electrode 24 (in this example, a part of the reference electrode 24) and a part of the solid electrolyte body 2 sandwiched therebetween. . The monitor cell 43 is configured to detect an oxygen ion current flowing between the monitor electrode 23 and the reference electrode 24 in a state where a voltage is applied between the monitor electrode 23 and the reference electrode 24.

 センサセル42は、NOx及び残留酸素による酸素イオン電流を検出し、モニタセル43は、残留酸素による酸素イオン電流を検出する。そして、センサセル42における酸素イオン電流の値からモニタセル43における酸素イオン電流の値を差し引くことにより、被測定ガスG中のNOx濃度が検出される。 Sensor cell 42 detects oxygen ion current due to NOx and residual oxygen, and monitor cell 43 detects oxygen ion current due to residual oxygen. Then, the NOx concentration in the measurement gas G is detected by subtracting the value of the oxygen ion current in the monitor cell 43 from the value of the oxygen ion current in the sensor cell 42.

 図1、図2に示すように、ヒータ3は、絶縁性のヒータ基板31と、ヒータ基板31に設けられた導電性の導体層32とによって構成されている。導体層32には、一対のリード322と、一対のリード322同士を接続する発熱体321とを有している。発熱体321は、リード322に比べて断面積が縮小していることにより、一対のリード322の間に通電を行う際に、リード322に比べて大きなジュール熱を発生させる。 As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the heater 3 includes an insulating heater substrate 31 and a conductive conductor layer 32 provided on the heater substrate 31. The conductor layer 32 includes a pair of leads 322 and a heating element 321 that connects the pair of leads 322 to each other. The heating element 321 generates a Joule heat larger than that of the leads 322 when energizing between the pair of leads 322 because the cross-sectional area is smaller than that of the leads 322.

 ヒータ基板31、絶縁体52及びスペーサ51,53は、アルミナ等のセラミックスによって構成されている。導体層32は、一対のヒータ基板31の間に配置されており、ヒータ基板31に一定の厚みで設けられた導電性材料によって構成されている。 The heater substrate 31, the insulator 52, and the spacers 51 and 53 are made of ceramics such as alumina. The conductor layer 32 is disposed between the pair of heater substrates 31 and is made of a conductive material provided on the heater substrate 31 with a certain thickness.

 本例のNOxセンサ1は、被測定ガスGにおけるNOxの濃度を検出するために用いられるセンサ電極22の表面層221(表面220から深さ350nmまでの層)の組成について規定している。
 具体的には、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率を、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率よりも高くしている。また、センサ電極22は、Pt-Rh合金の他に、ZrO2及びY23を含有している。
The NOx sensor 1 of this example defines the composition of the surface layer 221 (layer from the surface 220 to a depth of 350 nm) of the sensor electrode 22 used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas G to be measured.
Specifically, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is set higher than the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22. The sensor electrode 22 contains ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy.

 図3は、センサ電極22の表面層221の付近を模式的に示す。センサ電極22の全体においては、Pt,Rhの金属粒子(粒径:0.8~3μm)及びZrO2(Y23を含む)のセラミック粒子(粒径:0.5~2.5μm)が混在している。そして、センサ電極22の表面220においては、Pt,Rhの金属粒子及びZrO2のセラミック粒子による凹凸が形成されている。センサ電極22の表面層221とは、センサ電極22の厚みの一部である。具体的には、表面層221とは、センサ電極22の長手方向の中心線に垂直な厚み方向において、言い換えれば、固体電解質体2の表面201に対して略垂直方向において、表面220から深さ350nmまでのセンサ電極22の一部であって、表面層221の表面220に対向する内面290を有し、この内面290の外形(Outline)は、表面220の外形に幾何学的に一致、すなわち、倣っている、言い換えれば、表面層221は、表面220から厚み350nmを有するセンサ電極22の一部からなる。センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPtとRhの原子組成比の違いは、センサ電極22の表面220全体の面積に対する、表面220に現れるPtの表面積の比率と、センサ電極22の表面220全体の面積に対する、表面220に現れるRhの表面積の比率との違いとして現れる。なお、PtとRhは、合金として金属粒子中に含まれている。 FIG. 3 schematically shows the vicinity of the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22. In the entire sensor electrode 22, metal particles of Pt and Rh (particle size: 0.8 to 3 μm) and ceramic particles of ZrO 2 (including Y 2 O 3 ) (particle size: 0.5 to 2.5 μm) Are mixed. The surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 has irregularities formed by Pt and Rh metal particles and ZrO 2 ceramic particles. The surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is a part of the thickness of the sensor electrode 22. Specifically, the surface layer 221 is a depth from the surface 220 in a thickness direction perpendicular to the center line in the longitudinal direction of the sensor electrode 22, in other words, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface 201 of the solid electrolyte body 2. A part of the sensor electrode 22 up to 350 nm, having an inner surface 290 facing the surface 220 of the surface layer 221, the outline of this inner surface 290 being geometrically identical to the outer shape of the surface 220, ie In other words, the surface layer 221 is composed of a part of the sensor electrode 22 having a thickness of 350 nm from the surface 220. The difference in the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is that the ratio of the surface area of Pt that appears on the surface 220 to the area of the entire surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 and the area of the entire surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 To the ratio of the surface area of Rh appearing on the surface 220. Pt and Rh are contained in the metal particles as an alloy.

 本例においては、センサ電極22の能力を表す指標として、センサ電極22における酸素イオン電流Iの変化率(電流変化率X)と、センサ電極22の活性時間Tとを用いる。電流変化率X及び活性時間Tは、NOxセンサ1によるNOxの分解性能と関連する指標である。 In this example, the change rate (current change rate X) of the oxygen ion current I in the sensor electrode 22 and the activation time T of the sensor electrode 22 are used as indices representing the capability of the sensor electrode 22. The current change rate X and the activation time T are indices related to the NOx decomposition performance of the NOx sensor 1.

 図4には、センサセル42に印加する電圧(センサ電極22と基準電極24との間に印加する電圧)Vと、センサセル42に流れる酸素イオン電流I(センサセル電流Iという。)との関係を示す。そして、センサセル42に印加する電圧Vを、電圧の変化に関わらず、センサセル42に流れる酸素イオン電流がほぼ一定になる限界電流特性を示すための電圧V’とする。そして、電流変化率Xは、この電圧V’の値に±0.01Vの変化が生じたときに、センサセル電流Iに生じる変化率として、X=ΔI/(2・I)×100(%)として表される。 FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the voltage V applied to the sensor cell 42 (voltage applied between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24) and the oxygen ion current I flowing through the sensor cell 42 (referred to as sensor cell current I). . The voltage V applied to the sensor cell 42 is set to a voltage V ′ for showing a limit current characteristic that makes the oxygen ion current flowing through the sensor cell 42 almost constant regardless of the change in voltage. The current change rate X is the change rate that occurs in the sensor cell current I when a change of ± 0.01 V occurs in the value of the voltage V ′. X = ΔI / (2 · I) × 100 (%) Represented as:

 図5には、NOxセンサ1を起動してからの経過時間tと、センサセル電流Iとの関係を示す。NOxセンサ1を起動した直後においては、ガス室501内が大気雰囲気にあっても、センサ電極22の表面220におけるRhに吸着されている酸素が放出されるため、一時的にセンサセル電流Iが大きくなる。そして、活性時間Tは、NOxセンサ1を起動してから(すなわち、ヒータ3を起動して)からセンサセル電流Iが表すNOxの濃度が10ppm以下に低くなるまでの所要時間として表される。 FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the elapsed time t after starting the NOx sensor 1 and the sensor cell current I. Immediately after the NOx sensor 1 is activated, even if the gas chamber 501 is in an atmospheric atmosphere, oxygen adsorbed by Rh on the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is released, so that the sensor cell current I temporarily increases. Become. The activation time T is expressed as a required time from when the NOx sensor 1 is activated (that is, when the heater 3 is activated) until the concentration of NOx represented by the sensor cell current I decreases to 10 ppm or less.

 図6には、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(質量%)と、電流変化率X(%)との関係を示す。Rhの比率が30質量%よりも小さくなっていくと、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていくことがわかる。この理由は、センサ電極22の全体におけるRhの比率が小さくなることにより、RhによるNOx及びO2の吸着性能が低下するためであると考える。 FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy and the current change rate X (%) in the entire sensor electrode 22. It can be seen that the current change rate X increases as the Rh ratio becomes smaller than 30% by mass. The reason for this is considered to be that the adsorption performance of NOx and O 2 by Rh is lowered due to the decrease in the ratio of Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22.

 図7には、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(質量%)と、活性時間T(s)との関係を示す。Rhの比率が65質量%よりも大きくなっていくと、活性時間が長くなっていくことがわかる。この理由は、センサ電極22の全体におけるRhの比率が大きくなることにより、NOxセンサ1の始動時において、Rhに吸着されたO2を除去するために時間が掛かるためであると考える。 FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the Rh ratio (mass%) in the Pt—Rh alloy and the activation time T (s) in the entire sensor electrode 22. It can be seen that the activation time increases as the ratio of Rh increases from 65% by mass. The reason for this is considered to be that it takes time to remove O 2 adsorbed to Rh when the NOx sensor 1 is started due to an increase in the ratio of Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22.

 図8には、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)と、電流変化率X(%)との関係を示す。ここで、センサ電極22の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比は、Pt:Rh=60:40とした。この場合、センサ電極22のPt-Rh合金の全体におけるRhの含有量は、55atm%である。表面層221におけるRhの比率が59atm%よりも小さくなっていくと、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていくことがわかる。この理由は、表面層221におけるRhの比率が小さくなることにより、RhによるNOx及びO2の吸着性能が低下するためであると考える。 FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the Rh ratio (atm%) in the Pt—Rh alloy and the current change rate X (%) in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22. Here, the mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22 was Pt: Rh = 60: 40. In this case, the content of Rh in the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22 is 55 atm%. It can be seen that the current change rate X increases as the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221 becomes smaller than 59 atm%. The reason for this is considered to be that the adsorption performance of NOx and O 2 by Rh is lowered due to the decrease in the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221.

 図9には、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)と、活性時間T(s)との関係を示す。ここで、センサ電極22の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比は、Pt:Rh=60:40とした。この場合、センサ電極22のPt-Rh合金の全体におけるRhの含有量は、55atm%である。表面層221におけるRhの比率が65atm%よりも大きくなっていくと、活性時間Tが長くなっていくことがわかる。この理由は、表面層221におけるRhの比率が大きくなることにより、NOxセンサ1の始動時において、Rhに吸着されたO2を除去するために時間が掛かるためであると考える。 FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the Rh ratio (atm%) in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 and the activation time T (s). Here, the mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22 was Pt: Rh = 60: 40. In this case, the content of Rh in the entire Pt—Rh alloy of the sensor electrode 22 is 55 atm%. It can be seen that the activation time T becomes longer as the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221 becomes larger than 65 atm%. The reason for this is considered to be that it takes time to remove O 2 adsorbed to Rh when the NOx sensor 1 is started because the ratio of Rh in the surface layer 221 increases.

 図8、図9のグラフより、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率を、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率よりも、原子組成比で4~10atm%高くすることにより、センサ電極22における電流変化率Xを小さく抑えるとともに、センサ電極22の活性時間Tを短く抑えられることが分かる。 8 and 9, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is larger than the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22. It can be seen that by increasing the ratio by 4 to 10 atm%, the current change rate X in the sensor electrode 22 can be kept small and the activation time T of the sensor electrode 22 can be kept short.

 本例のNOxセンサ1においては、センサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZrとの質量比は、Pt-Rh合金:Zr=93:7~75:25である。また、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金及びZrに占めるZrの比率は、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金及びZrに占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で25~55atm%高い。
 センサ電極22におけるセラミック成分は、ZrO2及びY23を含有するイットリア安定化ジルコニアである。
In the NOx sensor 1 of this example, the mass ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt—Rh alloy: Zr = 93: 7 to 75:25. Further, the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is 25 in terms of the atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22. ~ 55 atm% higher.
The ceramic component in the sensor electrode 22 is yttria stabilized zirconia containing ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 .

 図10には、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金及びZrの合計に対するZrの比率(質量%)と、電流変化率X(%)との関係を示す。
 Zrの比率が7質量%よりも小さくなっていく場合に、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていく。この理由は、センサ電極22の全体におけるZrの比率が小さくなることにより、ZrO2がNOx中の酸素原子のイオン化を促進する能力が減少し、NOxの分解性能が低下するためであると考える。また、Zrの比率が25質量%よりも大きくなっていく場合にも、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていく。この理由は、センサ電極22におけるZrの比率が大きくなることにより、センサ電極22におけるPt-Rh合金の比率が小さくなって、NOx中の酸素原子を吸着するための導通抵抗が増加するためであると考える。
FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr with respect to the total of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr and the current change rate X (%) in the entire sensor electrode 22.
When the ratio of Zr becomes smaller than 7% by mass, the current change rate X increases. The reason for this is considered to be that the ability of ZrO 2 to promote ionization of oxygen atoms in NOx decreases due to a decrease in the ratio of Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22, and the decomposition performance of NOx decreases. Also, when the ratio of Zr becomes larger than 25% by mass, the current change rate X becomes larger. This is because the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy in the sensor electrode 22 decreases as the Zr ratio in the sensor electrode 22 increases, and the conduction resistance for adsorbing oxygen atoms in NOx increases. I think.

 図11には、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金及びZr中のZrの比率(atm%)と、電流変化率X(%)との関係を示す。ここで、センサ電極22の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比は、Pt:Rh=60:40とした。また、センサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZrの質量比は、Pt-Rh合金:Zr=84:16とした。この場合、センサ電極22のPt-Rh合金及びZrにおけるZrの含有量は、25atm%である。 FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 and the current change rate X (%). Here, the mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode 22 was Pt: Rh = 60: 40. The mass ratio of Pt—Rh alloy to Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22 was Pt—Rh alloy: Zr = 84: 16. In this case, the content of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr of the sensor electrode 22 is 25 atm%.

 センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率が50atm%よりも小さくなっていくと、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていく。この理由は、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率が小さくなることにより、ZrO2がNOx中の酸素原子のイオン化を促進する能力が減少し、NOxの分解性能が低下するためであると考える。 As the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 becomes smaller than 50 atm%, the current change rate X increases. This is because the ability of ZrO 2 to promote ionization of oxygen atoms in NOx decreases due to a decrease in the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22, and the decomposition performance of NOx decreases. Think.

 一方、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率が80atm%よりも大きくなると、電流変化率Xが若干大きくなる。この理由は、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率が大きくなることにより、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金の比率が小さくなって、NOx中の酸素原子を吸着するための導通抵抗が増加するためであると考える。 On the other hand, when the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is greater than 80 atm%, the current change rate X is slightly increased. The reason for this is that the ratio of Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 decreases as the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 increases, thereby adsorbing oxygen atoms in NOx. This is considered to be because the conduction resistance increases.

 図11のグラフより、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金及びZrに占めるZrの比率を、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金及びZrに占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で25~55atm%高くすることにより、センサ電極22における電流変化率Xを効果的に小さく抑えられる。 From the graph of FIG. 11, the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is larger than the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22. By increasing the composition ratio by 25 to 55 atm%, the current change rate X in the sensor electrode 22 can be effectively reduced.

 また、本例のNOxセンサ1における基準電極24は、Pt、ZrO2及びY23を含有している。基準電極24の全体におけるPtとZrの質量比は、Pt:Zr=97:3~85:15である。また、基準電極24の、表面240から深さ350nmまでの間に存在する表面層241における、Pt及びZrに占めるZrの比率は、基準電極24の全体における、Pt及びZrに占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で40~65atm%高い。また、基準電極24におけるセラミック成分は、ZrO2及びY23を含有するイットリア安定化ジルコニアである。基準電極24の表面層241とは、図3に示したセンサ電極22の表面層221と同様に、凹凸形状の表面240の各位置から凹凸形状に倣った深さ350nmの位置までの層のことをいう。同図において、基準電極24の場合を括弧書きで示す。
 また、ポンプ電極21及びモニタ電極23は、Pt-Au合金及びZrO2から構成してもよい。
Further, the reference electrode 24 in the NOx sensor 1 of the present example contains Pt, ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 . The mass ratio of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24 is Pt: Zr = 97: 3 to 85:15. Further, the ratio of Zr to Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 existing between the surface 240 and the depth of 350 nm of the reference electrode 24 is based on the ratio of Zr to Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24. Also, the atomic composition ratio is 40 to 65 atm% higher. The ceramic component in the reference electrode 24 is yttria-stabilized zirconia containing ZrO 2 and Y 2 O 3 . Similar to the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 shown in FIG. 3, the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is a layer from each position of the uneven surface 240 to a position having a depth of 350 nm following the uneven shape. Say. In the figure, the case of the reference electrode 24 is shown in parentheses.
The pump electrode 21 and the monitor electrode 23 may be made of a Pt—Au alloy and ZrO 2 .

 図12には、基準電極24の全体における、Pt及びZr中のZrの比率(質量%)と、電流変化率X(%)との関係を示す。
 Zrの比率が3質量%よりも小さくなっていく場合に、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていくことがわかる。この理由は、センサ電極22においてイオン化された酸素原子が、基準電極24におけるZrO2を通過しにくくなり、NOxの分解性能が低下するためであると考える。また、Zrの比率が15質量%よりも大きくなっていく場合にも、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていくことがわかる。この理由は、基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率が大きくなることにより、基準電極24におけるPtの比率が小さくなって、基準電極24の導通抵抗が増加するためであると考える。
FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the ratio (mass%) of Zr in Pt and Zr and the current change rate X (%) in the entire reference electrode 24.
It can be seen that the current change rate X increases as the Zr ratio becomes smaller than 3 mass%. The reason for this is considered that oxygen atoms ionized in the sensor electrode 22 are less likely to pass through ZrO 2 in the reference electrode 24 and the NOx decomposition performance is reduced. It can also be seen that the current change rate X increases when the Zr ratio is greater than 15% by mass. The reason for this is considered to be that when the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 increases, the ratio of Pt in the reference electrode 24 decreases, and the conduction resistance of the reference electrode 24 increases.

 図13には、基準電極24の表面層241における、Pt及びZr中のZrの比率(atm%)と、電流変化率X(%)との関係を示す。ここで、基準電極24の全体におけるPtとZrの質量比は、Pt:Zr=90:10とした。この場合、基準電極24のPt及びZrにおけるZrの含有量は、20atm%である。 FIG. 13 shows the relationship between the ratio (atm%) of Zr in Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 and the current change rate X (%). Here, the mass ratio of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24 was Pt: Zr = 90: 10. In this case, the content of Zr in Pt and Zr of the reference electrode 24 is 20 atm%.

 基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率が60atm%よりも小さくなっていくと、電流変化率Xが大きくなっていく。この理由は、センサ電極22においてイオン化された酸素原子が、基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrO2を通過しにくくなり、NOxの分解性能が低下するためであると考える。 As the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 becomes smaller than 60 atm%, the current change rate X increases. The reason for this is considered to be that oxygen atoms ionized in the sensor electrode 22 are less likely to pass through ZrO 2 in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 and the NOx decomposition performance is reduced.

 一方、基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率が85atm%よりも大きくなると、電流変化率Xが若干大きくなる。この理由は、基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率が大きくなることにより、基準電極24の表面層241におけるPtの比率が小さくなって、基準電極24の導通抵抗が増加するためであると考える。 On the other hand, when the ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is greater than 85 atm%, the current change rate X is slightly increased. This is because the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 increases, the Pt ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 decreases, and the conduction resistance of the reference electrode 24 increases. Think.

 図13のグラフより、基準電極24の表面層241における、Pt及びZrに占めるZrの比率を、基準電極24の全体における、Pt及びZrに占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で40~65atm%高くすることにより、センサ電極22における電流変化率Xを効果的に小さく抑えられる。 From the graph of FIG. 13, the ratio of Zr occupying Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is 40 to 65 atm in terms of atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr occupying Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24. By increasing the value by%, the current change rate X in the sensor electrode 22 can be effectively reduced.

 次に、本例のNOxセンサ1を製造する方法について説明する。
 まず、各電極21,22,23,24が設けられた板形状の固体電解質体2、板形状の絶縁体52、スペーサ51,53、ヒータ3等を積層して、NOxセンサ1の積層体を形成する。次いで、大気雰囲気下において、積層体に脱脂を行って、積層体における樹脂成分等を除去する。次いで、酸素濃度を低減させた環境下において、積層体を焼成する。このとき、焼成時の酸素濃度を3%以下に調整することにより、センサ電極22におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhが酸素に引き寄せられて、センサ電極22の表面220付近に集中してしまうことが防止される
Next, a method for manufacturing the NOx sensor 1 of this example will be described.
First, the plate-shaped solid electrolyte body 2 provided with the electrodes 21, 22, 23, 24, the plate-shaped insulator 52, the spacers 51, 53, the heater 3, and the like are stacked to form a stack of the NOx sensor 1. Form. Next, in an air atmosphere, the laminate is degreased to remove resin components and the like in the laminate. Next, the laminate is fired in an environment where the oxygen concentration is reduced. At this time, by adjusting the oxygen concentration at the time of firing to 3% or less, Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the sensor electrode 22 may be attracted to oxygen and concentrated near the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22. Be prevented

 図14には、焼成時の酸素濃度(%)と、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)との関係を示す。この場合のセンサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のPtとRhの原子組成比は、Pt:Rh=45:55である。図14において、焼成時の酸素濃度が3%以下の環境下において焼成を行う場合には、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率が、センサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率とほとんど変わらない。 FIG. 14 shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration (%) during firing and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22. In this case, the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt: Rh = 45: 55. In FIG. 14, when firing is performed in an environment where the oxygen concentration during firing is 3% or less, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is Pt in the entire sensor electrode 22. -Almost the same as the ratio of Rh in the Rh alloy.

 一方、焼成時の酸素濃度が3%を超える場合には、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率が増加する。この理由は、焼成時の酸素濃度が高くなると、Pt-Rh合金中のRhが酸素に引き寄せられて、センサ電極22の表面220付近に集中するためであると考える。 On the other hand, when the oxygen concentration during firing exceeds 3%, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 increases. The reason for this is considered to be that when the oxygen concentration during firing increases, Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy is attracted to oxygen and concentrated near the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22.

 Ptの表面エネルギー(J/m2)とRhの表面エネルギー(J/m2)とはほぼ同じである。そのため、焼成時において、外部要因である酸素濃度を低く保てば、原料仕込み時の組成とほぼ同じ状態の表面層221が形成される。これにより、センサ電極22の最終的な表面層221の組成を容易に調整することが可能になる。 The surface energy of Pt (J / m2) and the surface energy of Rh (J / m2) are almost the same. Therefore, if the oxygen concentration, which is an external factor, is kept low during firing, the surface layer 221 having the same state as the composition at the time of raw material charging is formed. Thereby, the composition of the final surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 can be easily adjusted.

 NOxセンサ1の積層体に焼成を行った後には、積層体をインシュレータ(碍子)によって固定し、NOxセンサ1の先端部にトラップ層を塗布し、このトラップ層を焼き付ける。トラップ層は、多孔質のセラミック材料から構成され、NOxセンサ1のガス室501に、各電極に対する被毒物質が侵入することを防止するものである。 After firing the laminated body of the NOx sensor 1, the laminated body is fixed by an insulator (insulator), a trap layer is applied to the tip of the NOx sensor 1, and this trap layer is baked. The trap layer is made of a porous ceramic material, and prevents a poisoning substance for each electrode from entering the gas chamber 501 of the NOx sensor 1.

 図15は、NOxセンサ1の積層体を加熱する温度(℃)と、センサ電極22の膨張率(線膨張率%)との関係を示す。この場合のセンサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のPtとRhの原子組成比は、Pt:Rh=45:55である。図15において、温度が500℃以下である場合には、センサ電極22がほとんど膨張していない。一方、温度が500℃を超えて1150℃ぐらいまでの範囲においては、センサ電極22が膨張している。このセンサ電極22の膨張は、Rhが酸化するために生じていると考える。 FIG. 15 shows the relationship between the temperature (° C.) for heating the laminate of the NOx sensor 1 and the expansion coefficient (linear expansion coefficient%) of the sensor electrode 22. In this case, the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt: Rh = 45: 55. In FIG. 15, when the temperature is 500 ° C. or lower, the sensor electrode 22 hardly expands. On the other hand, the sensor electrode 22 expands when the temperature exceeds 500 ° C. and reaches about 1150 ° C. It is considered that the expansion of the sensor electrode 22 occurs because Rh is oxidized.

 そのため、大気雰囲気下等の酸素濃度が高い環境下において、NOxセンサ1の積層体に加熱を行う際には、この加熱温度は500℃以下に調整することが好ましい。また、積層体の焼成後又はトラップ層の焼付後に、積層体に大気を接触させる際の温度は、500℃以下に調整することが好ましい。 Therefore, when heating the laminated body of the NOx sensor 1 in an environment having a high oxygen concentration such as an air atmosphere, the heating temperature is preferably adjusted to 500 ° C. or lower. Moreover, it is preferable to adjust the temperature at the time of bringing the laminate into contact with the air after firing the laminate or baking the trap layer to 500 ° C. or less.

 また、NOxセンサ1の積層体にトラップ層を形成した後には、センサセル42(センサ電極22と基準電極24との間)に、センサ電極22の組成を調整するための調整用電圧V1を印加する。そして、この調整用電圧V1の印加によって、センサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率に対して、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率を高くする。 In addition, after the trap layer is formed on the stacked body of the NOx sensor 1, the adjustment voltage V1 for adjusting the composition of the sensor electrode 22 is applied to the sensor cell 42 (between the sensor electrode 22 and the reference electrode 24). . Then, by applying the adjustment voltage V1, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is made higher than the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22. .

 焼成及びトラップ層の焼付が行われた、NOxセンサ1の積層体は、大気の雰囲気に晒される。そして、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金においては、Rhが大気中の酸素に引き寄せられ、Rhの比率が、目標とする比率よりも高くなっている場合がある。そこで、積層体に対して、NOxセンサ1の使用時にセンサセル42に印加する電圧V’よりも高い調整用電圧V1をセンサセル42に印加する。 The laminated body of the NOx sensor 1 subjected to firing and trap layer baking is exposed to the atmosphere of the atmosphere. In the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22, Rh is attracted to oxygen in the atmosphere, and the ratio of Rh may be higher than the target ratio. Therefore, an adjustment voltage V1 higher than the voltage V ′ applied to the sensor cell 42 when the NOx sensor 1 is used is applied to the sensor cell 42.

 図16は、センサセル42に印加する調整用電圧V1(V)と、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率(atm%)との関係を示す。この場合のセンサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のPtとRhの原子組成比は、Pt:Rh=45:55である。また、酸素濃度が100ppmの環境下において調整用電圧V1の印加を行う場合を示す。 FIG. 16 shows the relationship between the adjustment voltage V1 (V) applied to the sensor cell 42 and the ratio (atm%) of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22. In this case, the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt: Rh = 45: 55. Further, the case where the adjustment voltage V1 is applied in an environment where the oxygen concentration is 100 ppm is shown.

 図16によれば、センサセル42に印加する調整用電圧V1が1.6V未満と低い場合には、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率を下げにくいことがわかる。 FIG. 16 shows that when the adjustment voltage V1 applied to the sensor cell 42 is as low as less than 1.6 V, it is difficult to reduce the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.

 一方、調整用電圧V1を1.6~2.4Vの範囲内にする場合には、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金中のRhの比率が目標とする比率にまで低下する。この理由は、電圧印加することによりセンサ電極22の表面の酸素濃度が下がり、上述したようにPtとRhの表面エネルギーがほぼ同等なため、Rhが内部に拡散するためであると考える。 On the other hand, when the adjustment voltage V1 is set within the range of 1.6 to 2.4 V, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 decreases to the target ratio. The reason for this is considered that the oxygen concentration on the surface of the sensor electrode 22 is lowered by applying a voltage, and the surface energy of Pt and Rh is almost equal as described above, so that Rh diffuses inside.

 ただし、2.4Vよりも高い調整用電圧V1をセンサセル42に印加すると、センサ電極22におけるZrO2中のO2が無理に引き抜かれようとし、ZrO2の結晶構造が破壊されるおそれがある。この場合、NOxセンサ1に異常が生じる可能性がある。
 そのため、センサセル42に印加する調整用電圧V1は、1.6~2.4Vとすることが好ましい。
However, if an adjustment voltage V1 higher than 2.4 V is applied to the sensor cell 42, O 2 in ZrO 2 in the sensor electrode 22 tends to be forcibly extracted, and the crystal structure of ZrO 2 may be destroyed. In this case, an abnormality may occur in the NOx sensor 1.
Therefore, the adjustment voltage V1 applied to the sensor cell 42 is preferably set to 1.6 to 2.4V.

 図17は、センサ電極22の表面220からの深さ(nm)と、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPtとRhの原子組成比(atm%)の分布との関係を示す。この場合のセンサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のPtとRhの原子組成比は、Pt:Rh=45:55である。 FIG. 17 shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 and the distribution of the atomic composition ratio (atm%) of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22. In this case, the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt: Rh = 45: 55.

 図17によれば、センサ電極22の表面220付近におけるRhの比率が高いことがわかる。また、センサ電極22の表面220からの深さが0nmである場合から350nmに向けて深くなるに連れて、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPtとRhの比率が、センサ電極22の全体におけるPtとRhの比率に近づく。 17 that the ratio of Rh in the vicinity of the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is high. In addition, as the depth from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is 0 nm, the ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 increases as Pt in the entire sensor electrode 22 increases. Approaches the ratio of Rh.

 また、図17において、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率の最大値と最小値との差δは、10atm%以下である。これにより、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率と、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率とが極端に異なることが防止される。
 センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金中のRhの比率の最大値と最小値との差δが10atm%を超える場合には、Rhがセンサ電極22の表面220付近に集中し、NOxセンサ1の使用時にRhが早い時期に拡散されるおそれがある。
In FIG. 17, the difference δ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is 10 atm% or less. Thereby, the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 and the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 are prevented from being extremely different.
When the difference δ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Rh ratio in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 exceeds 10 atm%, Rh is concentrated near the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22; When the NOx sensor 1 is used, Rh may be diffused early.

 図18には、センサ電極22の表面220からの深さ(nm)と、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt、Rh及びZrの原子組成比(atm%)の分布との関係を示す。この場合のセンサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金中のPtとRhの原子組成比は、Pt:Rh=45:55であり、センサ電極22の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZrとの原子組成比は、Pt-Rh合金:Zr=75:25である。 FIG. 18 shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 and the distribution of atomic composition ratios (atm%) of Pt, Rh, and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22. In this case, the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Pt: Rh = 45: 55, and the atomic composition of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22 The ratio is Pt—Rh alloy: Zr = 75: 25.

 図18によれば、センサ電極22の表面220付近におけるZr及びRhの比率が高いことがわかる。また、センサ電極22の表面220からの深さが0nmである場合から350nmに向けて深くなるに連れて、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPtとRhの比率が、センサ電極22の全体におけるPtとRhの比率に緩やかに近づく。また、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金とZrとの比率が、センサ電極22の全体における、Pt-Rh合金とZrO2(Zr)との比率に緩やかに近づく。 18 that the ratio of Zr and Rh in the vicinity of the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is high. In addition, as the depth from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is 0 nm, the ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 increases as Pt in the entire sensor electrode 22 increases. And approaches the ratio of Rh slowly. Further, the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy to Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 gradually approaches the ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy to ZrO 2 (Zr) in the entire sensor electrode 22.

 センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率は、センサ電極22の全体におけるZrの比率よりも圧倒的に高い。そのため、センサ電極22の表面220からの深さが約1000nm以上に深くならないと、センサ電極22の全体における成分の比率が現れない(図18には、センサ電極22の全体における成分の比率が現れていない)。 The ratio of Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is overwhelmingly higher than the ratio of Zr in the entire sensor electrode 22. Therefore, the component ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22 does not appear unless the depth from the surface 220 of the sensor electrode 22 is about 1000 nm or more (FIG. 18 shows the component ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22). Not)

 また、図18において、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Pt-Rh合金及びZrに占めるZrの比率の最大値と最小値との差δは、30atm%以下である。これにより、センサ電極22の全体における、ZrO2(Zr)の比率と、センサ電極22の表面層221における、Zrの比率とが極端に異なることが防止される。
 センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率の最大値と最小値との差δが30atm%を超える場合には、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるZrの比率が、センサ電極22の全体におけるZrの比率に早期に近づいてしまうおそれがある。
In FIG. 18, the difference δ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the ratio of Zr in the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is 30 atm% or less. This prevents the ZrO 2 (Zr) ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22 from being extremely different from the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22.
When the difference δ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 exceeds 30 atm%, the Zr ratio in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 is such that the Zr ratio in the entire sensor electrode 22 is Zr. There is a risk of approaching the ratio at an early stage.

 図19には、基準電極24の表面240からの深さ(nm)と、基準電極24の表面層241におけるPtとZrの原子組成比(atm%)の分布との関係を示す。この場合の基準電極24の全体におけるPtとZrの質量比は、Pt:Zr=87.5:12.5である。 FIG. 19 shows the relationship between the depth (nm) from the surface 240 of the reference electrode 24 and the distribution of the atomic composition ratio (atm%) of Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24. In this case, the mass ratio of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24 is Pt: Zr = 87.5: 12.5.

 図19によれば、基準電極24の表面240付近におけるZrの比率が高いことがわかる。基準電極24の表面240からの深さが0nmである場合から350nmに向けて深くなるに連れて、基準電極24の表面層241におけるPtとZrの比率が、基準電極24の全体におけるPtとZrの比率に緩やかに近づく。 19 that the ratio of Zr in the vicinity of the surface 240 of the reference electrode 24 is high. As the depth from the surface 240 of the reference electrode 24 increases from 350 nm toward 350 nm, the ratio of Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 becomes Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode 24. Slowly approach the ratio.

 基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率は、基準電極24の全体におけるZrの比率よりも圧倒的に高い。そのため、基準電極24の表面240からの深さが約1000nm以上に深くならないと、基準電極24の全体における成分の比率が現れない(同図には、基準電極24の全体における成分の比率が現れていない)。 The ratio of Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is overwhelmingly higher than the ratio of Zr in the entire reference electrode 24. Therefore, unless the depth from the surface 240 of the reference electrode 24 is increased to about 1000 nm or more, the ratio of components in the entire reference electrode 24 does not appear (in the same figure, the ratio of components in the entire reference electrode 24 appears). Not)

 また、図19において、基準電極24の表面層241における、Zrの比率の最大値と最小値との差δは、25atm%以下である。これにより、基準電極24の全体におけるZrO2(Zr)の比率と、基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率とが極端に異なることが防止される。 In FIG. 19, the difference δ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is 25 atm% or less. This prevents the ZrO 2 (Zr) ratio in the entire reference electrode 24 from being extremely different from the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24.

 基準電極24の表面層241における、Zrの比率の最大値と最小値との差δが25atm%を超える場合には、基準電極24の表面層241におけるZrの比率が、基準電極24の全体におけるZrの比率に早期に近づいてしまうおそれがある。 When the difference δ between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 exceeds 25 atm%, the Zr ratio in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24 is There is a risk of approaching the ratio of Zr at an early stage.

 以上のように、本例のNOxセンサ1においては、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPtとRhの原子組成比の規定、センサ電極22の表面層221におけるPt-Rh合金とZrの原子組成比の規定、さらに、基準電極24の表面層241におけるPtとZrの原子組成比の規定によって、センサ電極22における電流変化率Xを小さく抑えることができるとともに、センサ電極22の活性時間Tを短く抑えられる。これにより、NOxセンサ1のNOx分解性能を、長期に亘って高く維持される。 As described above, in the NOx sensor 1 of this example, the definition of the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Rh in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 and the atomic composition ratio of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer 221 of the sensor electrode 22 are as follows. Further, by defining the atomic composition ratio of Pt and Zr in the surface layer 241 of the reference electrode 24, the current change rate X in the sensor electrode 22 can be kept small, and the active time T of the sensor electrode 22 can be kept short. It is done. Thereby, the NOx decomposition performance of the NOx sensor 1 is maintained high over a long period of time.

Claims (7)

 酸素イオン伝導性を有する1つ又は複数の固体電解質体(2)と、
 該固体電解質体における、酸素を含む被測定ガス(G)に晒される表面(201)に設けられ、上記被測定ガスにおける酸素濃度を調整するために用いられるポンプ電極(21)と、
 上記固体電解質体における、上記被測定ガスに晒される表面に設けられ、上記ポンプ電極によって酸素濃度が調整された後の被測定ガスにおけるNOxの濃度を検出するために用いられるセンサ電極(22)と、を備え、
 該センサ電極の金属成分は、Pt-Rh合金によって構成されており、
 上記センサ電極の全体におけるPtとRhの質量比は、Pt:Rh=70:30~35:65であり、
 上記センサ電極の、表面(220)から深さ350nmまでの間に存在する表面層(221)における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率は、上記センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率よりも、原子組成比で4~10atm%高い、NOxセンサ(1)。
One or more solid electrolyte bodies (2) having oxygen ion conductivity;
A pump electrode (21) provided on the surface (201) of the solid electrolyte body that is exposed to the gas to be measured (G) containing oxygen and used to adjust the oxygen concentration in the gas to be measured;
A sensor electrode (22) provided on a surface of the solid electrolyte body exposed to the gas to be measured and used for detecting the concentration of NOx in the gas to be measured after the oxygen concentration is adjusted by the pump electrode; With
The metal component of the sensor electrode is composed of a Pt—Rh alloy,
The mass ratio of Pt and Rh in the entire sensor electrode is Pt: Rh = 70: 30 to 35:65,
The ratio of Rh to the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer (221) existing between the surface (220) and the depth of 350 nm of the sensor electrode occupies the Pt—Rh alloy in the entire sensor electrode. The NOx sensor (1), whose atomic composition ratio is 4 to 10 atm% higher than the ratio of Rh.
 上記センサ電極の上記表面層における、Pt-Rh合金に占めるRhの比率の最大値と最小値との差(δ)は、10atm%以下である、請求項1に記載のNOxセンサ。 2. The NOx sensor according to claim 1, wherein a difference (δ) between a maximum value and a minimum value of the ratio of Rh in the Pt—Rh alloy in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is 10 atm% or less.  上記センサ電極は、Pt-Rh合金の他に、ZrO2を含有しており、
 上記センサ電極の全体におけるPt-Rh合金とZrとの質量比は、Pt-Rh合金:Zr=93:7~75:25であり、
 上記センサ電極の上記表面層における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率は、上記センサ電極の全体における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で25~55atm%高い、請求項1又は2に記載のNOxセンサ。
The sensor electrode contains ZrO 2 in addition to the Pt—Rh alloy,
The mass ratio of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode is Pt—Rh alloy: Zr = 93: 7 to 75:25,
The ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is more than the atomic composition ratio than the ratio of Zr to the total of Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the entire sensor electrode. The NOx sensor according to claim 1, wherein the NOx sensor is 25 to 55 atm% higher.
 上記センサ電極の上記表面層における、Pt-Rh合金とZrの合計に占めるZrの比率の最大値と最小値との差(δ)は、30atm%以下である、請求項3に記載のNOxセンサ。 4. The NOx sensor according to claim 3, wherein a difference (δ) between a maximum value and a minimum value of a ratio of Zr to a total of the Pt—Rh alloy and Zr in the surface layer of the sensor electrode is 30 atm% or less. .  上記固体電解質体における、一定濃度の酸素を含む基準ガス(A)に晒される表面(202)であって、上記センサ電極と対応する位置には、基準電極(24)が設けられており、
 該基準電極は、PtとZrO2を含有しており、
 上記基準電極の全体におけるPtとZrの質量比は、Pt:Zr=97:3~85:15であり、
 上記基準電極の、表面(240)から深さ350nmまでの間に存在する表面層(241)における、PtとZrの合計に占めるZrの比率は、上記基準電極の全体における、PtとZrの合計に占めるZrの比率よりも、原子組成比で40~65atm%高い、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のNOxセンサ。
A reference electrode (24) is provided at a position corresponding to the sensor electrode on the surface (202) exposed to the reference gas (A) containing a constant concentration of oxygen in the solid electrolyte body,
The reference electrode contains Pt and ZrO 2 ,
The mass ratio of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode is Pt: Zr = 97: 3 to 85:15,
The ratio of Zr to the total of Pt and Zr in the surface layer (241) existing between the surface (240) and the depth of 350 nm of the reference electrode is the sum of Pt and Zr in the entire reference electrode. The NOx sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the atomic composition ratio is higher by 40 to 65 atm% than the ratio of Zr in the total.
 上記基準電極の上記表面層における、PtとZrの合計に占めるZrの比率の最大値と最小値との差(δ)は、25atm%以下である、請求項5に記載のNOxセンサ。 6. The NOx sensor according to claim 5, wherein a difference (δ) between a maximum value and a minimum value of a ratio of Zr in the total of Pt and Zr in the surface layer of the reference electrode is 25 atm% or less.  上記ポンプ電極及び上記センサ電極は、1つの上記固体電解質体における、上記被測定ガスに晒される表面に設けられており、
 上記基準電極は、上記1つの固体電解質体における、上記基準ガスに晒される表面に設けられている、請求項5又は6に記載のNOxセンサ。
The pump electrode and the sensor electrode are provided on a surface of the one solid electrolyte body exposed to the gas to be measured,
The NOx sensor according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the reference electrode is provided on a surface of the one solid electrolyte body exposed to the reference gas.
PCT/JP2016/050435 2015-01-08 2016-01-08 NOx SENSOR Ceased WO2016111345A1 (en)

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