WO2016068156A1 - 電極用集電体、電極用集電体の製造方法、電極、リチウムイオン二次電池、レドックスフロー電池、電気二重層キャパシタ - Google Patents
電極用集電体、電極用集電体の製造方法、電極、リチウムイオン二次電池、レドックスフロー電池、電気二重層キャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016068156A1 WO2016068156A1 PCT/JP2015/080300 JP2015080300W WO2016068156A1 WO 2016068156 A1 WO2016068156 A1 WO 2016068156A1 JP 2015080300 W JP2015080300 W JP 2015080300W WO 2016068156 A1 WO2016068156 A1 WO 2016068156A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- current collector
- water
- metal foil
- positive electrode
- Prior art date
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode current collector, a method for producing the electrode current collector, an electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery, a redox flow battery, and an electric double layer capacitor.
- lithium ion secondary batteries In recent years, lithium ion secondary batteries, redox flow batteries, and the like have attracted high attention as secondary batteries. Lithium ion secondary batteries are used as power sources for notebook computers, mobile phones, electric tools, electronic / communication equipment, etc. in terms of miniaturization and weight reduction. Recently, lithium ion secondary batteries are also used in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles from the viewpoint of application to environmental vehicles. On the other hand, redox flow batteries are being put into practical use as large-scale power facilities of 1000 kW class from the viewpoint of high cycle life. Electric double layer capacitors are also attracting a great deal of attention because they have the potential to replace batteries due to their extremely high storage capacity.
- the lithium ion secondary battery, the redox flow battery, and the electric double layer capacitor each have a configuration similar to a part.
- One of the similar structures is an electrode. Lowering the resistance of the electrode is a common problem for lithium ion secondary batteries, redox flow batteries, and electric double layer capacitors, and various studies are underway.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrode composed of a positive electrode using a metal oxide such as lithium cobaltate as a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode using a carbon material such as graphite as a negative electrode active material, and electrolysis using carbonates as a solvent. Liquid.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is charged and discharged as lithium ions move between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode is obtained by applying a slurry made of a positive electrode active material and a binder to the surface of a positive electrode current collector such as an aluminum foil, drying it, and then cutting it into an appropriate size.
- the negative electrode is obtained by applying a slurry made of a negative electrode active material and a binder to the surface of a negative electrode current collector such as a copper foil, drying it, and then cutting it to an appropriate size.
- a negative electrode current collector such as a copper foil
- an organic solvent-based slurry using PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) or the like as a binder is used for the positive electrode, and SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) is used as a binder for the negative electrode.
- an aqueous slurry using an acrylic resin or the like is used.
- the rapid charge / discharge characteristic means discharge performance and charge performance at a large current value, and is an important performance index of a secondary battery.
- the discharge performance is a characteristic that allows a large current to flow. This performance is important in order to output large power.
- the charging performance is performance that can complete charging quickly with a large current. This performance is important in order to shorten the charging time and make the secondary battery available efficiently.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 As a means for solving such a problem, an electrode current collector in which a film containing carbon fine particles such as carbon is formed on the surface of a metal foil has been proposed (for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3). These current collectors for electrodes do not require processing of metal foil, and can be produced at low cost. In addition, since these electrode current collectors share the electron conduction with the electron conductive carbon fine particles in the coating, it is possible to realize high conductivity (sufficiently low resistance value). The resistance value of these electrode current collectors can be 1/10 or less as compared with the case where the electrode current collector is made of a single aluminum foil.
- an electrode in which an active material is uniformly formed is formed by coating a slurry containing a solvent on the surface of a current collector for an electrode. If the wettability of the surface of the electrode current collector is high, the coating property of the slurry is improved, and the active material can be uniformly formed on the electrode. As described above, studies have been made to reduce the water repellency of the surface of the electrode current collector, but studies to increase the water repellency have not been conducted.
- a solvent-based binder is generally used as described above.
- the positive electrode active material and PVDF are mixed in a solvent-based solvent such as NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone).
- a positive electrode active material layer is formed on a metal foil such as an aluminum foil using a slurry in which a binder such as is dissolved.
- PVDF or the like used as a binder is a bond between carbon (C) and fluorine (F), and thus has a small surface energy.
- a positive electrode active material having a large surface area and a large particle size (15 ⁇ m or more) can be sufficiently bonded through a binder.
- a positive electrode active material having a small surface area and a small particle diameter (about 1 ⁇ m) is used, sufficient bonding cannot be obtained, and a dense positive electrode active material layer is formed.
- Such an alkaline solvent corrodes a metal foil such as an aluminum foil which is a current collector for an electrode. If the metal foil is corroded, sufficient strength as an electrode cannot be maintained. That is, even if it is possible to reduce the resistance of the positive electrode, since the strength is reduced due to corrosion of the metal foil, the positive electrode produced using an aqueous binder has been hardly studied.
- the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery has been described as an example, but the same problem occurs when LTO (lithium titanate) or the like is used as the negative electrode active material even in the negative electrode. Similar problems also occur in redox flow batteries and electric double layer capacitors.
- LTO lithium titanate
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, has sufficient adhesion between a current collector for an electrode and an active material, can inhibit corrosion of a metal foil at low cost, and has higher electrical conductivity. It aims at providing the electrical power collector for electrodes which has this, an electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery, a redox flow battery, and an electric double layer capacitor.
- the inventors have formed a coating layer having a predetermined contact angle or more on the metal foil, thereby improving the adhesion between the current collector for the electrode and the active material, thereby preventing the corrosion of the metal foil. It was found that it can be suppressed. Furthermore, it discovered that the collector for electrodes which has high electroconductivity, an electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery, a redox flow battery, and an electric double layer capacitor can be provided because a coating layer has electroconductivity. That is, the present invention provides the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- An electrode current collector is an electrode current collector in which a coat layer is formed on one or both surfaces of a metal foil, and is opposite to the metal foil of the coat layer.
- the contact angle of the side surface with pure water is 30 ° or more.
- the electrode current collector described in (1) above is an electrode current collector in which a coating layer is formed on one or both surfaces of a metal foil, and the coating layer includes a conductive auxiliary agent. It may contain a water repellent substance.
- the content of the water-repellent substance with respect to the total amount of the coat layer may be 0.3% by mass to 90% by mass.
- the content of the conductive auxiliary agent relative to the total amount of the coat layer is 23% by mass to 50% by mass. Also good.
- the water-repellent substance may be a fluoropolymer, and at least a part thereof may be acid-modified.
- the basis weight of the coating layer per one coated surface is 0.1 g / m 2 to 10 g / m 2. It may be.
- a method for producing a current collector for an electrode according to the present invention is the method for producing a current collector for an electrode according to any one of (1) to (6) above, wherein the conductive additive is contained in a solvent. And a slurry in which the water-repellent substance is suspended are coated on one or both surfaces of the metal foil, and the coated slurry is dried.
- the content of the water repellent material with respect to the total amount of the slurry may be 0.5 mass% to 10 mass%.
- the content of the conductive additive with respect to the total amount of the slurry may be 3% by mass to 10% by mass. Good.
- the solvent may be water or N-methylpyrrolidone.
- An electrode according to an aspect of the present invention includes the electrode current collector according to any one of (1) to (6) above.
- a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention includes the electrode according to (11).
- a redox flow battery according to an aspect of the present invention includes the electrode according to (11).
- An electric double layer capacitor according to an aspect of the present invention includes the electrode according to (11).
- the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a water-repellent substance in the coating layer, and thus has a contact angle of 30 ° or more. Therefore, the active material is sufficiently adhered to the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the coat layer in the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention may have a conductive additive, and high conductive performance can be realized.
- the method for producing a current collector for an electrode according to an aspect of the present invention includes a step of applying a slurry in which a conductive additive and a water-repellent substance are suspended in a solvent to one or both sides of a metal foil, Drying the worked slurry. Since the slurry in which the conductive assistant and the water repellent material are suspended is used, the dried film can achieve both high conductivity and water repellency. Further, the slurry can sufficiently function as a film only by drying and can be easily produced.
- the electrode of the present invention has the above-described electrode current collector. Therefore, sufficient adhesion between the electrode current collector and the active material can be obtained.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has the electrode described above. Therefore, it has high conductivity and can suppress internal resistance.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention has the electrode described above. Therefore, it has high conductivity and can suppress internal resistance.
- the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention has the electrode described above. Therefore, it has high conductivity and can suppress internal resistance.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the redox flow battery concerning 1 aspect of this invention. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the electric double layer capacitor concerning 1 aspect of this invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the coat layer 2 is formed on one surface or both surfaces of the metal foil 1.
- the coat layer 2 includes a conductive additive and a water repellent material.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the case where the coat layer 2 is formed on one surface of the metal foil, the coat layer 2 may be formed on both surfaces.
- the surface of the coat layer 2 on the side not in contact with the metal foil 1 is an upper surface 2a.
- FIG. 2 is an image obtained by photographing the upper surface of the coating layer with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the whitened portion on the image is the conductive assistant, and the conductive assistant is present in a dissipatively dispersed manner in the coating layer.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is coated with a resin to form a coat layer. Since the resin does not have electrical conductivity, it cannot be confirmed in FIG. 2, but when the image is taken using a low acceleration SEM or the like, it can be confirmed that a coating layer is formed on the entire surface of the metal foil (not shown). .
- the water-repellent substance may be present in a dispersed state in the coat layer, or may function as a resin by being cured itself.
- the coat layer 2 has a water-repellent substance, and the contact angle of the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2 with pure water is 30 ° or more.
- pure water refers to distilled water or ion exchange water.
- the contact angle of the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2 with respect to pure water is 30 ° or more
- a slurry containing, for example, an aqueous binder and a positive electrode active material is applied to the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2
- the solvent of the binder Some water can be prevented from penetrating the metal foil 1 side. If water can be prevented from penetrating the metal foil 1, the following advantageous effects can be obtained.
- the solvent becomes alkaline when dissolved and dispersed in an aqueous solvent.
- Such an alkaline solvent corrodes the metal foil 1 when in contact with the metal foil 1.
- the contact angle of the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2 with respect to pure water is 30 ° or more, contact between the solvent and the metal foil can be avoided, and corrosion of the metal foil can be suppressed.
- Such an effect is not limited to a positive electrode current collector that uses a positive electrode active material, and can show a high effect even in a negative electrode when, for example, LTO (lithium titanate) or the like is used as a negative electrode active material. .
- the contact angle with respect to the pure water of the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2 should just be 30 degrees or more, it is preferable that it is 60 degrees or more, and it is more preferable that it is 100 degrees or more. If the contact angle increases, contact between the metal foil and a solvent such as water can be avoided. In addition, the contact angle with respect to pure water cannot realistically achieve water repellency exceeding 170 °, and is preferably 120 ° or less. When the contact angle is too high, the coating property of the slurry applied on the coat layer 2 is deteriorated.
- the contact angle of the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2 with respect to pure water is determined by a sessile drop method. Specifically, for example, a method is used in which measurement is performed by dropping 20 ⁇ l of pure water onto the upper surface 2a of the coat layer 2 in an air atmosphere at room temperature using an automatic contact angle measurement device manufactured by Data Physics.
- the coating layer 2 only needs to have at least a water-repellent substance and a conductive aid.
- a water repellent polymer can be used as the water repellent substance, and the conductive support agent can be dispersed in the polymer.
- PVDF water-repellent resin film
- carbon a conductive assistant
- the coat layer 2 preferably contains a water-repellent substance, a conductive aid, and a resin.
- the resin is not particularly limited as long as it is other than the water-repellent substance, and any resin may be used.
- a resin compound in which a polysaccharide polymer and a crosslinking agent are polymerized can be used.
- the polysaccharide polymer chitosan, chitin and the like can be used.
- crosslinking agents examples include acrylamide, acrylonitrile, chitosan pyrrolidone carboxylate, hydroxypropyl chitosan, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, 2,3 , 6,7-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, or acid anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, etc. Can be used.
- polyacryl, polyolefin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, epoxy resin, bakelite, or the like may be used.
- examples include cyanoethyl cellulose and various latexes.
- the coat layer 2 contains a resin in addition to the water repellent substance, the range of selection of the water repellent substance is expanded.
- the water repellent substance also has a function as a resin, only a water repellent polymer can be selected as the water repellent substance.
- a water-repellent substance other than the water-repellent polymer for example, an inorganic fluoride compound or a silicon compound that does not crosslink and cure.
- a resin having high strength can be selected, and the coat layer 2 can be further prevented from being peeled off from the metal foil 1.
- the content of the water repellent material with respect to the total amount of the coat layer 2 is preferably 0.3% by mass to 90% by mass, more preferably 3% by mass to 67% by mass, and 13% by mass to 33% by mass. % Is more preferable. If the content of the water repellent material with respect to the total amount of the coat layer 2 is 0.3% by mass or more, sufficient water repellency is exhibited, and the solvent coated on the coat layer 2 and the metal foil 1 are in contact with each other. Can be suppressed. That is, corrosion of the metal foil 1 can be further suppressed. If the content of the water-repellent substance with respect to the total amount of the coating layer 2 is 90% by mass or less, the conductive auxiliary agent and other resins are appropriately contained, so that the conductivity can be maintained and high strength can be realized.
- the water repellent substance is not particularly limited as long as it has water repellency.
- the water repellency means a property that has low affinity with water and repels water.
- a fluorine-based polymer, a silicon-based polymer, a fluorine compound, a silicon compound, or the like can be used as the water-repellent substance.
- examples of the fluorine-based polymer include PVDF, PTFE, CTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene), HFE (hydrofluoroether), PFA (perfluoroalkoxyalkane), ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer), PVF (polyvinyl fluoride), VDF (vinylidene fluoride) -HFP (hexafluoropropylene) copolymer, VDF-HFP fluororubber, VDF-TFE (tetrafluoroethylene) -HFP fluororubber, and the like can be used.
- silicon-based polymer an oligomer obtained by dehydration condensation of silanol (R 3 Si—OH), a silicone that is a polymer, or the like can be used.
- fluorine compound and silicon compound for example, silicon fluoride (SiF 4 ) that is an inorganic fluorine compound (Si—F) can be used.
- the water repellent material is a fluorine-based polymer
- Acid modification means that a newly added acid is added to an unsaturated bond portion of a defluorinated portion in a fluoropolymer.
- Dehydrofluoric acid can be performed by heating the fluoropolymer.
- the newly added acid is an acid such as an organic acid.
- the acid-modified fluoropolymer is improved in adhesion to the metal foil by the added acid (for example, Japanese Patent No. 3966570).
- Fluoropolymers have the characteristic that their molecular structure is stable, that is, inert, so that they are difficult to adhere to other materials.
- adhesiveness with metal foil can be improved by acid-modifying a part. If the adhesiveness between the metal foil 1 and the coat layer 2 is increased, current conduction from the metal foil 1 to the conductive additive is facilitated, and the foil resistance can be suppressed. That is, a low-resistance electrode current collector can be realized.
- fluorine-based polymer those described above can be used, and as the acid and acid derivative to be acid-modified, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate , Butyl methacrylate, monomethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2-carboxyethyl methacrylate, acryloyloxyethyl succinic acid, methacryloyloxyethyl succinic acid, acryloyloxyethyl phthalic acid, methacryloyloxyethyl Phthalic acid, trifluoroacrylic acid, trifluoromethylacrylic acid, 1,1-bis (acryloyloxymethyl) ethyl isocyanate, 2-acryloyloxyethyl isocyanate, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl It
- a fluorine polymer in which a part of PVDF is modified with monomethyl maleate, methyl acrylate, or methyl methacrylate, or a fluorine polymer in which a part of PTFE is modified with methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate is suitable.
- a fluorine polymer in which a part of PVDF is modified with monomethyl maleate, methyl acrylate, or methyl methacrylate or a fluorine polymer in which a part of PTFE is modified with methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate is suitable.
- the content of the conductive assistant in the coat layer 2 is preferably 23% by mass to 50% by mass, and more preferably 33% by mass to 50% by mass. If the content of the conductive assistant in the coat layer 2 is 23% by mass or more, sufficient conductivity can be exhibited.
- the water repellency can be enhanced.
- the water-repellent substance is homogeneously dispersed in the coat layer 2, but is particularly likely to be present on the surface of the conductive aid. Therefore, when the ratio of the conductive auxiliary agent in the coat layer 2 is increased, these conductive auxiliary agents become a scaffold and the water repellency can be improved. If the content of the conductive aid relative to the total amount of the coat layer 2 is 50% by mass or less, the relative proportion of the water-repellent substance in the coat layer 2 can be increased, and high water repellency can be maintained. it can.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it has a function of imparting conductivity and electrode stability (a buffering action against volume change in insertion / extraction of lithium ions) to the electrode.
- Examples thereof include carbon fibers such as carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes, or carbon fine particles.
- the carbon fiber is not particularly limited, but vapor grown carbon fiber is preferable.
- the carbon fine particles are not particularly limited, but acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite (graphite) and the like are suitable.
- the electrical resistance of the powder is 100% compact and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, and the above can be used in combination as necessary.
- the particle size of the carbon fine particles used as the conductive aid is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 10 to 100 nm. More preferably, the shape is not spherical but has anisotropy such as a needle shape or a rod shape. The reason for this will be described below in the case where carbon fine particles are used as a conductive aid for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the electron conductive carbon fine particles share the movement of electrons in the lithium ion secondary battery. During charging, electrons supplied from outside reach the positive electrode active material through the aluminum foil. Therefore, it is preferable that the contact area between the aluminum foil and the positive electrode active material is large. That is, the carbon fine particles are more advantageous if they have a large surface area per mass. Moreover, it is desirable to reduce the amount of carbon fine particles as much as possible in order to secure battery capacity. Therefore, carbon fine particles having anisotropy in shape are suitable.
- Basis weight of the metal foil 1 of the coating layer 2 is more is that it is applied surface one surface per 0.1g / m 2 ⁇ 10g / m 2 are preferred, 0.3g / m 2 ⁇ 5g / m 2 preferable. If the basis weight of the coat layer 2 is 0.1 g / m 2 or more, the amount of the water repellent substance contained in the coat layer 2 also increases, so that the water repellency can be further improved. If the coating weight of the coat layer 2 is 10 g / m 2 or less, the electrode current collector 10 can exhibit sufficient performance. Therefore, it is not preferable in terms of productivity that the basis weight of the coat layer 2 is more than 10 g / m 2 .
- the metal foil 1 is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity.
- it is common to use aluminum foil, and when using for a negative electrode, it is common to use copper foil.
- the method for producing a current collector for an electrode includes a step of applying a slurry in which a conductive additive and a water-repellent substance are suspended in a solvent to one or both sides of a metal foil, Drying the worked slurry.
- a slurry in which a conductive additive and a water-repellent substance are suspended in a solvent to one or both sides of a metal foil, Drying the worked slurry.
- the above-mentioned thing can be used for a conductive support agent and a water-repellent substance.
- an organic solvent-based solvent or an aqueous solvent can be used.
- a solvent of an organic solvent system Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, hexane, acetone, NMP etc. are mentioned, These solvents should be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the conductive assistant and the water repellent material do not need to be dissolved in the solvent, and may be dispersed in the solvent. Therefore, when an aqueous solvent is used, the water-repellent substance is generally not dissolved, but it is sufficient that the slurry is dispersed and suspended in the solvent. It is preferable to use water as the solvent because the environmental load is small and the slurry can be produced at low cost.
- the content of the water repellent substance with respect to the total amount of the slurry is preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass, and more preferably 0.5% by mass to 3% by mass. If the content of the water repellent material with respect to the total amount of the slurry is within the above range, the formed coating layer exhibits high water repellency, and the solvent of the slurry such as the active material applied on the coating layer 2 and the metal foil 1 Can be prevented from contacting. That is, corrosion of the metal foil can be further suppressed.
- the content of the conductive auxiliary agent with respect to the total amount of the slurry is preferably 3% by mass to 10% by mass, and more preferably 5% by mass to 10% by mass. If content with respect to the whole quantity of the slurry of a conductive support agent is the said range, the coat layer formed can show sufficient electroconductivity.
- the water-repellent substance is uniformly dispersed in the coating layer, but tends to be present particularly on the surface of the conductive additive. For this reason, when the ratio of the conductive assistant in the coat layer increases, these conductive assistants can serve as a scaffold to improve the water repellency.
- the method for coating is not particularly limited, and methods such as gravure coating, die coating, bar coating, spin coating, and nip coating can be used.
- the viscosity at the temperature at which the slurry is applied is preferably 50 mPa ⁇ S to 1000 mPa ⁇ S, more preferably 50 mPa ⁇ S to 500 mPa ⁇ S, and more preferably 50 mPa ⁇ S to 200 mPa ⁇ S. More preferably.
- the viscosity of the slurry is too high, coating on the metal foil becomes difficult.
- the viscosity of the slurry is too low, it is difficult to form a sufficient film thickness on the metal foil.
- the coated slurry is dried to form a coat layer.
- the coat layer functions sufficiently only by evaporating the solvent from the slurry. If the solvent is not sufficiently evaporated, it becomes difficult for the coat layer to maintain high strength and water repellency. Therefore, drying is preferably performed at a temperature equal to or higher than the temperature at which the solvent evaporates at atmospheric pressure.
- the slurry has a resin component, it is more preferable to cure the resin component.
- the temperature be equal to or higher than the curing temperature (crosslinking reaction temperature) of the contained resin.
- the slurry contains a catalyst, a polymerization agent, a crosslinking agent, and the like that promote such a curing reaction.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrode according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- An electrode 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention includes the electrode current collector 10 described above.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows an electrode for a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a positive electrode active material layer 20 in which a positive electrode active material 21 and a positive electrode conductive additive 22 are bonded via a binder (not shown) is formed on one surface of the electrode current collector 10.
- the electrode will be described taking the positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery as an example.
- a positive electrode can be formed by coating and drying a slurry in which a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductive additive, a binder and a solvent are suspended on an electrode current collector.
- a binder PVDF or the like that can be dissolved in an organic solvent-based solvent is generally used. This is because when a water-based slurry containing SBR, acrylic resin, or the like is used, the solvent water and the metal foil come into contact with each other and the metal foil corrodes.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph of the surface of the positive electrode after an aqueous slurry is applied and dried on a conventional electrode current collector. As can be confirmed from FIG. 4, it can be seen that a plurality of minute holes are present on the surface of the positive electrode, and the current collector for electrodes is corroded.
- the electrode 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention includes the electrode current collector 10 described above. Therefore, the surface of the electrode current collector 10 on the positive electrode active material layer 20 side has water repellency, and it is possible to suppress contact between the slurry solvent containing the electrode active material and the metal foil.
- the solvent of the slurry applied to the electrode current collector 10 is not limited to an organic solvent, and water can also be used. That is, the binder type is not limited to organic solvent-based PVDF or the like, and an aqueous emulsion such as SBR or acrylic resin can also be used.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph of the surface of the positive electrode after the aqueous slurry is applied and dried on the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen from FIG. 5, it can be seen that the current collector for electrodes is not corroded even when water is used. Therefore, the electrode 100 having high adhesion between the electrode current collector 10 and the positive electrode active material layer 20 can be realized.
- the positive electrode active material 21 and the positive electrode conductive additive 22 commonly used ones can be used.
- the positive electrode active material 21 include lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), and a ternary lithium compound of Co, Mn, and Ni ( li (Co x Mn y Ni z ) O 2), sulfur-based (TiS 2), olivine (LiFePO 4) are preferred, such as.
- the positive electrode conductive additive 22 for example, acetylene black, ketjen black, vapor grown carbon fiber, graphite (graphite) and the like are suitable.
- the electrode has been described by taking the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery as an example, but the electrode according to one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- a slurry containing a solvent, a negative electrode active material, and a binder is applied to one surface or both surfaces of the electrode current collector, and one surface of the electrode current collector or A layer containing a negative electrode active material and a binder may be formed on both sides.
- a layer containing a porous carbon material may be formed on one side or both sides of an electrode current collector.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention includes the electrode 100 described above.
- the electrode 100 is a positive electrode in which a coat layer 2 is formed on a metal foil 1 and a positive electrode active material layer 20 including a positive electrode active material 21, a positive electrode conductive additive 22 and a binder on the coat layer 2 (hereinafter referred to as a positive electrode).
- the electrode 100 is described as the positive electrode 100).
- the lithium ion secondary battery 200 is formed by joining a positive electrode 100, a negative electrode current collector 110, and a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material 120 via a separator 140, and further filling the interior with an electrolyte 130. Yes.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 200 can be discharged by connecting a load (not shown) such as a motor or a light source to the positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode, and can be charged by connecting a power source (not shown).
- the lithium ion secondary battery has the positive electrode 100 described above. Since the coat layer 2 of the positive electrode 100 bears part of the conductivity of the metal foil 1, the resistance value can be reduced to 1/10 or less as compared with the case of the metal foil 1 alone. That is, the positive electrode 100 exhibits high conductivity. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery 200 can achieve high conductivity, that is, reduction in internal resistance. In addition, since the coat layer 2 has water repellency, the corrosion of the metal foil 1 that occurs when an aqueous solvent is used for the slurry is suppressed, and the adhesion between the current collector for electrode 10 and the positive electrode active material layer 20 is improved. A high lithium ion secondary battery can be realized.
- the negative electrode current collector 110 As the negative electrode current collector 110, the negative electrode active material 120, the electrolyte 130, and the separator 140, known ones can be used. As the negative electrode current collector 110, the electrode current collector of the present invention can be used in addition to known ones.
- the negative electrode active material 120 for example, graphite such as graphite, amorphous graphite, or oxide is preferably used.
- the electrolyte 130 is not limited to a liquid, and a gel or a solid can be used.
- the separator 140 for example, a film of polypropylene, polyethylene, or the like is preferably used.
- the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention is used for the positive electrode.
- the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention may be used only for the negative electrode, and as described above, the electrode current collector according to one embodiment of the present invention is used for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode. May be used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are formed as one cell via a separator has been described, a configuration in which a plurality of cells are connected in series may be employed.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a redox flow battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the redox flow battery 300 of the present invention includes the electrode 100 described above.
- the electrode 100 has a coat layer 2 formed on the metal foil 1, and has a layer 30 containing a porous carbon material on the coat layer 2.
- the electrode 100 is formed on both surfaces of the separator 210, one of which functions as the positive electrode 101 and the other functions as the negative electrode 102.
- the positive electrode electrolyte is supplied to the positive electrode 101 via the positive electrode pipe 220, and the negative electrode electrolyte is supplied to the negative electrode 102 via the negative electrode pipe 230.
- the redox flow battery 300 can be discharged by connecting a load (not shown) such as a motor or a light source to the positive electrode 101 and the negative electrode 102, and can be charged by connecting a power source (not shown).
- the redox flow battery in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are formed as one cell via a separator has been described, a configuration in which a plurality of cells are connected in series may be employed.
- the positive electrode electrolyte is supplied from one tank to the positive electrode of each cell, and the negative electrode electrolyte is supplied from one tank to the negative electrode of each cell.
- the electrolyte in the same charge state can be circulated through each battery connected in series, and the charge state of each battery can be made uniform.
- an equal charge state cannot be realized without considering individual differences and installation environment of each battery, and it is difficult to increase the size.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention can be easily increased in size by supplying the electrolyte solution in the same state from the same tank.
- the redox flow battery 300 has the electrode 100 (the positive electrode 101 and the negative electrode 102) described above. Since the coat layer 2 of the electrode 100 bears part of the conductivity of the metal foil 1, the resistance value can be reduced to 1/10 or less compared to the case of the metal foil 1 alone. That is, the positive electrode 100 exhibits high conductivity. Therefore, the redox flow battery 300 can achieve high conductivity, that is, reduction in internal resistance. Since the coating layer 2 has water repellency, it is possible to suppress the corrosion of the metal foil 1 and realize a redox flow battery in which the current collector for electrode 10 and the layer 30 containing the porous carbon material have high adhesion. it can.
- a well-known thing can be used as a porous carbon material used for the layer 30 containing a porous carbon material.
- a known separator 210 can also be used.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electric double layer capacitor according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the electric double layer capacitor 400 of the present invention includes the electrode 100 described above. At this time, the electrode 100 has a coat layer 2 formed on the metal foil 1 and has a layer 40 containing activated carbon on the coat layer 2. A separator 310 is formed between the facing electrodes 100, and these are filled with an electrolytic solution.
- the electric double layer capacitor 400 can be discharged by connecting a load (not shown) such as a motor or a light source to the opposing electrode 100, and can be charged by connecting a power source (not shown).
- a load such as a motor or a light source
- a power source not shown
- Charging / discharging of the electric double layer capacitor 400 utilizes adsorption / desorption of ions to / from the electric double layer.
- an electric double layer is formed on the activated carbon surface of the layer 40 containing activated carbon. Ions are adsorbed on the electric double layer and electric charges are stored. By discharging the stored charge, ions are desorbed from the electric double layer.
- the electric double layer capacitor 400 has an excellent charge / discharge cycle life. Unlike batteries, it is possible to realize this excellent charge / discharge cycle life by not being accompanied by chemical changes due to charge / discharge.
- the electric double layer capacitor 400 has the electrode 100 described above. Since the coat layer 2 of the electrode 100 bears part of the conductivity of the metal foil 1, the resistance value can be reduced to 1/10 or less compared to the case of the metal foil 1 alone. That is, the electrode 100 exhibits high conductivity. Therefore, the electric double layer capacitor 400 can realize high conductivity, that is, reduction of internal resistance. Moreover, since the coating layer 2 has water repellency, it is possible to suppress the corrosion of the metal foil 1 and realize an electric double layer capacitor having high adhesion between the electrode current collector 10 and the layer 40 containing activated carbon. it can.
- Example 1-10 a slurry in which the amount of the water-repellent substance added was changed was applied onto a metal foil made of aluminum and dried at a temperature of 190 ° C. to form a coating layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m. Formed. At this time, the slurry uses NMP as a solvent, acetylene black (HS-100) which is a conductive auxiliary agent, glycerylated chitosan and pyromellitic acid which are cross-linked to form a resin, and a water-repellent substance. PVDF (molecular weight 350,000) was dissolved. The composition ratio and viscosity of the slurry are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1-10 differs from the other examples in that it does not contain glycerylated chitosan and pyromellitic acid that are crosslinked to form a resin.
- a positive electrode slurry was applied on the formed coating layer to form a positive electrode active material layer.
- a binder made of acrylate is suspended in water as a solvent, and the solution is alkaline.
- the composition ratio of the formed coating layer, the performance, and the results of the appearance of the current collector for electrodes after forming the positive electrode active material layer are shown in Table 2.
- the viscosity of the slurry was measured in the state before the slurry was applied to the surface of the metal foil. The measurement of the viscosity is No. B-type rotational viscometer. No. 2 spindle was used, and the rotation peripheral speed was 60 mm / s and the temperature was room temperature.
- Comparative Example 1-1 is different in that the coating layer does not contain a water-repellent substance. Comparative Example 1-2 is different in that no coat layer is formed. That is, in Comparative Example 1-2, the positive electrode active material layer was directly coated on the metal foil.
- Acetylene black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Glycerylated chitosan manufactured by Dainichi Seika Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- pyromellitic acid manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- PVdF manufactured by Kureha Co., Ltd.
- NMP manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd.
- NMP rubbing and water rubbing shown in Table 1 are the results of a rubbing test conducted to confirm the adhesion of the coating layer formed on the metal foil. Specifically, NMP or water was dropped on the coating layer formed on the metal foil. One minute after the dropping, the surface of the coat layer was rubbed with a cotton swab to examine whether the coat layer was peeled off. At this time, the load on the coat layer surface of the swab was set to 100 g. The result is “ ⁇ ” when the coating layer was not peeled after being rubbed 10 times or more, “ ⁇ ” when it was peeled after being rubbed twice to 10 times, and “ ⁇ ” being peeled after being rubbed once. ".
- the surface is not rubbed as an actual usage mode. Therefore, if it is “ ⁇ ” or more, it can be determined that the film has sufficient scratch resistance. In addition, “ ⁇ ” is more preferable because it can withstand physical impact during work.
- the foil resistance indicates a resistance value measured by a predetermined means of the electrode current collector. This resistance value was measured by the following procedure. First, two current collectors for electrodes each having a coating layer formed on a metal foil were cut out in a size of 20 mm in width and 100 mm in length. One ends of the two electrode current collectors cut out were brought into contact with each other with a contact area of 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm. At this time, the contact surfaces were surfaces on which the coat layers were formed. Then, the end portions of the two electrode current collectors that were not in contact were coupled to an AC milliohm meter, and the penetration resistance value was measured. In Comparative Example 1-2, since no coat layer was formed, either surface of each of the two electrode current collectors was brought into contact with each other. If the foil resistance is 10 ⁇ or less, it functions as a good conductor having a very low resistance value.
- the contact angle was determined by dropping 20 ⁇ l of water droplets onto the coating layer of the electrode current collector having the coating layer formed on the metal foil, and using an automatic contact angle measurement device manufactured by Data Physics Co., Ltd. Measured in.
- the appearance after coating of the positive electrode active material layer is a result of evaluating the appearance of the current collector for an electrode after the positive electrode active material layer was coated on the coating layer and dried.
- “ ⁇ ” indicates that the appearance did not change, and “ ⁇ ” indicates that the surface of the coat layer is not visible when viewed from the metal foil side of the electrode current collector, but the surface is rough.
- “ ⁇ ” indicates that the surface of the coat layer is visible when viewed from the metal foil side of the electrode current collector. That is, “x” indicates that the metal foil of the electrode current collector is corroded and does not function as the electrode current collector.
- “ ⁇ ” indicates that the film can partially function, but can also function as an electrode current collector.
- Comparative Example 1-1 containing no water-repellent substance and Comparative Example 1-2 not having a coating layer have an appearance of “x” after coating the positive electrode active material layer, It does not function as an electric body.
- Examples 1-3 to 1-10 in which the water-repellent substance ratio is 3.3% by mass or more, have an excellent appearance after application of the positive electrode active material layer, indicating high performance. Yes.
- Examples 1-4 to 1-6 also have high rubbing resistance and slurry viscosity in the range of 50 to 200 mPa ⁇ S. For this reason, it is particularly preferable that the water-repellent substance is within this range in terms of productivity.
- Example 1-10 PVDF which is a water-repellent substance is cross-linked and also has a function as a resin. Even in this case, high water repellency was exhibited, and the appearance after coating of the positive electrode active material was “ ⁇ ”. However, the coating layer in this case is peeled off by water rubbing 3 times and NMP rubbing 4 times, and it is better to use a resin separately.
- the foil resistance is 30 ⁇ or more, and the electrical conductivity of the electrode current collector is low. Compared with Examples 1-1 to 1-10 and Comparative Example 1-1, the conductivity of the electrode current collector can be increased by providing a coating layer having conductivity.
- Example 2-1 to 2-7 In Examples 2-1 to 2-7, the ratio and type of the conductive auxiliary agent were changed. The other points were the same as Example 1-5. The results of the slurry at this time are shown in Table 3, and the results of the formed coating layer are shown in Table 4. For reference, the results of Example 1-5 are shown again.
- Ketjen Black Lion Corporation VGCF (registered trademark): Showa Denko Co., Ltd.
- Example 1-5 acetylene black
- Example 2-6 Ketjen black
- Example 2-7 VGCF: vapor grown carbon fiber
- a current collector for an electrode having high conductivity and good adhesion of the positive electrode active material layer can be obtained regardless of the type of the conductive auxiliary agent.
- the greater the composition ratio of the conductive aid the smaller the foil resistance and the higher the conductivity.
- the conductive auxiliary agent ratio is preferably in an appropriate range.
- Example 3-1 to 3-5 In Examples 3-1 to 3-5, PVDF was used as the water repellent additive, and a different one was used in terms of the molecular weight and presence or absence of acid modification. The other points were the same as Example 1-5. The results of the slurry at this time are shown in Table 5, and the results of the formed coating layer are shown in Table 6. For reference, the results of Example 1-5 are shown again.
- Example 3-4 Comparing Example 3-1 and Example 3-4, which have the same molecular weight but different presence or absence of acid modification, Example 3-4 has a higher contact angle. This is probably because PVDF has improved adhesion to the metal foil due to the acid modification treatment, and thus more PVDF is adhered to the metal foil. When the molecular weight exceeds 1,000,000, the viscosity of the slurry increases.
- Example 4-1 to 4-5 the resin of the coat layer was changed.
- the polysaccharide polymer was fixed with glycerylated chitosan and the crosslinking agent was changed.
- the other points were the same as Example 1-5.
- the results of the slurry at this time are shown in Table 7, and the results of the formed coating layer are shown in Table 8. For reference, the results of Example 1-5 are shown again.
- Trimellitic acid manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid: manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 3,3 ′, 4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid: manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 2,3,6,7-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid: Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid: Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Example 5-1 to 5-7 the resin of the coat layer was changed. The difference is that the solvent for the slurry forming the coating layer is not solvent-based NMP but water. The other points were the same as Example 1-5. The results of the slurry at this time are shown in Table 9, and the results of the formed coating layer are shown in Table 10. For reference, the results of Example 1-5 are shown again.
- CMC carboxylmethylcellulose sodium salt described in Example 5-4 and the like is a thickener and does not crosslink like organic acids such as pyromellitic acid.
- Acrylic acid ester copolymer Showa Denko Co., Ltd. CMC: Daicel Co., Ltd. Polyacrylonitrile: INDIGO Co., Ltd. Styrene butadiene rubber: Nihon Zeon Co., Ltd. PTFE: Daikin Industries, Ltd.
- Examples 5-1 to 5-7 in which water was used as the solvent of the slurry when forming the coat layer, the appearance after coating of the positive electrode active material layer was “ ⁇ ” or “ ⁇ ”, and for the electrode having the coat layer A current collector is formed.
- the water repellent materials PVDF and PTFE in Examples 5-1 to 5-7 are insoluble in water. That is, the water-repellent substance does not necessarily have to be dissolved in the slurry for forming the coat layer, but may be dispersed. In any case, the coating layer after evaporation of the solvent exhibits water repellency and can suppress direct contact of the solvent when forming the metal film and the positive electrode active material layer.
- Example 6-1 to 6-6 In Examples 6-1 to 6-6, the drying conditions for forming the coat layer were changed. The other points were the same as Example 1-5. The composition ratio and drying conditions of the slurry at this time are shown in Table 11, and the examination results of the formed coating layer are shown in Table 12. For reference, the results of Example 1-5 are shown again.
- the appearance after application of the positive electrode active material layer was “ ⁇ ” or “ ⁇ ”, and an electrode current collector having a coating layer was formed.
- 160 ° C. or higher which is higher than the crosslinking temperature of glycerylated chitosan and pyromellitic acid, a more stable film is formed.
- the result of NMP rubbing and water rubbing is “ ⁇ ” or “ ⁇ ”, and it has sufficient scratch resistance, so that workability during work can be improved. It can be confirmed that the appearance after coating of the positive electrode active material layer is not changed and has high adhesion.
- the drying temperature is 240 ° C. or higher, various performances are inferior because the temperature approaches the heat resistant limit temperature of the resin.
- Example 7-1 to 7-6 In Examples 7-1 to 7-6, the basis weight of the formed coating layer was changed. The other points were the same as Example 1-5. The basis weight is the weight of the coat layer per square meter. The composition ratio of the slurry at this time is shown in Table 13, and the examination result of the formed coating layer is shown in Table 14. For reference, the results of Example 1-5 and Comparative Example 1-2 are shown again.
- the basis weight of the coating layer decreases, the appearance after coating of the positive electrode active material layer deteriorates. This means that the basis weight of the coat layer is reduced, that is, the coat layer is thin or dense. Therefore, it is considered that the provision of the coating layer having water repellency reduces the effect of suppressing direct contact between the solvent in forming the metal film and the positive electrode active material layer.
- An electric double layer capacitor was fabricated using the following three types of metal foils.
- Production Example 1 Aluminum foil having a coating layer containing a water repellent material (Example 1-5)
- Production Example 2 Aluminum foil formed with a coating layer not containing a water repellent material (Comparative Example 1-1)
- Production Example 3 Aluminum foil without a coating layer (Comparative Example 1-2)
- the layer containing activated carbon 86 parts of alkali-activated activated carbon (manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd., YP-50F), 4 parts of conductive auxiliary agent consisting of acetylene black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., HS-100), polyacrylate ( A suspension of 9 parts of a binder made of Showa Denko Co., Ltd. (Polysol (registered trademark)) and 1 part of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (manufactured by Daicel Corporation) in water as a solvent was used.
- An electrode having a layer containing the above aluminum foil and activated carbon was used as an electrode of an electric double layer capacitor.
- Electrodes were pressed by a 10-ton roll press and laminated via a separator (TF40, manufactured by Nippon Kogyo Paper Industries Co., Ltd.).
- the laminated body was ultrasonically welded together with the current collecting portion and the electrode tab, and heat sealing other than the liquid injection portion was performed using a laminate material.
- the injection was performed using a 1M triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate propylene carbonate solution (manufactured by Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), impregnated and sealed with a vacuum seal to produce an electric double layer capacitor.
- the value of the equivalent series resistance (ESR) was measured by charging the fabricated cell to 2.3 V with a 1 kHz AC impedance. The measurement results are shown in Table 15.
- Production Example 1 The result that the resistance value of Production Example 1 was the lowest was obtained. This is because the formed coating layer bears part of the conductivity of the metal foil.
- Production Example 2 uses a coating material, the resistance value is higher than that of Production Example 1 containing a water-repellent substance. The reason for this is that pure water is used as a solvent, so that the glycerylated chitosan contained in the resin of the coat layer swells and the electronic conductivity of the coat layer deteriorates in Production Example 2 that does not contain a water-repellent substance. It is done.
- Production Example 3 in which no coat layer is formed has the highest resistance value.
- SYMBOLS 1 Metal foil, 2 ... Coat layer, 2a ... Upper surface, 10 ... Current collector for electrodes, 21 ... Positive electrode active material, 22 ... Conductive auxiliary agent for electrodes, 30 ... Layer containing porous carbon material, 40 ... Activated carbon Including layer, 100 ... electrode, 110 ... current collector for negative electrode, 120 ... negative electrode active material, 130 ... electrolyte, 140, 210, 310 ... separator, 200 ... lithium ion secondary battery, 220 ... pipe for positive electrode, 230 ... negative electrode Piping, 300 ... redox flow battery, 400 ... electric double layer capacitor
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Abstract
Description
また電気二重層キャパシタも、その著しく高い蓄電量からバッテリーの代替の可能性を持ち高い注目を集めている。
正極は、正極活物質とバインダーとからなるスラリーをアルミニウム箔などの正極集電体表面に塗布し、乾燥させた後、適当な大きさに切断することにより得られる。負極は、負極活物質とバインダーとからなるスラリーを、銅箔などの負極集電体表面に塗布し、乾燥させた後、適当な大きさに切断することにより得られる。正極には、バインダーとしてPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)、PTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン)等を用いた有機溶剤系のスラリーを用いることが一般的であり、負極には、バインダーとしてSBR(スチレンブタジエンラバー)、アクリル系樹脂等を用いた水系のスラリーを用いることが一般的である。
これらのバインダーを用いた正極を作製する場合、水系の溶媒中に、これらのバインダーを正極活物質と共に溶解・分散させたスラリーを用いて、金属箔上に塗工することが一般的である。
しかしながら、正極活物質は一部不純物として水酸化リチウム(LiOH)や炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)等を含むため、水系の溶媒中に溶解・分散させると溶媒をアルカリ性にする。このようなアルカリ性を有する溶媒は、電極用集電体であるアルミニウム箔等の金属箔を腐食する。金属箔が腐食されると、電極として十分な強度を維持することができない。つまり、正極の低抵抗化を実現することが可能であっても、金属箔の腐食により強度が低下するため、水系のバインダーを用いて作製した正極は殆んど検討されていなかった。
即ち、本発明は、上記課題を解決するため、以下の手段を提供する。
(2)上記(1)に記載の電極用集電体は、金属箔の一方の面または両面にコート層が形成された電極用集電体であって、前記コート層が、導電助剤と撥水性物質とを含んでもよい。
(3)上記(2)に記載の電極用集電体は、前記撥水性物質の前記コート層の全体量に対する含有量が、0.3質量%~90質量%であってもよい。
(4)上記(2)または(3)のいずれかに記載の電極用集電体は、前記導電助剤の前記コート層の全体量に対する含有量が、23質量%~50質量%であってもよい。
(5)上記(2)~(4)のいずれか一つに記載の電極用集電体は、前記撥水性物質がフッ素系ポリマーであり、その少なくとも一部が酸変性されていてもよい。
(6)上記(1)~(5)のいずれか一つに記載の電極用集電体は、塗布面一面当たりの前記コート層の目付量が、0.1g/m2~10g/m2であってもよい。
(8)上記(7)に記載の電極用集電体の製造方法は、前記撥水性物質の前記スラリーの全体量に対する含有量を0.5質量%~10質量%としてもよい。
(9)上記(7)または(8)のいずれかに記載の電極用集電体の製造方法は、前記導電助剤の前記スラリーの全体量に対する含有量を3質量%~10質量%としてもよい。
(10)上記(7)~(9)のいずれか一つに記載の電極用集電体の製造方法は、前記溶媒が水またはN-メチルピロリドンであってもよい。
(12)本発明の一態様にかかるリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記(11)の電極を備える。
(13)本発明の一態様にかかるレドックスフロー電池は、上記(11)の電極を備える。
(14)本発明の一態様にかかる電気二重層キャパシタは、上記(11)の電極を備える。
図1は、本発明の一態様にかかる電極用集電体の断面模式図である。本発明の一態様に係る電極用集電体10は、金属箔1の一方の面または両面にコート層2が形成されている。コート層2は、導電助剤と撥水性物質とを含む。図1では、金属箔の一方の面にコート層2が形成された場合を図示しているが、両面にコート層2を形成してもよい。図1において、金属箔1と接触していない側のコート層2の表面を上面2aとしている。
リチウムイオン電池の正極活物質は一部不純物として水酸化リチウム(LiOH)や炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)等を含むため、水系の溶媒中に溶解・分散させると溶媒をアルカリ性にする。このようなアルカリ性を有する溶媒は、金属箔1と接触すると金属箔1を腐食する。しかし、コート層2の上面2aの純水に対する接触角が30°以上であると、溶媒と金属箔との接触を避けることができ、金属箔の腐食を抑制することができる。このような効果は、正極活物質を用いる正極用の電極用集電体に限られず、例えば負極活物質としてLTO(チタン酸リチウム)等を用いた場合の負極においても高い効果を示すことができる。
コート層2の上面2aの純水に対する接触角は、静滴法により求める。具体的には、例えば、データフィジックス社製の自動接触角測定装置を用いて、室温の大気雰囲気中で20μlの純水をコート層2の上面2a上に滴下することで測定する手法を用いる。
コート層2が撥水性物質以外に樹脂を含むことで、撥水性物質の選択の幅が広がる。撥水性物質が樹脂としての機能も有する場合は、撥水性物質として撥水性ポリマーしか選択することができない。しかし、別途樹脂を含むことで、撥水性ポリマー以外の撥水性物質、例えば架橋して硬化することのない無機のフッ化化合物やシリコン化合物等を利用することができる。またコート層2内に、別途樹脂を有すると、高い強度を有する樹脂を選択することができ、コート層2が金属箔1から剥離することをより抑制することができる。
撥水性物質のコート層2の全体量に対する含有量が、0.3質量%以上であれば十分な撥水性を示し、コート層2上に塗工される溶媒と金属箔1が接触することを抑制することができる。すなわち、金属箔1の腐食をより抑制することができる。撥水性物質のコート層2の全体量に対する含有量が90質量%以下であれば、導電助剤やその他樹脂等を適度に有するため、導電性の維持と、高い強度を実現することができる。
フッ素系ポリマーとしては、上述のものを用いることができ、酸変性させる酸及び酸誘導体としては、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、アクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチル、アクリル酸ブチル、メタクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸ブチル、マレイン酸モノメチル、マレイン酸モノエチル、2-カルボキシエチルアクリレート、2-カルボキシエチルメタクリレート、アクリロイロキシエチルコハク酸、メタクリロイロキシエチルコハク酸、アクリロイロキシエチルフタル酸、メタクリロイロキシエチルフタル酸、トリフルオロアクリル酸、トリフルオロメチルアクリル酸、1,1-ビス(アクリロイルオキシメチル)エチルイソシアネート、2-アクリロイルオキシエチルイソシアネート、2-メタクリロイルオキシエチルイソシアネート等を用いることができる。例えば、PVDFの一部をマレイン酸モノメチル、アクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸メチルで変性させたフッ素系ポリマーや、PTFEの一部をアクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチルで変性させたフッ素系ポリマー等を好適に用いることができる。
コート層2における導電助剤の含有量が23質量%以上であれば、十分な導電性を示すことができる。導電助剤の含有量を当該範囲以上とすることで、撥水性能を高くすることもできる。撥水性物質は、コート層2内に均質に分散されているが、特に導電助剤の表面には存在しやすい。そのため、コート層2内の導電助剤の存在比率が高くなると、これらの導電助剤が足場となり撥水性能を高くすることができる。導電助剤のコート層2の全体量に対する含有量が50質量%以下であれば、コート層2内の相対的な撥水性物質の存在比率を高めることができ、高い撥水性を維持することができる。
本発明の一態様にかかる電極用集電体の製造方法は、溶媒中に導電助剤と撥水性物質とを懸濁したスラリーを金属箔の一方の面または両面に塗工する工程と、塗工したスラリーを乾燥する工程と、を有する。導電助剤及び撥水性物質は、上述のものを用いることができる。
導電助剤及び撥水性物質は、溶媒中に溶解している必要はなく、溶媒中に分散していてもよい。そのため、水系の溶媒を用いた場合、一般的に撥水性物質は溶解しないが、溶媒中に分散し懸濁したスラリーとなっていればよい。溶媒を水とすると、環境負荷も少なく、安価にスラリーを作製することができるため好ましい。
スラリーが樹脂成分を有する場合は、この樹脂成分を硬化させることがより好ましい。熱硬化樹脂の場合は、含まれている樹脂の硬化温度(架橋反応温度)以上とすることがより好ましい。スラリーには、このような硬化反応を促進させる触媒、重合剤、架橋剤等を含んでいることがより好ましい。
図3は、本発明の一態様にかかる電極の断面模式図である。本発明の一態様にかかる電極100は、上述の電極用集電体10を含む。図3は、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極用の電極を模式的に示している。電極用集電体10の一面に、正極活物質21と正極用導電助剤22とがバインダー(図示略)を介して結合した正極活物質層20が形成されている。以下、電極についてリチウムイオン二次電池の正極を例に説明する。
正極活物質21としては、例えば、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMn2O4)、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)、さらには、Co、Mn、Niの3元系リチウム化合物(Li(CoxMnyNiz)O2)、イオウ系(TiS2)、オリビン系(LiFePO4)などが好適である。正極用導電助剤22としては、例えば、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、気相法炭素繊維、グラファイト(黒鉛)などが好適である。
図6は、本発明の一態様にかかるリチウムイオン二次電池の断面模式図である。本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオン二次電池200は、上述の電極100を備えている。電極100は、金属箔1上にコート層2が形成され、そのコート層2上に、正極活物質21と正極用導電助剤22とバインダーを含む正極活物質層20を有する正極である(以下、リチウムイオン二次電池の説明において、電極100は正極100と記載する)。リチウムイオン二次電池200は、正極100と、負極用集電体110と負極活物質120を含む負極とが、セパレータ140を介して接合され、さらに内部を電解質130で充填することで形成されている。
リチウムイオン二次電池200は、正極100及び負極にモーターや光源などの負荷(図示略)を接続することで放電が可能となり、電源(図示略)を接続することで充電が可能となる。
図7は、本発明の一態様にかかるレドックスフロー電池の断面模式図である。本発明のレドックスフロー電池300は、上述の電極100を含む。電極100は、金属箔1上にコート層2が形成され、そのコート層2上に、多孔質炭素材料を含む層30を有している。電極100は、セパレータ210の両面に形成されており、その一方が正極101として機能し、他方が負極102として機能する。正極101には、正極用配管220を介して正極電解液が供給され、負極102には負極用配管230を介して負極電解液が供給される。
レドックスフロー電池300は、正極101及び負極102にモーターや光源等の負荷(図示略)を接続することで放電が可能となり、電源(図示略)を接続することで充電が可能となる。
図8は、本発明の一態様にかかる電気二重層キャパシタの断面模式図である。本発明の電気二重層キャパシタ400は、上述の電極100を備えている。このとき電極100は、金属箔1上にコート層2が形成され、そのコート層2上に、活性炭を含む層40を有している。対向する電極100の間には、セパレータ310が形成されており、これらは電解液で充填されている。
電気二重層キャパシタ400は、対向する電極100にモーターや光源等の負荷(図示略)を接続することで放電が可能となり、電源(図示略)を接続することで充電が可能となる。
対向する電極がセパレータを介して1つのセルとして形成された電気二重層キャパシタについて説明したが、複数のセルを直列に接続した構成としてもよい。
電池などと異なり、充放電による化学変化を伴わないことが、この優れた充放電サイクル寿命を実現可能としている。
実施例1-1~1-10では、それぞれ撥水性物質の添加量を変化させたスラリーをアルミニウムからなる金属箔上に塗工し、190℃の温度で乾燥させて厚さ1μmのコート層を形成した。このときスラリーは、溶媒としてNMPを用い、この溶媒中に導電助剤であるアセチレンブラック(HS-100)と、互いに架橋して樹脂となるグリセリル化キトサン及びピロメリット酸と、撥水性物質であるPVDF(分子量35万)を溶解させた。スラリーの組成比及び粘度は、表1に記載した。実施例1-10では、架橋して樹脂となるグリセリル化キトサン及びピロメリット酸を含まない点がその他の実施例と異なる。
次に、形成されたそのコート層上に、正極スラリーを塗工して正極活物質層を形成した。正極スラリーは、Co、Mn、Niの3元系リチウム化合物(Li(CoxMnyNiz)O2)からなる正極活物質、アセチレンブラック(HS-100)からなる正極用導電助剤及びポリアクリレートからなるバインダーを、溶媒である水に懸濁したものであり、溶液はアルカリ性を示す。形成されたコート層の組成比、性能及び正極活物質層を形成後の電極用集電体の外観の結果は表2に記載した。
スラリーの粘度は、スラリーを金属箔の表面に塗工する前の状態における粘度を測定した。粘度の測定は、B型回転粘度計のNo.2のスピンドルを用い、回転周速は60mm/s、温度は室温の条件で行った。
比較例1-1は、コート層が撥水性物質を含んでいない点が異なる。比較例1-2は、コート層を形成していない点が異なる。すなわち、比較例1-2は、金属箔上に直接正極活物質層を塗工した。
グリセリル化キトサン:大日精化工業株式会社製
ピロメリット酸:東京化成工業株式会社製
PVdF:株式会社クレハ製
NMP:三菱化学株式会社製
実施例1-4~1-6は、ラビング耐性も高く、スラリー粘度も50~200mPa・Sの範囲内にある。そのため、生産性の面でも撥水性物質を当該範囲とすることが特に好ましい。
実施例1-10は、撥水性物質であるPVDFが架橋して樹脂としての機能も有している。この場合でも、高い撥水性を示し、正極活物質塗工後外観が「○」という結果となっている。ただし、この際のコート層は、水ラビングが3回、NMPラビングが4回で剥離しており、別途樹脂を用いた方が良好となる。
比較例1-2は、箔抵抗が30Ω以上であり、電極用集電体の導電性が低い。実施例1-1~実施例1-10及び比較例1-1と比較して、導電性を有するコート層を備えることで、電極用集電体の導電性が高くすることができる。
実施例2-1~2―7では、導電助剤の割合及び種類を変化させた。その他の点は、実施例1-5と同一とした。この際のスラリーの結果を表3に示し、形成されたコート層の結果を表4に示した。参考のために、実施例1-5の結果も再度表記した。
VGCF(登録商標):昭和電工株式会社製
導電助剤の組成比は、多ければ多い程、箔抵抗が小さくなり導電性が高くなっている。これに対し、正極活物質層の電極用集電体に対する密着性は、導電助剤比を適切な範囲とすることが良い。
実施例3-1~3-5では、撥水性添加物をPVDFとし、その分子量及び酸変性の有無の点で異なるものを使用した。その他の点は、実施例1-5と同一とした。この際のスラリーの結果を表5に示し、形成されたコート層の結果を表6に示した。参考のために、実施例1-5の結果も再度表記した。
同じ分子量で酸変性の有無が異なる実施例3-1と実施例3-4を比較すると、実施例3-4の方が、接触角が高い。これはPVDFが酸変性処理により金属箔への接着性が上がったため、より多くのPVDFが金属箔へ接着しているためであると考えられる。分子量が100万を超えるとスラリーの粘度が高くなる。
実施例4-1~4-5では、コート層の樹脂を変更した。樹脂は多糖類高分子をグリセリル化キトサンで固定し、架橋剤を変更した。その他の点は、実施例1-5と同一とした。この際のスラリーの結果を表7に示し、形成されたコート層の結果を表8に示した。参考のために、実施例1-5の結果も再度表記した。
2-ホスホノブタン-1,2,4-トリカルボン酸:東京化成工業株式会社製
3,3’,4,4’-ベンゾフェノンテトラカルボン酸:東京化成工業株式会社製
2,3,6,7-ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸:東京化成工業株式会社製
3,3’,4,4’-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸:東京化成工業株式会社製
実施例5-1~5-7では、コート層の樹脂を変更した。コート層を形成するスラリーの溶媒として、溶剤系のNMPではなく、水とした点が異なる。その他の点は、実施例1-5と同一とした。この際のスラリーの結果を表9に示し、形成されたコート層の結果を表10に示した。参考のために、実施例1-5の結果も再度表記した。実施例5-4等に記載のCMC(カルボキシルメチルセルロースナトリウム塩)は増粘剤であり、ピロメリット酸等の有機酸のように架橋するものではない。
CMC:株式会社ダイセル製
ポリアクリロニトリル:INDIGO社
スチレンブタジエンゴム:日本ゼオン株式会社製
PTFE:ダイキン工業株式会社製
実施例6-1~6-6では、コート層を形成する際の乾燥条件を変更した。その他の点は、実施例1-5と同一とした。この際のスラリーの組成比及び乾燥条件を表11に示し、形成されたコート層の検討結果を表12に示した。参考のために、実施例1-5の結果も再度表記した。
実施例7-1~7-6では、形成されるコート層の目付量を変更した。その他の点は、実施例1-5と同一とした。目付量とは、1平方メートル当たりのコート層の重さを示す。この際のスラリーの組成比等を表13に示し、形成されたコート層の検討結果を表14に示した。参考のために、実施例1-5及び比較例1-2の結果を再度表記した。
電気二重層キャパシタを以下の三種類の金属箔を使用して作製した。
製造例1.撥水性物質を含むコート層を形成したアルミニウム箔(実施例1-5)
製造例2.撥水性物質を含まないコート層を形成したアルミニウム箔 (比較例1-1)
製造例3.コート層を形成しないアルミニウム箔(比較例1-2)
Claims (14)
- 金属箔の一方の面または両面にコート層が形成された電極用集電体であって、
前記コート層の前記金属箔と反対側の面の純水に対する接触角が30°以上であることを特徴とする電極用集電体。 - 金属箔の一方の面または両面にコート層が形成された電極用集電体であって、
前記コート層が、導電助剤と撥水性物質とを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電極用集電体。 - 前記撥水性物質の前記コート層の全体量に対する含有量が、0.3質量%~90質量%であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の電極用集電体。
- 前記導電助剤の前記コート層の全体量に対する含有量が、23質量%~50質量%であることを特徴とする請求項2または3のいずれかに記載の電極用集電体。
- 前記撥水性物質がフッ素系ポリマーであり、その少なくとも一部が酸変性されていることを特徴とする請求項2~4のいずれか一項に記載の電極用集電体。
- 前記コート層の目付量が、塗布面一面当たり0.1g/m2~10g/m2であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の電極用集電体。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の電極用集電体の製造方法であって、
溶媒中に導電助剤と撥水性物質とを懸濁したスラリーを金属箔の一方の面または両面に塗工する工程と、
塗工したスラリーを乾燥する工程と、を有することを特徴とする電極用集電体の製造方法。 - 前記撥水性物質の前記スラリーの全体量に対する含有量を0.5質量%~10質量%とすることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の電極用集電体の製造方法。
- 前記導電助剤の前記スラリーの全体量に対する含有量を3質量%~10質量%とすることを特徴とする請求項7または8のいずれか一項に記載の電極用集電体の製造方法。
- 前記溶媒が水またはN-メチルピロリドンであることを特徴とする請求項7~9のいずれか一項に記載の電極用集電体の製造方法。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の電極用集電体を備えた電極。
- 請求項11の電極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項11の電極を備えたレドックスフロー電池。
- 請求項11の電極を備えた電気二重層キャパシタ。
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| EP15854150.8A EP3214677B1 (en) | 2014-10-29 | 2015-10-27 | Electrode current collector, method of manufacturing the same, electrode, lithium ion secondary battery, redox flow battery and electric double layer capacitor |
| JP2016556588A JPWO2016068156A1 (ja) | 2014-10-29 | 2015-10-27 | 電極用集電体、電極用集電体の製造方法、電極、リチウムイオン二次電池、レドックスフロー電池、電気二重層キャパシタ |
| CN201580057641.3A CN107078303A (zh) | 2014-10-29 | 2015-10-27 | 电极用集电体、电极用集电体的制造方法、电极、锂离子二次电池、氧化还原液流电池、双电层电容器 |
| KR1020177010850A KR101870097B1 (ko) | 2014-10-29 | 2015-10-27 | 전극용 집전체, 전극용 집전체의 제조 방법, 전극, 리튬 이온 이차 전지, 레독스 플로우 전지, 전기 이중층 캐패시터 |
| US15/522,420 US20170331115A1 (en) | 2014-10-29 | 2015-10-27 | Electrode current collector, method of manufacturing the same, electrode, lithium ion secondary battery, redox flow battery, and electric double layer capacitor |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP3214677B1 (en) | 2019-08-28 |
| KR20170056700A (ko) | 2017-05-23 |
| US20170331115A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 |
| EP3214677A1 (en) | 2017-09-06 |
| CN107078303A (zh) | 2017-08-18 |
| EP3214677A4 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
| TW201633590A (zh) | 2016-09-16 |
| JPWO2016068156A1 (ja) | 2017-08-17 |
| KR101870097B1 (ko) | 2018-06-22 |
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