[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2016046422A1 - Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange - Google Patents

Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2016046422A1
WO2016046422A1 PCT/ES2014/070722 ES2014070722W WO2016046422A1 WO 2016046422 A1 WO2016046422 A1 WO 2016046422A1 ES 2014070722 W ES2014070722 W ES 2014070722W WO 2016046422 A1 WO2016046422 A1 WO 2016046422A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
collectors
ion exchange
energy
measuring
collector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/ES2014/070722
Other languages
Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Guillermo Ramón Iglesias Salto
Silvia Alejandra AHUALLI YAPUR
Ángel Vicente DELGADO MORA
María Luisa Jiménez Olivares
Fernando González Caballero
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Universidad de Granada
Original Assignee
Universidad de Granada
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Universidad de Granada filed Critical Universidad de Granada
Priority to PCT/ES2014/070722 priority Critical patent/WO2016046422A1/en
Publication of WO2016046422A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016046422A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J47/00Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01GCAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof

Definitions

  • the sector of the technique where the present invention is framed is that of the cogeneration and generation systems associated with renewable energies (biomass, wind, water, oceanic, solar), in particular, that obtained from the blue energy that comes of the mixture of water with different salinity. More specifically, it is framed in the sector of energy measuring devices, in particular, energy generated by ion exchange. STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
  • This osmotic pressure difference is of the order of 10 atm (unit of measurement of pressure expressed in atmospheres, atm) and therefore, the work that can be obtained by mixing 1 L of fresh water with a large amount of salt water is 2 kJ (Unit of measure of energy expressed in kilo Joule). So, taking into account the large amount of fresh water that reaches our coasts worldwide, the total energy extracted would be of the order of 2 TW (Power Unit expressed in Tera Watt) that coincides with the annual electricity demand. In order to extract this energy, current research focuses on the search for efficient methods. Among these methods, the techniques that are usually used in the opposite process stand out: desalination.
  • salt water is pumped into a pressure chamber and fresh water is forced to flow through a semipermeable membrane, thereby increasing the pressure inside the salt water chamber;
  • the pressure generated is used to obtain electrical energy by depressurization through a hydraulic turbine, for example.
  • the process can continue cyclically so that, if we replace seawater with fresh water inside the spacer, the external current now circulates in the opposite way, and energy can also be extracted in this part of the cycle.
  • This process can be repeated indefinitely when the ionic concentration in the cell is modified, for example when seawater is exchanged for river water.
  • the reciprocal of this CDP technique is deionization. Again the authors F. Liu and cois. (Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 5, 8642-8650) try to improve the power and reduce the ohmic losses to the maximum, which is a great task in every electrochemical technique.
  • the first object of the invention is an energy measuring device generated by ion exchange techniques between liquids, in particular saline exchange between liquids, in the presence of a catalyst element.
  • This device facilitates the experimental study of the techniques of energy extraction by ion exchange by offering a wide alternative in terms of its configuration for extended use in laboratories and test plants that will allow, among other things, to obtain experimental data in a standardized way so be able to make an accurate comparison between different laboratories that work or use the same measurement system.
  • a second object of the invention is the method of measuring energy generated by ion exchange using said device.
  • Figure 1 Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange showing two of collectors, e, located inside a container element, c, in a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes, f, and means, r, which allow to modify the distance, d, between the collectors.
  • Figure 2. Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange showing two collectors with parallel surfaces, e, located within a container element, c, in a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes, f , means, r, which allow modifying the distance, d, between the collectors, and elements, a, which limit said distance.
  • Figure 3. Diagram of the arrangement of the catalyst, k, on a disk-shaped manifold, e.
  • Figure 4. Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange in which the means that allow modifying the distance between the collectors, e, are part of them, c represents the container element, Figure 5.
  • Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange showing two collectors with parallel surfaces, e, attached to threaded rods, t, located inside a container element, c, in a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes , f, elements, a, that limit the distance, d, between the collectors when tightening the thread h.
  • Figure 6 Cartesian diagram in which the axis of abscissa represents the potential, ⁇ , and the axis of ordinates the charge, ⁇ x, that occurs in the different states of ion exchange A, B, C and D.
  • liquids with a salt concentration of 20 mM (milli Molar) and 600 mM were used.
  • FIG. 7 Scheme of the equivalent circuit used to control the exchange of liquids in the device that shows a switch connected to two resistors R c , (load resistance) and (discharge resistance), a power supply VS.
  • the exchange device called VC, whose potentials both VC and VS, are measured by voltmeters connected in parallel and designated by V. The current flowing through the circuit is measured by the ammeter A.
  • Figure 8.- Scheme of the device for measurement of energy generated by ion exchange in a particular embodiment, showing two collectors with parallel surfaces, e, joined to two rods, t, located within a container element formed by a tubular element, c ', and two elements in the form of disk, x, that make up a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes, f, and means, a, which allow the distance, d, between the collectors to be modified, e.
  • Figure 11. Representation of the potential, Ve, current, le, and energy, n, obtained over time, ts.
  • the power, w is calculated as the slope of the energy representation, in which 16 exchange cycles have been performed, using two graphite collectors.
  • the present invention relates to a device for measuring energy generated by ion exchange of two or more liquids in the presence of a catalyst, hereinafter “device of the invention", comprising the following elements:
  • a container element that has an inner cavity interconnected with the outside through two or more holes that allow the entry and exit of liquids, so that ion exchange takes place in said cavity;
  • collectors Two or more elements on which the catalyst is deposited (hereinafter “collectors") manufactured or coated with a conductive material;
  • the device object of the invention comprises a container element ( Figure 1, c), impermeable and manufactured or coated with an inert material, preferably made of plastic material that confers electromagnetic insulation, more preferably in methacrylate.
  • This element has an inner cavity (i) and at least two holes (f) that allow the entry and exit of liquids so that the ion exchange takes place within said cavity.
  • inert refers to materials that do not chemically react with water.
  • the inner cavity (i) of the container element will have appropriate dimensions to be able to place inside the collectors (e), which allow the measurement of energy generated by the ion exchange, without both being in contact and allowing its displacement in order to modify the distance (d) between them.
  • said cavity will have a range of measures from 5 mm to 200 mm wide and a height between 10 mm to 400 mm. More preferably it will have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 20 mm to 40 mm and a height between 50 mm to 100 mm.
  • collector or collector element means a piece of conductive material or coated with conductive material in which the catalyst is deposited.
  • the collectors used will have different ionic strength.
  • the collecting elements included in the device object of the invention can be manufactured or covered by the same material or different materials.
  • the device object of the invention comprises two or more collecting elements (e) on which the catalyst is placed. These collecting elements are separated from each other, so that the liquids that are going to perform the ion exchange can circulate between them and be in contact with the catalyst.
  • the separation (d) between the collecting elements will be variable and may be fixed prior to the measurement of energy generated by the ionic exchange of liquids, through the means arranged for it.
  • the distances between the collectors will range between 0.5 mm and 10 mm. Preferably between 1 and 6 mm.
  • the device comprises an even number of collectors, even more preferably two collector elements.
  • the collectors have a flat surface and are arranged so that said surfaces (or the planes containing them) are parallel to each other. More preferably, the collectors will have a disk shape ( Figure 3, e).
  • the collecting elements are preferably manufactured or coated in a metallic material selected from the following list: platinum, gold, zinc, aluminum, copper, steel, stainless steel, brass, iron, graphite, bronze, more preferably made of graphite or platinum.
  • Effective confrontation surface means the part of the surface of a collector that projected in the direction that determines the minimum distance between the surfaces, on the opposite collector, coincides on it. This projection is maximum and equal to the area of the collector when both surfaces are equal and are completely facing each other.
  • the collectors In order to achieve a better performance of the device of the invention, the collectors must be positioned so that the effective facing surface is as large as possible. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the collectors are completely facing each other. In an even more preferred embodiment, two disk-shaped collectors are used and are arranged completely facing each other.
  • the effective facing surface is 314.1 7 mm 2 .
  • the device also comprises means (r) that allow the distance (d) between the collectors to be modified, with the "distance between two collectors” being understood as the minimum of the distances, d (x, y), between a point, x, of a collector, ei, and a point, and, from another collector, e ⁇ . That is to say:
  • the means (r) must allow the distances between the collectors to range between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm. Preferably between 1 and 6 mm. More preferably, the means must allow the collectors to be placed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm away.
  • said means can be part of the collector itself, forming a single element (Fig. 4).
  • the means for modifying the distance between the collectors comprises a rod (t) that is fixed to the collector and which has a threaded part; a plurality of elements (a) of known thickness, preferably washers, which limit the distance between the manifolds and nuts or threads (h) that fix the assembly, arranged in such a way that the elements (a) function as a regulating stop of the distance limiting the movement of the collectors.
  • the means for modifying the distance comprise one or more elements, hereinafter "stops" located inside the inner cavity that limit the minimum distance between the collectors and a plurality of elements of known thickness, preferably washers, which, located between the collector and the stop, allow to increase the distance between the collectors in a precise and controlled way.
  • stops located inside the inner cavity that limit the minimum distance between the collectors and a plurality of elements of known thickness, preferably washers, which, located between the collector and the stop, allow to increase the distance between the collectors in a precise and controlled way.
  • the stems will be tubes fixed to the collectors through which a cable connecting the collectors to the measuring device is located. Catalyst arrangement
  • the catalyst To measure the energy generated by the ion exchange in the presence of the catalyst, said catalyst must be in simultaneous contact with the collectors and with the liquids that perform the ion exchange. To achieve this, it is fixed to the collectors.
  • the way to fix the catalyst to the collector can be done in multiple ways.
  • the catalyst (k) is arranged on the collector elements in the form of particles, preferably smaller than 10 micrometers, which are fixed to the collector with any mechanical fastening system that allows the liquid to contact With the particles.
  • An example of a mechanical system is a permeable membrane.
  • sheets of a conductive material preferably of graphite, will be used on which the catalyst material is fixed.
  • the sheet is fixed to the collector with any mechanical fastening system.
  • the device object of the invention also comprises means that allow each collector to be connected to a device or apparatus that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange, such as a supercondenser being a direct current source or, in general, any device capable of measuring electrical variables such as energy, voltage or current.
  • a supercondenser being a direct current source or, in general, any device capable of measuring electrical variables such as energy, voltage or current.
  • these means are copper wires or other conductive material arranged so that the interior of the container element remains tight.
  • the collector and the rod that allows to fix its position are the same piece, it will be sufficient to connect the measuring device to the end of the rod that is outside the container element.
  • the device of the invention is connected, through the holes (f) arranged for this purpose, to two containers containing liquids with different ionic strength.
  • the collectors connect to a device that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange.
  • a device that allows measuring a potential difference will be used.
  • the procedure for measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange comprises the following steps:
  • the inner cavity (i) is filled with a liquid with a certain ionic strength.
  • the device of the invention is connected again to the measuring device.
  • the voltage between the collectors and the load accumulated in them changes spontaneously to ⁇ 0 and to CD , respectively (State C).
  • the measuring device is switched off again leaving the circuit open.
  • the liquid is exchanged in the cavity (i) by introducing the original liquid.
  • the load does not change but the voltage changes to ⁇ 2 (State D).
  • the device of the invention is reconnected to the measuring device.
  • the voltage and load return to the initial values, ⁇ 0 and ⁇ ⁇ , respectively (State A).
  • the net work extracted per unit area of collector can be calculated by calculating the area delimited by the four points ( Figure 6, curves A - BCDA).
  • the energy generated at a time t can be calculated as:
  • Step 1 The collectors are charged to a certain potential (typically in the range of a few hundred milli Volts) through a resistor (Re). This corresponds to the passage from state D to state A in the procedure described and shown in Figure 6.
  • Step 2 The circuit is opened and the liquid contained in the device of the invention is exchanged for another liquid with greater ionic strength. As the load remains constant, there is an increase in potential due to the decrease in capacity of the Electrical Double Layer (DCE). This corresponds to the passage from state A to state B.
  • DCE Electrical Double Layer
  • Step 4 The circuit is opened again and the liquid contained in the device is replaced again with the one with the lowest ionic strength. This returns to the initial state D. In all steps, the current and potential variables of both the collectors and the external load source are measured. Representing the potential values
  • the device of the invention comprises the following elements:
  • the container element is formed by three pieces made of methacrylate, the first, hereinafter “center element (c '), is a cylindrical element, with an outside diameter of 50mm and 20 mm in height, which has been milled in its two flat faces, to give rise to two cylindrical cavities of 8mm depth and a diameter of 20mm, later, these two cavities are finished communicating by practicing a new circular milling concentric to the previous ones that leaves a hole of 19mm in diameter. With this milling it is possible to have an element (w), hereinafter “stop” that limits the minimum distance (do) of the collectors.
  • stop limits the minimum distance (do) of the collectors.
  • the container element is completed with two identical disc-shaped pieces (x), hereinafter “covers”, with a diameter of 50 mm and 5 mm thick that are placed on both sides of the central element.
  • Each of the covers has, in its central part, a circular hole with a diameter of 5 mm.
  • the central element (c ') is made two holes (f) 5mm in diameter on its surface, which allow the entry and exit of liquid.
  • a sleeve is connected to each hole so that once all the elements of the device are connected, a liquid with different ionic strength will enter through each of these holes, in particular fresh water and salt water, so that the ion exchange takes place in The inside of the cavity.
  • the inner cavity (i) is sealed by the covers (x), fixed with screws to the central element (c ').
  • a rubber washer (g) with a thickness greater than the distance between the collector and the lid is placed, so that it is compressed by screwing the covers preventing the leakage of liquid.
  • the device comprises two collector elements (e) with a disk shape of 20mm in diameter and 5mm thick to which a rod (t) of 50mm in length and 5mm radius is attached forming a single piece. Although they can be made of any conductive material, the collectors used in the tests shown below have been manufactured in graphite.
  • each collector is inserted into a rubber washer and then through the circular hole of the lid so that when the caps are screwed to the central element, the surfaces of the collectors on which the collector is deposited are facing and parallel.
  • the effective confrontation surface is 314.17 mm2.
  • washers (a) of 0.5 mm thick and an inner diameter of 19 mm (1 mm smaller than the collector element) are placed in the center of the container, between the disk of the collector element and about the catalyst. Adding washers Separations between the collectors of 0.5, 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 mm are achieved.
  • the catalyst is placed on the collector using graphite sheets, on which the material to be tested is deposited and fixed to the collector when its surface is pressed on the stop (w) or on the washers used to increase the distance between the collectors.
  • This arrangement of the washers solves the problems of adhesion of the catalyst on the collector.
  • the device is completed with cables that connect the collectors to an external potential source.
  • State D With the inner cavity of the device filled with salt water, the collectors are connected to the battery at an initial potential of 500 mV reaching state A;
  • Step B to C The battery is reconnected with the inner cavity filled with fresh water (potential of the cavity is greater than battery potential) through a discharge resistance until the potential of the cavity equals the battery;
  • Step from State D to State A The battery is reconnected with the inner cavity filled with salt water, starting the cycle again.
  • the net work extracted per unit area of collector can be calculated by calculating the area delimited by the four points ( Figure 6, curves A - BCDA)
  • the two lower graphs in Figure 9 show an example of experimental data on the potential and intensity as a function of time obtained with this procedure.
  • the distance between the collectors in the container is 2.5 mm and the discharge resistance is 20 ohms.
  • Table 1 summarizes the data obtained by varying the distance between collectors with a separation of 1 mm between tests.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for measuring energy generated by techniques of ion exchange between liquids, especially saline exchange between liquids, in the presence of a catalyst element.

Description

DISPOSITIVO PARA MEDICIÓN DE ENERGÍA PRODUCIDA POR INTERCAMBIO IÓNICO  DEVICE FOR ENERGY MEASUREMENT PRODUCED BY ION EXCHANGE

SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICA SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE

El sector de la técnica donde se enmarca la presente invención es el de los sistemas de cogeneración y generación asociados a las energías renovables (biomasa, eólica, hídrica, oceánica, solar), en particular, la obtenida a partir de la energía azul que proviene de la mezcla de agua con diferente salinidad. Más concretamente, se enmarca en el sector de los dispositivos de medida de energía, en particular, energía generada por intercambio iónico. ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA The sector of the technique where the present invention is framed is that of the cogeneration and generation systems associated with renewable energies (biomass, wind, water, oceanic, solar), in particular, that obtained from the blue energy that comes of the mixture of water with different salinity. More specifically, it is framed in the sector of energy measuring devices, in particular, energy generated by ion exchange. STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE

El desarrollo de fuentes de energía renovable supone un reto para la investigación en un mundo en búsqueda de nuevas vías de desarrollo sostenible, conservando así los recursos del planeta para satisfacer las necesidades de las generaciones presentes y futuras. Aunque las energías solar y eólica lideran en eficiencia este conjunto, en las últimas décadas otras opciones van tomando relevancia. Entre ellas, la propuesta originalmente publicada en 1950 por R. E. Pattle {Nature, 1954, 174, 660), posteriormente en 1970 por los autores G. L. Wick y cois. {Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 1977, 1 1 , 16-21 ) y J. N. Weinstein y cois. {Science, 1976, 191 , 557-559) y R. S. Norman {Science, 1974, 186, 350-352), que plantean cómo la considerable diferencia de salinidad entre el agua de mar y el agua dulce (600 mili Molar por litro y 20 mili Molar por litro, respectivamente) [Unidades y medidas típicas de salinidad en líquidos expresados en mili Moles por litro] podría usarse en la generación de energía eléctrica. La energía renovable que se puede obtener por la diferencia de salinidad se conoce actualmente por el nombre de energía azul. La energía azul se relaciona con la diferencia de presión osmótica que experimenta el agua dulce cuando llega al mar. Esta diferencia de presión osmótica es del orden de 10 atm (unidad de medida de presión expresada en atmósferas, atm) y por ello, el trabajo que se puede obtener al mezclar 1 Litro de agua dulce con una gran cantidad de agua salada es 2 kJ (Unidad de medida de energía expresada en kilo Joule). De manera que, teniendo en cuenta la gran cantidad de agua dulce que llega a nuestras costas en todo el mundo, la energía total extraída sería del orden de 2 TW (Unidad de Potencia expresada en Tera vatio) que coincide con la demanda eléctrica anual. Para poder extraer esta energía, la investigación actual se centra en la búsqueda de métodos eficientes. Entre estos métodos, destacan las técnicas que usualmente se usan en el proceso contrario: la desalinización. En particular, la electrodiálisis inversa (RED) publicada por R. E. Lacey {Ocean Eng., 1980, 7, 1 -47), y la osmosis de presión retardada (PRO) publicada por varios autores como: S. Loeb. {Science, 1975, 189, 654-655) y A. Seppala y col. (J.Membr. Sci., 1999, 161 , 1 15-138). En el primer caso, soluciones concentradas y diluidas de sal fluyen a través de distintas celdas separadas por membranas enriquecidas alternativamente por cationes y aniones. Esto produce potenciales positivos y negativos en los colectores correspondientes. Si el número de celdas es suficientemente grande, la diferencia de potencial total podría usarse para extraer energía. En la tecnología PRO, el agua salada se bombea hacia una cámara de presión y el agua dulce es forzada a fluir a través de una membrana semipermeable, aumentando así la presión dentro de la cámara de agua salada; la presión generada se utiliza para obtener energía eléctrica mediante la despresurización a través de una turbina hidráulica, por ejemplo. The development of renewable energy sources is a challenge for research in a world in search of new ways of sustainable development, thus conserving the planet's resources to meet the needs of present and future generations. Although solar and wind energy lead this group in efficiency, in the last decades other options are becoming relevant. Among them, the proposal originally published in 1950 by RE Pattle {Nature, 1954, 174, 660), later in 1970 by the authors GL Wick and cois. {Sea. Technol Soc. J., 1977, 1 1, 16-21) and JN Weinstein et al. {Science, 1976, 191, 557-559) and RS Norman {Science, 1974, 186, 350-352), which pose how the considerable difference in salinity between seawater and freshwater (600 mili Molar per liter and 20 mili Molar per liter, respectively) [Units and typical salinity measurements in liquids expressed in milli Moles per liter] could be used in the generation of electrical energy. The renewable energy that can be obtained by the difference in salinity is currently known by the name of blue energy. Blue energy is related to the difference in osmotic pressure that fresh water experiences when it reaches the sea. This osmotic pressure difference is of the order of 10 atm (unit of measurement of pressure expressed in atmospheres, atm) and therefore, the work that can be obtained by mixing 1 L of fresh water with a large amount of salt water is 2 kJ (Unit of measure of energy expressed in kilo Joule). So, taking into account the large amount of fresh water that reaches our coasts worldwide, the total energy extracted would be of the order of 2 TW (Power Unit expressed in Tera Watt) that coincides with the annual electricity demand. In order to extract this energy, current research focuses on the search for efficient methods. Among these methods, the techniques that are usually used in the opposite process stand out: desalination. In particular, reverse electrodialysis (RED) published by RE Lacey {Ocean Eng., 1980, 7, 1-47), and delayed pressure osmosis (PRO) published by several authors such as: S. Loeb. {Science, 1975, 189, 654-655) and A. Seppala et al. (J.Membr. Sci., 1999, 161, 1 15-138). In the first case, concentrated and diluted salt solutions flow through different cells separated by membranes enriched alternately by cations and anions. This produces positive and negative potentials in the corresponding collectors. If the number of cells is large enough, the total potential difference could be used to extract energy. In PRO technology, salt water is pumped into a pressure chamber and fresh water is forced to flow through a semipermeable membrane, thereby increasing the pressure inside the salt water chamber; The pressure generated is used to obtain electrical energy by depressurization through a hydraulic turbine, for example.

A pesar de los considerables avances realizados en estas citadas por diferentes autores como J. W. Post y cois. (J. Membr. Sci., 2007, 288, 218- 230). J. Veerman y cois. {Chem. Eng. J., 2011 , 166, 256-268), Y. Kim y col. {Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011 , 45, 5834-5839), T. Thorsen y col. (J. Membr. Sci., 2009, 335, 103-1 10) y K. Gerstandt y cois. {Desalination, 2008, 224, 64-70), entre otros, los dispositivos existentes son en su mayoría a escala de laboratorio. Además, presentan claros inconvenientes que deben ser resueltos, principalmente relacionados con las membranas y su coste, así como la necesidad de utilizar convertidores adicionales, tales como turbinas para producir energía eléctrica. Despite the considerable advances made in these cited by different authors such as JW Post and cois. (J. Membr. Sci., 2007, 288, 218-230). J. Veerman and cois. {Chem. Eng. J., 2011, 166, 256-268), Y. Kim et al. {Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45, 5834-5839), T. Thorsen et al. (J. Membr. Sci., 2009, 335, 103-1 10) and K. Gerstandt et al. {Desalination, 2008, 224, 64-70), among others, existing devices are mostly laboratory-scale. In addition, they have clear drawbacks that must be resolved, mainly related to the membranes and their cost, as well as the need to use additional converters, such as turbines to produce electricity.

Este contexto ofrece nuevas oportunidades a tecnologías alternativas como la sugerida por D. Brogioli (Phys. Rev. Lett, 2009, 103, 058501 ), y extendida a escala de laboratorio por el mismo autor en la publicación conjunta D. Brogioli y cois. {Energy and Environmental Science, 2011 , 4, 772-777). Esta técnica consiste en la extracción directa de energía eléctrica, sin la necesidad de convertidores, a partir del intercambio iónico entre agua dulce y salada en contacto con colectores porosos cargados. Para ello se aprovecha el cambio de capacidad que tiene lugar en la interfase colector/disolución (DCE) cuando la salinidad de ésta varía. De esta manera, en una primera parte los colectores se cargan externamente en presencia de agua salada, y, tras intercambiar la disolución por agua dulce, se descargan a un potencial mayor al de la carga, resultando en un balance energético positivo.  This context offers new opportunities for alternative technologies such as that suggested by D. Brogioli (Phys. Rev. Lett, 2009, 103, 058501), and extended to a laboratory scale by the same author in the joint publication D. Brogioli and cois. {Energy and Environmental Science, 2011, 4, 772-777). This technique consists in the direct extraction of electrical energy, without the need for converters, from the ionic exchange between fresh and salt water in contact with charged porous collectors. To do this, the capacity change that takes place at the collector / dissolution interface (DCE) is used when its salinity varies. In this way, in the first part the collectors are charged externally in the presence of salt water, and, after exchanging the solution for fresh water, they are discharged to a potential greater than that of the charge, resulting in a positive energy balance.

Por otra parte, la técnica basada en la extracción de energía basada en el potencial Donnan o CDP compartida por los autores B.B. Sales y cois. {Environ. Sci. Techno.l., 2010, 44, 5661 -5665) y B.B. Sales y cois. (Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 86, 298-304) usa membranas iónicas selectivas adyacentes a los colectores porosos, los cuales proporcionan de manera espontánea la carga a los colectores. De esta forma, cuando una solución salina concentrada fluye en el espaciador entre las dos membranas se genera un potencial Donnan positivo o negativo según la membrana sea aniónica o catiónica respectivamente. En consecuencia, una diferencia de potencial entre ambos colectores provoca una corriente eléctrica si estos colectores se conectan externamente a través de una resistencia de carga. El proceso puede continuar en forma cíclica de forma tal que, si reemplazamos el agua de mar por agua dulce dentro del espaciador, la corriente externa circula ahora de forma opuesta, y se puede también extraer energía en esta parte del ciclo. Este proceso puede repetirse indefinidamente cuando la concentración iónica en la celda es modificada, por ejemplo cuando se intercambia agua de mar por agua de río. Vale la pena mencionar que el recíproco de esta técnica de CDP es la deionización. Nuevamente los autores F. Liu y cois. (Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 5, 8642-8650) tratan de mejorar la potencia y reducir las pérdidas óhmicas al máximo, lo cual es una grandes tareas en toda técnica electroquímica. En trabajos recientes, estos autores han revelado que el utilizar colectores en forma de alambre en lugar de colectores paralelos podría mejorar la relación entre energía extraída y perdida óhmica por ciclo, además de proporcionar una respuesta más rápida y por lo tanto más potencia de salida. De esta manera queda un amplio campo a la investigación en este sentido, siendo necesario unificar los criterios experimentales para la obtención de energía y la selección de cada material colector como así también el uso de diversos materiales para favorecer los intercambios iónicos como las membranas o el uso de carbón poroso o grafito entre otros. On the other hand, the technique based on the extraction of energy based on the potential Donnan or CDP shared by the authors BB Sales and cois. {Environ. Sci. Techno.l., 2010, 44, 5661-5665) and BB Sales and cois. (Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 86, 298-304) uses selective ionic membranes adjacent to the porous collectors, which spontaneously provide the charge to the collectors. Thus, when a concentrated saline solution flows in the spacer between the two membranes, a positive or negative Donnan potential is generated depending on whether the membrane is anionic or cationic respectively. Consequently, a potential difference between both collectors causes an electric current if these collectors are connected externally through a load resistor. The process can continue cyclically so that, if we replace seawater with fresh water inside the spacer, the external current now circulates in the opposite way, and energy can also be extracted in this part of the cycle. This process can be repeated indefinitely when the ionic concentration in the cell is modified, for example when seawater is exchanged for river water. It is worth mentioning that the reciprocal of this CDP technique is deionization. Again the authors F. Liu and cois. (Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 5, 8642-8650) try to improve the power and reduce the ohmic losses to the maximum, which is a great task in every electrochemical technique. In recent works, these authors have revealed that using wire-shaped collectors instead of parallel collectors could improve the relationship between extracted energy and ohmic loss per cycle, in addition to providing a faster response and therefore more output power. In this way there is a wide range of research in this regard, it being necessary to unify the experimental criteria for obtaining energy and the selection of each collector material as well as the use of various materials to favor ionic exchanges such as membranes or use of porous coal or graphite among others.

Hasta la fecha no se cuenta con un dispositivo experimental unificado u homologado para la evaluación de esta técnica experimental ni para su estudio sistemático para la caracterización de diferentes colectores, tanto en la composición del material, morfología, espesor del material, cantidad de partículas, como así también la separación entre ambos colectores o colectores, cuya importancia es decisiva para minimizar las pérdidas de energía. Factores que han de considerarse ya que si la separación es demasiada estrecha la presión del líquido entre colectores será grande y el material deberá ser más resistente mecánicamente OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN To date, there is no unified or approved experimental device for the evaluation of this experimental technique or for its systematic study for the characterization of different collectors, both in the composition of the material, morphology, material thickness, quantity of particles, as thus also the separation between both collectors or collectors, whose importance is decisive to minimize energy losses. Factors to be considered since if the separation is too narrow the pressure of the liquid between manifolds will be large and the material must be more mechanically resistant OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

El primero objeto de la invención es un dispositivo de medición de la energía generada por técnicas de intercambio iónico entre líquidos, en particular intercambio salino entre líquidos, en presencia de un elemento catalizador. The first object of the invention is an energy measuring device generated by ion exchange techniques between liquids, in particular saline exchange between liquids, in the presence of a catalyst element.

Este dispositivo facilita el estudio experimental de las técnicas de extracción de energía por intercambio iónico ofreciendo una amplia alternativa en cuanto a su configuración para su uso extendido en laboratorios y plantas de prueba que permitirán, entre otras cosas, obtener datos experimentales de forma normalizada para así poder realizar una comparación precisa entre distintos laboratorios que trabajan o utilizan el mismo sistema de medida. This device facilitates the experimental study of the techniques of energy extraction by ion exchange by offering a wide alternative in terms of its configuration for extended use in laboratories and test plants that will allow, among other things, to obtain experimental data in a standardized way so be able to make an accurate comparison between different laboratories that work or use the same measurement system.

Un segundo objeto de la invención es el método de medición de energía generada por intercambio iónico que utiliza dicho dispositivo. A second object of the invention is the method of measuring energy generated by ion exchange using said device.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figura 1.- Esquema del dispositivo para la medida de energía generada por intercambio iónico que muestra dos de colectores, e, situados dentro de un elemento contenedor, c, en una cavidad, i, comunicada con el exterior mediante unos orificios, f, y medios, r, que permiten modificar la distancia, d, entre los colectores. Figure 1.- Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange showing two of collectors, e, located inside a container element, c, in a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes, f, and means, r, which allow to modify the distance, d, between the collectors.

Figura 2.- Esquema del dispositivo para la medida de energía generada por intercambio iónico que muestra dos colectores con superficies paralelas, e, situados dentro de un elemento contenedor, c, en una cavidad, i, comunicada con el exterior mediante unos orificios, f, medios, r, que permiten modificar la distancia, d, entre los colectores, y elementos, a, que limitan dicha distancia. Figura 3.- Esquema de la disposición del catalizador, k, sobre un colector con forma de disco, e. Figura 4.- Esquema del dispositivo para la medida de energía generada por intercambio iónico en el que los medios que permiten modificar la distancia entre los colectores, e, forman parte de los mismos, c representa el elemento contenedor, Figura 5.- Esquema del dispositivo para la medida de energía generada por intercambio iónico que muestra dos colectores con superficies paralelas, e, unidos a unos vástagos roscados, t, situados dentro de un elemento contenedor, c, en una cavidad, i, comunicada con el exterior mediante unos orificios, f, elementos, a, que limitan la distancia, d, entre los colectores al apretar la rosca h. Figure 2.- Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange showing two collectors with parallel surfaces, e, located within a container element, c, in a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes, f , means, r, which allow modifying the distance, d, between the collectors, and elements, a, which limit said distance. Figure 3.- Diagram of the arrangement of the catalyst, k, on a disk-shaped manifold, e. Figure 4.- Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange in which the means that allow modifying the distance between the collectors, e, are part of them, c represents the container element, Figure 5.- Scheme of the device for the measurement of energy generated by ion exchange showing two collectors with parallel surfaces, e, attached to threaded rods, t, located inside a container element, c, in a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes , f, elements, a, that limit the distance, d, between the collectors when tightening the thread h.

Figura 6.- Diagrama cartesiano en el que el eje de abscisas representa el potencial, ψ, y el eje de ordenadas la carga, <x, que se produce en los distintos estados de intercambio iónico A, B, C y D. En este ejemplo, se utilizaron líquidos con una concentración salina de 20 mM (mili Molar) y de 600 mM. Figure 6.- Cartesian diagram in which the axis of abscissa represents the potential, ψ, and the axis of ordinates the charge, <x, that occurs in the different states of ion exchange A, B, C and D. In this For example, liquids with a salt concentration of 20 mM (milli Molar) and 600 mM were used.

Figura 7.- Esquema del circuito equivalente utilizado para controlar el intercambio de líquidos en el dispositivo que muestra un interruptor conectado a dos resistencias Rc, (resistencia de carga) y (resistencia de descarga), una fuente de alimentación VS. El dispositivo de intercambio llamado VC, cuyos potenciales tanto VC y VS, son medidos por los voltímetros conectados en paralelo y denominados por V. La corriente que circula por el circuito es medida por el amperímetro A. Figura 8.- Esquema del dispositivo para la medida de energía generada por intercambio iónico en una realización particular, que muestra dos colectores con superficies paralelas, e, unidos a dos vástagos, t, situados dentro de un elemento contenedor formado por un elemento tubular, c', y dos elementos con forma de disco, x, que conforman una cavidad, i, comunicada con el exterior mediante unos orificios, f, y medios, a, que permiten modificar la distancia, d, entre los colectores, e. Figure 7.- Scheme of the equivalent circuit used to control the exchange of liquids in the device that shows a switch connected to two resistors R c , (load resistance) and (discharge resistance), a power supply VS. The exchange device called VC, whose potentials both VC and VS, are measured by voltmeters connected in parallel and designated by V. The current flowing through the circuit is measured by the ammeter A. Figure 8.- Scheme of the device for measurement of energy generated by ion exchange in a particular embodiment, showing two collectors with parallel surfaces, e, joined to two rods, t, located within a container element formed by a tubular element, c ', and two elements in the form of disk, x, that make up a cavity, i, communicated with the outside through holes, f, and means, a, which allow the distance, d, between the collectors to be modified, e.

Figura 11.- Representación del potencial, Ve, corriente, le, y energía, n, obtenidas a lo largo del tiempo, ts. La potencia, w, se calcula como la pendiente de la representación de la energía, en la que se han realizado 16 ciclos de intercambio, utilizando dos colectores de grafito. Figure 11.- Representation of the potential, Ve, current, le, and energy, n, obtained over time, ts. The power, w, is calculated as the slope of the energy representation, in which 16 exchange cycles have been performed, using two graphite collectors.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

La presente invención se refiere a un dispositivo para la medición de energía generada por intercambio iónico de dos o más líquidos en presencia de un catalizador, en adelante "dispositivo de la invención", que comprende los siguientes elementos:  The present invention relates to a device for measuring energy generated by ion exchange of two or more liquids in the presence of a catalyst, hereinafter "device of the invention", comprising the following elements:

· Un elemento contenedor que posee una cavidad interior interconectada con el exterior a través de dos o más orificios que permiten la entrada y salida de los líquidos, de forma que el intercambio iónico se produce en dicha cavidad;  · A container element that has an inner cavity interconnected with the outside through two or more holes that allow the entry and exit of liquids, so that ion exchange takes place in said cavity;

• Dos o más elementos sobre los que se deposita el catalizador (en adelante "colectores") fabricados o recubiertos de un material conductor;  • Two or more elements on which the catalyst is deposited (hereinafter "collectors") manufactured or coated with a conductive material;

• Medios que permiten modificar la distancia existente entre los colectores  • Means that allow modifying the distance between the collectors

• Medios para conectar los colectores a un aparato o dispositivo que permita medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico.  • Means for connecting the collectors to an apparatus or device that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange.

A continuación se describen de forma más detallada cada uno de los elementos de los que consta el dispositivo de la invención. Each of the elements comprising the device of the invention is described in more detail below.

Elemento Contenedor Container Element

El dispositivo objeto de la invención comprende un elemento contenedor (Figura 1 , c), impermeable y fabricado o recubierto de un material inerte, confeccionado preferentemente en material plástico que le confiera aislamiento electromagnético, más preferentemente en metacrilato. Este elemento posee una cavidad interior (i) y al menos dos orificios (f) que permiten la entrada y la salida de líquidos de forma que el intercambio iónico se produce dentro de dicha cavidad. The device object of the invention comprises a container element (Figure 1, c), impermeable and manufactured or coated with an inert material, preferably made of plastic material that confers electromagnetic insulation, more preferably in methacrylate. This element has an inner cavity (i) and at least two holes (f) that allow the entry and exit of liquids so that the ion exchange takes place within said cavity.

En el contexto de la invención, el término "inerte" se refiere a materiales que no reaccionan químicamente con el agua. In the context of the invention, the term "inert" refers to materials that do not chemically react with water.

Cavidad interior Inner cavity

La cavidad interior (i) del elemento contenedor tendrá unas dimensiones apropiadas para poder situar en su interior los colectores (e), que posibilitan la medida de energía generada por el intercambio iónico, sin que ambos estén en contacto y permitir su desplazamiento con el fin de modificar la distancia (d) existente entre ellos.  The inner cavity (i) of the container element will have appropriate dimensions to be able to place inside the collectors (e), which allow the measurement of energy generated by the ion exchange, without both being in contact and allowing its displacement in order to modify the distance (d) between them.

De forma preferente dicha cavidad tendrá un rango de medidas desde 5 mm hasta 200 mm de ancho y una altura comprendida entre 10 mm hasta 400 mm. De forma más preferente tendrá forma cilindrica con un radio de 20 mm hasta 40 mm y una altura comprendida entre 50 mm hasta 100 mm. Preferably said cavity will have a range of measures from 5 mm to 200 mm wide and a height between 10 mm to 400 mm. More preferably it will have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 20 mm to 40 mm and a height between 50 mm to 100 mm.

Elementos Colectores Collector Items

De forma general se entenderá por "colecto o "elemento colector a una pieza de material conductor o recubierta por material conductor en la que se deposita el catalizador. De forma preferente, al menos dos de los colectores empleados tendrán fuerza iónica distinta. Los elementos colectores comprendidos en el dispositivo objeto de la invención pueden estar fabricados o recubiertos por el mismo material o de distintos materiales. In general, the term "collector or collector element" means a piece of conductive material or coated with conductive material in which the catalyst is deposited. Preferably, at least two of the collectors used will have different ionic strength. The collecting elements included in the device object of the invention can be manufactured or covered by the same material or different materials.

Así, el dispositivo objeto de la invención comprende dos o más elementos colectores (e) sobre los que se sitúa el catalizador. Estos elementos colectores se encuentran separados entre sí, de forma que los líquidos que van a realizar el intercambio iónico puedan circular entre ellos y estar en contacto con el catalizador. A su vez, la separación (d) entre los elementos colectores será variable y podrá fijarse de forma previa a la medición de energía generada por el intercambio iónico de los líquidos, a través de los medios dispuestos para ello. De forma particular, las distancias entre los colectores oscilarán entre 0,5 mm y 10 mm. Preferentemente entre 1 y 6 mm. Thus, the device object of the invention comprises two or more collecting elements (e) on which the catalyst is placed. These collecting elements are separated from each other, so that the liquids that are going to perform the ion exchange can circulate between them and be in contact with the catalyst. In turn, the separation (d) between the collecting elements will be variable and may be fixed prior to the measurement of energy generated by the ionic exchange of liquids, through the means arranged for it. In particular, the distances between the collectors will range between 0.5 mm and 10 mm. Preferably between 1 and 6 mm.

Preferentemente el dispositivo comprende un número par de colectores, aún más preferentemente dos elementos colectores. Preferably the device comprises an even number of collectors, even more preferably two collector elements.

En una realización preferente los colectores poseen una superficie plana y se disponen de forma que dichas superficies (o los planos que las contienen) sean paralelas entre sí. De forma más preferente los colectores tendrán forma de disco (Figura 3, e). In a preferred embodiment, the collectors have a flat surface and are arranged so that said surfaces (or the planes containing them) are parallel to each other. More preferably, the collectors will have a disk shape (Figure 3, e).

Los elementos colectores están fabricados o recubiertos preferentemente en un material metálico seleccionado de la siguiente lista: platino, oro, zinc, aluminio, cobre, acero, acero inoxidable, latón, hierro, grafito, bronce, más preferentemente fabricados en grafito o platino. The collecting elements are preferably manufactured or coated in a metallic material selected from the following list: platinum, gold, zinc, aluminum, copper, steel, stainless steel, brass, iron, graphite, bronze, more preferably made of graphite or platinum.

Se entenderá por "superficie efectiva de enfrentamiento" a la parte de la superficie de un colector que proyectada en la dirección que determina la distancia mínima entre las superficies, sobre el colector opuesto, coincide sobre éste. Dicha proyección es máxima e igual al área del colector cuando ambas superficies son iguales y están totalmente enfrentadas entre sí. "Effective confrontation surface" means the part of the surface of a collector that projected in the direction that determines the minimum distance between the surfaces, on the opposite collector, coincides on it. This projection is maximum and equal to the area of the collector when both surfaces are equal and are completely facing each other.

Para conseguir un mejor desempeño del dispositivo de la invención, los colectores deben situarse de forma que la superficie efectiva de enfrentamiento sea lo mayor posible. Así, en una realización preferente, los colectores se sitúan totalmente enfrentados. En una realización aún más preferente, se emplean dos colectores con forma de disco y se disponen totalmente enfrentados. In order to achieve a better performance of the device of the invention, the collectors must be positioned so that the effective facing surface is as large as possible. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the collectors are completely facing each other. In an even more preferred embodiment, two disk-shaped collectors are used and are arranged completely facing each other.

A modo de ejemplo, para dos colectores iguales, con forma de disco con 1 0 mm de radio, totalmente enfrentados y paralelos, la superficie efectiva de enfrentamiento es de 314,1 7 mm2. As an example, for two equal collectors, disc-shaped with 1 0 mm radius, fully facing and parallel, the effective facing surface is 314.1 7 mm 2 .

Medios que permiten modificar la posición de los colectores Means that allow changing the position of the collectors

El dispositivo comprende también medios (r) que permiten modificar la distancia (d) existente entre los colectores, entendiendo como "distancia entre dos colectores" la mínima de las distancias, d(x,y), entre un punto, x, de un colector, ei, y un punto, y, de otro colector, e¿. Es decir: The device also comprises means (r) that allow the distance (d) between the collectors to be modified, with the "distance between two collectors" being understood as the minimum of the distances, d (x, y), between a point, x, of a collector, ei, and a point, and, from another collector, e¿. That is to say:

D(e1, e2):=Min{d(x,y), x e e y e e2}, D (e 1 , e 2 ): = Min {d (x, y), xeeyee 2 },

De forma particular, los medios (r) deben permitir que las distancias entre los colectores oscilen entre 0,5 mm y 1 0 mm. Preferentemente entre 1 y 6 mm. De forma más preferente, los medios deben permitir situar los colectores a 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6 mm de distancia. In particular, the means (r) must allow the distances between the collectors to range between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm. Preferably between 1 and 6 mm. More preferably, the means must allow the collectors to be placed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm away.

Se pueden emplear diferentes medios que permiten la modificación de la distancia entre los colectores. A modo de ejemplo bastaría emplear tornillos o elementos roscados fijados al colector que lo desplacen al girar. Different means can be used that allow the modification of the distance between the collectors. As an example, it would be sufficient to use screws or threaded elements fixed to the manifold that move it when turning.

En una realización preferida, dichos medios pueden formar parte del propio colector, formando un único elemento (Fig. 4). In a preferred embodiment, said means can be part of the collector itself, forming a single element (Fig. 4).

En otra realización particular (Figura 5), los medios para modificar la distancia entre los colectores comprenden un vástago (t) que se fija al colector y que posee una parte roscada; una pluralidad de elementos (a) de grosor conocido, preferentemente arandelas, que limitan la distancia entre los colectores y tuercas o roscas (h) que fijan el conjunto, dispuestos de tal forma que los elementos (a) hacen la función de tope regulador de la distancia limitando el movimiento de los colectores. En otra realización particular, los medios para modificar la distancia comprenden uno o más elementos, en adelante "topes" situados en el interior de la cavidad interior que limitan la distancia mínima entre los colectores y una pluralidad de elementos de grosor conocido, preferentemente arandelas, que, situadas entre el colector y el tope, permiten incrementar la distancia entre los colectores de forma precisa y controlada. In another particular embodiment (Figure 5), the means for modifying the distance between the collectors comprises a rod (t) that is fixed to the collector and which has a threaded part; a plurality of elements (a) of known thickness, preferably washers, which limit the distance between the manifolds and nuts or threads (h) that fix the assembly, arranged in such a way that the elements (a) function as a regulating stop of the distance limiting the movement of the collectors. In another particular embodiment, the means for modifying the distance comprise one or more elements, hereinafter "stops" located inside the inner cavity that limit the minimum distance between the collectors and a plurality of elements of known thickness, preferably washers, which, located between the collector and the stop, allow to increase the distance between the collectors in a precise and controlled way.

La precisión a la hora de fijar distancias que se obtiene al utilizar estos elementos (a) como limitadores de la separación entre los colectores es mucho mayor que la que se obtendría si sólo se dispone un vástago roscado fijado al colector de forma que la distancia variase, en función de la medida del paso de la rosca, al girar el colector. The precision when determining distances obtained when using these elements (a) as limiters of the separation between the collectors is much greater than that which would be obtained if only a threaded rod fixed to the collector is arranged so that the distance varies , depending on the measurement of the thread pitch, when turning the manifold.

En otra realización particular, los vástagos serán tubos fijados a los colectores a través de cuyo interior se ubica un cable que conecta los colectores al aparato de medida. Disposición del catalizador In another particular embodiment, the stems will be tubes fixed to the collectors through which a cable connecting the collectors to the measuring device is located. Catalyst arrangement

Para medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico en presencia del catalizador, dicho catalizador debe estar en contacto simultáneo con los colectores y con los líquidos que realizan el intercambio iónico. Para lograrlo, se fija a los colectores. La forma de fijar el catalizador al colector puede realizarse de múltiples formas. En una realización particular (Figura 3) el catalizador (k) se dispone sobre los elementos colectores en forma de partículas, preferentemente de tamaño inferior a 10 micrómetros, las cuales se fijan al colector con cualquier sistema mecánico de sujeción que permita el contacto del líquido con las partículas. Un ejemplo de sistema mecánico es una membrana permeable. To measure the energy generated by the ion exchange in the presence of the catalyst, said catalyst must be in simultaneous contact with the collectors and with the liquids that perform the ion exchange. To achieve this, it is fixed to the collectors. The way to fix the catalyst to the collector can be done in multiple ways. In a particular embodiment (Figure 3) the catalyst (k) is arranged on the collector elements in the form of particles, preferably smaller than 10 micrometers, which are fixed to the collector with any mechanical fastening system that allows the liquid to contact With the particles. An example of a mechanical system is a permeable membrane.

En otra realización particular se utilizarán láminas de un material conductor, preferentemente de grafito, sobre las cuales se fija el material catalizador. La lámina se fija al colector con cualquier sistema mecánico de sujeción. In another particular embodiment, sheets of a conductive material, preferably of graphite, will be used on which the catalyst material is fixed. The sheet is fixed to the collector with any mechanical fastening system.

Medios para conectar los colectores a un aparato que permita medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico. Means for connecting the collectors to an apparatus that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange.

El dispositivo objeto de la invención comprende también medios que permitan conectar cada colector a un dispositivo o aparato que permita medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico, como puede ser un supercondesador una fuente de corriente continua o, en general, cualquier aparato capaz de medir variables eléctricas como energía, voltaje o corriente. Ejemplos de estos medios son cables de cobre u otro material conductor dispuestos de forma que el interior del elemento contenedor siga siendo estanco. The device object of the invention also comprises means that allow each collector to be connected to a device or apparatus that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange, such as a supercondenser being a direct current source or, in general, any device capable of measuring electrical variables such as energy, voltage or current. Examples of these means are copper wires or other conductive material arranged so that the interior of the container element remains tight.

El en el caso particular en el que el colector y el vástago que permite fijar su posición sean una misma pieza, bastará conectar el aparato de medida al extremo del vástago que queda fuera de elemento contenedor. In the particular case where the collector and the rod that allows to fix its position are the same piece, it will be sufficient to connect the measuring device to the end of the rod that is outside the container element.

Funcionamiento del dispositivo Device operation

Una vez situados los colectores (e) sobre los que se ha depositado el catalizador a una distancia determinada (d), el dispositivo de la invención se conecta, a través de los orificios (f) dispuestos con este fin, a dos recipientes que contienen líquidos con diferente fuerza iónica. A su vez, los colectores conectan a un dispositivo que permita medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico. De forma preferente, se empleará un dispositivo que permita medir una diferencia de potencial. Once the collectors (e) on which the catalyst has been deposited at a certain distance (d) are located, the device of the invention is connected, through the holes (f) arranged for this purpose, to two containers containing liquids with different ionic strength. In turn, the collectors connect to a device that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange. Preferably, a device that allows measuring a potential difference will be used.

El procedimiento para medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico comprende los siguientes pasos: The procedure for measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange comprises the following steps:

• Se llena la cavidad interior (i) con un líquido con una fuerza iónica determinada.  • The inner cavity (i) is filled with a liquid with a certain ionic strength.

· Posteriormente se cargan los colectores a un cierto potencial ( ¼).  · Subsequently the collectors are loaded to a certain potential (¼).

Con ello, sobre los colectores se acumula una carga σΑΒ. (Estado A)With this, a charge σ ΑΒ accumulates on the collectors. (State A)

• A continuación se desconecta el dispositivo del dispositivo de medida, dejando el circuito abierto. • The device is then disconnected from the measuring device, leaving the circuit open.

• Seguidamente se intercambia el líquido en la cavidad (i) por otro con fuerza iónica diferente, preferentemente menor. La carga sobre los colectores no varía porque el circuito está abierto, pero el potencial varía hasta ψ1 (Estado B). • Then the liquid in the cavity (i) is exchanged for another with a different ionic strength, preferably less. The load on the collectors does not vary because the circuit is open, but the potential varies up to ψ 1 (State B).

• El dispositivo de la invención se conecta de nuevo al dispositivo de medida. El voltaje entre los colectores y la carga acumulada en ellos cambia espontáneamente a ψ0 y aCD , respectivamente (Estado C). « Se vuelve a desconectar el dispositivo de medida dejando el circuito abierto. Se intercambia el líquido en la cavidad (i) introduciendo el líquido original. La carga no cambia pero el voltaje cambia a ψ2 (Estado D). • The device of the invention is connected again to the measuring device. The voltage between the collectors and the load accumulated in them changes spontaneously to ψ 0 and to CD , respectively (State C). «The measuring device is switched off again leaving the circuit open. The liquid is exchanged in the cavity (i) by introducing the original liquid. The load does not change but the voltage changes to ψ 2 (State D).

• Finalmente se vuelve a conectar el dispositivo de la invención al dispositivo de medida. El voltaje y la carga vuelven a los valores iniciales, ψ0 y σΑΒ , respectivamente (Estado A). • Finally, the device of the invention is reconnected to the measuring device. The voltage and load return to the initial values, ψ 0 and σ ΑΒ , respectively (State A).

Representando los valores de potencial (abscisas) y carga (ordenadas) asociados a cada estado como un punto en un diagrama cartesiano, se puede calcular el trabajo neto extraído por unidad de área de colector calculando el área delimitada por los cuatro puntos (Figura 6, curvas A - B C D A). By representing the potential (abscissa) and load (ordinate) values associated with each state as a point in a Cartesian diagram, the net work extracted per unit area of collector can be calculated by calculating the area delimited by the four points (Figure 6, curves A - BCDA).

En particular, la energía generada en un tiempo t puede calcularse como:

Figure imgf000016_0001
In particular, the energy generated at a time t can be calculated as:
Figure imgf000016_0001

Donde (O es cualquier instante de tiempo y Z(t') representa la intensidad y V(t') representa el potencial de los colectores en dicho instante t'. Por lo tanto, es fundamental conocer la relación entre carga y potencial en los colectores, con el fin de predecir las condiciones experimentales que conducen al máximo rendimiento. Where (O is any moment of time and Z (t ') represents the intensity and V (t') represents the potential of the collectors at that time t '. Therefore, it is essential to know the relationship between load and potential in the collectors, in order to predict the experimental conditions that lead to maximum performance.

Este procedimiento para la medición de energía se puede esquematizar en un circuito eléctrico representado en la Figura 7 y que corresponde a una secuencia de pasos mostrada en la Figura 6, cuyo proceso se divide en cuatro pasos: This procedure for energy measurement can be schematized in an electrical circuit represented in Figure 7 and corresponding to a sequence of steps shown in Figure 6, whose process is divided into four steps:

Paso 1 . Se cargan los colectores hasta un cierto potencial (típicamente en el rango de unos pocos cientos de mili Voltios) a través de una resistencia (Re). Esto corresponde al paso del estado D al estado A en el procedimiento descrito y mostrado en la Figura 6. Paso 2. Se abre el circuito y se cambia el líquido contenido en el dispositivo de la invención por otro líquido con mayor fuerza iónica. Como la carga permanece constante, se produce un aumento de potencial debido a la disminución de capacidad de la Doble Capa Eléctrica (DCE). Esto corresponde al paso del estado A al estado B. Paso 3. Al tener un exceso de potencial en el dispositivo de intercambio VC respecto al potencial de carga VS, se conecta una resistencia de descarga entre ambas fuentes y comienza a circular corriente hacia la fuente de menor potencial VS, esta corriente obtenida, que circula por la resistencia de descarga es la que entrega el sistema y se interpreta como la energía entregada por el sistema en cada ciclo y que corresponde al paso del estado B al estado C.  Step 1 . The collectors are charged to a certain potential (typically in the range of a few hundred milli Volts) through a resistor (Re). This corresponds to the passage from state D to state A in the procedure described and shown in Figure 6. Step 2. The circuit is opened and the liquid contained in the device of the invention is exchanged for another liquid with greater ionic strength. As the load remains constant, there is an increase in potential due to the decrease in capacity of the Electrical Double Layer (DCE). This corresponds to the passage from state A to state B. Step 3. By having an excess of potential in the exchange device VC with respect to the load potential VS, a discharge resistance is connected between both sources and current flows to the source of lower potential VS, this current obtained, which circulates through the discharge resistance is that delivered by the system and is interpreted as the energy delivered by the system in each cycle and corresponding to the passage from state B to state C.

Paso 4. Se abre de nuevo el circuito y se sustituye de nuevo el líquido contenido en el dispositivo por el de menor fuerza iónica. Con ello se vuelve al estado inicial D. En todos los pasos se miden las variables de corriente y potencial tanto de los colectores como de la fuente de carga externa. Representando los valores de potencial Step 4. The circuit is opened again and the liquid contained in the device is replaced again with the one with the lowest ionic strength. This returns to the initial state D. In all steps, the current and potential variables of both the collectors and the external load source are measured. Representing the potential values

(abscisas) y carga (ordenadas) asociados a cada estado como un punto en un diagrama cartesiano, energía generada en el sistema está determinada por el área limitada por los puntos D-A-C-B-D. (abscissa) and load (ordinate) associated to each state as a point in a Cartesian diagram, energy generated in the system is determined by the area limited by points D-A-C-B-D.

Para el correcto intercambio sistemático de aguas se puede utilizar un sistema micro procesado de control de válvulas en el cual es posible una variada configuración de tiempo de intercambio, vaciado de líquidos, tiempo de carga y descarga. For the correct systematic exchange of water, a Microprocessed valve control system in which a varied configuration of exchange time, liquid emptying, loading and unloading time is possible.

MODO DE REALIZACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN A continuación se describe un modo de realización de la invención que se ha utilizado como prototipo, así como distintas variantes del mismo. EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION The following describes an embodiment of the invention that has been used as a prototype, as well as various variants thereof.

Dispositivo para la medición de la energía generada por intercambio iónico entre agua dulce y agua salada Device for measuring the energy generated by ion exchange between fresh and salt water

En esta realización particular (Figuras 8 y 9), el dispositivo de la invención comprende los siguientes elementos: In this particular embodiment (Figures 8 and 9), the device of the invention comprises the following elements:

El elemento contenedor está formado por tres piezas confeccionadas en metacrilato, la primera, en adelante "elemento centra (c'), es un elemento cilindrico, con un diámetro exterior de 50mm y 20 mm de altura, al que se le ha practicado un fresado en sus dos caras planas, para dar lugar a dos cavidades cilindricas de 8mm de profundidad y un diámetro de 20mm. Posteriormente, se termina de comunicar estas dos cavidades practicando un nuevo fresado circular concéntrico a los anteriores que deja un orificio de 19mm de diámetro. Con este fresado se consigue tener un elemento (w), en adelante "tope" que limita la distancia mínima (do) de los colectores. The container element is formed by three pieces made of methacrylate, the first, hereinafter "center element (c '), is a cylindrical element, with an outside diameter of 50mm and 20 mm in height, which has been milled in its two flat faces, to give rise to two cylindrical cavities of 8mm depth and a diameter of 20mm, later, these two cavities are finished communicating by practicing a new circular milling concentric to the previous ones that leaves a hole of 19mm in diameter. With this milling it is possible to have an element (w), hereinafter "stop" that limits the minimum distance (do) of the collectors.

El elemento contenedor se completa con dos piezas idénticas con forma de disco (x), en adelante "tapas", con un diámetro de 50 mm y 5mm de grosor que se colocan a ambos lados del elemento central. Cada una de las tapas posee, en su parte central, un orificio circular con un diámetro de 5 mm. Al elemento central (c') se le practican dos orificios (f) de 5mm de diámetro en su superficie, de que permiten la entrada y la salida de líquido. A cada orificio se conecta un manguito de forma que una vez unidos todos los elementos del dispositivo, por cada uno de estos orificios entrará un líquido con distinta fuerza iónica, en particular agua dulce y agua salada, de forma que el intercambio iónico se produzca en el interior de la cavidad. The container element is completed with two identical disc-shaped pieces (x), hereinafter "covers", with a diameter of 50 mm and 5 mm thick that are placed on both sides of the central element. Each of the covers has, in its central part, a circular hole with a diameter of 5 mm. The central element (c ') is made two holes (f) 5mm in diameter on its surface, which allow the entry and exit of liquid. A sleeve is connected to each hole so that once all the elements of the device are connected, a liquid with different ionic strength will enter through each of these holes, in particular fresh water and salt water, so that the ion exchange takes place in The inside of the cavity.

La cavidad interior (i) se sella mediante las tapas (x), fijadas con tornillos al elemento central (c'). Para conseguir la estanqueidad de la cavidad interior, se coloca una arandela de goma (g) con un grosor mayor que la distancia que queda entre el colector y la tapa, de forma que se comprime al atornillar las tapas impidiendo la fuga de líquido. El dispositivo comprende dos elementos colectores (e) con forma de disco de 20mm de diámetro y 5 mm de grosor a los que se une un vástago (t) de 50mm de longitud y 5mm de radio formando una sola pieza. Aunque se pueden confeccionar en cualquier material conductor, los colectores utilizados en los ensayos que se muestran a continuación se han fabricado en grafito. The inner cavity (i) is sealed by the covers (x), fixed with screws to the central element (c '). To achieve the tightness of the inner cavity, a rubber washer (g) with a thickness greater than the distance between the collector and the lid is placed, so that it is compressed by screwing the covers preventing the leakage of liquid. The device comprises two collector elements (e) with a disk shape of 20mm in diameter and 5mm thick to which a rod (t) of 50mm in length and 5mm radius is attached forming a single piece. Although they can be made of any conductive material, the collectors used in the tests shown below have been manufactured in graphite.

El vástago de cada colector se introduce en una arandela de goma y posteriormente través del orificio circular de la tapa de forma que al atornillar las tapas al elemento central, las superficies de los colectores sobre la que se deposita el colector quedan enfrentadas y paralelas. The rod of each collector is inserted into a rubber washer and then through the circular hole of the lid so that when the caps are screwed to the central element, the surfaces of the collectors on which the collector is deposited are facing and parallel.

En este caso, la superficie efectiva de enfrentamiento es de 314,17 mm2. In this case, the effective confrontation surface is 314.17 mm2.

Para modificar la distancia entre los colectores, se emplean arandelas (a) de 0.5 mm de grosor y un diámetro interior de 19mm (1 mm más pequeño que el elemento colector) que se sitúan en el centro del contenedor, entre el disco del elemento colector y sobre el catalizador. Añadiendo arandelas se consiguen separaciones entre los colectores de 0.5, 1 .5, 2 ,2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 y 6 mm. To modify the distance between the collectors, washers (a) of 0.5 mm thick and an inner diameter of 19 mm (1 mm smaller than the collector element) are placed in the center of the container, between the disk of the collector element and about the catalyst. Adding washers Separations between the collectors of 0.5, 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 mm are achieved.

El catalizador se dispone sobre el colector utilizando láminas de grafito, sobre las cuales se deposita el material a ensayar y quedan fijadas al colector al presionar su superficie sobre el tope (w) o sobre las arandelas utilizadas para incrementar la distancia entre los colectores. Esta disposición de las arandelas soluciona los problemas de adhesión del catalizador sobre el colector. The catalyst is placed on the collector using graphite sheets, on which the material to be tested is deposited and fixed to the collector when its surface is pressed on the stop (w) or on the washers used to increase the distance between the collectors. This arrangement of the washers solves the problems of adhesion of the catalyst on the collector.

El dispositivo se completa con cables que conectan los colectores a una fuente de potencial externo. The device is completed with cables that connect the collectors to an external potential source.

Funcionamiento del dispositivo Device operation

A continuación se muestra un ejemplo en el que se mide la energía generada por intercambio iónico de agua con diferente salinidad, en particular agua dulce (concentración de 20 mili Molar) y agua salada (concentración de 600 mili Molar). Below is an example in which the energy generated by ionic exchange of water with different salinity is measured, in particular fresh water (concentration of 20 mili Molar) and salt water (concentration of 600 mili Molar).

Los diferentes pasos que se siguen para realizar el intercambio iónico son los siguientes. The different steps that are followed to perform the ion exchange are as follows.

Estado D: Con la cavidad interior del dispositivo llena de agua salada, se conectan los colectores a la batería a un potencial inicial de 500 mV llegando al estado A;  State D: With the inner cavity of the device filled with salt water, the collectors are connected to the battery at an initial potential of 500 mV reaching state A;

Paso de Estado A a B: Se realiza el intercambio con agua dulce con el circuito en abierto, el potencial de la cavidad se incrementa y la densidad superficial de carga se mantiene constante durante este cambio de estado;  State Pass A to B: The exchange with fresh water is performed with the circuit open, the potential of the cavity is increased and the surface charge density remains constant during this change of state;

Paso de Estado B a C: Se vuelve a conectar la batería con la cavidad interior llena de agua dulce (potencial de la cavidad es superior al potencial de la batería) a través de una resistencia de descarga hasta que el potencial la cavidad se iguale a la batería; Step B to C: The battery is reconnected with the inner cavity filled with fresh water (potential of the cavity is greater than battery potential) through a discharge resistance until the potential of the cavity equals the battery;

Paso de Estado C a D: Cuando el potencial de la cavidad es igual al de batería, se vuelve a llenar la cavidad interior con agua salada con el circuito en abierto manteniendo la densidad superficial de carga constante;  State Step C to D: When the potential of the cavity is equal to that of the battery, the inner cavity is filled again with salt water with the circuit open while maintaining the constant charge surface density;

Paso de Estado D a estado A: Se vuelve a conectar la batería con la cavidad interior llena de agua salada, iniciando el ciclo nuevamente.  Step from State D to State A: The battery is reconnected with the inner cavity filled with salt water, starting the cycle again.

Representando los valores de potencial (abscisas) y carga (ordenadas) asociados a cada estado como un punto en un diagrama cartesiano, se puede calcular el trabajo neto extraído por unidad de área de colector calculando el área delimitada por los cuatro puntos (Figura 6, curvas A - B C D A) By representing the potential (abscissa) and load (ordinate) values associated with each state as a point in a Cartesian diagram, the net work extracted per unit area of collector can be calculated by calculating the area delimited by the four points (Figure 6, curves A - BCDA)

Las dos gráficas inferiores de la figura 9 muestran un ejemplo de datos experimentales del potencial y la intensidad en función del tiempo obtenidos con este procedimiento. Para este ejemplo, la distancia entre los colectores en el contenedor es de 2.5 mm y la resistencia de descarga es de 20 ohmios. The two lower graphs in Figure 9 show an example of experimental data on the potential and intensity as a function of time obtained with this procedure. For this example, the distance between the collectors in the container is 2.5 mm and the discharge resistance is 20 ohms.

En la tabla 1 se resumen los datos obtenidos variando la distancia entre colectores con una separación de 1 mm entre ensayo Table 1 summarizes the data obtained by varying the distance between collectors with a separation of 1 mm between tests.

separación energía salto de carga (d) mm (micro potencial (mili transferida joules) voltios) (mili culombios)load jump energy separation (d) mm (micro potential (milli transferred joules) volts) (milli coulombs)

1 291 43 34.71 291 43 34.7

2 262 42 29.12 262 42 29.1

3 318 45.3 26.13 318 45.3 26.1

4 130 43.7 26.74 130 43.7 26.7

5 193 44.8 215 193 44.8 21

6 158 44.5 19.4 6 158 44.5 19.4

Tabla 1  Table 1

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES 1 . Dispositivo para la medida de la energía generada por intercambio iónico de líquidos en presencia de un catalizador que comprende los siguientes elementos: one . Device for measuring the energy generated by ion exchange of liquids in the presence of a catalyst comprising the following elements: • Un elemento contenedor que posee una cavidad interior interconectada con el exterior a través de dos o más orificios que permiten la entrada y salida de los líquidos, de forma que el intercambio iónico se produce en dicha cavidad; • A container element that has an inner cavity interconnected with the outside through two or more holes that allow the entry and exit of liquids, so that ion exchange occurs in said cavity; • Dos o más elementos sobre los que se deposita el catalizador en adelante "colectores"), fabricados o recubiertos de un material conductor;  • Two or more elements on which the catalyst is deposited hereinafter "collectors"), manufactured or coated with a conductive material; • Medios que permiten modificar la distancia existente entre los colectores  • Means that allow modifying the distance between the collectors • Medios para conectar los colectores a un aparato o dispositivo que permita medir la energía generada por el intercambio iónico.  • Means for connecting the collectors to an apparatus or device that allows measuring the energy generated by the ion exchange. 2. Dispositivo para la medida de la energía generada por intercambio iónico de diferentes líquidos según reivindicación anterior caracterizado porque los colectores están fabricados por un material conductor seleccionado de la lista platino, oro, zinc, aluminio, cobre, acero, acero inoxidable, latón, hierro, grafito, bronce. 2. Device for measuring the energy generated by ion exchange of different liquids according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the collectors are made of a conductive material selected from the platinum, gold, zinc, aluminum, copper, steel, stainless steel, brass, iron, graphite, bronze. 3. Dispositivo para la medida de la energía generada intercambio iónico de diferentes líquidos según reivindicación anterior donde los colectores están fabricados en un material conductor seleccionado de entre grafito y platino metálico. 3. Device for measuring the energy generated by ion exchange of different liquids according to the preceding claim, wherein the collectors are made of a conductive material selected from graphite and metallic platinum. 4. Dispositivo para la medida de la energía generada intercambio iónico de diferentes líquidos según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado porque al menos dos colectores tienen fuerza iónica distinta. 4. Device for measuring the generated ion exchange energy of different liquids according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that at least two collectors have different ionic strength. 5. Dispositivo para la medida de la energía generada intercambio iónico de diferentes líquidos según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado porque cada colector posee una superficie plana y los colectores se disponen de forma que dichas superficies son paralelas. 5. Device for measuring the generated ion exchange energy of different liquids according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that each collector has a flat surface and the collectors are arranged so that said surfaces are parallel. Método de medida de energía generada por intercambio iónico de líquidos en presencia de un catalizador que utiliza un dispositivo según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores. Method of measuring energy generated by ion exchange of liquids in the presence of a catalyst using a device according to any of the preceding claims.
PCT/ES2014/070722 2014-09-25 2014-09-25 Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange Ceased WO2016046422A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/ES2014/070722 WO2016046422A1 (en) 2014-09-25 2014-09-25 Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/ES2014/070722 WO2016046422A1 (en) 2014-09-25 2014-09-25 Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2016046422A1 true WO2016046422A1 (en) 2016-03-31

Family

ID=55580353

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/ES2014/070722 Ceased WO2016046422A1 (en) 2014-09-25 2014-09-25 Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2016046422A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11895671B2 (en) 2016-06-30 2024-02-06 Nec Corporation Method and apparatus for signal configuration in a wireless communication system

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010104387A1 (en) * 2009-03-12 2010-09-16 Redstack B.V. Device and method for producing electrical energy that uses solutions with different ionic concentration
WO2012061429A2 (en) * 2010-11-02 2012-05-10 Fabio La Mantia Batteries for efficient energy extraction from a salinity difference

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010104387A1 (en) * 2009-03-12 2010-09-16 Redstack B.V. Device and method for producing electrical energy that uses solutions with different ionic concentration
WO2012061429A2 (en) * 2010-11-02 2012-05-10 Fabio La Mantia Batteries for efficient energy extraction from a salinity difference

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
FERNANDEZ M.M. ET AL.: "Multi-ionic effects on energy production based on double layer expansión by salinity exhange.", JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 446, 14 August 2014 (2014-08-14), NEW YORK, NY, US, pages 335 - 344, ISSN: 0021-9797 *
IGLESIAS G.R ET AL.: "Materials selection for optimum energy production by double layer expansion methods.", JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES ELSEVIER SA, CH, vol. 261, pages 371 - 377, XP028652874, ISSN: 0378-7753, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.125 *
JIMÉNEZ M L ET AL.: "Predictions of the maximum energy extracted from salinity exchange inside porous electrodes.", JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 402, 12 April 2013 (2013-04-12), NEW YORK, NY, US, pages 340 - 349, XP028564174, ISSN: 0021-9797, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2013.03.068 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11895671B2 (en) 2016-06-30 2024-02-06 Nec Corporation Method and apparatus for signal configuration in a wireless communication system

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Tedesco et al. Reverse electrodialysis with saline waters and concentrated brines: A laboratory investigation towards technology scale-up
Jia et al. Blue energy: Current technologies for sustainable power generation from water salinity gradient
Veerman et al. Reverse electrodialysis: fundamentals
CN202586809U (en) Horizontal water inflow stack-type salinity gradient energy reverse electrodialysis generating set
US9540260B2 (en) Apparatus for removal of ions, and a method for removal of ions
KR20150003060A (en) Hybrid system for accomplishing selectively electrodialysis reversal and reverse electrodialysis
CN103546061B (en) A concentration difference battery
WO2016046422A1 (en) Device for measuring energy produced by ion exchange
US8945738B2 (en) Device and method for producing electrical energy that uses solutions with different ionic concentration
Whiddon et al. Sodium-ion concentration flow cell stacks for salinity gradient energy recovery: Power generation of series and parallel configurations
ES2402218T3 (en) Energy generating system and method for it
Dlugolecki Mass transport in reverse electrodialysis for sustainable energy generation
Brogioli et al. Capacitive energy extraction from double layer expansion (CDLE). Fundamentals of the method
EP2607321A1 (en) A reverse capacitative de-ionisation apparatus and method for generating electricity
Hu et al. Development of binary-salt working solutions for improving the performance of reverse electrodialysis
Hasan et al. Harnessing ‘Blue energy’: A review on techniques and preliminary analysis
Jeong et al. Electrochemical analysis on how structural and compositional modification of electrode affects power generation in reverse electrodialysis
Nan et al. Blue energy harvesting and divalent ions: Capacitive Reverse Electrodialysis cell with a single membrane opens a gateway to new applications
KUNO et al. The effect of divalent ions on reverse electrodialysis power generation system
KR101630601B1 (en) Training apparatus for osmotic pressure
Amaral et al. Salinity Gradient Power Experiment Using Reverse Electrodialysis
del Rivero et al. Energy Generation with Capacitive Deionization Systems
Higa et al. Power generation of a large reverse electrodialysis (RED) system based on a commercial ED stack
Mehdizadeh Study on development and application of reverse electrodialysis (RED) process from lab scale to pilot scale
Bai et al. Faradaic Reversible Electrodes Enable Programmable High‐Power Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting Across Broad Ionic Environments

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 14902864

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 14902864

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1