WO2016043039A1 - R-t-b系焼結磁石の製造方法 - Google Patents
R-t-b系焼結磁石の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016043039A1 WO2016043039A1 PCT/JP2015/074777 JP2015074777W WO2016043039A1 WO 2016043039 A1 WO2016043039 A1 WO 2016043039A1 JP 2015074777 W JP2015074777 W JP 2015074777W WO 2016043039 A1 WO2016043039 A1 WO 2016043039A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/06—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder
- H01F1/08—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/16—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing an RTB-based sintered magnet.
- An R—T—B system sintered magnet having an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type compound as a main phase (R is at least one of rare earth elements and always contains Nd, T is a transition metal element and always contains Fe) It is known as the most powerful magnet among permanent magnets, and is used in various motors for hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and home appliances.
- the RTB -based sintered magnet has a reduced coercive force H cJ (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “H cJ ”) at high temperatures, causing irreversible thermal demagnetization. Therefore, RTB -based sintered magnets used for motors for hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles that are used even under relatively high temperature environments are required to have high HcJ .
- Dy has problems such as supply being unstable and price fluctuating because of limited production areas. Therefore, there is a need for a technique for improving the HcJ of an RTB -based sintered magnet without using a heavy rare earth element such as Dy as much as possible.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that R 2 T 17 by making the B amount lower than that of an ordinary RTB-based alloy and containing one or more metal elements M selected from Al, Ga, and Cu. The coercive force is suppressed while the content of Dy is suppressed by sufficiently securing the volume fraction of the transition metal rich phase (R 6 T 13 M) generated by using the R 2 T 17 phase as a raw material. It is disclosed that an RTB-based rare earth sintered magnet having a high C can be obtained.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that the amount of B is lower than that of a normal RTB-based alloy, the amounts of B, Al, Cu, Co, Ga, C, and O are within a predetermined range, and further, Nd relative to B It is disclosed that a high residual magnetic flux density and a coercive force can be obtained when the atomic ratios of Pr and Pr and the atomic ratios of Ga and C to B satisfy specific relationships, respectively.
- an RTB-based sintered magnet material sintered body obtained by sintering a compact having the following composition is heated to a temperature of 730 ° C. or higher and 1020 ° C. or lower. This is because the R—T—Ga phase is likely to be generated at 550 ° C. or higher and lower than 730 ° C. (difficult to be generated at 730 ° C.
- the R—Ga—Cu phase is likely to be generated in the range of 730 ° C. or higher and 1020 ° C. or lower. It is considered to be a body.
- the molded body is stored in a metal container (sintered pack) in order to prevent oxidation of the molded body and to equalize the temperature during sintering. Sintering is often performed. In this case, it is difficult to control the cooling rate after sintering, particularly to obtain a high cooling rate. For this reason, during cooling after sintering, a temperature range of less than 730 ° C. and over 550 ° C. is passed at a relatively slow cooling rate, so that a large amount of RT—Ga phase is generated and the generation of R—Ga—Cu phase is limited. It will be.
- the sintered RTB-based sintered magnet material sintered body obtained by sintering a molded body to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet
- the sintered RTB-based sintered magnet material is, for example, 730 ° C. or higher and 1020
- a process of heating to a temperature (high temperature) of °C or less and rapid cooling (for example, a cooling rate of 40 °C / min or more) hereinafter sometimes referred to as “high temperature rapid cooling process”
- high temperature rapid cooling process for example, a cooling rate of 40 °C / min or more
- the inventors of the present invention have found that high HcJ can be obtained by performing a heat treatment that heats (International Patent Application PCT / JP2014 / 072920).
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material is heated to a high temperature in a high-temperature rapid cooling treatment to eliminate the RT-Ga phase generated during cooling after sintering, and further subjected to rapid cooling to reduce R This is probably because the generation of the -T-Ga phase can be suppressed and the R-Ga-Cu phase can be generated.
- Aspect 1 of the present invention includes: 1) sintering a molded body, 27.5% by mass or more and 34.0% by mass or less of R (R is at least one kind of rare earth elements and necessarily contains Nd); 0.85% by mass or more and 0.93% by mass or less B, 0.20% by mass or more and 0.70% by mass or less Ga, more than 0.2% by mass and 0.50% by mass
- R is at least one kind of rare earth elements and necessarily contains Nd
- B 0.85% by mass or more and 0.93% by mass or less B, 0.20% by mass or more and 0.70% by mass or less Ga, more than 0.2% by mass and 0.50% by mass
- M is either or both of Nb and Zr
- T is Fe and Co, 90% or more of T is Fe by mass ratio
- inevitable impurities and satisfies the following formulas (1) and (2)
- Preparing a RTB-based sintered magnet material [T] -72.3 [B]> 0 (1) ([T] -72.3 [B])
- Aspect 2 of the present invention is the aspect 1 wherein the RTB-based sintered magnet material is cooled from the heating temperature to 300 ° C. at 5 ° C./min and 25 ° C./min in the step 2). This is a method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet.
- Aspect 3 of the present invention is the aspect 1 in which in the step 2), the RTB-based sintered magnet material is cooled from the heating temperature to 300 ° C. at 10 ° C./min to 25 ° C./min. This is a method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet.
- Step 3 the RTB-based sintered magnet material after the high-temperature heat treatment step is heated to a temperature of 450 ° C. or higher and 490 ° C. or lower. This is a manufacturing method of the described RTB-based sintered magnet.
- Aspect 5 of the present invention is the aspect 5 according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the RTB-based sintered magnet material contains 27.5 mass% or more and 31.0 mass% or less of R. This is a method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing the arrangement position of a sample in a heat treatment furnace in a high temperature heat treatment step.
- the present inventors limit the content of copper (Cu) to a specific range (more than 0.2% by mass and 0.50% by mass or less), so that the temperature is 730 ° C. or more and 1020 ° C. or less after sintering.
- a high-temperature heat treatment process in which heat treatment is performed by heating to a heating temperature, an RTB -based sintered magnet having high HcJ is obtained even if the cooling from the heating temperature to 300 ° C. is slow cooling (slow cooling).
- the present invention has been found to be able to be achieved. Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
- the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is reduced to a so-called slow cooling level (for example, 25 ° C./min or less).
- a so-called slow cooling level for example, 25 ° C./min or less.
- RTB-based sintered magnets such as Patent Documents 1 and 2
- the RTB-Ga phase (R: 15% by mass) Inclusive of 65% by mass or less, T: 20% by mass or more and 80% or less, and Ga: 2% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, typically R 6 T 13 Ga 1 compound.
- the -T-Ga phase may contain Al, Si, etc. as inevitable impurities, it may be, for example, an R 6 T 13 (Ga 1-yz Al y Si z ) compound).
- R-Ga-Cu phase (a part of the R-Ga phase is substituted with Cu or Cu and Co, R: 70% by mass to 95% by mass, Ga: 5% by mass to 30% and included the following mass%, for example, R 3 (Ga, Cu 1 compound, R 3 (Ga, Cu, Co) 1 can be mentioned are) generated in is inhibited (R-Ga-Cu phase may not be produced almost) makes it impossible to obtain a sufficiently high H cJ .
- the present inventors further examined, and Cu is difficult to be substituted with Ga in the RT-Ga phase, but is easily substituted with Ga in the R-Ga-Cu phase. Even if the RT-Ga phase is generated by slowly cooling (slow cooling) in the high-temperature heat treatment process, the RT-Ga phase is generated excessively, unlike the case where more Ga is added. It was thought that the R—Ga—Cu phase could be generated without causing the generation.
- the cooling in a high temperature heat treatment process is made into a rapid cooling level (for example, it has been found that the R—Ga—Cu phase can be produced while suppressing the production of the RT—Ga phase not only at 40 ° C./min) but also at 5 ° C./min including the slow cooling level. It was.
- the details of the manufacturing method of the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described step by step.
- RTB system sintered magnet material means a sintered body obtained by sintering a compact.
- an RTB-based sintered magnet material that is a sintered body having a predetermined composition is obtained.
- the obtained RTB-based sintered magnet material is subjected to heat treatment in each of a high temperature heat treatment step and a low temperature heat treatment step, which will be described in detail later.
- the steps shown below exemplify the step of preparing an RTB-based sintered magnet material, and a sintered body for an RTB-based sintered magnet having a predetermined composition is prepared.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material may be prepared by any method.
- each element metal or alloy (melting raw material) is prepared so that the RTB-based sintered magnet material has the composition described in detail below, and a flaky raw material alloy is produced by a strip casting method or the like. To do.
- an alloy powder is produced from the flaky raw material alloy. And an alloy powder is shape
- An RTB-based sintered magnet material is prepared by sintering the obtained molded body.
- the obtained flaky raw material alloy is pulverized with hydrogen to obtain coarsely pulverized powder of, for example, 1.0 mm or less.
- the coarsely pulverized powder is finely pulverized in an inert gas by a jet mill or the like.
- the particle diameter D 50 volume center value (volume-based median diameter) obtained by measurement by an air flow dispersion type laser diffraction method) is 3 to A finely pulverized powder (alloy powder) of 5 ⁇ m is obtained.
- the alloy powder one kind of alloy powder (single alloy powder) may be used, or a so-called two alloy method may be used in which an alloy powder (mixed alloy powder) is obtained by mixing two or more kinds of alloy powder.
- the alloy powder may be produced using a known method or the like so as to obtain the composition of the embodiment of the present invention.
- a known lubricant may be added as an auxiliary agent to the coarsely pulverized powder before jet mill pulverization, and to the alloy powder during and after jet mill pulverization.
- the obtained alloy powder is molded in a magnetic field to obtain a molded body.
- Molding is performed by inserting dry alloy powder into the mold cavity and molding, and injecting slurry containing alloy powder into the mold cavity, discharging the slurry dispersion medium, and remaining Any known forming method including a wet forming method for forming the alloy powder may be used.
- An RTB-based sintered magnet material is obtained by sintering the compact.
- a well-known method can be used for sintering of a molded object.
- the atmosphere gas is preferably an inert gas such as helium or argon.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material according to the embodiment of the present invention has an R of 27.5% by mass and 34.0% by mass of R (R is at least one of rare earth elements and must contain Nd. ), 0.85 mass% or more and 0.93 mass% or less of B, 0.20 mass% or more and 0.70 mass% or less of Ga, 0.2 mass% or more, and 0.2 or more.
- T 50% by mass or less of Cu, 0.05% by mass or more and 0.5% by mass or less of Al, and 0% by mass or more and 0.1% by mass or less of M (M represents both Nb and Zr or And the balance is T (T is Fe and Co, and 90% or more of T is Fe by mass) and inevitable impurities, and the formulas (1) and (2) are Be satisfied [T] -72.3 [B]> 0 (1) ([T] -72.3 [B]) / 55.55 ⁇ 13 [Ga] /69.72 (2) ([T] is the content of T expressed in mass%, [B] is the content of B expressed in mass%, and [Ga] is the content of Ga expressed in mass%)
- the RTB system sintered magnet (RTB system sintered magnet material) of the embodiment of the present invention may contain inevitable impurities.
- inevitable impurities are, for example, La, Ce, Cr, Mn, and Si.
- the amount of B is lower than that of a general RTB-based sintered magnet, and Ga and the like are contained. Therefore, in a state after sintering (a state before high-temperature heat treatment described later), Similar to Patent Documents 1 and 2 described above, an RT-Ga phase is generated at a grain boundary such as a two-grain grain boundary. Since a sufficient amount of Cu is contained, the formation of the RT—Ga phase can be suppressed even if the cooling during the high-temperature heat treatment is slow cooling.
- R Rare earth element
- R-T-B based sintered magnet according to an embodiment of the present invention it is possible to obtain a high B r and high H cJ also contain no heavy rare-earth element (RH), obtained higher H cJ Even in this case, the amount of RH added can be reduced, and the content of RH can be typically 5% by mass or less. However, this does not mean that the RH content of the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the embodiment of the present invention is limited to 5% by mass or less.
- R is less than 27.5% by mass, R required to produce the R—Ga—Cu phase may not be secured, and high H cJ may not be obtained.
- the phase ratio decreases and high Br cannot be obtained.
- R is, in order to obtain a higher B r is preferably not more than 31.0 wt%.
- Transition metal element (T) T is Fe and Co, and 90% or more of T is Fe by mass ratio. Furthermore, a small amount of transition metal elements such as V, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W may be contained as inevitable impurities. If the proportion of Fe in T is less than 90% by mass, Br may be significantly reduced.
- An example of the transition metal element other than Fe is Co. However, the substitution amount of Co is preferably 2.5% or less of the entire T in terms of mass ratio, and if the substitution amount of Co exceeds 10% of the entire T in terms of mass ratio, Br is lowered, which is not preferable.
- Al Aluminum
- the Al content is 0.05% by mass or more and 0.5% by mass or less.
- HcJ can be improved.
- Al may be contained as an inevitable impurity, or may be positively added and contained.
- the total amount of unavoidable impurities and the amount positively added is 0.05 mass% or more and 0.5 mass% or less.
- Niobium (Nb), zirconium (Zr) In general, RTB-based sintered magnets contain Nb and / or Zr, and abnormal growth of crystal grains during sintering is more reliably suppressed. It has been. Also in the embodiment of the present invention, Nb and / or Zr may be contained in a total amount of 0.1% by mass or less. By the content of Nb and / or Zr is present unwanted Nb and Zr exceeds 0.1 mass% in total, there is a possibility that the main phase ratio is lowered B r drops.
- the composition of the RTB-based sintered magnet material satisfies the formulas (1) and (2), so that the B content is a general RTB-based sintered magnet. It is lower than the magnet.
- a general RTB-based sintered magnet has [Fe] /55.847 (Fe) so that the R 2 T 17 phase, which is the soft magnetic phase, does not precipitate in addition to the R 2 T 14 B phase, which is the main phase.
- (Atom weight) has a composition smaller than [B] /10.811 (B atomic weight) ⁇ 14 ([] means the content expressed by mass% of the element described therein. For example, [Fe] means the Fe content expressed in mass%).
- the RTB system sintered magnet according to the embodiment of the present invention differs from a general RTB system sintered magnet in that [Fe] /55.847 (the atomic weight of Fe) is [B] /
- the composition satisfies the formula (1) so as to be larger than 10.811 (atomic weight of B) ⁇ 14, and contains R without precipitating the R 2 T 17 phase from the remaining Fe.
- the formula ([T] -72.3B) /55.55 (Fe atomic weight) is less than 13Ga / 69.72 (Ga atomic weight). 2) is satisfied.
- T is Fe and Co
- T in the embodiment of the present invention uses the atomic weight of Fe since Fe is a main component (mass ratio of 90% or more). Thereby, high HcJ can be obtained without using heavy rare earth elements such as Dy as much as possible.
- High-temperature heat treatment step The obtained RTB-based sintered magnet material is heated to a temperature of 730 ° C. or higher and 1020 ° C. or lower and then cooled to 300 ° C. at a cooling rate of 5 ° C./min or higher. In the embodiment of the present invention, this heat treatment is referred to as a high temperature heat treatment step.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material according to the embodiment of the present invention containing a predetermined amount of Cu is subjected to high-temperature heat treatment, so that an R-T-Ga phase is not generated excessively.
- the —Ga—Cu phase can be generated mainly at grain boundary multipoints (portions that are boundaries between three or more main phases).
- the heating temperature in the high-temperature heat treatment step is lower than 730 ° C., the temperature is too low, so that a sufficient amount of R—Ga—Cu phase may not be formed. Further, R—T—Ga produced in the sintering step may be formed. Since the phase does not disappear, the RT-Ga phase is excessively present after the high-temperature heat treatment step, and there is a possibility that high HcJ cannot be obtained.
- the holding time at the heating temperature is preferably 5 minutes or more and 500 minutes or less.
- the cooling rate to 300 ° C. is less than 5 ° C./min after heating to a heating temperature of 730 ° C. or more and 1020 ° C. or less (after holding), there is a fear that an RT-Ga phase is excessively generated.
- an RTB-based sintered magnet with a lower B content than that of a general RTB-based sintered magnet and added with Ga or the like is maintained at a heating temperature in a high-temperature heat treatment process. If the subsequent cooling is not rapid cooling (for example, at a cooling rate of 40 ° C./min or more), a large amount of R—T—Ga phase is generated and almost no R—Ga—Cu phase is generated.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the embodiment of the present invention in which the Cu content is within a predetermined range can be used even when the cooling in the high-temperature heat treatment step is gradually cooled (for example, 25 ° C./min or less).
- a sufficient amount of R—Ga—Cu phase can be formed while suppressing the generation of R—T—Ga phase, and thus high H cJ can be obtained. That is, the cooling rate from the heating temperature of 730 ° C. to 1020 ° C. to the temperature of 300 ° C. in the high-temperature heat treatment according to the embodiment of the present invention may be 5 ° C./min or more.
- cooling for example, 25 ° C./lower
- a preferable cooling rate is 5 ° C./min or more and 25 ° C./min or less. Cooling rate depending on the mounting position when using a heat treatment furnace with a large capacity that is generally used as production equipment by performing slow cooling (slow cooling) of 5 ° C./min to 25 ° C./min. Therefore , high H cJ can be obtained by suppressing the fluctuation of H cJ of the sintered magnet due to the mounting position.
- the cooling rate up to 300 ° C. after heating to a heating temperature of 730 ° C. or more and 1020 ° C. or less may vary during the cooling from the heating temperature to 300 ° C.
- the cooling rate may be about 10 ° C./min, and may change to a cooling rate of 5 ° C./min as it approaches 300 ° C.
- a method of cooling an RTB-based sintered magnet material from a heating temperature of 730 ° C. to 1020 ° C. to a temperature of 300 ° C. at a cooling rate of 5 ° C./min or more is, for example, by introducing argon gas into the furnace. Cooling may be performed, and any other method may be used.
- an average cooling rate from the heating temperature to 300 ° C. (that is, a temperature between the heating temperature and 300 ° C.)
- the difference may be evaluated by a value obtained by lowering the temperature from the heating temperature and dividing by the time required to reach 300 ° C.
- a sufficient amount of R—Ga— is suppressed by suppressing the formation of the RTB-Ga phase as described above. Cu phase is obtained.
- Low-temperature heat treatment process The RTB-based sintered magnet material after the high-temperature heat treatment process is heated to a temperature of 440 ° C or higher and 550 ° C or lower. In the embodiment of the present invention, this heat treatment is referred to as a low temperature heat treatment step.
- a low temperature heat treatment step By performing the low-temperature heat treatment step, it is possible to generate a sufficient amount of R—Ga—Cu phase at the two-grain grain boundary while suppressing the generation of RT—Ga phase, and as a result, high H cJ It is thought that can be obtained.
- the temperature of the low-temperature heat treatment step (heating temperature of the low-temperature heat treatment) is less than 440 ° C.
- the heating temperature of the low-temperature heat treatment exceeds 550 ° C.
- the amount of RT—Ga phase generated may be excessive.
- the heating temperature of the low-temperature heat treatment is preferably 450 ° C. or higher and 490 ° C. or lower.
- the holding time at the heating temperature is preferably 5 minutes or more and 500 minutes or less.
- the cooling rate after heating to 440 degreeC or more and 550 degrees C or less may be arbitrary cooling rates.
- the obtained RTB system sintered magnet may be subjected to machining such as grinding in order to adjust the magnet dimensions.
- the high temperature heat treatment step and the low temperature heat treatment step may be performed before or after machining, respectively.
- the surface treatment may be a known surface treatment, and for example, a surface treatment such as Al deposition, electric Ni plating, or resin coating can be performed.
- the resulting coarsely pulverized powder was mixed with an airflow pulverizer (jet mill device). Then, dry pulverization was performed in a nitrogen stream to obtain finely pulverized powder (alloy powder) having a particle diameter D50 of 4 ⁇ m.
- the particle diameter D50 is a volume-based median diameter obtained by a laser diffraction method using an airflow dispersion method.
- the fatty acid ester as a lubricant was added to the finely pulverized powder in an amount of 0.04% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the finely pulverized powder, mixed, and then molded in a magnetic field to obtain a molded body.
- molding apparatus lateral magnetic field shaping
- molding apparatus in which the magnetic field application direction and the pressurization direction orthogonally crossed was used for the shaping
- the obtained molded body was sintered in vacuum at 1020 ° C. for 4 hours to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet material.
- the dimensions of the RTB-based sintered magnet material were 20 mm long, 20 mm wide, 20 mm thick, and the density was 7.5 Mg / m 3 or more.
- Table 1 shows component analysis results (including O, C, and N gas analysis results) of the obtained RTB-based sintered magnet material.
- Nd, Pr, Dy, B, Co, Al, Cu, Ga, Nb, Zr, and Fe are measured using high frequency inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It was measured.
- a gas analyzer using the gas melting-infrared absorption method for O (oxygen amount), the gas melting-heat conduction method for N (nitrogen amount), and the combustion-infrared absorption method for C (carbon amount) is used. Measured.
- the obtained RTB-based sintered magnet material was subjected to a high-temperature heat treatment process under the conditions shown in Table 2.
- Sample No. in Table 2 1 is a magnet material No. 1 in Table 1.
- an average cooling rate from the heating temperature (800 ° C.) to 300 ° C. is performed at a cooling rate of 50 ° C./min.
- the average cooling rate to room temperature was 3 ° C./min.
- the heating and holding time in the high-temperature heat treatment process was all 3 hours. Therefore, sample No. In the case of 1, it was heated to 800 ° C. and held for 3 hours. Sample No. In the same manner, each sample No.
- Magnet material No. corresponding to Each of the sample Nos. Shown in Table 2 was prepared for the RTB-based sintered magnet material.
- the high temperature heat treatment was performed under the conditions (temperature, cooling rate) of the high temperature heat treatment process corresponding to the above.
- the average cooling rate from 300 ° C. to room temperature in the high-temperature heat treatment process is as follows.
- Sample Nos. 2 to 52 are Similar to 1, 3 ° C./min.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material after the high temperature heat treatment was subjected to a low temperature heat treatment step at the temperature shown in Table 2.
- the heating and holding time in the low-temperature heat treatment step was 2 hours for all samples, and the sample was cooled from the held temperature to room temperature at a cooling rate of 2 ° C./min. Therefore, sample no. 1 was heated to 470 ° C. and held for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 2 ° C./min.
- the heating temperature and cooling rate in the high temperature heat treatment step and the low temperature heat treatment step were measured by attaching a thermocouple to the RTB-based sintered magnet material.
- a thermocouple By machining the R-T-B based sintered magnet after the low temperature heat treatment step, vertical 7 mm, transverse 7 mm, to prepare a sample having a thickness of 7 mm, were measured B r and H cJ of the sample by B-H tracer .
- the measurement results are shown in Table 2. Incidentally, B r and H components of the R-T-B based sintered magnet was measured cJ, were subjected to gas analysis, the R-T-B-based sintered magnet material components in Table 1, comparable results gas analysis Met.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material (magnet materials No. C to L) within the composition range of the embodiment of the present invention and the high temperature heat treatment step according to the embodiment of the present invention and
- the example samples (Sample Nos. 9 to 12, 14 to 17, and 19 to 34) subjected to the low-temperature heat treatment step have a small ⁇ H cJ of 8 to 51 kA / m, even though the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is low ( It can be seen that it has sufficiently good magnetic properties (even at slow cooling levels).
- an RTB-based sintered magnet material (magnet material No. M to P) having a Cu content smaller than the composition range of the embodiment of the present invention.
- the comparative sample (sample Nos. 36 to 47) subjected to the high temperature heat treatment step and the low temperature heat treatment step has a large ⁇ H cJ of 179 to 233 kA / m. That is, it can be seen that excellent magnetic properties cannot be obtained when the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment process is slow (when the cooling rate is low).
- Magnet material No. A is an example sample of sample Nos. 9 to 12 (magnet material No. C), and sample Nos. 5 to 8 (magnet material No. B) are sample Nos. 19 to 22 (magnet material No. A).
- B r and H cJ was not obtained as compared to the sample No. F) of Example).
- sample No. 48 and 49, and B are beyond the scope of the embodiments of the present invention.
- HcJ of the same level is not obtained.
- Sample No. B is lower than the range of the embodiment of the present invention or Ga is out of the range of the embodiment of the present invention.
- 51 and 52 are sample Nos. Having the same composition except for B and Ga. 19-22 not the same level of B r can be obtained as compared with (magnetic material No.F).
- Example 2 The magnet material No. of Table 1 prepared by the same method as Example 1 was used.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material of C was subjected to a high temperature heat treatment process under the conditions shown in Table 3.
- Sample No. in Table 3 No. 60 after heating the RTB-based sintered magnet material to 700 ° C., an average cooling rate from the heating temperature (700 ° C.) to 300 ° C. is performed at a cooling rate of 50 ° C./min. The average cooling rate was up to 3 ° C./min.
- the heating and holding time in the high-temperature heat treatment process was all 3 hours. Therefore, sample No. In the case of 60, it heated to 700 degreeC and hold
- 61 and 62 were similarly subjected to the high temperature heat treatment process under the conditions shown in Table 3. Note that the average cooling rate from 300 ° C. to room temperature in the high-temperature heat treatment process is as follows. 61 and 62 are also sample nos. Similar to 60, 3 ° C./min. Further, the RTB-based sintered magnet material after the high temperature heat treatment was subjected to a low temperature heat treatment step at the temperature shown in Table 3. The heating and holding time in the low-temperature heat treatment step was 2 hours for all samples, and the sample was cooled from the held temperature to room temperature at a cooling rate of 2 ° C./min. Therefore, sample no. 60 was heated to 470 ° C.
- Sample No. in Table 4 70 is the magnet material No. in Table 1.
- the average cooling rate from the heating temperature (800 ° C.) to 300 ° C. is performed at a cooling rate of 50 ° C./min.
- the average cooling rate was 3 ° C./min.
- the heating and holding time in the high-temperature heat treatment process was all 3 hours. Therefore, sample No. In the case of 70, it heated to 800 degreeC and hold
- the high temperature heat treatment process was performed under the conditions shown in Table 4. Note that the average cooling rate from 300 ° C. to room temperature in the high-temperature heat treatment process is as follows. Samples Nos. 71 to 76 are also sample No. Similar to 70, 3 ° C./min.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet material after the high temperature heat treatment was subjected to a low temperature heat treatment step at the temperature shown in Table 4.
- the heating and holding time in the low-temperature heat treatment step was 2 hours for all samples, and the sample was cooled from the held temperature to room temperature at a cooling rate of 2 ° C./min. Therefore, sample no. 70 was heated to 470 ° C. and held for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 2 ° C./min.
- the heating temperature and cooling rate in the high temperature heat treatment step and the low temperature heat treatment step were measured by attaching a thermocouple to the RTB system sintered magnet material.
- thermocouples were measured by attaching three thermocouples each to RTB-based sintered magnet materials located at the “end” and “center” of the heat treatment furnace described below.
- RTB-based sintered magnet materials located at the “end” and “center” of the heat treatment furnace described below.
- B r and H cJ of each sample was measured B r and H cJ of each sample in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Table 5 shows the measurement results.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing the arrangement position of a sample in a heat treatment furnace in a high temperature heat treatment step. More specifically, an RTB-based sintered magnet material (sample) was charged so as to fill the processing container 3, and the processing container 3 was set in the heat treatment furnace 1 to perform a high temperature heat treatment process.
- the “furnace position” in Table 5 indicates the arrangement position of the RTB-based sintered magnet material in the heat treatment furnace 1, and the “end part” is the position of the circle ( shows a sample treated with the ends 10), Table 5 the results of the sample finally obtained in (after low-temperature heat treatment step) was measured B r and H cJ of the R-T-B based sintered magnet It is shown under “End”.
- the "central portion” indicates a treated sample at a position ⁇ in FIG. 1 (a central portion 20), B r and the finally obtained R-T-B based sintered magnet of the sample The results of measuring HcJ are shown under “Center” in Table 5.
- sample No. which is an example of the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the difference in HcJ between the end and the center of the furnace is 61 kA / m or less, whereas the composition of Cu is out of the range of the embodiment of the present invention.
- the difference in H cJ between the end and the center of the furnace is as large as 130 kA / m or more.
- Sample No. 76, B r and H cJ is reduced significantly.
- sample no. As is apparent from 70 to 73, the difference in H cJ between the end and the center of the furnace is 61 kA / m when the cooling rate is 50 ° C./min (sample No.
- the cooling rate of 25 ° C./min to 5 ° C./min can suppress fluctuations in H cJ depending on the furnace mounting position, and more preferably 25 ° C./min to 10 ° C./min. There while suppressing the variation of H cJ by placing position of the furnace, it is possible to obtain a high B r and high H cJ.
- composition analysis is performed with“ EPMA-160 ”manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, so that the main phase, RT-Ga phase, R-Ga—
- the Cu phase was selected.
- R: 15% by mass or more and 65% by mass or less, T: 20% by mass or more and 80% or less, and Ga: 2% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less are referred to as RT-Ga phase.
- the R—Ga—Cu phase is a part of the R—Ga phase substituted with Cu or Cu and Co.
- Table 6 shows a sample No. which is an example of the embodiment of the present invention.
- Table 6 shows a sample No. which is an example of the embodiment of the present invention.
- the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is low (Sample No. 12)
- the same amount of R as in the case of the rapid cooling in the high-temperature heat treatment step (Sample No. 9).
- a —Ga—Cu phase is generated.
- the sample No. in Table 6 which is a comparative example in which the Cu amount is out of the range of the embodiment of the present invention.
- the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is slow (Sample No. 43)
- the R—Ga—Cu phase is compared with the case where the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is rapid cooling (Sample No. 40). The production amount is greatly reduced.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet after the high-temperature heat treatment step and the low-temperature heat treatment step is similarly sample No. which is an example of the embodiment of the present invention shown in Table 7.
- Table 7 shows the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is low (Sample No. 12)
- Sample No. in Table 7 which is a comparative example in which the Cu amount is out of the range of the embodiment of the present invention.
- the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is slow (Sample No. 43)
- the R—Ga—Cu phase is compared with the case where the cooling rate in the high-temperature heat treatment step is rapid cooling (Sample No. 40). The production amount is greatly reduced.
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Abstract
Description
R-T-B系焼結磁石は、高温で保磁力HcJ(以下、単に「HcJ」と記載する場合がある)が低下し、不可逆熱減磁が起こる。そのため、特に比較的高い温度の環境下でも使用されるハイブリッド自動車用および電気自動車用モータ等に使用されるR-T-B系焼結磁石では高いHcJを有することが要求されている。
特許文献1は、通常のR-T-B系合金よりもB量を低くするとともに、Al、Ga、Cuのうちから選ばれる1種以上である金属元素Mを含有させることによりR2T17相を生成させ、該R2T17相を原料として生成させた遷移金属リッチ相(R6T13M)の体積率を充分に確保することにより、Dyの含有量を抑制しつつ、保磁力の高いR-T-B系希土類焼結磁石が得られることを開示している。また、特許文献2は、通常のR-T-B系合金よりもB量を低くするとともに、B、Al、Cu、Co、Ga、C、Oの量を所定の範囲にし、さらにBに対するNd及びPrの原子比、並びにBに対するGaおよびCの原子比がそれぞれ特定の関係を満たすことによって高い残留磁束密度および保磁力が得られることを開示している。
このため熱処理において急冷を行うことなく、通常の冷却や徐冷(例えば、冷却速度25℃/分以下)を行っても高いHcJを有するR-T-B系焼結磁石を製造できる方法が求められていた。
本発明の実施形態は、このような要望に応えるものである。熱処理工程において、急冷を行わなくても高いHcJを有するR-T-B系焼結磁石を製造できる方法を提供することを目的とする。
[T]-72.3[B]>0 (1)
([T]-72.3[B])/55.85<13[Ga]/69.72 (2)
(なお、[T]は質量%で示すTの含有量であり、[B]は質量%で示すBの含有量であり、[Ga]は質量%で示すGaの含有量である)
2)前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を730℃以上1020℃以下の加熱温度に加熱後、5℃/分以上で300℃まで冷却する高温熱処理工程と 3)前記高温熱処理工程後の前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を440℃以上550℃以下の温度に加熱する低温熱処理工程と、を含むR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法である。
最初に、Cuの含有量を0.2質量%より多く、且つ0.50質量%以下とすることで、高温熱処理工程における冷却速度を所謂、徐冷レベル(例えば、25℃/分以下)まで遅くしても高いHcJを有するR-T-B系焼結磁石を得ることができるメカニズムについて説明する。但し、以下に示すメカニズムは、現時点で得られている知見から本願発明者らが考えているメカニズムであって、本発明の技術的範囲を一切制限するものではないことに留意されたい。
以下に、本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法の詳細を工程別に説明する。
本明細書において「R-T-B系焼結磁石素材」は、成形体を焼結して得た焼結体を意味する。本工程により所定の組成を有する焼結体であるR-T-B系焼結磁石素材を得る。得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石素材は、詳細を後述する高温熱処理工程と低温熱処理工程のそれぞれにおいて、熱処理が施される。
なお、以下に示す工程は、R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を準備する工程を例示するものであって、所定の組成を有するR-T-B系焼結磁石用の焼結体を得ることができる限り、任意の方法を用いてR-T-B系焼結磁石素材を準備してよい。
得られたフレーク状の原料合金を水素粉砕し、例えば1.0mm以下の粗粉砕粉を得る。次に、粗粉砕粉を不活性ガス中でジェットミル等により微粉砕し、例えば粒径D50(気流分散式レーザー回折法による測定で得られる体積中心値(体積基準メジアン径))が3~5μmの微粉砕粉(合金粉末)を得る。合金粉末は、1種類の合金粉末(単合金粉末)を用いてもよいし、2種類以上の合金粉末を混合することにより合金粉末(混合合金粉末)を得る、いわゆる2合金法を用いてもよく、公知の方法などを用いて本発明の実施形態の組成となるように合金粉末を作製すればよい。
ジェットミル粉砕前の粗粉砕粉、ジェットミル粉砕中およびジェットミル粉砕後の合金粉末に助剤として公知の潤滑剤を添加してもよい。次に得られた合金粉末を磁界中で成形し、成形体を得る。成形は、金型のキャビティー内に乾燥した合金粉末を挿入し、成形する乾式成形法、および金型のキャビティー内に合金粉末を含むスラリーを注入し、スラリーの分散媒を排出し、残った合金粉末を成形する湿式成形法を含む公知の任意の成形方法を用いてよい。
本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石素材は、27.5質量%以上、且つ34.0質量%以下のR(Rは希土類元素のうち少なくとも一種でありNdを必ず含む)と、0.85質量%以上、且つ0.93質量%以下のBと、0.20質量%以上、且つ0.70質量%以下のGaと、0.2質量%より多く、且つ0.50質量%以下のCuと、0.05質量%以上、且つ0.5質量%以下のAlと、0質量%以上、且つ0.1質量%以下のM(Mは、NbおよびZrの両方またはいずれか一方)と、を含有し、残部がT(TはFeとCoであり、質量比でTの90%以上がFeである)および不可避不純物であり、式(1)および(2)を満足する
[T]-72.3[B]>0 (1)
([T]-72.3[B])/55.85<13[Ga]/69.72 (2)
(なお、[T]は質量%で示すTの含有量であり、[B]は質量%で示すBの含有量であり、[Ga]は質量%で示すGaの含有量である)
1)希土類元素(R)
本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石におけるRは、希土類元素の少なくとも一種でありNdを必ず含む。本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石は重希土類元素(RH)を含有しなくても高いBrと高いHcJを得ることができるため、より高いHcJを求められる場合でもRHの添加量を削減でき、典型的にはRHの含有量を5質量%以下とすることができる。しかし、このことは、本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石のRH含有量が5質量%以下に限定されることを意味するものではない。
Rは、27.5質量%未満では、R-Ga-Cu相を生成するのに必要なRが確保できず高いHcJを得ることができない恐れがあり、34.0質量%を超えると主相比率が低下して高いBrを得ることができない。Rは、より高いBrを得るには、31.0質量%以下が好ましい。
Bは、0.85質量%未満ではR2T17相が析出して高いHcJが得られない。さらに、主相比率が低下して高いBrを得ることができない。Bが0.93質量%を超えるとR-T-Ga相の生成量が少なすぎて高いHcJが得られない恐れがある。
TはFeとCoであり、質量比でTの90%以上がFeである。さらに不可避不純物として、少量のV、Mo、Hf、Ta、W等の遷移金属元素を含有してもよい。TにおけるFeの割合が質量比で90%未満だと、Brが著しく低下してしまう恐れがある。また、Fe以外の遷移金属元素としては例えばCoが挙げられる。但し、Coの置換量は、質量比でT全体の2.5%以下が好ましく、Coの置換量が、質量比でT全体の10%を超えるとBrが低下するため好ましくない。
Gaの含有量が0.2質量%未満であると、R-T-Ga相およびR-Ga-Cu相の生成量が少なすぎて、R2T17相を消失させることができず、高いHcJを得ることができない恐れがある。Gaの含有量が0.7質量%を超えると、不要なGaが存在することになり、主相比率が低下してBrが低下する恐れがある。
Cuの含有量が0.2質量%以下であると、後述する高温熱処理工程において急冷(例えば40℃/分)を行わないと、R-Ga-Cu相がほとんど生成されず、高いHcJを得ることができない。また、Cuの含有量が0.5質量%を超えると主相比率が低下してBrが低下する。
Alの含有量は、0.05質量%以上0.5質量%以下である。Alを含有することにより、HcJを向上させることができる。Alは不可避不純物として含有されてもよいし、積極的に添加して含有させてもよい。不可避不純物で含有される量と積極的に添加した量の合計で0.05質量%以上0.5質量%以下含有させる。
また、一般的に、R-T-B系焼結磁石において、NbおよびZrの両方またはいずれか一方を含有することにより焼結時における結晶粒の異常成長がより確実に抑制されることが知られている。本発明の実施形態においても、Nbおよび/またはZrを合計で0.1質量%以下含有してもよい。Nbおよび/またはZrの含有量が合計で0.1質量%を超えると不要なNbやZrが存在することにより、主相比率が低下してBrが低下する恐れがある。
本発明の実施形態におけるR-T-B系焼結磁石素材の組成は、式(1)および式(2)を満足することにより、B含有量が一般的なR-T-B系焼結磁石よりも低くなっている。一般的なR-T-B系焼結磁石は、主相であるR2T14B相以外に軟磁性相であるR2T17相が析出しないよう[Fe]/55.847(Feの原子量)が[B]/10.811(Bの原子量)×14よりも少ない組成となっている([ ]は、その内部に記載された元素の質量%で示した含有量を意味する。例えば、[Fe]は質量%で示したFeの含有量を意味する)。本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石は、一般的なR-T-B系焼結磁石と異なり、[Fe]/55.847(Feの原子量)が[B]/10.811(Bの原子量)×14よりも多くなるように、式(1)を満足する組成とし、且つ、余ったFeからR2T17相を析出させずに、Gaを含むことでR-T-Ga相を析出させるように、([T]-72.3B)/55.85(Feの原子量)が13Ga/69.72(Gaの原子量)を下回る組成となるように、式(2)を満足する組成とする。そして、前記式(1)、式(2)を満足した組成にしたうえで、後述する高温熱処理工程を行うことにより、R-T-Ga相を過剰に生成させることなく、R-Ga-Cu相を生成させることができる。なお、TはFeとCoであるが、本発明の実施形態におけるTはFeが主成分(質量比で90%以上)であることから、Feの原子量を用いた。これにより、Dyなどの重希土類元素をできるだけ使用せず、高いHcJを得ることができる。
[T]-72.3[B]>0 (1)
([T]-72.3[B])/55.85<13[Ga]/69.72 (2)
(なお、[T]は質量%で示すTの含有量であり、[B]は質量%で示すBの含有量であり、[Ga]は質量%で示すGaの含有量である)
得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石素材に対して、730℃以上1020℃以下の温度に加熱後、5℃/分以上の冷却速度で300℃まで冷却を行う。本発明の実施形態においては、この熱処理を高温熱処理工程という。所定の量のCuを含有させた、本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石素材に高温熱処理を施すことにより、R-T-Ga相を過剰に生成させることなく、R-Ga-Cu相を主に粒界多重点(3つ以上の主相の境界となっている部分)に生成させることができる。
上述したように、一般的なR-T-B系焼結磁石よりもB量を低くし、Ga等を添加したR-T-B系焼結磁石は、高温熱処理工程において、加熱温度で保持した後の冷却を急冷(例えば、冷却速度40℃/分以上)としないと、R-T-Ga相が多く生成され、R-Ga-Cu相がほとんど生成されない。しかし、Cuの含有量を所定の範囲内とした本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石は、高温熱処理工程の冷却を徐冷(例えば、25℃/分以下)としてもR-T-Ga相の生成を抑制しつつ十分な量のR-Ga-Cu相を形成でき、よって高いHcJを得ることができる。
すなわち、本発明の実施形態に係る高温熱処理における730℃以上1020℃以下の加熱温度から300℃の温度までの冷却速度は、5℃/分以上であればよく、これは急冷(例えば、冷却速度30℃/以上)を行ってもよく、また、必要に応じて(例えば、より大型のR-T-B系焼結磁石を得る際に熱応力によるクラックの発生を防止する等のため)徐冷(例えば、25℃/以下)を行ってもよいことを意味する。好ましい冷却速度は5℃/分以上25℃/分以下である。5℃/分以上25℃/分以下のゆっくりした冷却(徐冷)を行うことにより、生産設備として一般的に用いられるような容量の大きい熱処理炉を用いた場合において、載置位置よる冷却速度のバラツキがなくなるため、載置位置による焼結磁石のHcJの変動を抑制して、高いHcJを得ることができる。さらに好ましくは、10℃/分以上25℃分以下である。記載位置による焼結磁石のHcJの変動を抑制しつつ、より高いBrとHcJを得ることができる。
730℃以上1020℃以下の加熱温度に加熱後300℃までの冷却速度は、加熱温度から300℃の間に冷却する途中で、冷却速度が変動しても構わない。例えば、冷却開始直後は、10℃/分程度の冷却速度で、300℃に近づくにしたがって5℃/分などの冷却速度に変化してもよい。
R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を730℃以上1020℃以下の加熱温度から300℃の温度まで冷却速度5℃/分以上で冷却する方法は、例えば炉内にアルゴンガスを導入することにより冷却を行えばよく、その他任意の方法により行ってよい。
また、上述のように本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石では、上述のようにR-T-Ga相の形成を抑制することで、十分な量のR-Ga-Cu相を得ている。高いHcJを得るためには、上述したように、R-T-Ga相を生成させることは必要であるものの、その生成を極力抑えて、R-Ga-Cu相を生成させることが重要と考えられる。従って、本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石では、十分なR-Ga-Cu相が得られる程度にR-T-Ga相の生成を抑制すればよく、よって、ある程度の量のR-T-Ga相が存在していてもよい。
高温熱処理工程後のR-T-B系焼結磁石素材に対し、440℃以上550℃以下の温度に加熱する。本発明の実施形態においては、この熱処理を低温熱処理工程という。低温熱処理工程を実施することにより、R-T-Ga相の生成を抑制しつつ、2粒子粒界に十分な量のR-Ga-Cu相を生成することができ、この結果、高いHcJを得ることができると考えられる。
低温熱処理工程の温度(低温熱処理の加熱温度)が、440℃未満の場合はR-T-Ga相が十分に生成されない恐れがあり、さらに十分な量のR-Ga-Cu相を2粒子粒界に存在させることができない恐れがある。低温熱処理の加熱温度が550℃を超える場合はR-T-Ga相の生成量が過剰となる恐れがある。低温熱処理の加熱温度は、好ましくは450℃以上490℃以下である。加熱温度での保持時間は、5分以上500分以下が好ましい。また、440℃以上550℃以下に加熱後の冷却速度は任意の冷却速度であってよい。
Ndメタル、Prメタル、Dyメタル、フェロボロン合金、電解Co、Alメタル、Cuメタル、Gaメタル、フェロジルコニウム合金および電解鉄を用いて(メタルはいずれも純度99%以上)、所定の組成となるように配合し、それらの原料を溶解してストリップキャスト法により鋳造し、厚み0.2~0.4mmのフレーク状の原料合金を得た。得られたフレーク状の原料合金を水素加圧雰囲気で水素脆化させた後、550℃まで真空中で加熱、冷却する脱水素処理を施し、粗粉砕粉を得た。次に、得られた粗粉砕粉に、潤滑剤としてステアリン酸亜鉛を粗粉砕粉100質量%に対して0.04質量%添加、混合した後、気流式粉砕機(ジェットミル装置)を用いて、窒素気流中で乾式粉砕し、粒径D50が4μmの微粉砕粉(合金粉末)を得た。なお、粒径D50は、気流分散法によるレーザー回折法で得られた体積基準メジアン径である。
さらに、同じR-T-B系焼結磁石素材(表2における同じ磁石素材No.)において、高温熱処理工程にて急冷(50℃/分)を行った場合と徐冷(5℃/分)を行った場合のHcJ(低温熱処理工程後のR-T-B系焼結磁石のHcJ)の差を求めた。すなわち、急冷と徐冷とで差が小さければ高温熱処理工程における冷却速度を遅くできることを示し、差が大きければ高温熱処理工程における冷却速度を緩和することができないことを示す。結果を表2の△HcJに示す。なお、試料No.48~52に関しては、高温熱処理後の冷却速度は、50℃/分のみであるため、△HcJは記載していない。
さらに、式(1)または式(2)を満足しない試料No.48および49、ならびにBが本発明の実施形態の範囲を超えている試料No.50は、本発明の実施形態の実施例サンプルと比較して、同レベルのHcJが得られていない。また、Bが本発明の実施形態の範囲よりも低い、またはGaが本発明の実施形態の範囲外である試料No.51、52は、BおよびGa以外ほぼ同じ組成である試料No.19~22(磁石素材No.F)と比べて同レベルのBrが得られていない。
実施例1と同じ方法で準備した表1の磁石素材No.CのR-T-B系焼結磁石素材に対して、表3に示す条件で高温熱処理工程を行った。表3における試料No.60は、R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を700℃に加熱した後、加熱温度(700℃)から300℃までの平均冷却速度を50℃/分の冷却速度で行い、300℃から室温までの平均冷却速度を3℃/分の冷却速度で行った。なお、高温熱処理工程における加熱保持時間は全て3時間で行った。よって試料No.60の場合は、700℃に加熱し3時間保持した。試料No61および62も同様にして、表3に示す条件で高温熱処理工程を行った。なお、高温熱処理工程における300℃から室温までの平均冷却速度は、試料No.61および62も試料No.60と同様に3℃/分である。さらに、高温熱処理後のR-T-B系焼結磁石素材に対し、表3に示す温度で低温熱処理工程を行った。低温熱処理工程における加熱保持時間はいずれの試料も2時間であり、保持した温度から室温まで2℃/分の冷却速度で冷却した。よって、試料No.60は、470℃に加熱し2時間保持した後、室温まで2℃/分の冷却速度で冷却した。また、高温熱処理工程および低温熱処理工程の加熱温度並びに冷却速度は、R-T-B系焼結磁石素材に熱電対を取り付けて測定した。低温熱処理工程後のR-T-B系焼結磁石に機械加工を施し、実験例1と同様にして各試料のBr及びHcJを測定した。測定結果を表3に示す。
試料No.70~73として、表1の磁石素材No.GのR-T-B系焼結磁石素材(縦20mm、横20mm、厚み20mm)を実験例1と同じ方法でそれぞれ1500個(約90kg)準備した。同様に、試料No.74~76として、表1の磁石素材No.MのR-T-B系焼結磁石素材(縦20mm、横20mm、厚み20mm)を実施例1と同じ方法で1500個(約90kg)準備した。準備したR-T-B系焼結磁石素材に対して表4に示す条件で高温熱処理工程および低温熱処理工程を行った。高温熱処理工程および低温熱処理工程は、1回の処理(1回のバッチ処理)でそれぞれ1500個ずつ処理を行っている。表4における試料No.70は、表1の磁石素材No.GのR-T-B系焼結磁石素材を800℃に加熱した後、加熱温度(800℃)から300℃までの平均冷却速度を50℃/分の冷却速度で行い、300℃から室温までの平均冷却速度を3℃/分の冷却速度で行った。なお、高温熱処理工程における加熱保持時間は全て3時間で行った。よって試料No.70の場合、800℃に加熱し3時間保持した。試料No.71~76も同様にして、表1の磁石素材No.を表4に示す条件で高温熱処理工程を行った。なお、高温熱処理工程における300℃から室温までの平均冷却速度は、試料No.71~76も試料No.70と同様に3℃/分である。
試料No.9、12、40、43、それぞれの高温熱処理工程後のR-T-B系焼結磁石素材における主相、R-T-Ga相、R-Ga-Cu相の構成相の割合を求めた。構成相の割合は、以下のようにして求めた。まず、高温熱処理工程後のR-T-B系焼結磁石素材を日本電子製のクロスセクションポリシャ「SM-09010」を用いて研磨を行った後に、日本電子製のFE-SEM「JSM-7001F」にて組織観察(観察範囲50μm×50μm程度)を行い、さらに島津製作所製の「EPMA-160」にて組成分析を実施することにより、主相、R-T-Ga相、R-Ga-Cu相を選別した。なお、上述したように、R:15質量%以上65質量%以下、T:20質量%以上80%以下、Ga:2質量%以上20質量%以下を含むものをR-T-Ga相とし、R-Ga-Cu相は、R-Ga相の一部がCu又はCuとCoで置換されたものであり、R:70質量%以上95質量%以下、Ga:5質量%以上30質量%以下を含むものをR-Ga-Cu相として選別した。そして、組織観察(観察範囲50μm×50μm)の視野における主相、R-T-Ga相、R-Ga-Cu相の構成相の割合を画像解析により求めた。結果を表6に示す。さらに、同じ方法を用いて、試料No.9、12、40、43、それぞれの高温熱処理工程および低温熱処理工程後のR-T-B系焼結磁石における主相、R-T-Ga相、R-Ga-Cu相の構成相の割合を求めた。結果を表7に示す。
3 処理容器
10 端部
20 中央部
Claims (5)
- 1)成形体を焼結し、
27.5質量%以上、且つ34.0質量%以下のRと、
(Rは希土類元素のうち少なくとも一種でありNdを必ず含む)
0.85質量%以上、且つ0.93質量%以下のBと、
0.20質量%以上、且つ0.70質量%以下のGaと、
0.2質量%より多く、且つ0.50質量%以下のCuと、
0.05質量%以上、且つ0.5質量%以下のAlと、
0質量%以上、且つ0.1質量%以下のMと、
(Mは、NbおよびZrの両方またはいずれか一方)
を含有し、残部がT(TはFeとCoであり、質量比でTの90%以上がFeである)および不可避不純物であり、下記式(1)および(2)を満足するR-T-B系焼結磁石素材を準備する工程と、
[T]-72.3[B]>0 (1)
([T]-72.3[B])/55.85<13[Ga]/69.72 (2)
(なお、[T]は質量%で示すTの含有量であり、[B]は質量%で示すBの含有量であり、[Ga]は質量%で示すGaの含有量である)
2)前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を730℃以上1020℃以下の加熱温度に加熱後、5℃/分以上で300℃まで冷却する高温熱処理工程と、
3)前記高温熱処理工程後の前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を440℃以上550℃以下の温度に加熱する低温熱処理工程と、
を含むR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法。 - 前記工程2)において、前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を5℃/分以上且つ25℃/分以下で前記加熱温度から300℃まで冷却する請求項1に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法。
- 前記工程2)において、前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を10℃/分以上且つ25℃/分以下で前記加熱温度から300℃まで冷却する請求項1に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法。
- 前記工程3)において、前記高温熱処理工程後の前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材を450℃以上490℃以下の温度に加熱する請求項1から3のいずれかに記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法。
- 前記R-T-B系焼結磁石素材が、27.5質量%以上かつ31.0質量%以下のRを含有する、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法。
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- 2015-08-31 WO PCT/JP2015/074777 patent/WO2016043039A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2015-08-31 CN CN201580049440.9A patent/CN106716571B/zh active Active
- 2015-08-31 US US15/511,299 patent/US10446306B2/en active Active
- 2015-08-31 JP JP2016548822A patent/JP6500907B2/ja active Active
- 2015-08-31 DE DE112015004222.9T patent/DE112015004222T5/de active Pending
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2017147425A (ja) * | 2015-03-31 | 2017-08-24 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | R−Fe−B系焼結磁石及びその製造方法 |
| US10410775B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2019-09-10 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | R—Fe—B sintered magnet and making method |
| JP2017228771A (ja) * | 2016-06-20 | 2017-12-28 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | R−Fe−B系焼結磁石及びその製造方法 |
| CN107527699A (zh) * | 2016-06-20 | 2017-12-29 | 信越化学工业株式会社 | R‑Fe‑B烧结磁体及制备方法 |
| US11315710B2 (en) | 2016-06-20 | 2022-04-26 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | R-Fe-B sintered magnet and making method |
| JP2018018911A (ja) * | 2016-07-27 | 2018-02-01 | 日立金属株式会社 | R−t−b系焼結磁石の製造方法 |
| WO2018034264A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-17 | 2018-02-22 | 日立金属株式会社 | R-t-b系焼結磁石 |
| JPWO2018034264A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-17 | 2018-08-30 | 日立金属株式会社 | R−t−b系焼結磁石 |
| US11174537B2 (en) | 2016-08-17 | 2021-11-16 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | R-T-B sintered magnet |
| US10937578B2 (en) | 2016-09-26 | 2021-03-02 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Method for preparing R—Fe—B sintered magnet |
| CN106601406A (zh) * | 2017-01-03 | 2017-04-26 | 京磁材料科技股份有限公司 | 制备钕铁硼磁体的烧结方法 |
| CN106601406B (zh) * | 2017-01-03 | 2019-04-30 | 京磁材料科技股份有限公司 | 制备钕铁硼磁体的烧结方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20170256344A1 (en) | 2017-09-07 |
| CN106716571B (zh) | 2018-10-19 |
| JPWO2016043039A1 (ja) | 2017-08-17 |
| US10446306B2 (en) | 2019-10-15 |
| JP6500907B2 (ja) | 2019-04-17 |
| DE112015004222T5 (de) | 2017-06-29 |
| CN106716571A (zh) | 2017-05-24 |
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