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WO2016040477A1 - Procédés pour l'établissement de support de guayule par ensemencement de champ direct - Google Patents

Procédés pour l'établissement de support de guayule par ensemencement de champ direct Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016040477A1
WO2016040477A1 PCT/US2015/049179 US2015049179W WO2016040477A1 WO 2016040477 A1 WO2016040477 A1 WO 2016040477A1 US 2015049179 W US2015049179 W US 2015049179W WO 2016040477 A1 WO2016040477 A1 WO 2016040477A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
guayule
seed
mulch
bed
planting
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PCT/US2015/049179
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael R. Fraley
Lauren Johnson
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PanAridus LLC
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PanAridus LLC
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protection of plants
    • A01G13/30—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/37—Arrangements for laying out or removing ground coverings

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to methods for guayule stand establishment by direct field seeding.
  • Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a natural rubber producing plant presently being commercialized for rubber production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world.
  • a major limiting factor in the commercialization of guayule is the high cost of stand establishment.
  • commercial guayule stands are mostly established by transplanting seedlings from a greenhouse because stand establishment using direct-seeding methods has been risky with most attempts resulting in stand failure.
  • production costs could be lowered considerably by the development of efficient direct field seeding methods.
  • Transplanted seedlings grown in nursery containers inside a greenhouse, are usually 7-15 weeks old, usually vary in height from 100 to 200 mm, and have a shallow, fibrous root system. These plants have been found to have a definite growth advantage over direct-seeded seedlings during the establishment season. Although guayule has been direct-seeded in field plots, transplanting is still considered the most reliable method of commercial guayule stand establishment. Hence, a significant need exists to develop a reliable direct field seeding method that could not only produce good guayule stands but also offer significant cost savings over transplanted guayule seedlings.
  • the envisioned method not only provides good guayule stands but also offers significant cost savings over transplanted seedlings.
  • a method for direct-seeding of guayule in a field comprises preparing a bed approximately above a buried drip line; making a seed furrow in the bed, wherein the seed furrow is made less than ten days prior to planting guayule seed and is at least 5 cm deep with a nadir of the seed furrow being between 8 cm to 50 cm above the buried drip line; planting guayule seed at a rate of between 50 to 900 guayule seeds per meter in the seed furrow of the bed; covering the seed furrow after planting guayule seed with a mulch having a thickness of between 0.4 mil and 10 mil; removing at least a portion of the mulch; and growing the guayule plants to a desired level.
  • the bed comprises at least 2 beds.
  • the seed furrow comprises at least 2 seed furrows.
  • the method further comprises making aeration holes in the mulch one to two weeks prior to removal.
  • the drip line is at least 30 cm in the soil.
  • the field is substantially devoid of previous crop material.
  • the seed furrow is made less than 72 hours prior to planting the guayule seed.
  • the seed furrow is at least 15 cm deep with the nadir of the seed furrow being between 8 cm to 20 cm above the buried drip line.
  • the guayule seed is planted at a rate of between 130 to 370 guayule seeds per meter in the seed furrow of the bed.
  • the mulch is white colored and has a thickness between 1 mil and 4 mil.
  • a method for direct-seeding of guayule comprises preparing a bed in a field approximately above a buried drip line, wherein the field is aerated and substantially devoid of previous crop material; making a seed furrow in the bed, wherein the seed furrow is made less than ten days prior to planting guayule seed and is at least 5 cm deep with a nadir of the seed furrow being between 8 cm to 50 cm above the buried drip line; planting guayule seed at a rate of at least 100 guayule seeds per meter in the seed furrow of the bed; covering the seed furrow after planting guayule seed with a mulch having a thickness of between 0.4 mil and 10 mil; removing at least a portion of the mulch; and growing the guayule plants to a desired level.
  • the guayule seed is planted at a rate of between 200 to 390 guayule seeds per meter in the seed furrow of the bed.
  • the bed is prepared between the dates of September 1 st and October 20 th .
  • the planting is done in the month of November or between 10 and 60 days after preparing the bed.
  • at least a portion of the mulch is removed in the month of March or from to 90 to 150 days after the planting.
  • the mulch comprises a plastic sheet with a thickness between 1 mil and 4 mil.
  • a method for direct-seeding of guayule in a field comprises preparing a bed approximately above a buried drip line; making a seed furrow in the bed, wherein the seed furrow is made less than ten days prior to planting guayule seed and is at least 10 cm deep with a nadir of the seed furrow being between 8 cm to 35 cm above the buried drip line; planting guayule seed at a rate of between 150 to 500 guayule seeds per meter in the seed furrow of the bed; covering the seed furrow after planting guayule seed with a mulch having a thickness of between 0.4 mil and 10 mil; irrigating the bed for at least 16 hours within the first week after planting the guayule seeds; making aeration holes in the mulch at least one to two weeks prior to removal of the mulch; removing at least a portion of the mulch; and growing the guayule plants to a desired level.
  • the seed furrow is made less than 72 hours prior to planting the guayule seed.
  • the drip line is at least 30 cm in the soil and the field is substantially devoid of previous crop material.
  • the bed is prepared between the dates of September 1st and October 20th, the planting is done in the month of November, and at least a portion of the mulch is removed in the month of March.
  • noun, term, or phrase is intended to be further characterized, specified, or narrowed in some way, then such noun, term, or phrase will expressly comprise additional adjectives, descriptive terms, or other modifiers in accordance with the normal precepts of English grammar. Absent the use of such adjectives, descriptive terms, or modifiers, it is the intent that such nouns, terms, or phrases be given their plain, and ordinary English meaning to those skilled in the applicable arts as set forth above.
  • FIGs. 1A and IB show field preparation and seedbed preparation for guayule seed planting.
  • FIGs. 1C to IE show seedbed preparation, seed furrow preparation, guayule seed planting, and mulch covering of guayule seeds.
  • FIGs. 2A and 2B show field preparation and seedbed preparation for guayule seed planting.
  • FIG. 2C shows seed furrow preparation for guayule seed planting.
  • FIG. 2D shows depositing of a mulch covering of guayule seeds.
  • the direct-seeding of guayule begins with preparing a seedbed 10 in a field 100 with aerated soil 1 10 substantially devoid of previous crop material.
  • One or more seedbeds 10 are shaped in the aerated soil 110.
  • One or more seed furrows 20 are formed in seedbeds 10.
  • Guayule seeds 40 are planted in seed furrow 20 and mulch 60 is added to cover at least a portion of seed furrow 20. After a period of time allowing for some guayule seed 40 germination or growth, mulch 60 is at least partially removed. The resulting stand of guayule plants in seedbed 10 are allowed to grow, and then may be harvested.
  • seedbed 10 preparation begins in a field 100 substantially devoid of previous crop material. To provide sufficient time for the new crop of guayule seeds 40 to become established, the preparation may begin approximately sometime during the months of September and early October.
  • a disk harrow 210 (see FIG. 2A) or similar tool may be used to aerate the soil in field 100 as it breaks up the previous crop and soil clods, leaving behind a top layer of aerated soil 1 10 with base soil 1 12 remaining relatively undisturbed underneath (e.g., see FIG. 1 A). Disk harrows 210 and other tilling methods aerate the soil, tear apart previous crop material, and break up soil clods.
  • Machines and methods other than a disk harrow 210 can also aerate the soil and remove or kill the previous crop, and this embodiment is not limited to the use of a disk harrow 210.
  • the amount of crop material remaining is a function of numerous variables (e.g., type of soil, type of previous crop, geographic location of the field, weather conditions, soil moisture, irrigation practices, prevalence of weeds, harshness of environment for guayule, etc), and determining whether a field is substantially devoid of previous crop material is also a function of these many variables.
  • One embodiment limits the tilling depth during seedbed 10 preparation, for example, with a goal of preventing damage to irrigation systems buried in field 100.
  • the tilling depth may be limited to approximately 15 cm deep.
  • the irrigation system may be one or more buried drip lines 50 installed, for example, at a depth of approximately 30 cm.
  • aerated soil 110 is shaped in one or more rows of seedbeds 10 positioned approximately over buried drip line 50.
  • Shaping aerated soil 110 into seedbeds 10 may utilize several tools and treatments.
  • a lister plow tool is capable of roughly shaping or mounding the soil, but other tools can accomplish the same goal (e.g., primary or rough bed shapers, moldboard plows, or chisel plows).
  • a bed shaper 220 see FIG. 2B
  • mulcher mulcher
  • Sundance ® puller or similar tool can even out the aerated soil 110 and help shape seedbed 10.
  • Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) equipped tractors and tools may assist with aligning seedbed 10 approximately over buried drip line 50.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • IB depicts a cross-sectional view of seedbed 10 shaped out of aerated soil 110 and resulting in sidewalls 12 and substantially planar surface 14, which is all positioned over buried drip line 50.
  • Each seedbed 10 is separated from the adjacent seedbed 10 by field furrow 16.
  • FIG. 1C shows a seed furrow 20 dug into seedbed 10 (not to be confused with field furrow 16).
  • Seedbed 10 includes one or more seed furrows 20 to receive guayule seeds 40 generally at the bottom of seed furrow 20, which is labeled as nadir 22.
  • a wide variety of tools can dig one or more seed furrows 20 into seedbed 10 (e.g., plow, shank, chisel point, sweep, disk and similar tools).
  • FIG. 2C illustrates a plow shank apparatus 230 digging two seed furrows 20 in seedbed 10.
  • FIG. ID illustrates one embodiment where guayule seeds 40 are placed approximately at nadir 22 (the bottom of seed furrow 20) and covered with medium 42.
  • Medium 42 can be, for example, soil from seed furrow 20, soil from field 100, soil from aerated soil 110, fertilized medium, or other mediums helpful in covering and growing seeds.
  • Mulch 60 is added and covers at least a portion of seedbed 10. Some embodiments add mulch 60 as soon as practicable after seeding. Some embodiments add mulch 60 within 24 hours after seeding. Some embodiments add mulch 60 within 2, 6, 12, 36, 48, 72, 96, etc., hours after seeding. Other embodiments may wait longer to add mulch 60 (e.g., up to 7, 14, 21, 30, or 45 days).
  • FIG. ID shows an exemplary mulch 60 using a long sheet of plastic, which can be a variety of colors (e.g., clear, natural, white, milky, brown, black) and vary in thickness (e.g., 0.2 to 10 mil, 0.4 to 5 mil, 0.25 to 2 mil, 1 to 25 mil, etc.).
  • FIG. 1 shows an exemplary mulch 60 using a long sheet of plastic, which can be a variety of colors (e.g., clear, natural, white, milky, brown, black) and vary in thickness (e.g., 0.2 to 10 mil, 0.4 to 5 mil, 0.25 to 2 mil, 1 to 25 mil, etc.).
  • FIG. 2D depicts a plastic mulch layer machine 240 laying mulch 60 (here, a plastic mulch 62) by depositing plastic mulch 62 over seedbed 10 so that the seed furrows 20 are covered and plastic mulch 62 is held in place by retaining soil 64 pushed onto the sides of plastic mulch 62 by the plastic mulch layer 240.
  • Mulch 60 does not need to be sheets of plastic mulch 62, and can be various inorganic or organic compounds.
  • FIG. IE depicts an embodiment where seedbed 10 includes two seed furrows 20. Similar to a seedbed 10 containing one seed furrow 20, seedbed 10 with two seed furrows 20 is positioned over buried drip line 50. Buried drip line 50 can be positioned approximately below the center of seedbed 10, as shown in FIG. IE. In alternative embodiments, buried drip line 50 can be offset to either side of center, aligned closer to either sidewall 12, or below field furrow 16. In further embodiments, two or more buried drip lines 50 rest anywhere below seedbed 10. For example, FIG. IE optionally illustrates two buried drip lines 52 placed approximately centered below each of the two seed furrows 20 in seedbed 10. Other embodiments include seedbed 10 including three or more seed furrows 20 resting over one, two, three, five, or more buried drip lines 50 placed anywhere underneath.
  • the disclosed embodiments assist in growing healthy and productive guayule stands directly from guayule seeds 40. After the guayule seeds 40 have grown into plants of, for example, 5-20 cm in height, the plants may be thinned to increase productivity of the guayule stand.
  • Some embodiments utilize a variety of shapes for seedbed 10 and seed furrow 20 (see FIGs. IB- IE).
  • multiple seedbeds 10 can be spaced approximately 1 meter apart in field 100 with each field furrow being approximately 30 cm wide (resulting in substantially planar surface 14 being approximately 70 cm wide).
  • farmers shaping seedbeds 10 may vary in their practices, however, based on tool availability, environment, soil condition, or preference. Seedbeds 10 spaced 1 meter apart may be shaped with the substantially planar surfaces 14 being approximately 30-95 cm across, resulting in the corresponding field furrows 16 being approximately 70-5 cm across. Seedbeds 10 can be spaced apart by different distances depending on the bed shaping tools used.
  • a farmer may, for example, modify bed shaping tools or practices to create seedbeds 10 that are spaced approximately 0.3, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, etc., meters apart in field 100 by changing shaping practices.
  • seedbed 10 spacing is available (e.g., seedbed 10 with a ratio of 80% planar surface 14 to 20% field furrow 16 spacing would measure approximately 80 cm/20 cm for 1 meter spacing, 32 cm/8 cm for 40 cm spacing, 104 cm/26 cm for 130 cm spacing, and so forth).
  • a similar variety of options are available for the depth of seedbed 10, field furrow 16, seed furrow 20, and buried drip line 50 (see FIGs. IB-IE).
  • Some embodiments utilize seedbed 10 measuring approximately 10-80 cm deep from planar surface 14 to bottom of field furrow 16.
  • Some embodiments utilize seed furrows 20 measuring 2-40 cm deep (measured from nadir 22 to planar surface 14) and 2-40 cm wide (from apex to apex of seed furrow 20 mounds).
  • One embodiment utilizes seedbed 10 measuring approximately 25 cm deep at the bottom of field furrow 16 and having at least one seed furrow 20 measuring approximately 15 cm deep by 20 cm wide.
  • Field 100 may be tilled to an approximate depth and seedbeds 10 may be shaped in order to approximately place the bottom of field furrow 16 at the top of base soil 112.
  • Alternative embodiments may position the bottom of field furrow 16 at approximately 1-80 cm above the top of base soil 112.
  • buried drip line 50 may be buried approximately 2-80 cm below the top of base soil 112.
  • Some embodiments seek to minimize the spacing from seed 40 to buried drip line 50 to shorten the distance from water source to seed 40. Further embodiments seek to limit the depth of seed furrow 20 to prevent soil cave-in or limited sunlight that may occur in deeper seed furrows 20.
  • the final depth of seed 40 can be adjusted by adjusting shape and depth of seedbed 10, seed furrow 20, and medium 42 according to various embodiments. Deeper seed furrows 20 can place seeds 40 deeper within seedbed 10.
  • the amount of medium 42 affects how deep seed 40 is planted. Medium 42 may be approximately 0.1 to 15 cm deep. Alternatively, no medium 42 may be added.
  • seeds 40 are deposited approximately at nadir 22 (the bottom of seed furrow 20) at a rate of about 25-1000 seeds per meter.
  • One embodiment deposits seeds 40 at a rate of about 250 seeds per meter while another embodiment deposits at about 330 seeds per meter.
  • Seeds 40 can be deposited using various tools available to farmers. For example, a vacuum precision plate planter may be used, but various belt and other vacuum planters may be used as well. Some embodiments may employ broadcast seeding. Seeds 40 may, for example, be broadcast over seedbed 10 with multiple seed furrows 20. Seeds 40 may also be broadcast over one or more seed furrows 20 having a wide shape. Seeds 40 can be treated with seed treatments according to certain embodiments. For example, seed treatments of priming, polyethylene glycol (PEG), giberellic acid, seed coatings, or other seed treatments may be applied to seeds 40.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • giberellic acid giberellic acid
  • a wide variety of irrigation techniques are available. Some embodiments utilize buried drip lines 50. Other embodiments use drip lines or similar micro-irrigation systems resting on top of seedbeds 10. Furrow, sprinkler, or flood irrigation is used in other embodiments. Further embodiments use any of the disclosed irrigation methods to pre-irrigate before adding seeds 40.
  • aeration holes are created in mulch 60.
  • aeration holes may be added to sheets of mulch 60 up to four weeks before mulch 60 is removed from seedbed 10.
  • the aeration holes assist in acclimating the plants to a more harsh environment with less humidity.
  • Some embodiments use aeration holes 1-6 cm in diameter spaced 10-70 cm apart along the length of mulch 60.
  • a wide variety of holes can be added to mulch 60 to adequately aerate plants growing in seedbed 10 (e.g., multiple lines or patterns of holes, holes of different and/or varying sizes and shapes).
  • aeration holes are already present in mulch 60 when it is placed on seedbed 10.
  • Some embodiments use a netting type mulch 60.
  • Other embodiments use mulch 60 of black plastic or another opaque plastic, but adding holes in mulch 60 to transmit light below mulch 60 in addition to the benefits of aeration provided by the holes.
  • Example 1 Field preparation and seedbed preparation for guayule seed planting:
  • the quality of field 100 preparation generally affects the ability to establish a good crop of guayule plants.
  • Many soil preparation procedures may be similar to preparing a field 100 for cotton or other row crops.
  • Guayule seeding benefits from a well-prepared seedbed, for example, a seedbed 10 that is well-aerated (guayule may perform poorly in compacted soil) or a seedbed 10 where the previous crop has been well broken up and worked into the ground to facilitate seeding.
  • Guayule direct-seeding under mulch 60 may be combined with buried drip line (e.g., drip line(s) 50) or drip tape irrigation.
  • buried drip line e.g., drip line(s) 50
  • drip tape irrigation e.g., a drip tape irrigation
  • ground preparation includes substantially destroying or removing the previous crop from field 100 (e.g., plowing or tilling previous crop under) early enough to not delay the new crop of guayule. For example, this work may occur in September and early October in fields located in a Northern Hemisphere arid climate such as Arizona. Seedbed 10 preparation and guayule seed 40 planting times vary and are a function of climate, location, soil and water conditions, and geography. For example, locations in the Southern Hemisphere may prepare beds in March, April, or May, which is during their fall season.
  • An embodiment may use a disk harrow 210 or similar tool to break up the previous crop and soil clods (see FIG. 2A).
  • the depth of tilling may be limited to not exceed 15 cm to reduce risk of damaging a buried drip line 50 irrigation system.
  • An embodiment may use a lister to make a peak-shaped seedbed 10 that is approximately centered over the top of the drip line 50 irrigation. This may be facilitated by using a tractor with GPS equipment.
  • An exemplary embodiment may use a bed shaper 220 or a mulcher to make a final shape on the seedbed 10 so that it is ready for irrigation, seeding, transplant, or further work (see FIGs. IB and 2B). This may be done so that the seedbed 10 is approximately centered over the buried drip line 50 (also referred to as a drip tape).
  • seedbeds 10 may be approximately 80 cm wide and field furrows 16 may be approximately 20 cm wide.
  • a seed furrow 20 (e.g., 15 cm deep by 15 cm wide), similar to those in FIGs. 1C-E, 2C and 2D, may be made on the planar surface 14 of seedbed 10 and approximately over the buried drip line 50 so that the irrigation water may come up to the guayule seed 40 more readily. This also gives headspace for several months of plant growth under the mulch 60 before the mulch 60 is removed.
  • the nadir 22 or bottom of the seed furrow 20 may be about 10-15 cm above the drip line(s) 50.
  • This seed furrow 20 may be made within a few days prior to seeding so that the nadir 22 is in good condition at seeding time. A deeper seed furrow 20 may result in more guayule seedling 40 emergence. Moisture may come up to the guayule seed 40 in a more reliable and uniform manner with the nadir 22 closer to the drip line 50 (see, e.g., data in Table 1). Table 1 Example 2. Guayule Seeding:
  • Guayule is a small seeded species (1200-1500 seeds per gram).
  • commercially available systems for small seeded crops can precisely place the appropriate quantity of guayule seed 40 in the seedbed 10.
  • a vacuum precision plate planter may work well for seeding guayule seeds 40.
  • seeding depth may be approximately 0.1-1.5 cm (although seeding depths up to 5 cm or 10 cm may be possible). Table 2 shows the results of a seeding depth study using certain embodiments.
  • guayule seed 40 may be covered with soil or another medium 42 so that the medium 42 is lightly packed around the guayule seed 40 for good soil to seed contact.
  • the newly seeded guayule seedbed 10 may be covered with mulch 60 (e.g., plastic mulch 62), which raises the temperature for seedling emergence and growth.
  • mulch 60 e.g., plastic mulch 62
  • Some methods allow seed furrows 20 to be seeded and then covered in mulch 60 within a matter of minutes, hours, or days.
  • adjusting the timing of seeding compared to conventional timing of guayule direct-seeding methods proved beneficial.
  • Table 3 shows the percent survival estimates from a pilot study in the spring of 2013. When ambient daytime high temperatures in March averaged over 28°C, stand establishment severely suffered. No stand was established for the 15-Mar-2013 seeding. Daytime high temperature may have a limiting effect on plant emergence, even though average temperatures under mulch 60 were within tolerable ranges for guayule emergence. When the ambient daytime highs in full sun reach 28°C during emergence, this would result in temperatures under the plastic mulch of approximately 36°C or higher in the hottest part of the day. Temperatures of 36°C or higher present possible thresholds beyond which emergence under mulch 60 may be compromised.
  • Some embodiments employ exemplary seeding dates throughout the fall, winter, and spring seasons.
  • Table 4 shows embodiments with 14 different seeding dates from fall 2013 through spring 2014.
  • Various seeding times gave good emergence, with better emergence resulting from December and January seedings.
  • the November seeding resulted in much bigger plants going into the growing season, which generally resulted in more biomass by harvest time.
  • the young seedlings from the late February and early March seeding showed significant heat stress by the time the plants were mature enough to remove mulch 60. Due to good emergence and excellent biomass potential, November may be considered to be an optimum month for seeding in certain embodiments. December, January, and early February were also good months for seeding according to some embodiments.
  • Table 4 shows embodiments with 14 different seeding dates from fall 2013 through spring 2014.
  • Various seeding times gave good emergence, with better emergence resulting from December and January seedings.
  • the November seeding resulted in much bigger plants going into the growing season, which generally resulted in more biomass by harvest time.
  • stands having a density of 5 plants/m may be desired for maximizing biomass potential when using transplant establishment methods.
  • guayule stands having a density of 20 plants/m may be recommended for direct-seed establishment methods according to some embodiments.
  • Other embodiments allow for stand density of about as low as 5 plants/m in direct-seed establishment.
  • mulch 60 is placed over the newly seeded guayule seedbeds 10 immediately after seeding, thereby creating a greenhouse environment under mulch 60.
  • Trials using 1, 2, and 4 mil thickness plastic mulch performed well.
  • Some embodiments may use mulch 60 (e.g., plastic mulch 62) up to about 12 mil thickness.
  • Embodiments using clear and natural (less coloring than white but more coloring than clear) colored plastic for mulch 60 may also perform well. Photosynthetic wavelengths of light may travel through mulch 60 of certain translucent colors or materials to reach the emerging seedlings. Since the seedlings may be covered for a number of weeks, embodiments using black mulch 60 (e.g., black plastic mulch 62) may be limited by time or method of application in certain embodiments.
  • Plastic mulch 62 from 1 to 3 mils is available in many colors for plastic mulch use for agriculture. Embodiments of different colors and thicknesses of mulch 60 may be used. Plastic mulch 62 of different colors and thicknesses have differences in heat retention and durability. For instance, clear plastic mulch 62 tends to make the soil and plant temperatures warmer during the day than a white plastic mulch 62. In some embodiments, using a 1 mil natural white or a 2 mil clear plastic mulch 62 produced desirable results.
  • Mulch 60 constructed of biodegradable plastics of an appropriate thickness or color may work as well. Mulch 60 may be a paper or a plastic and paper composite having a thickness of between 0.2 and 25 mils.
  • a mulch 60 made from a sheet or sheet- like material may generally be thinner than a non-sheet type of mulch 60 ⁇ e.g., sheets of plastic, paper, or fabric would be thinner than bark, wood chips, or pine needles).
  • the following table compares various embodiments with ambient air temperature recorded at various times of day compared to the air temperature under the mulch 60 within the head space between the guayule seeds 40 in the seed furrows 20 and the mulch 60.
  • the temperature varied between 3.2 and 13.7 degrees C higher than ambient temperatures.
  • the closeness to the hole made a great deal of difference, as noted with the range from 34.6 to 39.4 C on the 1 l-Mar-2014 measurement.
  • FIG. 2D shows a plastic mulch layer 240 capable of placing plastic mulch 62 over a seedbed 10 (similar equipment may be used in the vegetable crops industry).
  • a plastic mulch layer 240 capable of placing plastic mulch 62 over a seedbed 10 (similar equipment may be used in the vegetable crops industry).
  • a 1.2 meter wide plastic mulch 62 may be used, with about 25 cm of plastic on each side of plastic mulch 62 buried in retaining soil 64 to keep the plastic mulch 62 tight and stable.
  • the seeded and mulched seedbed 10 is irrigated using a drip line 50 irrigation system that is already in place.
  • Embodiments may use a single initial irrigation soon after planting to generate good germination and emergence (e.g., approximately 6 to 36 hours of irrigation).
  • One embodiment utilizes a single initial irrigation of approximately 24 hours using buried drip lines 50.
  • Irrigation length and frequency during the first month can vary depending on soil, weather, climate, and user preference.
  • Some embodiments irrigate seedbeds 10 until the seeded row area is moist (e.g., a goal of moistening at least: nadir 22, 20% of seed furrow 20, 50% of seed furrow 20, etc.), which should promote good emergence. Because numerous embodiments are seeded during cool times of the year and the plants are covered in mulch 60, moisture may be preserved and minimal irrigation may be needed past the first irrigation. In some embodiments, the first irrigation may be sufficient for the first month or two of growth.
  • Some embodiments utilize mulch 60 where aeration holes are made in the mulch 60 one to two weeks before mulch 60 removal to acclimate the plants to a more harsh environment with less humidity. Machinery is available to put holes in already laid plastic mulch 62 or other types of mulch 60. Embodiments may use aeration holes that are 2-4 cm in diameter, which are cut approximately every 20-40 cm in the center of the seedbed 10. Aeration holes can be placed in a variety of locations. One embodiment places two rows of aeration holes with each row roughly centered over the two seed furrows 20 in a seedbed 10 having two seed furrows 20. Some embodiments may use aeration holes in the mulch 60 created up to sixty days before mulch 60 removal. Other embodiments delay creating aeration holes in the mulch 60 until approximately 1 to 14 days before mulch 60 removal. Still other embodiments use no aeration holes in the mulch 60.
  • the mulch 60 is removed from the growing plants once the danger of frost is past, and once the plants have reached a good size to tolerate mulch 60 removal shock. For some embodiments, this is approximately between March 1 and April 1 for seeding dates between November 1 and February 15 (in the Northern Hemisphere and depending on geography, climate, soil, and other conditions). After April 1, the temperature under the plastic may be too hot for the plants, although well-established plants tolerate fairly high temperatures under the mulch 60. Table 7 lists the mulch 60 pull off dates used in embodiments with various seeding dates.
  • the guayule plants can be thinned to stand after mulch 60 removal by removing or destroying lesser plants in favor of keeping the better performing plants.
  • the guayule plants are allowed to grow as is after mulch 60 removal, but the choice of thinning plants or not may depend on stand density. Following thinning, normal cultural practices may be followed.
  • Example 4 Comparison of disclosed embodiments of direct field seeding methods to the conventional direct-seeding methods:
  • Example 5 Comparison of disclosed embodiments of the direct field seeding methods to the transplanted seedling method.
  • Guayule plants established through direct-seeding under plastic mulch according to disclosed embodiments performed significantly better than guayule plants transplanted using conventional transplanting methods. Stands of transplanted guayule plants averaged 4.4 plants per meter. In contrast, stands having an average of 106.7 guayule plants per meter resulted using disclosed embodiments of direct-seeded guayule and were larger and healthier than the transplanted guayule plants.
  • the root structure is noticeably different as well.
  • the plants established using the disclosed direct-seed methods develop a true taproot. Transplanted plants developed a more fibrous root system. However, the same root structure was observed in the transplanted plants that were allowed to grow for between 15 and 17 months after establishment. Stand density is also markedly different: in a 23 cm section of a direct-seeded row using the disclosed embodiments, 17 guayule plants were growing; while on average only a single plant occupied the same space in a transplanted row.
  • Table 9 shows a comparison of biomass potential from a pilot study using embodiments of the disclosed direct-seeding methods. This data was from fall 2011 transplanted and direct-seeded plants. The direct-seeded plants were not thinned. Table 9

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés pour l'établissement de support de guayule par ensemencement de champ direct, qui peuvent consister à préparer un ou plusieurs lits de semence dans un champ à terre aérée. Les lits de semence sont formés dans la terre aérée, et un ou plusieurs sillons de semence sont formés dans les lits de semence. Des semences de guayule sont plantées dans un sillon de semence, et un paillis est ajouté pour recouvrir le sillon de semence. Après une période de temps permettant la germination ou la croissance de semence de guayule, le paillis est au moins partiellement retiré. Le support résultant de plants de guayule dans le lit de semence sont autorisés à se développer, et peuvent ensuite être récoltés. Ces procédés d'ensemencement de champ direct offrent un avantage significatif par rapport aux procédés d'ensemencement direct classiques et aux procédés d'ensemencement transplanté utilisés habituellement.
PCT/US2015/049179 2014-09-09 2015-09-09 Procédés pour l'établissement de support de guayule par ensemencement de champ direct Ceased WO2016040477A1 (fr)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019118692A1 (fr) * 2017-12-15 2019-06-20 Bridgestone Corporation Procédé de semis direct de graines de guayule enrobées
US11771020B2 (en) 2017-02-17 2023-10-03 Bridgestone Corporation Processes for direct seeding of guayule

Citations (1)

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US6094858A (en) * 1996-03-01 2000-08-01 Shine; Samuel James Apparatus for dispensing and laying a sheet of film material

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US6094858A (en) * 1996-03-01 2000-08-01 Shine; Samuel James Apparatus for dispensing and laying a sheet of film material

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ABRAHAMS J., DIRECT SEEDING OF GUAYULE USING IRRIGATION., 1984, pages 37 *
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11771020B2 (en) 2017-02-17 2023-10-03 Bridgestone Corporation Processes for direct seeding of guayule
WO2019118692A1 (fr) * 2017-12-15 2019-06-20 Bridgestone Corporation Procédé de semis direct de graines de guayule enrobées
US20210161061A1 (en) * 2017-12-15 2021-06-03 Bridgestone Corporation Processes For The Direct Seeding Of Coated Guayule Seeds

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