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WO2015134387A1 - Génération et utilisation de potentiel vecteur magnétique - Google Patents

Génération et utilisation de potentiel vecteur magnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015134387A1
WO2015134387A1 PCT/US2015/018312 US2015018312W WO2015134387A1 WO 2015134387 A1 WO2015134387 A1 WO 2015134387A1 US 2015018312 W US2015018312 W US 2015018312W WO 2015134387 A1 WO2015134387 A1 WO 2015134387A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
input
coil
output
switching mechanism
vector potential
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/US2015/018312
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English (en)
Inventor
Jason Kapcia
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Divergent Inc
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Divergent Inc
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Publication of WO2015134387A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015134387A1/fr
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
    • H04B5/79—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for data transfer in combination with power transfer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/80—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange
    • H02J7/00034—Charger exchanging data with an electronic device, i.e. telephone, whose internal battery is under charge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters

Definitions

  • typical wireless charging systems drive one circuit with an alternating current, which induces another alternating current in another circuit.
  • This standard operation results in an interaction between electric and magnetic fields (e.g., via Lenz's law), which can act to oppose changes in the system. These interactions can reduce efficiency in the operation of the charging system.
  • two solenoids are typically placed side -by-side around a two arms of a magnetic core (transformer) and driven with an alternating current.
  • two solenoids are situated with one on top of each other and driven with an alternating current. In either case, a Lenz effect is produced by such operation, which can result in electric fields that oppose current changes, thereby adding a load to the system and resulting in lower efficiency.
  • Typical communication systems also operate in a similar manner by driving one circuit with an oscillating current to produce a transverse electromagnetic wave (e.g., radio waves or microwaves).
  • a receiving antenna interacts with the transverse electromagnetic wave, and a current signal is created in the antenna. Such a signal can be decoded to obtain data encoded in the transverse electromagnetic wave. Similar issues can arise with communication systems as with power systems.
  • Some embodiments provide apparatuses and methods for driving an input conductor with a signal comprising a series of voltage pulses for inducing a voltage in an output circuit wirelessly.
  • the pulses can be sufficiently short so as to reduce an amount of current produced along the input conductor, thereby reducing the Lenz effect, which is proportional to a change in current along the input conductor.
  • the pulses can have a sufficiently fast rise time (e.g., less than 30 ns) to induce a sufficiently high voltage in the output circuit (e.g., greater than 5 or 10 V).
  • a surprisingly high voltage can be induced in an output circuit when using fast rise times of less than 30 ns.
  • Such pulses can take advantage of the skin effect, which is normally considered a hindrance.
  • embodiments can use the skin effect in an input conductor of a first (input) circuit to produce a time -varying magnetic vector potential that projects radially from a surface of the input conductor.
  • the time-varying magnetic vector potential can provide an electric field for inducing a motion of electrons in a second (output) circuit.
  • Voltage pulses having a rapid change to a maximum voltage can be used to increase the skin effect, while reducing any opposing emf as the amount of current is reduced due to a short duration of the pulse.
  • the input conductor and output circuit can have various configurations.
  • the input conductor can extend along a plane, and the output circuit can at least partially reside in the plane and extend away from the input conductor in the plane.
  • Such a geometry can reduce any back coupling between the two circuits, e.g., between
  • One embodiment has the input conductor being a toroidal coil and the output circuit being a flat coil (also called a pancake coil).
  • Some embodiments can also provide systems, apparatuses, and methods for producing a directional electric field from an end of a coil in an efficient manner.
  • voltage pulses can be used to charge the turns of the coil so that the coil acts as a capacitor.
  • the voltage pulses can be of a specified time width (e.g., 1 or less) so as to reduce the amount of current flowing in the coil, and thus reduce the input power used in the coil.
  • the electric field can be used for a variety of purposes, e.g., for charging or
  • An output conductor can be positioned such that electrons can be moved in the output conductor.
  • the motion of electrons can correspond to the communication of data or be used to operate a load (e.g., in charging a device or otherwise providing power).
  • FIG. 1A shows a diagram 100 illustrating the magnetic vector potential and magnetic fields resulting from current in a wire 101.
  • FIG. IB shows a diagram 150 of a perspective view of wire 101.
  • FIG. 2 A shows a toroidal coil 201 according to a conventional design.
  • FIG. 2B shows a diagram 250 of a perspective view of toroidal coil 201.
  • FIGS. 3A-3D show Lenz's law for one current loop being driven by AC.
  • FIGS. 4A-4D show block diagrams of four potential standard (coiled) wire interactions demonstrating the back-coupling, self-limiting behavior described in Lenz's law.
  • FIG. 5A shows a visual representation of the divergence V ⁇ A in 2D.
  • FIG. 5B shows a visual representation of the divergence V ⁇ A in 3D.
  • FIGS. 6A-6C provide cross-sectional views of a conductive wire 600 carrying different types of currents to illustrate the skin effect according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates eddy currents within a wire 700 that cause the skin effect.
  • Wire 700 is shown with the current 710 (label I) in the up direction.
  • FIG. 8 shows a plot of skin depth vs. frequency for copper, gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, and carbon.
  • FIG. 9 A shows a motion of electrons radially outward in a wire 900 during a rising edge of a first pulse.
  • FIG. 9B shows a motion of electrons through the inward in wire 900 during a falling edge of the first pulse to a zero voltage.
  • FIG. 9C shows a motion of electrons radially outward in a wire 900 during a rising edge of a second pulse.
  • FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view of a wire 1000 with a radial magnetic vector potential 1010 produced from voltage pulses according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10B shows a perspective view of wire 1000 and the radial magnetic vector potential 1010 having a nonzero divergence according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11A shows a side view of a toroidal coil 1100 with a radial magnetic vector potential 1110 produced from voltage pulses according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 IB shows a perspective view of toroidal coil 1100.
  • FIG. 11C shows a solenoid 1150 from which a radial magnetic vector potential 1160 is produced according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a system according to various embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of a basic circuit 1300 illustrating aspects of system 1200 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 14A-14E show an example circuit 1400 for providing short voltage pulses according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 15 shows an oscilloscope screenshot 1500 of an input voltage pulse 1510 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16A shows an input toroidal coil 1600 and an output pancake coil 1610 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16B shows a perspective view of input toroidal coil 1600 and output pancake coil 1610 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 shows a block diagram of a model circuit 1700 of a solenoid.
  • FIG. 18A shows a time dependence of voltage across capacitor 1870, resistor 1848, an inductor 1850 when connected to a power supply 100 V.
  • FIG. 18B shows a magnified view of FIG. 18A for a time frame of 1.2 nanoseconds.
  • FIGS. 18C and 18D show a table 1880 of the raw data for plot of FIG. 18A.
  • FIG. 19 shows a coil 1900 composed of turns 1905 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 20 A shows a solenoid 2000 through which a current is flowing per a standard operation of solenoid 2000.
  • FIG. 20B shows a solenoid 2050 to which voltage pulses are being applied.
  • FIG. 21 shows a solenoid 2150 from which a radial magnetic vector potential 2170 and an electric field 2160 are produced according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 22 shows a block diagram of a circuit 2200 with a solenoid 2250 producing an electric filed 2230 that causes a current in circuit 2290 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 23A shows a wireless interaction between a solenoid 2300 through which a current is flowing per a standard operation of solenoid 2300 and a wire 2340.
  • FIG. 23B shows a wireless interaction between an input solenoid 2350 to which voltage pulses are being applied and an output wire 2370 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 24A shows a wireless interaction between a solenoid 2400 through which a current is flowing per a standard operation of solenoid 2400 and a coil 2440.
  • FIG. 24B shows a wireless interaction between an input solenoid 2450 to which voltage pulses are being applied and an output coil 2470 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 25A and 25B show plots of the amplitude of an input voltage pulse on an input conductor vs. the amplitude of an output voltage pulse induced in an output cylindrical coil perpendicular to an input cylindrical coil for various pulse widths and rise times according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 26 shows a table 2600 of the data points used to create plots of FIG. 25 A and 25B according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 27A and 27B show plots of the amplitude of an input voltage pulse on an input conductor vs. the amplitude of an output voltage pulse induced in an output pancake coil for various pulse widths and rise times according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 28 shows a table 2800 of the data points used to create plots of FIG. 27A and 27B according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 29A and 29B show plots of the amplitude of an input voltage pulse on an input conductor vs. the amplitude of an output voltage pulse induced in an output circuit for various pulse widths and rise times according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 30 shows a table 3000 of the data points used to create plots of FIG. 29A and 29B according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • a pulse is different than a portion of a periodic, continuous signal.
  • a pulse may have a beginning and ending that does not explicitly depend on other pulses, where as an AC waveform has a specific property throughout the waveform.
  • a pulse would generally be positive or negative.
  • the voltage decays back toward a steady-state value, e.g., toward ground.
  • an alternating signal e.g., sinusoidal wave
  • a "roe time" of a pulse is an amount of time for a pulse to increase from a first specified value to a second specified value.
  • the first specified value being 10% or less of the amplitude
  • the second specified value is 90%> or more of the amplitude.
  • the amplitude" of a pulse is a maximum voltage achieved by a pulse.
  • a "width" of a pulse corresponds to a time between a leading edge and a falling edge of a pulse. The width can be measured as the width at half of the amplitude, typically referred to as full width at half maximum (FWHM). In other examples, a width of ground to ground could be used.
  • a “conductor” refers to materials that conduct ions, e.g., electrons. Examples of conductors are metals, certain ceramic materials, conductive polymers, and certain carbon structures.
  • the fast rise times can ensure that a change in the magnetic vector potential A is sufficiently high to create a sufficiently high electric field for inducing a voltage in an output circuit.
  • the fast rise times coupled with small widths (e.g., 100, 10, or 1 microseconds or smaller) for the pulses can ensure that an appreciable amount of current does not begin to flow, thereby limiting the Lenz effect.
  • the width can be about the same as the rise time.
  • the magnetic field produced by the current in the loaded output coil may be configured to not couple back to any substantial magnetic field of the input coil by the geometrical configuration of the two coils with respect to each other.
  • the loaded output coil can have an orientation such that the magnetic field produced by the current in the loaded coil will be perpendicular to an orientation of the input coil, thereby avoiding unwanted effects, such as inducing an appreciable amount of current along the input coil.
  • some embodiments can provide wireless power and communication between an input conductor (e.g., a coil) and an output circuit, which may include a coil.
  • the input coil can be driven by input voltage pulses having sufficiently short rise times (e.g., less than 30 ns) such that a radial magnetic vector potential is created.
  • the magnetic vector potential varies with time, thereby creating an electric field, which is received at the output circuit.
  • a current can be created in the output circuit from the voltage pulses in the input current.
  • the input voltage pulses can be of such short duration (e.g., 100, 10, or 1 microseconds or smaller), an appreciable current would not flow in the input conductor.
  • limitations e.g., as a result of Lenz's law
  • resulting from such a standard input current can be reduced or eliminated.
  • Some embodiments can also use short voltage pulses to charge an input coil to act as a stack of capacitors, thereby creating an electric field.
  • the voltage pulses are of such a short duration (e.g., 1 or less) that current flow is kept at a minimal or essentially zero value, thereby minimizing power input.
  • a switching mechanism is used to control the width of the voltage pulses.
  • an output conductor can be positioned such that a directional electric field from the input coil can be used to generate a current in the output conductor.
  • the output conductor can be a wire that runs along an axis of the input coil.
  • an output conductor can be an output coil that is positioned such that the directional electric field from the input coil can be used to charge the output coil.
  • the output coil can be aligned with the input coil.
  • VV electric potential
  • A time derivative of the magnetic vector potential A
  • the magnetic field B is defined in term of the magnetic vector potential A, namely the magnetic field B equals the curl (V x) of the magnetic vector potential A :
  • the electric field can also be generated from the magnetic vector potential A, as well as the electric potential VV (also referred to as a voltage).
  • the electric field equals the gradient of a voltage added to the partial derivative of the magnetic vector potential A with respect to time: dA
  • the magnetic vector potential A equals a voltage times seconds divided by meters
  • the partial derivative with respect to time equals a voltage divided by meters
  • the gradient of a voltage equals a voltage divided by meters:
  • VV ⁇ .
  • Maxwell equations can be written utilizing the magnetic vector potential A as follows:
  • both the magnetic field B and electric field E are defined by a modulation or alteration of the magnetic vector potential A, which demonstrates that A serves as the physical basis for both magnetic and electric fields, a fundamental axiom of electrodynamics theory. Because a magnetic field is made from the curl of the magnetic vector potential A , there is a time-varying magnetic field when there is a time -varying curl of the magnetic vector potential A. And, when there is a time-varying magnetic vector potential A, there is an electric field in that same region of space, but there is no requirement that A has a non-zero curl.
  • a magnetic field B that is changing through time equals the curl of the magnetic vector potential A that is changing over time, which in turns then equals the curl of the electric field
  • a time-varying magnetic field can create a new electric field that has a curl.
  • a curled electric field E is produced in the region about a straight magnetic field B when and only when that magnetic field B is changing through time (i.e. is time -varying).
  • FIG. 1A shows a block diagram 100 illustrating the magnetic vector potential and magnetic fields resulting from current in a wire 101.
  • Block diagram 100 shows a
  • the magnetic vector potential A around the wire is in the form of a gradient down the length of the wire with ensuing curl and vorticity of the magnetic vector potential A which causes magnetic fields to be created about the wire.
  • the current in wire 101 is shown going into the diagram.
  • the magnetic vector potential 102 is in the same direction as the current, and is shown outside wire 101.
  • the magnetic vector potential 102 decreases with radial distance away from wire 101 , which causes a non-zero curl in magnetic vector potential 102.
  • the circular shape of the magnetic field follows from the radial decay of magnetic vector potential 102.
  • the increase in magnetic field 104 is also clockwise, and a changing electric field is produced.
  • the changing electric field corresponds to time-varying magnetic vector potential 106, which is in the opposite direction of the electric field.
  • FIG. IB shows a diagram 150 of a perspective view of wire 101.
  • the magnetic vector potential 106 corresponding to the electric field that is generated as a result of the time-varying magnetic field 104 is also shown.
  • FIG. 2A shows a toroidal coil 201 according to a conventional design.
  • Magnetic vector potential 202 corresponds to a direction of current in toroidal coil 201, also called a toroidal solenoid.
  • a power supply is not shown, for ease of illustration.
  • a magnetic field 204 results through the core of the coils (which is air in the graphic but is usually
  • FIG. 2B shows a diagram 250 of a perspective view of toroidal coil 201.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B if one were to wind a secondary coil around toroidal coil 201 such that the secondary coil was larger than toroidal coil 201 (i.e., toroidal coil 201 is inside the secondary coil), and an AC signal as fed into toroidal coil 201, there would be a changing magnetic vector potential A, and hence a changing electric field in the same orientation (but opposite direction) as the arrows of magnetic vector potential 202. Since the magnetic field is contained in the core, and the changing magnetic vector potential A is not, it is clear to see why an emf can be induced in the secondary coil.
  • the magnetic vector potential A in and around the coil in the conventional geometry is in the form of a gradient down the length of the wire with ensuing curl and vorticity of the magnetic vector potential A giving rise to the magnetic fields that are seen in the area of the core of the coil.
  • FIGS. 3A-3D show Lenz's law for one current loop being driven by alternating current (AC). Each figure shows the direction of the current I, the direction of the magnetic field B, the direction of change B of the magnetic field, and the direction of the induced current m i that results.
  • FIG. 3B the current I is still in the counter-clockwise direction, but the current I is decreasing, which results in the change B of the magnetic field being down.
  • the induced current ⁇ m A attempts to maintain the current at the previous value, and thus is in the same direction. Accordingly, the emf is opposing the change in the current.
  • FIGS. 3C and 3D show a similar result when the current I is clockwise.
  • 4A-4D show block diagrams of four potential standard (coiled) wire interactions demonstrating the back-coupling, self-limiting behavior described in Lenz's law. All coil axes are in alignment.
  • the four standard coil interactions represent Faraday's and Lenz's laws and demonstrate how the movement of one coil (the 'input'), with a magnetic field in and around it, induces a magnetic and electric field upon another coil (the 'output') that couple to, and are in direct opposition to the electric and magnetic fields (and movement) of the input coil.
  • the input coil is moved toward the output coil.
  • the input coil has a current that creates a first B field in the down direction. If the input coil is moved down (or the current increases), the magnetic flux in the output coil increases, thereby resulting in an electric field that causes an opposite current in the output coil, and thereby causing a second
  • the magnetic fields in the opposite directions attempt to repel the input and output coil to keep them at the same distance. For example, when the input coil moves toward the output coil, the two magnetic fields increase in opposite direction and the two coils repel each other. Similarly, if the current in the input coil is increased, the two magnetic fields will increase, thereby causing the two coils to repel each other.
  • the input coil is moved away from the output coil.
  • the input coil has a current (e.g., counterclockwise) that creates a first B field in the up direction.
  • the magnetic flux in the output coil decreases (shown by flux being down).
  • An induced electric field causes a counter-clockwise current in the output coil, thereby causing a second B field in the up direction.
  • the two magnetic fields in the same direction attract each other, thereby creating an attractive force that attempts to keep the coils at the same distance. If the current in the input coil decreased, the induced second B field will cause an attraction between the coils.
  • FIG. 4C the input coil is moved away from the output coil.
  • the input coil has a current (e.g., clockwise) that creates a first B field in the down direction.
  • a current e.g., clockwise
  • the magnetic flux in the output coil decreases.
  • An electric field causes a clockwise current in the output coil, thereby causing a second B field in the down direction.
  • the two magnetic fields in the same direction attract each other, thereby creating an attractive force that attempts to keep the coils at the same distance. If the current in the input coil decreased, the induced second B field will cause an attraction between the coils.
  • the input coil is moved toward the output coil.
  • the input coil has a current (e.g., counterclockwise) that creates a first B field in the up direction.
  • a current e.g., counterclockwise
  • the magnetic flux in the output coil increases.
  • a resulting electric field causes a clockwise current in the output coil, thereby causing a second B field in the down direction.
  • the two magnetic fields in the opposite direction repel each other, thereby creating a repelling force that attempts to keep the coils at the same distance. If the current in the input coil is increased, the induced second B field will cause a repelling between the coils.
  • transformers In this case, two coils are wound upon a common core such that the magnetic field B changing through time stimulates the movement of one coil in relation to another.
  • the AC provides a changing magnet field B in the input coil (primary of the transformer), which induces an emf upon the output coil (secondary of the transformer).
  • MVP A magnetic vector potential A
  • conductors are used to conduct currents down the length of a wire, thereby producing a radial gradient in A that is perpendicular to the direction of A along the wire (i.e., A decreases radially from the wire and A is along the wire).
  • This gradient in A provides an ensuing curl of the magnetic vector potential A (i.e., non-zero curl).
  • this curl leads to a magnetic field, which when time-varying causes a limiting effect in the conductor. If the curl can be reduced or eliminated, the limiting effect can be reduced, and the energy imparted into a first coil to wirelessly produce a motion of electrons in a second coil (not receiving electrons from the first coil) can be reduced.
  • embodiments can create a divergence in A, e.g., in short bursts by using voltage pulses.
  • the mathematical representation for a divergence in the magnetic vector potential A is V ⁇ A, which corresponds to + + A divergence can be thought of as a point source.
  • FIG. 5 A shows a visual representation of the divergence V ⁇ A in 2D.
  • the vertical and horizontal axes correspond to distances in the two dimensions.
  • a point source of A is located at the origin position ⁇ 0,0 ⁇ .
  • the arrows indicate a direction of the magnetic vector potential A at select positions. As can be seen, the arrows diverge away from the origin. The size of the arrows is for better visualization, and does not correspond to a magnitude.
  • FIG. 5B shows a visual representation of the divergence V ⁇ A in 3D.
  • the point source is located at the origin position ⁇ 0,0 ⁇ . Note that there is no curl in the vector fields of FIGS. 5 A and 5B. If a divergence in the magnetic vector potential A can be created, then the curl can be avoided, and a magnetic field B would not be created as a result of the diverging magnetic vector potential A.
  • a divergence in the magnetic vector potential A can create an electric field without an accompanying magnetic field when the diverging magnetic vector potential A has a certain dependence on time.
  • the relationship between A and E in this context is as follows:
  • a divergent magnetic vector potential A that is changing over time equals a divergent electric field E.
  • a time-varying divergent magnetic vector potential A creates a divergent electric field E.
  • There is no magnetic field B resulting from the A created from the skin effect because there is no curl (no vorticity) of the magnetic vector potential A. This is because there is no curl in a diverging vector field.
  • a time-varying divergence in the magnetic vector potential A which produces a divergent electric field E, can be produced using various conductors including wires, plates, or spheres, using various materials, geometries, and designs.
  • conductors are presently used to conduct currents down the length of a wire, which produces a gradient in A and an ensuing curl of the magnetic vector potential A in the direction of the current flow.
  • Typical operation is not designed to produce a skin effect, which, when optimized, can produce a divergence of the magnetic vector potential A when there are time-varying currents within conductive wires.
  • FIGS. 6A-6C provide cross-sectional views of a conductive wire 600 carrying different types of currents to illustrate the skin effect according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the current remains constant and is DC.
  • the voltage is constant to provide a constant current
  • the current is composed of electrons moving along the wire throughout the entire wire. This is illustrated by the wire being completely shaded (region 610a), with shading indicating current flowing through the wire.
  • the current changes moderately through time and is low frequency AC.
  • the skin effect can be seen in FIG. 6B.
  • Region 610b corresponds to where current can flow along wire 600.
  • Region 620b corresponds to where no or minimal current is flowing along wire 600.
  • the restriction of current to an outer ring of wire 600 when current is changing i.e., AC character of current
  • the skin effect so termed as the current stays near the skin (outer surface) of the wire.
  • Region 610c corresponds to where current is flowing along wire 600. As one can see, region 610c is smaller than region 610a, as the frequency is higher for FIG. 6C. Region 620c corresponds to where no or minimal current is flowing along wire 600. Region 620c is larger than region 610b.
  • the depth of the region through which current flows i.e., 610b and 610c is called the skin depth.
  • the skin effect is viewed as a nuisance since the result is a smaller region through which current can flow. As the region for current flow is smaller, resistance increases. Thus, resistance varies inversely with the skin depth. Accordingly, standard techniques try to eliminate the skin depth. In contrast, embodiments described herein beneficially use the skin effect.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates eddy currents within a wire 700 that cause the skin effect.
  • Wire 700 is shown with the current 710 (label I) in the up direction.
  • Current 710 causes a magnetic field 720 (label H) to be generated within wire 700.
  • magnetic field 720 is also time varying, which generates an induced current 730 (labeled Iw).
  • Induced current 730 (eddy currents) opposes current 710 toward the middle of wire 700, thereby causing no or minimal current to flow in the middle of wire 700.
  • ⁇ is called the skin depth.
  • J is the current density at depth d.
  • Js is the current density at the surface of the wire.
  • the value d is the depth from the surface in meters.
  • the value ⁇ is the skin depth in meters (or other common unit as d).
  • the skin depth is thus defined as the depth below the surface of the conductor at which the current density has fallen to 1/e (about 0.37) of Js.
  • the skin depth is well approximated for a given mat rial operating at a given frequency as: where p is resistivity of the conductor, ⁇ is the angular frequency of current (2 ⁇ x frequency), f is the frequency of the current, and ⁇ 0 is the permeability of free space.
  • FIG. 8 shows a plot of skin depth vs. frequency for copper, gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, and carbon.
  • the vertical axis of skin depth in millimeters.
  • the horizontal axis is frequency in hertz. As one can see, the higher the frequency, the smaller the skin depth. In some aspects, a small the skin depth is advantageous for embodiments, as there is more movement of electrons to the surface.
  • Various types of metals can be used for the input conductor.
  • time-varying currents are conducted only down the length of a conducting wire in conventional systems, as shown in FIG. 1 A.
  • the skin effect is reduced or eliminated when possible by design.
  • embodiments can create divergent electric fields without accompanying magnetic fields.
  • embodiments seek to utilize, and can maximize, the skin effect in conductive wires to create a time -varying divergent magnetic vector potential A, which in turn creates (generates) divergent electric fields without accompanying magnetic fields.
  • embodiments use voltage pulses with very short rise times (e.g., less than 30 ns).
  • the pulses are composed strictly of a rising edge and a falling edge, and thus can resemble a triangular waveform.
  • a very high voltage can be used to obtain a very large increase in voltage over time, and thus a high dl/dt.
  • the pulses can also be of short width (e.g., less than 1 nanosecond, 10 nanoseconds, 100 nanoseconds, a microsecond, 10 microseconds, or 100 microseconds) so as to limit an amount of current flowing through the conducting wire.
  • the use of voltage pulses to provide a divergent magnetic vector potential is described below.
  • induced current 730 causes electrons to flow toward the surface, as depicted by arrows of induced current 730 toward the surface. The induced current is less at the surface, and thus emf that would cause the electrons to move back toward the center is less than the emf pushing the electrons toward the surface.
  • FIG. 9A shows a motion of electrons radially outward in a wire 900 during a rising edge of a first pulse.
  • the large dl/dt causes a significant skin effect, which causes movement of electrons to the surface of wire 900.
  • the radial outward motion is depicted with arrows 905.
  • FIG. 9B shows a motion of electrons inward in wire 900 during a falling edge of the first pulse to a zero voltage.
  • the voltage is zero, and thus the change in current is zero.
  • there is no skin effect as there is no voltage or current, which results in the electrons moving back to a state of equilibrium by some electrons moving towards the middle of wire 900.
  • the skin effect removed, the electrons are no longer being pushed toward the surface, which allows a movement towards the center that would be positively charged as a result of the radial movement during the rising edge.
  • the rising edge and falling edge of the voltage pulses can be asymmetric. For example, the rising edge can increase faster than the falling edge decreases.
  • FIG. 9C shows a motion of electrons radially outward in a wire 900 during a rising edge of a second pulse. Since the electrons move back towards the center after the end of the first pulse, the electrons can now move to the surface when the rising edge of the second pulse occurs. In this manner, a divergence from the center of the wire can be generated.
  • the slew rate (increase in voltage over time) relates to a frequency.
  • the skin effect can be maximized by increasing the slew rate.
  • a large voltage over a short period of time can be used to increase the slew rate. Results below show that the total rise time can effect a strength of a voltage induced in an output circuit.
  • FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view of a wire 1000 with a radial magnetic vector potential 1010 produced from voltage pulses according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the arrows represent the divergent magnetic vector potential A around the wire.
  • FIG. 10B shows a perspective view of wire 1000 and the radial magnetic vector potential 1010 having a nonzero divergence according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • magnetic vector potential 1010 does not have a curl, and thus would not generate a magnetic field, which can cause a limiting effect on the production of voltage pulses in wire 1000. In this manner, power is not wasted having to overcome such a magnetic field, and operation can be more efficient.
  • Magnetic vector potential 1010 can be considered to be longitudinal if it does not have a curl. Also, magnetic vector potential 1010 is not part of a transverse wave of coupled electric and magnetic fields. The magnetic vector potential varies in a direction of propagation of the magnetic vector potential. The longitudinal wave increases and decreases in correspondence to voltage pulses, where A decreases to zero between pulses.
  • the radial expansion of electrons in wire 1000 can induce a longitudinal wave in magnetic vector potential.
  • the rapidly time -varying divergence in the magnetic vector potential A around the wire will create a high voltage electric field extending directly out of the wire perpendicularly in a 360 degree radius as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.
  • This radial magnetic vector potential is time-varying at a rate consistent with the voltage pulses.
  • This time -varying radial magnetic vector potential can create a radial electric field extending from wire 1000.
  • the oscillation of the magnetic vector potential can be controlled to provide a desired electric field, which can be used for a variety of purposes (e.g., inductive charging and communications).
  • a desired electric field which can be used for a variety of purposes (e.g., inductive charging and communications).
  • the slew rate of the voltage pulses can be used to determine an instantaneous magnitude of the electric field, and the duration of the rise time can correspond to an amount of time that an electric field is generated.
  • the duty cycle of pulses can be used to control an average magnitude of the resulting electric field. As the benefit is obtain in the edges of the pulse, the width of the pulse can be kept small so that current does not flow in the input circuit (conductor).
  • a time variance of the electric field can be dictated by second and higher derivatives in the A generated during a rise time of the voltage pulse.
  • the electric field has a same direction or opposite direction, depending on how A is changing over time (e.g., increasing or decreasing). For example, if A is increasing over time, then the electric field would be in the opposite direction. If A is decreasing over time, then the electric field would be in the same direction.
  • the pattern of pulses can determine a time variance of the electric field. For example, pulses can be sent in bursts, followed by no pulses for a specified duration, thereby providing a time variation of the electric field.
  • the voltage pulse has sufficient properties (e.g., rise time and pulse width), the current does not reach an appreciable value because the current is increasing over a very short period of time.
  • the voltage begins to decrease before an appreciable amount of current can flow, and thus a generation of an opposing magnetic field is avoided. Accordingly, the generation of a short voltage pulse is beneficial.
  • a voltage pulse can be generated using a switching mechanism to obtain a short width for the pulse.
  • the properties of the rising edge can dictate an amount of radial movement of electrons, and thus an amplitude of the radial magnetic vector potential.
  • the falling edge would be fast enough so that the voltage reaches zero before a next voltage pulse is to be provided.
  • the rate of the voltage pulses can be selected to provide an electric field with a desired property.
  • a pulse width would limit maximum frequency of the voltage pulses.
  • the skin effect impedes the generation of current, as do other capacitive and inductive effects at the initial moment that voltage increases from zero. For instance, once the electrons begin to move, the electrons encounter eddy currents and a force that pushes the electrons to the surface. Thus, in the very short period of the rising edge of the pulse, an appreciable amount of current does not flow.
  • a purpose of having a short voltage pulse is to stop generation of current when the amount of current becomes appreciable. At that moment, the voltage pulse can stop, e.g., by opening a switch in the circuit. Thus, an appreciable magnetic field will not be generated.
  • Embodiments can use fast transition DC voltage pulses.
  • the voltage pulses can be designed to maximize the skin effect in bursts.
  • the pulses can be designed with desirable rise times, amplitudes, and pulse rates (i.e., the number of pulses per unit time).
  • voltage pulses can cause electrons to move to the surface, but at the end of the pulse, the electrons move back. This effect can continue through a series of pulses, which can create the diverging magnetic vector potential, and a resulting electric field.
  • the pulses can be periodic, non-periodic, periodic for some time segments, have a continuous change (increase or decrease) from one pulse to another (or between two sets of pulses), and other patterns. Control signals can be used to control the pattern of pulses.
  • the slew rate of a pulse is the amount of increase in voltage per unit time.
  • a high slew rate is desired.
  • the high slew rate acts as a high frequency, which leads to an increased skin effect and a larger magnetic vector potential.
  • a high slew rate can maximize the skin effect, which can also lead to greater efficiency (i.e., less appreciable current flowing along the wire).
  • a low slew rate can allow a current to begin to build up within the wire.
  • a long rise time can allow a current to begin to build up.
  • a rise time of less than 30 ns can provide a sufficient magnetic vector potential for transmitting communication signals and for charging, or otherwise powering a load.
  • the amplitude and resulting slew rate can be specified to provide sufficient voltage to power a load in an output circuit (e.g., an output coil) that is positioned to use the electric field resulting from the divergent magnetic vector potential.
  • the slew rate can be equal to or greater than lV/30ns, 150 V/ ⁇ , 10 V/ns, 50 V/ns, or 100 V/ns.
  • the rising edge and falling edge of the voltage pulses can be asymmetric.
  • the rising edge can increase faster than the falling edge decreases.
  • a slower change in voltage for the falling edge can reduce the magnetic vector potential generated on the falling edge, and thus reduce any electric field from the falling edge.
  • the switching mechanism can be used to control the rising and falling edge of the voltage pulse, as a switch does not happen instantaneously.
  • an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) can have a longer falling edge than rising edge.
  • Pulse Rate [0123] The pulse rate corresponds to the number of pulses per unit time. The pulse rate would affect the modulation of the magnetic vector potential A over time. Thus, the pulse
  • the pulse rate affects the frequency of A, which then affects— , which in turn affects the resulting electric field. Thus, how often those pulses are coming through and potentially the rise time of that pulse is going to affect how the A field is changing over time.
  • the pulse rate can be used to determine the primary frequency at which the A field is modulated. In various embodiments, the pulse rate can be equal to or greater than 1 kHz, 100 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, 1 GHz, or higher.
  • the pulse rate of the series of input voltage pulses can provide a desired frequency for the time -varying magnetic vector potential.
  • Embodiments can strive to use pulses having as small a width as possible.
  • a maximum width of a pulse is less than 100 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 100 ns, 10 ns, and 1 ns.
  • a short pulse width can help to reduce the amount of current along the wire.
  • the width can be sufficiently small that the resulting pulse is extremely narrow and triangular or Gaussian in nature (i.e., no or little time of being at a constant voltage at the top of the pulse).
  • the pulse width would also impact the maximum frequency for the pulse rate.
  • An example pulse is provided in FIG. 15.
  • An appropriate pulse width can depend on the conducting material used, the geometry of the input circuit (e.g., a type of coil), and a length and diameter of the input conductor, as well as the amplitude of the pulse. For example, a smaller amplitude can allow for a longer width before significant current is reached.
  • the amplitude can impact the amplitude in the induced voltage in the output circuit. As is described below in section X, an increase in the amplitude of the input pulse in the input circuit affects the amplitude of the output pulse in the input circuit. Further, significant and unexpected increases can be seen at certain amplitudes. [0126] To obtain a high and sustained slew rate, the total voltage achieved by the pulse would be high (e.g., 50 V). If the voltage was only 5 or 10 V, then the maximum voltage would be achieved in a time less than 1 ⁇ , and current would begin to flow when the maximum voltage is reached and sustained (i.e., if the pulse width was not sufficiently small).
  • Other embodiments can use higher voltage, such as 500 volts, 1,000 volts, or 10,000 volts.
  • the higher voltage allows the slew rate to be higher and affect the time dependence of A.
  • the amplitude can contribute to achieving a maximum dl/dt, and increasing the generated electric field.
  • the higher amplitude of applied voltage can generate a higher slew rate in reaching the desired voltage, which can be less than the applied voltage.
  • the pulse would reach the voltage of the power supply before a switch could open (i.e., cutting off the applied voltage).
  • the voltage in the wire may not reach the power supply voltage, but just reach a desired voltage, depending on the switching speed and the applied voltage.. Having the voltage of the power supply being larger than amplitude of the voltage pulses can provide a higher slew rate. For example, the initial increase from zero volts can be very large. As a voltage increases in the wire, the rate of increase would become smaller as the amplitude of the logical pulse nears the voltage of the power supply.
  • the slew rate would decrease, which would show up as a rounding of the amplitude of the pulse.
  • the power supply would have to be connected for a longer time, which could result in an appreciable amount of current along the wire.
  • having a power supply with the maximum voltage higher than an amplitude of the voltage pulse can maximize the resulting magnetic vector potential and minimize the current along the wire, and the resulting magnetic field.
  • the amplitude of voltage pulse would correspond to a length of time that the power supply is connected via a switching mechanism.
  • the falling edge of the pulse would have a shape that is dictated by the switching mechanism that opens to end the pulse. Since a switch is not perfectly
  • the properties of voltage pulses can impact the desired production of the divergent magnetic vector potential, and can reduce the unwanted generation of an opposing magnetic field that would result from current along the wire.
  • the optimal values can be expressed as a threshold value, above which or below which the values are desired.
  • the optimal values can be a range determined by minimum or maximum values, where any value in the range is desired.
  • the optimal values can depend on the properties of the system, e.g., a gauge of the wire and a shape of the wire (e.g., whether in a solenoid or straight wire).
  • an optimal value of a maximum pulse width is less than 1 (e.g., less than 50 ns, 1-5 ns, or less than 1 ns). Such a width can cut off the pulse before an appreciable amount of current can begin to flow.
  • the pulse width can be controlled with a switching mechanism. This allows for the utilization of the generated dl/dt while minimizing I. Slew rates greater than 10 V/ns, 50 V/ns, or 100 V/ns can be used. Rise times can be less than 30 ns, 20 ns, 10 ns, 1 ns, or 500 picoseconds.
  • the voltage of the power supply can be at least 50 V (e.g., when the divergent magnetic vector potential and resulting electric field are used for communications) or at least 150 V (e.g., when the divergent magnetic vector potential and resulting electric field are used for power generation).
  • Power supplies can have voltage of 500 V or upwards of 1000 V and 1500 V. Even when using 32 gauge wire, the use of very short pulses would still not short the wire as an appreciable amount (e.g., less than 50 micro amps or less than 1-3 milliamps) of current does not flow.
  • embodiments can apply a high slew rate over a short rise time to a piece of wire to generate a skin effect.
  • the skin effect acts to limit the current rise in the wire, which uses less power.
  • the desired effect is the faster rise time of the voltage pulse and fast drop, and not a sustained voltage that would be characteristic of power input. Thus, it is desirable to quickly reduce the pulse back down to zero, once the pulse reaches the desired voltage.
  • the effective resistance of the wire (e.g., in a coil geometry) is very high during the very short pulse because there is such a quick pulse that the effective reactance prevents the current from becoming large during the short time of the rising voltage of the pulse. Since the current flow during the voltage rise is minimal (e.g., due to capacitive effects, induced eddy currents, and other inductive effects), the power usage is relatively minimal.
  • the curl-free magnetic vector potential does not create a magnetic field, which would otherwise cause inefficiencies in wireless charging or wireless communications. And, the electrons that are going out radially do not encounter a large resistance moving towards the surface. That way, embodiments can actually get more of an appreciable current that is moving towards the surface than going down the wire. Accordingly, embodiments can provide a method of generating a curl-free magnetic vector potential for inducing an output voltage in an output circuit.
  • the pulses are used to generate the time-varying and divergent magnetic vector potential A, which corresponds to an electric field emanating from the conductor (e.g., straight wire or coil), the pulses can be used to create a desired A and E.
  • a time variance of the electric field can be determined by second and higher derivatives in the A generated during a rise time of the voltage pulse.
  • the pattern (rate) of pulses can determine a time variance of the electric field.
  • the electric field can exist and have a strength that is related to a slew rate of the pulse.
  • the voltage pulses provide pulses of electric field.
  • the width and rate of the pulses width can determine when an electric field is produced, as they determine when no electric field is generated (i.e., when the voltage pulse is zero).
  • a duty cycle of the voltage pulses is a function of the width and the pulse rate.
  • a higher overall duty cycle can provide a longer amount of time that an electric field is being generated. But, the pulse width and rise time should be kept relatively low so as not to produce an appreciable current.
  • current can be produced in an output coil that is arranged to receive the electric field pulses.
  • the electric pulses can provide bursts of current in a load in the output coil. If the pulse rate is high enough, the current in the load might appear relatively constant, or at least provide a same functionality as a constant electric field.
  • the strength of the overall electric field for driving the load can be controlled by the duty cycle, and thus controlled by the width of the pulses and the pulse rate. In various embodiments, a duty cycle of 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%>, 0.1 %, or less can be used.
  • a lower applied voltage may be used.
  • the pulse rate could approach the rise time of a pulse
  • the width of a pulse could be reduced, with a corresponding increase in the pulse rate, without the total generated electric field being compromised.
  • the pulse width smaller, the total time for the rising edge can be less, and thus a total voltage achieved being less.
  • the pulses can be provided in a pattern, e.g., not always with uniform periodicity. For example, a series of pulses can be applied (e.g., over 10 microseconds), followed by 3 microseconds of no pulses.
  • the pattern can be of any duration of pulses being applied and not being applied.
  • Pulse rates can change during a period of applying pulses, e.g., pulses could increase in frequency of decrease in frequency in a continuous fashion (e.g., each pulse occurring faster or slower than the last one). All of this variation can affect the overall time dependence of the electric field being generated. This, time dependence can be used to encode data, which can be decoded, e.g., via current in an output coil.
  • the encoding can be based on amplitude modulation or frequency modulation.
  • a series of pulses could be a binary 1
  • a pause in pulses could be a binary 0.
  • the conductor to which the voltage pulses are provided forms a coil, e.g., a solenoid or toroidal coil.
  • a coil e.g., a solenoid or toroidal coil.
  • Such coils can provide additional reactance for reducing current, due to capacitive and inductive effects of the coil.
  • the shape of magnetic vector potential and resulting electric field would differ based on the geometry of the input coil.
  • the geometry for the input coil can also be chosen so as to reduce or eliminate interaction with any fields created by a current in the output coil that is induced by the electric field from the input coil.
  • the resulting reactance for a coil can be larger than a straight wire.
  • a high voltage e.g., 1,000 or 10,000 V
  • the more turns within the coil can provide an increase in the inductance, limiting the current along the wire.
  • the wire of the coils (or other input conductors) can have a length of at least 1 foot, 10 feet, 100 feet, 500 feet, 1,000 feet, or longer.
  • the diameter of the wire of the coils can be 20 AWG, 25 AWG, 30 AWG, 35 AWG, or 40 AWG.
  • FIG. 11A shows a side view of a toroidal coil 1100 with a radial magnetic vector potential 1110 produced from voltage pulses according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 IB shows a perspective view of toroidal coil 1100.
  • the magnetic vector potential 1110 is diverging as shown. This is in sharp contrast to the geometries of the magnetic vector potential A around a toroidal coil in conventional designs (see FIGS. 2 A and 2B). As one can see, there is no curling or vorticity in the magnetic vector potential A radiating from the coil. The resulting electric field E would be in a corresponding direction as magnetic vector potential 1110.
  • the magnetic field of FIGS. 2 A and 2B is absent.
  • B Cylindrical solenoid
  • FIG. l lC shows a solenoid 1150 from which a radial magnetic vector potential 1160 is produced according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Magnetic vector potential 1160 is shown radially emanating from various points on the coil of solenoid 1150.
  • Magnetic vector potential 1160 can be produced, as described above, by applying voltage pulses.
  • Magnetic vector potential 1160 from windings that are next to each other can cancel out in some directions, as the magnetic vector potential 1160 is produced in all directions. For example, arrow 1164 points down and arrow 1162 points up. For points on windings that are just above and below each other, the magnetic vector potential in the vertical direction (i.e., up and down) would be at substantially the same strength, and thus cancel each other out.
  • arrows 1166 and 1168 can cancel each other out in the vertical direction, leaving only a horizontal component. Accordingly, the resulting magnetic vector potential at points radially distal from the coil can be solely in the horizontal direction. For example, a point in a plane that bisects the cylindrical solenoid can have components of magnetic vector potential 1160 only in the horizontal direction.
  • Points in planes that are further up or down from the bisecting plane can have components of magnetic vector potential 1160 in the vertical direction as such a plane would be offset from the middle, and thus more lines of magnetic vector potential 1160 would be received in the direction of the offset.
  • a first point near the top of solenoid 1150 would have more lines of magnetic vector potential 1160 reach it from points below the first point. Thus, there would be some electric field in the up direction.
  • a cylindrical coil and a toroidal coil are examples of a circular coil.
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a system according to various embodiments of the present invention.
  • DC input power 1205 e.g., a battery or DC converter connected to AC power
  • DC input power 1205 can act as an external power supply.
  • a switchover mechanism 1210 can be placed between DC input power 1205 and HV power supply 1215, also called a power supply circuit.
  • Switchover mechanism 1210 can also be connected to a storage capacitor bank 1270, and be used to determine whether power is sent to HV power supply 1215 from either DC input power 1205 or capacitor bank 1270.
  • Various circuits, as shown, can be communicably coupled to each other.
  • the HV power supply 1215 (e.g., a step-up converter) can increase the DC voltage from DC input power 1205, and provide the high voltage to a relay (switching) mechanism 1220, labeled as solid-state HV relay. Switching mechanism 1220 can control when HV power supply 1215 is connected to input coil 1250. Thus, HV power supply 1215 is selectably connected to input coil 1250.
  • Switching mechanism 1220 can be controlled by a controller 1245, which in turn can be controlled by a Web server 1225 that connects to controller 1245 via USB interface 1240. Switching mechanism 1220 can be configured to connect and disconnect input coil 1250 to the power supply circuit. Controller 1245 can send signals to switching mechanism 1220 to control a connection state of switching mechanism 1220. The signals can be of any suitable form, e.g., periodic, non-periodic, etc.. In one embodiment, a user's computer 1230 (e.g., a laptop or phone) can use our network connection 1235 to connect to Web server 1225 to provide instructions for configuring controller 1245, which can be set such that switching mechanism 1220 provides the desired voltage pulses. [0153] Controller 1245 can be on a separate ground from the high voltage circuit (i.e., switching mechanism 1220 and inputs coil 1250). Controller 1245 can have an
  • Controller 1245 would normally operate on 5, 10, 12, or 15 volts, whereas the high voltage circuits of 1215 and 1220 can operate on 50 V, 100 V, or more (e.g., 4,000 V).
  • switchover mechanism 1210 can provide power to Web server 1225.
  • Data can be transmitted between elements 1225-1245.
  • Pulses are provided from switching mechanism 1220 to input conductor 1250 (e.g., an input coil).
  • the pulses can create a divergent magnetic vector potential and a resulting electric field that induces a voltage and current in output conductor 1255 (e.g., an output coil).
  • output conductor 1255 e.g., an output coil
  • the connection between input coil 1250 and output coil 1255 is wireless.
  • Input coil can be situated in another device or material so that an output coil can be placed in a manner to receive the electric field created by the time -varying magnetic vector potential.
  • DC power output 1260 can be obtained from the current in output coil 1255.
  • DC power output 1260 can be provided to a consumer 1265, or more specifically to a consumer device to operate the consumer device. Any excess power can be saved in capacitor bank 1270, which can be used to replace or supplement DC input power 1205 for operating HV power supply 1215.
  • Switchover mechanism 1210 can monitor (e.g., with a processor) the voltage from capacitor bank 1270, and switch the supply power from DC input power 1205 to capacitor bank 1270 when sufficient energy is stored in capacitor bank 1270.
  • Other energy storage devices besides a capacitor bank can be used, as would be known to one skilled in the art.
  • System 1200 can have various settings, e.g., as described herein. The settings can be designed to maximize the dl/dt for pulses to input coil 1250, minimize rise time for pulses to input coil 1250, and minimize the current I within input coil 1250. As for voltage, it is generally better to have higher voltage to increase dl/dt.
  • HV power supply 1215 can provide voltage pulses of at least 50 V (e.g., for communications) and at least 150 V (e.g., charging and higher). In one embodiment, HV power supply 1215 can produce at least 1 kV, where the wattage is less critical.
  • a maximum pulse width is 1 (or other values mentioned herein) and the rise time is less than 30 ns..
  • the inductance of input conductor 1250 can depend on circuit elements (e.g., coil geometry and conductor material) and applied voltage pulse, as described above. A higher inductance can help to limit I, while a lower inductance can help to maximize dl/dt. A balance can be achieved to identify suitable inductance.
  • a resistance of the wire similarly depends on circuit elements, where a higher resistance can help to limit I.
  • Each of the elements described above can be optimized in order to make use of the divergent skin effect. In one aspect, no ferromagnetic materials are used in and about the coils.
  • Control circuitry e.g., controller 1245 and other elements such as 1225 and 1230
  • the control circuitry can create the pulses with a specific frequency (pulse rate) and pulse width (which may be independent per output), in devices consisting of more than one coii, the control circuitry can control the phase between pulses to the input coils, i.e., pulses coming out are at the same frequency but different phase with respect to pulses for a different input coil. For example, if three input coils are used, a phase can be set at 120 degrees, with all the coils operating at the same frequency. In one implementation, the pulse width can be independently changed per pulse. D. Switching Circuitry
  • Switching mechanism 1220 can control the rise time and the fall time of the voltage pulse.
  • the rise time can be faster when the switch can close faster.
  • the exact form for the rising edge e.g., slope, curvature, and exponential increase
  • the falling edge would have a certain decay shape. Once the switch is completely open (i.e., circuit is separated from the power supply), the voltage would be effectively zero in the circuit.
  • a system comprises a 20 kV DC power supply, a polyethylene- based high power pulse capacitor bank rated at 0.119 uF @ 30 kV+, and an asymmetric switch.
  • the system feeds a 28 AWG copper coil varying voltage levels up to 20 kV at varying pulse rates (cycles) per second. This enables the production of a radially produced electric field from the coil.
  • a 6-channel, 1.5 kV solid state control system was designed.
  • the coil can use varying gauges, e.g., down to 40 AWG.
  • the 0.119 uF capacitor bank includes pulsed power polyethylene capacitors with bleed-resistors.
  • a switching mechanism can include a custom high slew-rate PCB switch, with a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and/or IGBT. IX. BASIC CIRCUIT
  • FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of a basic circuit 1300 illustrating aspects of system 1200 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the block diagram can correspond to an apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Circuit 1300 includes a voltage source 1315, a resistor 1317, an inductor 1350 (e.g., a solenoid or toroidal coil), and a switch 1320.
  • Switch 1320 can be controlled by a controller to open and close to provide voltage pulses to inductor 1350.
  • Resistor 1317 can represent resistance in a wire between voltage source 1315 and inductor 1350.
  • the voltage pulses can create a curl-free magnetic vector potential as described above.
  • Switch 1320 can be composed of various components and use various techniques for providing the voltage pulse, such techniques include magnetic pulse compression, MOSFET switched capacitors, and using a junction recovery diode. Various types of a solid-state switch can be used.
  • the curl-free magnetic vector potential can be used to induce current in a separate output circuit 1390, without limiting effects of the magnetic field that would normally be created by magnetic vector potential that had a curl.
  • Output circuit 1390 can include another inductor 1355 or any load to be driven.
  • Output circuit 1390 also include a storage device, such as a capacitor bank or other type of battery.
  • Inductor 1355 (or other output conductor) can at least partially reside in a plane and that extends away from inductor 1350 (or other input conductor).
  • output circuit 1390 can at least partially reside in the plane and extends away from the input conductor in the plane.
  • the output circuit includes a first output coil in the plane of the input circuit (e.g., in input conductor or an input coil).
  • the first output coil can include first windings lying in the plane on a first side of the cylindrical solenoid such that a first axis of the first output coil extends away from the cylindrical solenoid, e.g., the first output coil is perpendicular or has a component perpendicular to an axis of an input solenoid.
  • the output coil can be a first cylindrical solenoid and the input coil can be a second cylindrical solenoid.
  • Electric field 1360 can induce a current 1370 that is used to drive a load 1375.
  • inductor 1350 (or other input conductor) can be situated so that a current is induced in output circuit 1390 by electric field 1360.
  • the input conductor can be situated by or along a surface, in a pad, adjacent a receptacle for a device containing output circuit 1390.
  • load 1375 can correspond to a power consuming circuitry, such as sensors, a battery, or a processor.
  • the battery can be charged from the current.
  • Electric field 1360 has a same direction or opposite direction as the magnetic vector potential from which the electric field is generated, depending on how the magnetic vector potential is changing over time. As the electric field changes over time, induced current 1370 would also change over time, and thus can be alternating current.
  • Output circuit 1390 can be used for communications applications.
  • the induced signals in output circuit 1390 can include data signals, e.g., based on the pulse rate, existence of pulses during a time period, etc.
  • the signals can be detected via any suitable technique, e.g., as voltages across a load.
  • the voltages for communications can be less than for power and charging applications.
  • a higher voltage power supply can be used.
  • the higher voltage power supply can provide higher slew rates for the voltage pulses, thereby creating larger changes in the radial magnetic vector potential.
  • a duty cycle of the voltage pulses can be used to control the amount of time that electric field 1360 is generated. A higher duty cycle can provide a stronger electric field 1360. Further aspects of power systems are described below.
  • Electric field 1260 can be generated to have a particular pattern.
  • the pattern (rate) of pulses can determine a time variance of the electric field.
  • the pulses can be provided in a pattern, e.g., not always with uniform periodicity.
  • a series of pulses can be applied (e.g., over 10 microseconds), followed by 3 microseconds of no pulses.
  • the pattern can be of any duration of pulses being applied and not being applied.
  • Pulse rates can change during a period of applying pulses, e.g., pulses could increase in frequency or decrease in frequency in a continuous fashion (e.g., each pulse occurring faster or slower than the last one).
  • time dependence can be used to encode data, which can be decoded, e.g., via current in an output coil.
  • the encoding can be based on amplitude modulation or frequency modulation.
  • a series of pulses could be a binary 1
  • a pause in pulses could be a binary 0.
  • the pulse rate can be equal to or greater than 1 kHz, 100 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, 1 GHz, or higher.
  • communications can use input voltage pulses of 5 V to 50 V.
  • higher voltage can be used, as the resulting electric field would decay as 1/r 2 .
  • FIGS. 14A-14E show an example circuit 1400 for providing short voltage pulses according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Circuit 1400 is also referred to as a pulse generator or a power supply circuit, which can include other components.
  • a key for how FIGS. 14A-14E combine to provide circuit 1400 is provided in FIG. 14A.
  • Part numbers are provided for most elements in circuit 1400. Such part numbers provide specifications for the components, e.g., capacitances, resistances, and inductances.
  • Circuit can be embodied in various components of FIG. 12, e.g., in HV power supply 1215 and/or switching mechanism 1220.
  • pins of terminal block 12 are connected to 4 MOSFETs of part number C2M0080120D.
  • Pins 1, 4, 7, and 10 of terminal block T3 are connected to the gates of the MOSFETs, pins 2, 5, 8, and 11 are connected to the drains of the MOSFETs, and pins 3, 6, 9, and 12 are connected to the sources of the MOSFETs.
  • pins 1 and 2 of terminal block Tl are connected to a power supply (e.g., Vin of 5 V and ground) for powering support circuitry, which may be isolated from the power circuitry.
  • pins 1 and 2 of terminal block T2 are connected to an input power supply (e.g., a high voltage power supply) used to charge the resonant circuit to provide the voltage pulse.
  • a charging resistor (now shown) may be connected with the input power supply for charging capacitors.
  • This input power supply (not shown) may or may not be considered part of a power supply circuit.
  • This power supply may be high voltage, e.g., about 0 to 600 V.
  • BNC1 is connected to a controller for controlling a state of the MOSFETS, e.g., a trigger signal.
  • the MOSFETs can correspond to switching mechanism 1220 or be part of switching mechanism 1220.
  • BNC2 is connected to the input conductor.
  • circuit 1400 comprises a junction recovery diode 1410, one or more switches (e.g., MOSFETs), a first resonant circuit (capacitor CI and inductor LI of FIG. 14D), and a second resonant circuit (capacitor C2 and inductor L2).
  • Diode 1410 may be configured to store charges in its depletion layer when there is a forward flow of a current and to rapidly switch open after the depletion layer is discharged by a reverse flow of a current. After diode 1410 rapidly switches opens, the circuit 1400 may provide a reverse current to the input conductor (not shown, but connected to BNC2).
  • the resonant circuits may be considered part of a power supply circuit for providing a DC voltage.
  • steps of operations are driven by switches (e.g., MOSFETs) for use with the two resonant circuits.
  • a capacitor e.g., CI
  • a resistor such as a 5,000 ohm resistor.
  • Closing the switches allows the current to flow from that capacitor.
  • current as high as 120 A can flow in the resonant circuits, and thus the switches can be required to handle such high current.
  • diode 1410 When that current flows in the resonant network, it produces a current that goes through diode 1410 in a forward direction, e.g., for upwards of 100 nanoseconds. Then, in approximately 50 nanoseconds, the resonant network (2 LC circuits) push current in the negative direction for about 50 nanoseconds. Diode 1410 has a reverse recovery time of about 50-75 nanoseconds, therefore diode 1410 cannot stop the reverse current flowing through it for that amount of time. When diode 1410 finally does stop the reverse current flowing through itself (i.e., when the plasma and the junctions in the diode stop), the voltage pulse stops. This is called the snap-off time in the step-recovery diode.
  • inductor L2 is at approximately maximum current flow.
  • diode 1410 shutting off.
  • CI can be charged back up.
  • the time of charging CI can limit the pulse rate.
  • the time of charging can be varied by selecting a resistor to provide the desired RC constant.
  • U.S. Patent No. 8,120,207 is directed to providing pulses to human biological cells (the load), and not a conductor. The purpose of the short pulses are not to charge the outer cell membrane. There is no contemplation of inducing a voltage in a separate circuit that is not electrically connected to the load (cell). Further, the input voltage is the charge on the capacitor and the output voltage is the voltage applied to the load. Thus, the output voltage corresponds to the input voltage described herein, as the '207 patent never contemplates inducing any voltage in an output circuit.
  • FIG. 15 shows an oscilloscope screenshot 1500 of an input voltage pulse 1510 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Screenshot 1500 is taken from an oscilloscope by Keysight Technologies, DSOX4104A.
  • Pulse 1510 has a Gaussian- like shape.
  • the maximum voltage is 3.8404 kV.
  • the width is 4.1 ns.
  • the rise time is 4.1 ns, which is the time from 10% of 3.8404 kV to 90% of 3.8404 kV, in this example.
  • the fall time is 7.8 ns.
  • the minimum voltage is -62.34 V, which shows that a pulse can have some negative value for a portion of time.
  • the width measurement it the full-width/half-maximum measurement.
  • the output pulse (and series of output voltage pulses) induced in the output coil is of similar shape as the pulse on the input coil.
  • the pulse was measured using probes (part. No. 10076C of Keysight Technologies) hooked to an oscilloscope.
  • the passive probes are connected to a gigahertz scope capable of measuring a current load of about 10 A, and upwards to 30 A.
  • the pulse waveform is over a 75 Ohm load in parallel with the input conductor (an input coil in this case).
  • the pulse is sent through a 10-meter coax line having the 75 Ohm load at the end.
  • an output circuit can be positioned to receive the electric field resulting from the time-varying magnetic vector potential produced by the input circuit.
  • Various combinations of output circuits and input circuits are now described.
  • FIG. 16A shows an input toroidal coil 1600 and an output pancake coil 1610 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Input toroidal coil 1600 can be driven with voltage pulses, as described herein.
  • the resulting magnetic vector potential is shown in FIGS. 11A and 1 IB.
  • the magnetic vector potential is shown only in the plane of pancake coil 1610. The plane resides in a center of coils of toroidal coil 1600.
  • pancake coil 1610 bisects toroidal coil 1600.
  • Pancake coil 1610 at least partially resides in a plane of toroidal coil 1600 and extends away from toroidal coil 1600 in the plane.
  • the output windings of pancake coil 1610 are circular in the plane with successive windings extending father away from toroidal coil 1600.
  • FIG. 16B shows a perspective view of input toroidal coil 1600 and output pancake coil 1610 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Output pancake coil 1610 forms rings that increase in diameter with increasing distance from input toroidal coil 1600.
  • a first lead 1612 of output pancake coil 1610 is closest to input toroidal coil 1600.
  • the conductor of output pancake coil 1610 forms circles around input toroidal coil 1600 with the diameter increasing with each new circle.
  • a second lead 1614 is at the farthest point away from input coil 1600.
  • First lead 1612 can be a start of an inner ring of the pancake coil that is a first ring that receives the time-varying magnetic vector potential.
  • the time-varying magnetic field can propagates radially from an inner coil having first lead 1612 to an outer coil having second lead 1614.
  • the time-varying magnetic vector potential 1620 creates an electric field having a same direction or opposite direction, depending on how magnetic vector potential 1620 is changing over time (e.g., increasing or decreasing). For example, if magnetic vector potential 1620 is increasing over time, then the electric field would be in the opposite direction. If magnetic vector potential 1620 is decreasing over time, then the electric field would be in the same direction. As the electric field changes over time, the current would also change over time, and thus be alternating current.
  • first lead 1612 and second lead 1614 are at different voltages, and current can flow between the two leads.
  • the electric field may get turned on and off due to the voltage pulses, but the accumulated effect creates a current.
  • the direction of current depends on whether one takes a standard view positive charges moving, or the physical view of negative charges.
  • This current can cause a magnetic field in a standard manner as appreciable current flows over time.
  • output pancake coil 1610 is shown to be wound in a clockwise direction (other embodiments can be wound in a counterclockwise direction).
  • the current i.e., from a higher voltage to lower voltage
  • the current would have current in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
  • a resulting (output) magnetic field B around the wires of the output coil would be circular around the wires, with a downward direction on a near side of input coil 1600 and an upward direction on the far side of input coil 1600.
  • the resulting magnetic field B around the wires of the output coil would be circular around the wires, with an upward direction on a near side of input coil 1600 and a downward direction on the far side of input coil 1600.
  • the input coil can be a cylindrical solenoid.
  • the output coil can be flat, e.g., on one side of the cylindrical solenoid.
  • the output coil can have a zig-zagging shape, like that of a radiator. If this arrangement, there can be two output coils, e.g., on opposite sides of the input cylindrical solenoid.
  • the output coils can be in a plane that bisects the input cylindrical solenoid, e.g., in a similar manner that pancake coil 1610 bisects input coil 1600. Thus, the plane can bisect the plurality of input windings of the cylindrical solenoid.
  • the output circuit can include a cylindrical coil of circular windings having an axis through the circular windings, with the axis perpendicular to the axis of the input cylindrical solenoid (e.g., as shown in FIG. 13).
  • the output circuit can include a first output conductor (e.g., a coil) in the plane, where the first output coil includes first windings lying in the plane on a first side of the cylindrical coil.
  • a second output coil can include second windings lying in the plane on a second side of the cylindrical coil such that a second axis of the second output coil extends away from the cylindrical coil.
  • the output circuit includes a wire that extends from the input conductor along a plane.
  • a wire could extend radially outward
  • a circuit model of an inductor is described to introduce aspects of an inductor, e.g., the capacitive properties of an inductor.
  • a simulation of the model is then used to describe a voltage response of the resistive, capacitive, and inductive properties of an inductive coil (e.g., a solenoid) in the model circuit.
  • an inductive coil e.g., a solenoid
  • FIG. 17 shows a block diagram of a model circuit 1700 of a solenoid.
  • the solenoid is modeled as being a combination of a resistor 1748, an inductor 1750, and a capacitor 1770.
  • Circuit 1700 also includes a voltage source 1715, a resistor 1717 (e.g., corresponding to wire between voltage source 1715 and the solenoid), and a switch 1720.
  • Resistor 1717 can be set at 100 milliohms to account for a realistic resistance of wire between voltage source 1715 and the solenoid. Examples values are 150 pF for capacitor 1770, 150 Ohms for resistor 1748, and 300 mH for inductor 1750; such values are used in a simulation below.
  • Switch 1720 can be controlled by a controller to open and close to provide voltage pulses to inductor 1750.
  • the voltage pulses can create a curl-free magnetic vector potential that is time-varying as described below.
  • the voltage pulses can be of sufficiently short duration to reduce a total amount of current flowing in circuit 1700.
  • a diode 1755 is included in the model to prevent an inductive kickback, which could occur if there was too much current flowing in circuit 1700. Without diode 1755 and when voltage was applied to inductor 1750 for too long, there could be a huge voltage that could destroy switch 1720. If the voltage pulses are sufficiently short, the amount of current flowing is not a concern, and thus a diode is not needed in a real circuit using sufficiently short voltage pulses.
  • an inductive coil can act as though it includes a parallel capacitor, because of its closely spaced windings. When a potential difference exists across the coil, wires lying adjacent to each other are at different potentials. Each winding corresponds to a plate of a capacitor.
  • a single wire i.e., not a coil
  • the skin effect limits an amount of current while voltage is changing, as would occur in a rising edge of a voltage pulse.
  • a coil has more inductance due to the windings. Thus, a coil would further limit an amount of current flow.
  • FIG. 18A shows a time dependence plot 1800 of voltage across capacitor 1770, resistor 1748, an inductor 1750 when connected to a power supply 100 V.
  • the voltage 1810 across capacitor 1770 increases rapidly from 0 to 100 V.
  • the voltage 1820 across resistor 1748 increases in a logarithmic fashion over time.
  • the voltage 1830 across the inductor starts out at 100 V and decays as the current flows through the inductor.
  • voltage 1830 across inductor 1750 is the applied voltage of the source.
  • FIG. 18B shows a magnified plot 1850 of plot 1800 for a time frame of 1.2 nanoseconds.
  • voltage 1830 across inductor 1750 is effectively constant at 100 V
  • Voltage 1810 across capacitor 1770 increases rapidly from 0 to 100 V as potential across the solenoid does not require current for charging.
  • FIGS. 18C and 18D show a table 1880 of the raw data for plot 1800.
  • inductor voltage 1830 begins to decay before capacitor voltage 1810 reaches 100 V, this is an artifact of the sampling voltages for plot 1800 being larger than for plot 1850.
  • a coil e.g., a solenoid
  • the capacitor is charged quickly, and the current is limited by the inductance of the coil.
  • FIG. 19 shows a coil 1900 composed of turns 1905 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • a voltage 1910 is applied at a first end 1915 of coil 1900.
  • a second end 1925 is at ground 1920.
  • Voltage 1910 may be applied as a voltage pulse. At a particular instant in time, a certain voltage will be applied to first end 1915, where voltage 1910 increases during a rising edge of the voltage pulse and decreases during a falling edge of the voltage pulse.
  • Second end 1925 is at ground during the voltage pulse.
  • turns 1905 also called windings
  • the voltage at each turn would decrease from voltage 1910 at first end 1915, where the last turn is at ground 1920. For example, if voltage 1910 is 100 V and there is 100 turns, each turn would decrease by 1 V.
  • the stack of capacitor plates cause an electric field 1930 that is going down. As is seen from FIG. 18B, the capacitor charges very rapidly. Turns 1905 are charged well before any current begins to flow. Further, with many turns, coil 1900 has a higher resistance, which would also depend on the gauge of the wire. This higher resistance would act to further limit the speed at which current begins to flow. Further, the inductance of coil 1900 can limit the current. In a time regime where no appreciable current has begun to the flow, coil 1900 predominantly acts as a capacitor. As electric field 1930 is directed at a particular direction, electric field 1930 can be described as a directional electric field.
  • the voltage between the turns of coil 1900 will increase.
  • the change in voltage across the turns of the coil would be instantaneous compared to the rise time of the voltage itself.
  • the voltage difference across N turns will be the current voltage of the pulse divided by N.
  • the increase in voltage over time will be larger for a turn that is closer to the high voltage and less for a turn near ground.
  • a first turn 1905a might increase to 500 V and a second turn 1905b only increase to 495 V (e.g., for 500 V pulse with 100 turns).
  • the voltage pulse is not transmitted along the coil (i.e., with a leading edge at some point in the coil and a falling edge at some point in the coil), but instead the coil is effectively subjected to a change in voltage at the same time.
  • FIG. 20A shows a solenoid 2000 through which a current is flowing per a standard operation of solenoid 2000.
  • a magnetic field is created in the center of the solenoid.
  • current is flowing from a top end 2015 to a bottom end 2025.
  • the resulting magnetic field 2020 is in the up direction.
  • the voltage difference between the windings increases as the voltage of a pulse increases. For example, when the voltage is 1/10 the maximum voltage attained by a voltage pulse, the difference between two windings would be 1/10 the difference attained at the maximum voltage, and the electric field would be 1/10 the strength at the maximum voltage.
  • FIG. 21 shows a solenoid 2150 from which a radial magnetic vector potential 2170 and an electric field 2160 are produced according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the slew rate of the pulse e.g., as defined by amplitude and rise time
  • the pulse rate can cause magnetic vector potential 2170 to increase in time.
  • the resulting electric field during an increase in A would cause a
  • Electric field 2160 can be larger than the electric field resulting from a time variance of radial magnetic vector potential 2170, at least for certain rise times. For example, when a pulse begins, the overall voltage is small, and thus electric field 2160 would be small. If the pulse can increase in voltage fast enough, the time derivative of A could possibly be larger than the electric field 2160 at that time. But, as the voltage applied becomes larger, electric field 2160 would become larger, and can become larger than the time derivative of A at some time. D. Use with Output Coil
  • FIG. 22 shows a block diagram of a circuit 2200 with a solenoid 2250 producing an electric field 2230 that causes a current in circuit 2290 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the block diagram can correspond to an apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Circuit 2200 includes a voltage source 2215, a resistor 2217, a solenoid 2250 (e.g., a cylindrical solenoid), and a switch 2220.
  • Switch 2220 can be controlled by a controller to open and close to provide voltage pulses to inductor 2250.
  • Resistor 2217 can represent resistance in a wire between voltage source 2215 and inductor 2250.
  • the voltage pulses can create a curl-free magnetic vector potential as described herein.
  • Switch 2220 can be composed of many components use various techniques for providing the voltage pulse, such techniques include magnetic pulse compression, MOSFET switched capacitors, and using a junction recovery diode. Various solid-state switches can be used.
  • Electric field 2230 can be used to induce current in a separate circuit 2290, without limiting effects of the magnetic field that would normally be created by a magnetic vector potential that had a curl.
  • Circuit 2290 can include another inductor 2255 or any load to be driven.
  • Circuit 2290 can also include a storage device, such as a capacitor bank.
  • Solenoid 2250 is called an input coil and inductor 2255 corresponds to an output conductor, which may comprise any load, such as a wire.
  • a load 2265 can be connected to inductor 2255 in circuit 2290 (an example of an output circuit).
  • load 2265 can be circuitry of a consumer device and may include a processor, sensors, etc.
  • the output circuit includes a first output coil in the plane of the input circuit (e.g., in input conductor or an input coil).
  • the output coil can include first windings lying in the plane to one end of the cylindrical solenoid such that a first axis of the output coil is aligned with the cylindrical solenoid, e.g., the output coil is parallel or has a component parallel to a second axis of an input solenoid.
  • the output coil can be a first cylindrical solenoid and the input coil can be a second cylindrical solenoid.
  • FIG. 23 A shows a wireless interaction between a solenoid 2300 through which a current is flowing per a standard operation of solenoid 2300 and a wire 2340.
  • current is flowing in a counterclockwise direction, thereby generating a magnetic field 2320.
  • the current is decreasing, and thus electric field 2310 resulting from the change in the magnetic field 2320 opposes the decrease in the current.
  • Electric field 2310 produced by the standard operation of the solenoid does not align with the length of the output wire/conductor, such that no electric field would be produced down the length of the wire and hence no current would flow.
  • Electric field 2310 can interact with wire 2340. But, the electric field would simply cause circular currents that are tangential to the surface of wire 2340. Such tangential currents do not flow along the wire, and thus cannot be used to drive a load.
  • FIG. 23B shows a wireless interaction between an input solenoid 2350 to which voltage pulses are being applied and an output wire 2370 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 23B shows output wire 2370 partially inside input solenoid 2350.
  • Electric field 2360 is shown directed along an axis of solenoid 2350 in a direction that is generally upward.
  • Output wire 2370 is positioned to receive directional electric field 2360.
  • Output wire 2370 is shown partially within the input solenoid 2350, but all of it can be within solenoid 2350, with other connection leading to a load.
  • Output wire 2370 has an orientation that makes it parallel with electric field 2360, and thus the electric field lines are along output wire 2370.
  • a current can be generated along output wire 2370, and such a current can be used to drive a load that is electrically connected to wire 2370.
  • a radial magnetic vector potential is produced, as shown in FIG. 21.
  • FIG. 24 A shows a wireless interaction between a solenoid 2400 through which a current is flowing per a standard operation of solenoid 2400 and a coil 2440.
  • current is flowing in a counterclockwise direction, thereby generating a magnetic field 2420.
  • the current is decreasing, and thus electric field 2410 resulting from the change in the magnetic field 2420 opposes the decrease in the current.
  • Electric field 2410 aligns with the wires that make up coil 2440 such that there would be an electric field produced down the length of the wires that constitute output coil 2440, and no current would flow unless a load was attached.
  • Electric field 2410 can interact with coil 2440 to form a current in the
  • FIG. 24B shows a wireless interaction between an input solenoid 2450 to which voltage pulses are being applied and an output coil 2470 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Electric field 2460 is shown directed along an axis of solenoid 2450 in a direction that is generally upward.
  • Output coil 2470 is in an orientation that is aligned with electric field 2460.
  • Electric field 2460 can cause output coil 2470 to have different voltages on its turns, e.g., higher voltage on turns closer to input solenoid 2450.
  • electric field 2460 can cause output coil 2470 to act like a capacitor as well.
  • a current is generated in output coil 2470 if a load was connected to output coil 2470, and such a current can be used to drive the load that is electrically connected to output coil 2470.
  • the current in output coil 2470 is in a clockwise direction, given the windings of output coil 2470 and as the current flows from bottom to top. The current would vary as the strength of electric field 2460 varies, as occurs when the voltage pulse increases and decreases.
  • FIGS. 25A and 25B show plots of the amplitude of an input voltage pulse on an input conductor vs. the amplitude of an output voltage pulse induced in an output circuit for various pulse widths and rise times according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the voltages are the maximum voltage (amplitude) of the pulses.
  • the input voltage pulses have widths that range from 1 to 7.5 ns, and the rise times range from 50 ns to 3 ns.
  • FIGS. 25A and 25B show plots in different scales. A pulse rate of 1 kHz was used.
  • an output solenoid coil e.g., two cylindrical solenoids that are perpendicular to each other.
  • an output solenoid coil e.g., two cylindrical solenoids that are perpendicular to each other.
  • a current in the input coil would not induce an appreciable current in the output coil since they are perpendicular to each other.
  • there is no back coupling between the two coils that will oppose operation of a coil thus no Lenz effect from one coil to another.
  • the pulses are short enough that the amount of current along the input coil does not become large enough to have an appreciable Lenz effect.
  • FIG. 25A shows a plot 2500 of input vs. output voltages for rise times of 30 ns and 50 ns. As one can see, the output voltage is very small for these rise times. The input voltage is not inducing any voltage because of the geometry that the two coils are configured. There is some induction due to minor capacitive effects.
  • FIG. 25B shows a plot 2550 of input vs. output voltages for rise times from 50 ns to 3 ns. Only the output voltages for rise times of 21 ns, 12 ns, and 3 ns are visible since the output voltages for rise times 50 ns and 30 ns are so small.
  • FIG. 26 shows a table 2600 of the data points used to create plots 2500 and 2550 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the output voltage jumps from rise times of 30 ns to rise time of 21 ns, even when the pulse width stays the same (e.g., at 250 ns width).
  • the jump in induced output voltage for rise times less than 30 ns occurs even with an input voltage of 1 V.
  • the pulse width does not appreciably affect the induced voltage in the output circuit, at least not compared to the rise time.
  • the pulse width can remain small so that power is not wasted by generating appreciable current in the input circuit, e.g., since that current is not being used to generate the output voltage due to the coil geometry.
  • the output voltage is shown to increase for a smaller rise time. A smaller rise time creates a higher dl/dt
  • the pulse rate can increase depending on the charging and power needs, e.g., depending on rise times and induced output voltages.
  • the faster rise times can provide for communications at longer distances due to the higher electric field.
  • FIGS. 27A and 27B show plots of the amplitude of an input voltage pulse on an input conductor vs. the amplitude of an output voltage pulse induced in an output pancake coil for various pulse widths and rise times according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the voltages are the maximum voltage (amplitude) of the pulses.
  • the input voltage pulses have widths that range from 1 to 7.5 ns, and the rise times range from 50 ns to 3 ns.
  • FIGS. 27A and 27B show plots in different scales. A pulse rate of 1 kHz was used.
  • FIG. 27A shows a plot 2700 of input vs. output voltages for rise times of 30 ns and 50 ns. As one can see, the output voltage is very small for these rise times. The input voltage is not inducing any voltage because of the geometry that the two coils are configured. There is some induction due to minor capacitive effects.
  • FIG. 27B shows a plot 2750 of input vs. output voltages for rise times from 50 ns to 3 ns. Only the output voltages for rise times of 21 ns, 12 ns, and 3 ns are visible since the output voltages for rise times 50 ns and 30 ns are so small.
  • FIG. 28 shows a table 2800 of the data points used to create plots 2700 and 2750 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the output voltage jumps from rise times of 30 ns to rise time of 21 ns, even when the pulse width stays the same (e.g., at 250 ns width).
  • the jump in induced output voltage for rise times less than 30 ns occurs even with an input voltage of 1 V.
  • the pulse width does not appreciably affect the induced voltage in the output circuit, at least not compared to the rise time, as discussed above for the perpendicular cylindrical coils. And, as an appreciable output voltage is seen, the effects can be attributed to the longitudinal magnetic vector potential A, since induction would not normally happen, given the coil geometries.
  • the pulse rate can increase depending on the charging and power needs, e.g., depending on rise times and induced output voltages. For communications, the faster rise times can provide for communications at longer distances due to the higher electric field.
  • FIGS. 29A and 29B show plots of the amplitude of an input voltage pulse on an input conductor vs. the amplitude of an output voltage pulse induced in an output circuit for various pulse widths and rise times according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the voltages are the maximum voltage (amplitude) of the pulses.
  • the input voltage pulses have widths that range from 1 to 7.5 ns, and the rise times range from 50 ns to 3 ns.
  • FIGS. 29A and 29B show plots in different scales. A pulse rate of 1 kHz was used.
  • FIG. 29A shows a plot 2900 of input vs. output voltages for rise times of 30 ns and 50 ns.
  • the output voltage does increase with input voltage. But, since the pulses are of short duration, no appreciable amount of current flows in the input coil from the pulses. Thus, the input voltage pulses are not creating appreciable current because of their short duration. Instead, the output voltage is being induced by the electric field resulting from the capacitive effects of the input coil.
  • FIG. 29B shows a plot 2950 of input vs. output voltages for rise times from 50 ns to 3 ns.
  • the output voltages for rise times of 21 ns, 12 ns, and 3 ns are much larger than the output voltages for rise times 50 ns and 30 ns. It is a surprising result that the output voltage becomes much larger for less than 30 ns.
  • the Lenz effect is reduced, while still allowing induction to occur.
  • the jagged behavior in the curves is just due to noise, as the measurements can be sensitive to the environment.
  • FIG. 30 shows a table 3000 of the data points used to create plots 2900 and 2950 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the output voltage jumps from rise times of 30 ns to rise time of 21 ns, even when the pulse width stays the same (e.g., at 250 ns width).
  • the jump in induced output voltage for rise times less than 30 ns occurs even with an input voltage of 1 V.
  • the pulse width does not appreciably affect the induced voltage in the output circuit, at least not compared to the rise time.
  • the pulse width can remain small so that power is not wasted by generating appreciable current in the input circuit from the input pulses, e.g., since that current is not being used to generate the output voltage due to the coil geometry.
  • the output voltage is shown to increase for a smaller rise time. A smaller rise time
  • the pulse rate can increase depending on the charging and power needs, e.g., depending on rise times and induced output voltages. For communications, the faster rise times can provide for communications at longer distances due to the higher electric field.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des appareils et des procédés destinés à exciter un conducteur d'entrée avec des impulsions de tension. Les impulsions peuvent avantageusement faire appel à l'effet de peau pour générer un potentiel vecteur magnétique variant avec le temps qui dépasse radialement du conducteur d'entrée. Le potentiel vecteur magnétique peut créer un champ électrique servant à induire des impulsions de sortie dans un circuit de sortie. Les impulsions peuvent présenter un temps de montée suffisamment court (par ex; moins de 30 ns) pour induire une tension suffisamment élevée dans le circuit de sortie. Le conducteur d'entrée et le circuit de sortie peuvent adopter diverses configurations, par ex; le circuit de sortie peut s'étendre en s'écartant du conducteur d'entrée. Une telle géométrie peut réduire le couplage entre les circuits, par ex. entre les champs électromagnétique engendrés par les courants dans les circuits. Un champ électrique directionnel peut être produit à partir d'une extrémité d'un solénoïde d'entrée et reçu par un solénoïde de sortie situé au-dessus, lorsque les impulsions chargent le solénoïde d'entrée pour agir comme un condensateur.
PCT/US2015/018312 2014-03-03 2015-03-02 Génération et utilisation de potentiel vecteur magnétique Ceased WO2015134387A1 (fr)

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TWI667861B (zh) * 2018-07-27 2019-08-01 國立中興大學 用於無線充電裝置之嵌入式充電系統
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US5086235A (en) * 1988-12-26 1992-02-04 Alcatel Cit Power supply switchover device for electrical apparatus and teleaction terminal equipped therewith
WO1998031073A2 (fr) * 1997-01-13 1998-07-16 Advanced Metal Technologies Ltd. Dispositif coupleur electrique
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