WO2015030193A1 - 色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法、並びにその方法を応用した色素増感太陽電池の再生方法、色素増感太陽電池用の触媒層、対極、電解液及び色素増感太陽電池 - Google Patents
色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法、並びにその方法を応用した色素増感太陽電池の再生方法、色素増感太陽電池用の触媒層、対極、電解液及び色素増感太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015030193A1 WO2015030193A1 PCT/JP2014/072785 JP2014072785W WO2015030193A1 WO 2015030193 A1 WO2015030193 A1 WO 2015030193A1 JP 2014072785 W JP2014072785 W JP 2014072785W WO 2015030193 A1 WO2015030193 A1 WO 2015030193A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for reactivating a counter electrode active material of a dye-sensitized solar cell, a method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell to which the method is applied, a catalyst layer for a dye-sensitized solar cell, a counter electrode, an electrolytic solution, and a dye. It relates to a sensitized solar cell.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-179849 filed in Japan on August 30, 2013 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-260073 filed on December 17, 2013 in Japan. , The contents of which are incorporated herein.
- solar cells have attracted attention as a clean power source that can directly convert light energy into electric power using the photovoltaic effect and does not discharge pollutants such as carbon dioxide.
- pollutants such as carbon dioxide.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell is expected as a next-generation solar cell because it has high conversion efficiency, is manufactured by a relatively simple method, and the raw material cost is low.
- a generally known dye-sensitized solar cell is a so-called Gretzel type dye-sensitized solar cell.
- a Gretzel type dye-sensitized solar cell (hereinafter simply referred to as a dye-sensitized solar cell)
- a sensitizing dye adsorbed on the surface of a metal oxide semiconductor particle when light is irradiated to a sensitizing dye adsorbed on the surface of a metal oxide semiconductor particle, electrons are converted from the sensitizing dye.
- this is used as a current (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the sensitizing dye that has emitted electrons is reduced by receiving electrons from the redox couple in the electrolytic solution.
- the redox couple in the electrolytic solution is oxidized, but is subsequently reduced by the catalyst layer constituting the counter electrode.
- a platinum layer is widely used as a catalyst layer constituting the counter electrode of the conventional dye-sensitized solar cell. This is because platinum has a high catalytic ability for the oxidation-reduction reaction, and also has high stability and conductivity.
- a method for forming the platinum layer constituting the counter electrode for example, there is a method in which a chloroplatinic acid solution is applied to a base material such as a glass substrate or a metal plate and heat treatment, or a method in which a film is formed by vacuum deposition, sputtering, or the like .
- Non-Patent Document 2 and Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a dye-sensitized solar cell using a conductive polymer such as polythiophene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole as a material for a catalyst layer.
- the power generation performance is significantly deteriorated. This is because the conductive polymer is reduced from the oxidized state (doped state) to the neutral state (undoped state) by the oxidation-reduction pair (for example, I ⁇ , Br ⁇ etc.) in the electrolytic solution, and the catalytic activity, This is because the electrical conductivity is lowered.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and a dye-sensitized solar cell once lowered by regenerating a conductive polymer reduced by a redox couple in an electrolyte solution of a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the method of reactivating the counter active material of the dye-sensitized solar cell capable of restoring the power generation performance of the dye to the initial performance or preventing the deterioration of the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and applying the method
- An object is to provide a method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell, a catalyst layer for the dye-sensitized solar cell, a counter electrode, an electrolytic solution, and a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the present inventors have chemically synthesized the conductive polymer in a dye-sensitized solar cell having a counter electrode composed of a catalyst layer containing at least one type of conductive polymer as a counter electrode active material. It has been found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by reoxidation by oxidation or electrochemical oxidation. Based on this knowledge, the present invention has been completed.
- ⁇ 2> The method for reactivating a counter electrode active material for a dye-sensitized solar cell according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the chemical oxidation is performed by immersing the conductive polymer in a solution in which an oxidizing agent is dissolved.
- ⁇ 3> The dye according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the electrochemical oxidation is performed by immersing the conductive polymer as a working electrode in a solution containing a supporting electrolyte and applying a predetermined voltage to the working electrode.
- ⁇ 4> The catalyst layer according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the catalyst layer further contains a photoacid generator, and the acid is generated by irradiating the photoacid generator with light, thereby performing the chemical oxidation.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell includes an electrolytic solution containing at least one oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing a conductive polymer, and performs the chemical oxidation with the oxidizing agent.
- ⁇ 6> A method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell in which at least one type of conductive polymer forming a catalyst layer constituting a counter electrode is in a reduced state or a neutral state
- a method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a step of re-oxidizing the conductive polymer provided in the counter electrode by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation.
- a catalyst layer for a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising one or more conductive polymers and a photoacid generator.
- the catalyst layer according to ⁇ 7>, wherein the conductive polymer is a polymer of a thiophene compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or 8 carbon atoms, a carboxyl group, An ester group, an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group, or a sulfo group is represented.
- R 1 and R 2 are the alkyl group or aryl group, the alkyl group or aryl group may be bonded to the thiophene ring via an azo group or a sulfonyl group.
- R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or 8 carbon atoms, a carboxyl group, An ester group, an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group, or a sulfo group is represented.
- R 3 and R 4 are the alkyl group or aryl group, the alkyl group or aryl group may be bonded to the pyrrole ring via an azo group or a sulfonyl group.
- R 5 to R 8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or 8 carbon atoms, a carboxyl group, An ester group, an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group, or a sulfo group is represented.
- R 5 to R 8 are the alkyl group or aryl group, the alkyl group or aryl group may be bonded to the benzene ring via an azo group or a sulfonyl group.
- ⁇ 11> In any one of the above ⁇ 7> to ⁇ 10>, in the catalyst layer, a ratio of (total mass of the photoacid generator) / (total mass of the conductive polymer) is 0.01 to 10.
- a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a substrate on which a catalyst layer according to any one of the above ⁇ 7> to ⁇ 11> is formed.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising the counter electrode according to ⁇ 6>, a photoelectrode having a sensitizing dye, and an electrolytic solution containing a redox pair.
- a method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising re-oxidizing the conductive polymer by irradiating a photoacid generator contained in the catalyst layer with light.
- An electrolytic solution comprising at least one oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing a conductive polymer.
- the oxidizing agent is a group of simple substances including oxygen gas, chlorine gas and bromine gas, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, anhydrous iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate, A group of inorganic acids including ferric nitrate anhydride and iron (III) perchlorate, a group of organic acids including dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and propionic acid, and tris (4-bromophenyl)
- ⁇ 17> The electrolytic solution according to ⁇ 16>, wherein the oxidizing agent is at least one selected from the inorganic acid group.
- the oxidizing agent is at least one selected from the group of single gases, the content of the oxidizing agent is 1 mg / L to 50 mg / L when the entire electrolytic solution is 1 L.
- the oxidizing agent is at least one selected from the inorganic acid group and the organic acid group
- the content of the oxidizing agent is 0.001 when the entire electrolytic solution is 100% by mass.
- ⁇ 20> The electrolyte solution according to any one of ⁇ 15> to ⁇ 19>, a working electrode having a semiconductor, and a counter electrode, The working electrode includes an electrode layer made of a semiconductor and a dye adsorbed on the electrode layer, The dye-sensitized solar cell, wherein the electrolytic solution is sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode.
- the conductive polymer reduced by contact with the electrolytic solution is reoxidized by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation,
- the oxidation state is positively charged. That is, holes are present in the conductive polymer, and the conductive polymer is regenerated, thereby making it possible to recover or prevent the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer containing the conductive polymer.
- the catalyst layer for the dye-sensitized solar cell, the counter electrode, the electrolytic solution, and the dye-sensitized solar cell, to which the above method is applied It becomes possible to realize recovery or prevention of deterioration of the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining a counter electrode reduction method in Example 1.
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell in Example 1, and is a schematic diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell having a counter electrode before being immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution (0 hour).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell in Example 1, and is a schematic diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell having a counter electrode immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 100 hours.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell in Example 1, and is a schematic diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell having a counter electrode immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 300 hours.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell in Example 1, and is a schematic diagram showing a dye-sensitized solar cell having a counter electrode immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 500 hours.
- 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining a counter electrode reoxidation method in Example 1.
- Example 1 it is a photograph of a counter electrode before being immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution (0 hour), a counter electrode immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 500 hours, and then a counter electrode immersed in an acetonitrile solution for 5 minutes.
- 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining a counter electrode re-oxidation method in Example 2.
- FIG. It is a schematic cross section of a dye-sensitized solar cell provided with the catalyst layer and counter electrode concerning this invention.
- the method for reactivating a counter electrode active material of a dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first aspect of the present invention is a counter electrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell having a counter electrode composed of a catalyst layer made of at least one kind of conductive polymer. This is a method of reactivating the active material.
- the configuration of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 having the counter electrode composed of a catalyst layer made of a conductive polymer will be described with reference to FIG. I will explain.
- the activation method of the counter electrode active material of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention is the activation method of the counter electrode active material of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention, the regeneration method of the dye-sensitized solar cell to which the method is applied, and the dye-sensitized It is an example of the structure which can apply the catalyst layer, counter electrode, electrolyte solution, and dye-sensitized solar cell for solar cells. That is, the dye-sensitized solar cell to which the various aspects of the present invention as described above are applied is not limited to the configuration of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 illustrated in FIG. A plurality of unit cells may be connected in the width direction (that is, the W direction shown in FIG. 1).
- the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 includes a working electrode 11, a counter electrode 12 disposed to face the working electrode 11, and an electrolytic solution 20 interposed between the working electrode 11 and the counter electrode 12. It is configured with at least.
- the side of the electrolytic solution 20 is sealed with a sealing material 21.
- An external circuit (not shown) is connected to the working electrode 11 and the counter electrode 12.
- the working electrode 11 is an electrode in which a transparent substrate 13, a transparent conductive film 14, and a photoelectrode 15 are laminated in this order.
- the transparent base material 13 is a base for the transparent conductive film 14 and the photoelectrode 15 and is made of a material that can transmit the light applied to the photoelectrode 15.
- materials include soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, Vycor glass, non-alkali glass, blue plate glass, and white plate glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate, and the like.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the resin include phthalate (PEN), acrylic resin, polycarbonate, and polyimide.
- the transparent conductive film 14 is formed on one plate surface of the transparent substrate 13 by a sputtering method or a printing method.
- Examples of the transparent conductive film 14 include tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), indium oxide / zinc oxide (IZO), and gallium.
- Doped zinc oxide (GZO) or the like is used.
- the photoelectrode 15 functions as a power generation layer of the dye-sensitized solar cell
- examples of the semiconductor compound constituting the photoelectrode include known metal oxides, compounds having perovskite crystals, and the like. A plurality of types of compounds may be selected and used. Examples of the metal oxide include titanium oxide and zinc oxide, and examples of the compound having a perovskite crystal include CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X is a halogen atom).
- the semiconductor compound (not shown) may be in the form of particles.
- the semiconductor compound may be configured by supporting a sensitizing dye on the semiconductor compound.
- titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) particles are preferable because a nano-order porous layer is formed and a surface area much larger than the surface area of the lower layer is obtained.
- the sensitizing dye emits electrons by the light applied to the photoelectrode 15.
- the emitted electrons are transferred to the metal oxide semiconductor particles, smoothly moved to the transparent conductive film 14, and taken out to an external circuit (not shown).
- Examples of the sensitizing dye that emits electrons by the irradiated light include organic dyes such as ruthenium complex, cyanine, and chlorophyll.
- a ruthenium complex is preferred as the sensitizing dye because it has a wide absorption wavelength range, has a long photoexcitation lifetime, and stabilizes electrons transferred to the porous layer made of metal oxide semiconductor particles.
- Ruthenium complexes include, for example, cis-di (thiocyanato) -bis (2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium (II), cis-di (thiocyanato) -bis (2,2 ′ -Bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium (II) bis-tetrabutylammonium salt (hereinafter referred to as N719).
- the counter electrode 12 is an electrode in which a counter base material 16, a counter conductive film 17, and a conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 (catalyst layer) are laminated in this order.
- the opposing base material 16 serves as a base for the opposing conductive film 17 and the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18, and is arranged at a distance from the transparent base material 13 in the thickness direction.
- Examples of the material of the counter substrate 16 include the same glass and resin as the transparent substrate 13, but are not particularly limited.
- the counter conductive film 17 is formed on one plate surface of the counter substrate 16 by a sputtering method or a printing method.
- the counter conductive film 17 include tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), indium oxide / zinc oxide (IZO), and gallium. Doped zinc oxide (GZO) or the like is used.
- the counter conductive film 17 is preferably formed on the counter electrode 12, the counter conductive film 17 may be omitted.
- the counter conductive film 17 is not necessarily light-transmitting.
- examples of the material for forming the counter conductive film 17 include titanium, aluminum, nickel, chromium, gold, silver, and copper. These metals can also be used.
- the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 is formed on the surface of the counter conductive film 17 opposite to the surface in contact with the counter base material 16, and is disposed so as to oppose the photoelectrode 15 with the electrolytic solution 20 interposed therebetween. .
- the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 contains at least one type of conductive polymer and reduces the redox couple contained in the electrolytic solution 20. Examples of the conductive polymer contained in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 include polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and the like.
- the conductive polymer may be any one of these substances, or may be a mixture of two or more.
- the conductive polymer is in an oxidized state having a positive charge before the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is manufactured.
- the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 may contain a conductive material other than the conductive polymer, such as a carbon material such as a carbon nanotube.
- a conductive material other than the conductive polymer such as a carbon material such as a carbon nanotube.
- the amount of the conductive polymer contained in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 30% by mass or more. .
- the thickness of the catalyst layer 18 is not particularly limited, but if it is an excessively thin catalyst layer, there is a concern that sufficient catalytic ability may not be exhibited, and therefore, for example, it is preferably 0.001 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the catalyst layer 18 is not particularly limited. However, if it is excessively thick, it is uneconomical, and usually 10 ⁇ m or less is sufficient.
- the catalyst layer 18 may be a dense layer or a porous layer. When the porous layer is used, the contact area with the electrolytic solution 20 increases, so that the catalytic ability of the catalyst layer 18 can be improved.
- Examples of the method for forming the dense catalyst layer 18 include a method in which a solution containing a conductive polymer is applied on the surface of the counter conductive film 17 and dried, or the counter conductive film 17 is formed by using a monomer of a conductive polymer. And an electrolytic polymerization method in which a voltage is applied in a state of being immersed in a solution containing.
- Examples of a method for forming the porous catalyst layer 18 include a method in which a conductive polymer is coated on the surface of a porous body of conductive fine particles by an electrolytic polymerization method, or in a solution containing the conductive polymer. Examples include a poor solvent-induced phase separation method in which a poor solvent is added.
- the electrolytic solution 20 is injected into a space surrounded by the working electrode 11, the counter electrode 12, and the sealing material 21, and includes a redox pair that causes a redox reaction for causing electricity to flow in the dye-sensitized solar cell 10. It is a solution.
- Examples of such a redox pair include a combination of iodine and an iodide salt such as dimethylpropylimidazolium iodide and lithium iodide (iodide ion (I ⁇ ) / triiodide ion (I 3 ⁇ )),
- iodide ion (I ⁇ ) / triiodide ion (I 3 ⁇ ) iodide ion (I ⁇ ) / triiodide ion (I 3 ⁇ )
- bromine and a bromide salt such as dimethylpropylimidazolium bromide or lithium bromide (bromide ion (Br ⁇ ) / tribromide ion (Br 3 ⁇ )
- the solvent for the electrolytic solution 20 examples include nitrile nonaqueous solvents such as acetonitrile and propionitrile, lactone nonaqueous solvents such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone, ethylmethylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, and ethylmethylimidazole.
- nitrile nonaqueous solvents such as acetonitrile and propionitrile
- lactone nonaqueous solvents such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone
- ethylmethylimidazolium tetracyanoborate examples include ethylmethylimidazole.
- examples include ionic liquids such as lithium dicyanamide.
- the electrolytic solution 20 may be gelled by a gelling agent such as polyacrylonitrile.
- the concentration of the halogen in the electrolytic solution 20 is preferably 1 to 500 mM, more preferably 5 to 300
- the concentration of the halide salt in the electrolytic solution 20 is preferably 0.1 to 10M, more preferably 0.2 to 5M, and particularly preferably 0.5 to 3M.
- the molar ratio of the halogen to the halide salt is preferably 1: 1 to 1: 1000, more preferably 1: 5 to 1: 500, and 1:10 to 1: 200. It is particularly preferred.
- Examples of the material of the sealing material 21 include a mixture of a photocurable resin and a thermosetting resin.
- the sensitizing dye of the photoelectrode 15 absorbs light, emits electrons to the metal oxide semiconductor particles, and is in an oxidized state. become.
- the emitted electrons move through the porous layer made of metal oxide semiconductor particles and reach the transparent conductive film 14. Thereafter, the electrons pass through the wiring connected to the working electrode 11 and move to the counter conductive film 17 or the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12 through an external circuit.
- the oxidized sensitizing dye receives electrons from the redox couple contained in the electrolytic solution 20 and is reduced.
- the redox couple is oxidized, moves to the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 side, and is reduced by the conductive polymer contained in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18.
- a current flows through the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 by repeating such a redox reaction.
- the conductive polymer contained in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 is in an oxidized state.
- the conductive polymer provided in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 is reduced by contact with the redox couple in the electrolytic solution 20 and is not charged. It becomes a neutral state or a reduced state with a negative charge. Since the conductive polymer in the neutral state or the reduced state cannot exhibit catalytic ability and electrical conductivity, the battery performance decreases as the reduction proceeds.
- the method for reactivating the counter electrode active material of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention is a conductive polymer contained in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 (hereinafter simply referred to as a conductive polymer). Is a method in which when the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is reduced by long-term use or the like, the conductive polymer is re-oxidized by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation.
- reactivation means that the power generation performance is improved by the reduction of the conductive polymer in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 after a certain period of time has elapsed after the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is manufactured.
- the counter electrode of the lowered dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is regenerated by reoxidation of the conductive polymer, or the conductive polymer reduced in the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 is sequentially reoxidized. It is meant to maintain the power generation performance.
- each of a method for re-oxidizing a conductive polymer by chemical oxidation and a method for re-oxidation by electrochemical oxidation will be described.
- the oxidizing agent may be any substance that can oxidize the conductive polymer without impairing the properties of the conductive polymer.
- examples of such substances include inorganic compounds such as iron chloride (III) and iron chloride (III) hydrate, organic acids such as sulfonic acid such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and propionic acid. Examples include acids and tris (4-promophenyl) amine hexane chloroantimonate. From the viewpoint of high solubility in a general-purpose solvent and high oxidizing action, it is preferable to use iron (III) chloride or iron (III) chloride hydrate as the oxidizing agent.
- the solvent for the oxidizing agent examples include solvents that can dissolve the oxidizing agent and do not elute the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 made of a conductive polymer.
- general-purpose organic solvents such as acetonitrile, ethanol, acetone, and toluene are used. be able to.
- a solution in which an oxidizing agent is dissolved in a conductive polymer may be applied directly, or may be evaporated and applied as a vapor.
- a catalyst layer containing a photoacid generator may be used, and the photoacid generator may be irradiated with light to generate an acid, thereby performing the chemical oxidation.
- the specific configuration and material of the catalyst layer and the light irradiation method will be described later in relation to the catalyst layer of the third aspect of the present invention.
- an electrolytic solution containing at least one oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing the conductive polymer may be used, and the chemical oxidation may be performed with the oxidizing agent.
- the composition of the electrolytic solution and the oxidant that can be used will be described later in relation to the electrolytic solution of the seventh aspect of the present invention.
- a conductive polymer is immersed in a solution containing a supporting electrolyte as a working electrode and a predetermined voltage is applied to the working electrode to reoxidize the conductive polymer
- the time for immersing the conductive polymer in the solution containing the supporting electrolyte can be, for example, about 1 to 10 minutes.
- the predetermined voltage applied to the working electrode is preferably set in consideration of the material of the reference electrode. When the material of the reference electrode is silver, the voltage applied to the working electrode can be set to, for example, ⁇ 1.0V to 1.0V.
- the supporting electrolyte may be any substance that is easily dissolved in a general-purpose solvent and gives sufficient ionic conductivity to the solvent.
- examples of such substances include perchlorates such as tetraethylammonium perchlorate and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate and bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide lithium. Examples include trifluoromethanesulfonate.
- a solvent that can dissolve the supporting electrolyte and does not elute the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 made of a conductive polymer for example, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dichloromethane, methanol, or the like is used. be able to.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 can be used for a long time.
- the conductive polymer reduced by the use or the like is regenerated.
- the method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention includes a step of reoxidizing at least the conductive polymer of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation.
- the step of removing the counter electrode 12 from the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 and the step of reassembling the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 using the counter electrode 12 were provided.
- a method for regenerating the dye-sensitized solar cell will be described. Hereinafter, each step will be described.
- Step of removing counter electrode from dye-sensitized solar cell> As shown in FIG. 2, the sealing material 21 is cut into two sealing materials 21 ⁇ / b> A and 21 ⁇ / b> B in the thickness direction, and the counter electrode 12 is taken out from the dye-sensitized solar cell 10.
- Step of re-oxidizing the conductive polymer provided on the counter electrode by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation for the conductive polymer forming the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12 of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10, the counter electrode active material of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first aspect of the present invention described above is used.
- the reactivation method “a method of reoxidizing a conductive polymer by chemical oxidation” or “a method of reoxidizing a conductive polymer by electrochemical oxidation” is performed. Description of each method is omitted.
- the conductive polymer provided in the counter electrode 12 and in the reduced state or neutral state is reoxidized to the oxidized state, and the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the conductive polymer are restored to the initial performance. .
- the working electrode 11 is made so that the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12 having the reoxidized conductive polymer and the photoelectrode 15 of the working electrode 11 face each other.
- the counter electrode 12 is arranged at a predetermined interval with respect to each other, and the sealing materials 21A and 21B are joined by heat treatment or the like.
- an injection hole 22 for injecting the electrolytic solution 20 is formed in a part of the sealing material 21.
- the injection hole 22 may be formed in a part of the counter electrode 12 as shown by a broken line in FIG.
- the electrolytic solution 20 is injected from the injection hole 22 into a space S formed by the working electrode 11, the counter electrode 12, and the sealing material 21.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is reassembled using the counter electrode 12.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 obtained by reoxidizing at least one kind of conductive polymer forming the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 constituting the counter electrode 12 is obtained.
- the method for reactivating the counter active material of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first aspect of the present invention includes the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 composed of at least one kind of conductive polymer.
- the conductive polymer of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 having the counter electrode 12 is re-oxidized by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation.
- the conductive polymer reduced by long-term use of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is oxidized by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation, that is, has a positive charge and has holes. And can be played.
- the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer containing the conductive polymer can be restored to the initial performance before the conductive polymer is reduced.
- the conductive polymer can be easily regenerated by the room temperature process, and the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the conductive polymer catalyst layer can be restored to the initial state before the conductive polymer is reduced.
- electrochemical oxidation is performed by immersing a conductive polymer as a working electrode in a solution containing a supporting electrolyte, and further, a reference electrode
- the auxiliary electrode is immersed and then applied by applying a predetermined voltage to the working electrode, the working electrode undergoes an oxidation reaction due to electron extraction, and the auxiliary electrode undergoes a reduction reaction due to electron delivery. Is oxidized. Accordingly, the conductive polymer can be regenerated, and the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the conductive polymer catalyst layer can be restored to the initial performance before the conductive polymer is reduced.
- the method for regenerating a dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention includes a step of reoxidizing the conductive polymer forming the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 constituting the counter electrode 12 by chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation. Yes.
- the conductive polymer of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12 reduced by the long-term use of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is reoxidized by the above-described chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation.
- the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 can be increased.
- the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 whose power generation performance is reduced by reducing the conductive polymer of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 is reliably restored to the initial performance, and the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is restored.
- the use period of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 can be extended.
- disassembling the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 (6th aspect of this invention).
- the power generation performance can be recovered.
- the reduced conductive polymer is sequentially reoxidized by the oxidizing agent contained in the electrolyte. Since it is possible to prevent a decrease in the power generation performance of the battery, it is usually unnecessary to perform the regeneration method as described above.
- the catalyst layer of the third aspect of the present invention is a catalyst layer for a dye-sensitized solar cell, and is a catalyst layer containing one or more conductive polymers and a photoacid generator.
- Examples of the form of the catalyst layer include a form formed on the surface of a conductive substrate.
- the catalyst layer may be a dense layer or a porous layer.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer is not particularly limited, and can be set to 0.001 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, for example.
- the conductive polymer constituting the catalyst layer is not particularly limited as long as it can supply electrons to the oxidation-reduction pair contained in the electrolytic solution.
- the conductive polymer used in the first aspect of the present invention may be recycled.
- Known conductive polymers as described above in connection with the activation method can be applied.
- the conductive polymer is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of a thiophene compound polymer, a pyrrole compound polymer, and an aniline compound polymer.
- Examples of the polymer of the thiophene compound include a polymer obtained by polymerizing a thiophene compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or 8 carbon atoms, a carboxyl group, An ester group (R′OOC— (R ′ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms)), an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group, or a sulfo group.
- R 1 and R 2 are the alkyl group or aryl group
- the alkyl group or aryl group may be bonded to the thiophene ring via an azo group or a sulfonyl group.
- R 1 and R 2 are the alkyl group or alkoxy group
- the carbon atoms at the terminals of the alkyl group or alkoxy group may be bonded to form a ring.
- the alkyl group is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group, and more preferably a linear alkyl group.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 5, and still more preferably 1 to 3.
- alkoxy group a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group are preferable, and a methoxy group or an ethoxy group is more preferable.
- the aryl group include a phenyl group, a benzyl group, a tolyl group, and a naphthyl group.
- the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- thiophene compound represented by the general formula (1) include compounds represented by the following formulas (1-1) to (1-4).
- a polymer of a pyrrole compound for example, a polymer obtained by polymerizing a pyrrole compound represented by the following general formula (2) may be mentioned.
- R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or 8 carbon atoms, a carboxyl group, An ester group (R′OOC— (R ′ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms)), an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group, or a sulfo group.
- R 3 and R 4 are the alkyl group or aryl group
- the alkyl group or aryl group may be bonded to the pyrrole ring via an azo group or a sulfonyl group.
- R 3 and R 4 are the alkyl group or alkoxy group
- carbon atoms at the terminals of the alkyl group or alkoxy group may be bonded to form a ring.
- the alkyl group is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group, and more preferably a linear alkyl group.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 5, and still more preferably 1 to 3.
- alkoxy group a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group are preferable, and a methoxy group or an ethoxy group is more preferable.
- the aryl group include a phenyl group, a benzyl group, a tolyl group, and a naphthyl group.
- the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- pyrrole compound represented by the general formula (2) examples include compounds represented by the following formulas (2-1) to (2-4).
- examples of the polymer of the aniline compound include a polymer obtained by polymerizing an aniline compound represented by the following general formula (3).
- R 5 to R 8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or 8 carbon atoms, a carboxyl group, An ester group (R′OOC— (R ′ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms)), an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group, or a sulfo group.
- R 5 to R 8 are the alkyl group or aryl group
- the alkyl group or aryl group may be bonded to the benzene ring via an azo group or a sulfonyl group.
- R 5 and R 6 , or R 7 and R 8 are the alkyl group or alkoxy group, carbon atoms at the terminals of the alkyl group or alkoxy group may be bonded to form a ring.
- the alkyl group is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group, and more preferably a linear alkyl group.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 5, and still more preferably 1 to 3.
- alkoxy group a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group are preferable, and a methoxy group or an ethoxy group is more preferable.
- the aryl group include a phenyl group, a benzyl group, a tolyl group, and a naphthyl group.
- the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- aniline compound represented by the general formula (3) include compounds represented by the following formulas (3-1) to (3-4).
- the conductive polymer constituting the catalyst layer may be subjected to a known doping treatment for improving the conductivity.
- sulfonic acids such as polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTS)
- halogens such as iodine, bromine and chlorine
- perchloric acid ClO 4 ⁇
- bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide TMSI
- TCNQ tetracyano Quinodimethane
- the one or more kinds of conductive polymers contained in the catalyst layer reduce the redox couple contained in the electrolytic solution.
- a conductive polymer include polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and the like.
- the conductive polymer contained in the catalyst layer may be one kind or two or more kinds.
- the conductive polymer in the catalyst layer is preferably in an oxidized state with a positive charge before the production of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
- One or more kinds of conductive polymers contained in the catalyst layer may be contained singly or in combination of two or in combination of three or more. It may be.
- the upper limit of the type of the conductive polymer used in combination is not particularly limited, but it may be usually 10 or less.
- 2 or more types in combination for example, from the group consisting of a conductive polymer polymerized with the thiophene compound, a conductive polymer polymerized with the pyrrole compound, and a conductive polymer polymerized with the aniline compound. Any two or three or more kinds of conductive polymers selected may be used in combination.
- the mixing ratio of the two or more conductive polymers may be set as appropriate in consideration of conductivity.
- the photoacid generator constituting the catalyst layer is not particularly limited as long as it can generate an acid by irradiation with light such as ultraviolet rays, and a known photoacid generator can be applied.
- sulfonic photoacid generators such as bis-paratoluenesulfonyldiazomethane and bis-tert-butylsulfonyldiazomethane, diphenyl-4-methylphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylphenyl.
- Sulfonium p-toluenesulfonate 4-methoxyphenyldiphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate and other sulfonium photoacid generators, bis-4-tert-butylphenyliodonium bisperfluorobutanesulfonylimide and other iodonium photoacid generators, etc.
- the photoacid generator constituting the catalyst layer may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the photoacid generator contained in the catalyst layer absorbs light in a wavelength region of 300 nm or more.
- the reproduction light can be absorbed by the base material (for example, FTO glass, ITO-PET film, ITO-PEN film, etc.) constituting the counter electrode by irradiating the light in the wavelength range as the reproduction light described later. This is because it becomes easy to irradiate the photoacid generator (catalyst layer) with a sufficient amount of light.
- the ratio of (total weight of the photoacid generator) / (total weight of the conductive polymer) is preferably 0.01 to 10, more preferably 0.05 to 5, 1 is more preferable.
- the mass ratio is 0.01 or more, a sufficient amount of acid can be generated by light irradiation.
- the mass ratio is 10 or less, it is possible to prevent an excessive amount of the photoacid generator from lowering the electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer.
- the total mass of the conductive polymer with respect to the total mass of the catalyst layer is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and still more preferably 50% by mass or more. When it is 10% by mass or more, the catalytic ability and electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer can be sufficiently enhanced.
- the upper limit of the total mass of the conductive polymer is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, 90% by mass or less.
- the total mass of the photoacid generator relative to the total mass of the catalyst layer is preferably 1 to 90 mass%, more preferably 5 to 70 mass% or more, and still more preferably 10 to 50 mass% or more.
- the amount is 1% by mass or more, a sufficient amount of acid can be generated by ultraviolet irradiation.
- it is 90% by mass or less it is possible to avoid an excessive amount of the photoacid generator from lowering the electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer may contain a conductive material other than the conductive polymer.
- conductive materials include carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and acetylene black.
- the content of the conductive material is preferably about 10 to 500 parts by mass when the conductive polymer constituting the catalyst layer is 100 parts by mass.
- the counter electrode of the fourth aspect of the present invention is a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell, and has a substrate on which the catalyst layer of the third aspect is formed.
- the form of the substrate is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a plate-like substrate and a film.
- the substrate may be light transmissive or non-light transmissive, but it is easy to irradiate the catalyst layer constituting the dye-sensitized solar cell with light.
- the substrate is preferably light transmissive.
- the surface of the substrate may be conductive or non-conductive. Since the catalyst layer itself formed on the surface is conductive, even if the surface of the substrate is non-conductive, it can sufficiently function as a counter electrode. From the viewpoint of increasing the conductivity of the counter electrode, the surface on which the conductive polymer is formed is preferably conductive.
- Examples of the light-transmitting substrate having at least a conductive surface include a transparent conductive substrate in which a transparent conductive film is formed on the surface of a glass substrate or a transparent resin substrate.
- Examples of the non-light transmissive substrate include a metal substrate and a resin substrate having no light transmissive property.
- the light transmittance of the resin substrate may vary depending on the thickness of the substrate.
- the resin examples include resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), acrylic resin, polycarbonate, and polyimide.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- acrylic resin acrylic resin
- carbonate polycarbonate
- polyimide polyimide
- the thickness of the catalyst layer formed on the surface of the base material is not particularly limited. However, if the catalyst layer is excessively thin, there is a concern that sufficient catalytic ability may not be exhibited. For example, the thickness may be 0.001 ⁇ m or more. preferable.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the catalyst layer is not particularly limited, but if it is excessively thick, it is uneconomical, and usually 10 ⁇ m or less is sufficient.
- the catalyst layer formed on the surface of the substrate may be a dense layer or a porous layer.
- the contact area with the electrolytic solution increases, so that the catalytic ability of the catalyst layer can be improved.
- the specific surface area of the porous layer is preferably 0.1 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 1 m 2 / g or more, and further preferably 3 m 2 / g or more when measured by a gas adsorption method. preferable.
- Examples of a method for forming a dense catalyst layer include a method in which a solution containing a conductive polymer and a photoacid generator is applied on the surface of the substrate and dried.
- a porous layer made of a metal oxide semiconductor such as titanium oxide fine particles is previously formed on the surface of the substrate by a known baking method or particle spraying method.
- the porous layer may be impregnated with a solution containing a conductive polymer and a photoacid generator and dried.
- the base material on which the porous layer is formed is immersed in a solution containing the monomer molecules constituting the conductive polymer, and the monomer molecules are diffused in the porous layer.
- the conductive polymer may be synthesized in the porous layer by an electrolytic polymerization method in which a current is passed through the porous layer. According to this electrolytic polymerization method, the conductive polymer can be disposed also in the deep portion in the porous layer. Thereafter, the porous polymer layer is impregnated with a solution containing a photoacid generator, and the solvent is removed and dried, so that the conductive polymer and the photoacid generator coexist on the surface and inside of the porous layer.
- a catalyst layer can be formed. Examples of the monomer molecule include the thiophene compound, pyrrole compound, and aniline compound described above.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell according to a fifth aspect of the present invention includes the counter electrode according to the fourth aspect described above, a photoelectrode having a sensitizing dye, and an electrolytic solution including a redox pair.
- FIG. 10 sectional drawing of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is shown as an example of a 5th aspect.
- the configuration, materials, and functions of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 10 are basically the same as those described above with reference to the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 shown in FIG. It is a catalyst layer.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 10 when the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 10 is regenerated, light (for example, ultraviolet light) in a wavelength region capable of generating an acid from the photoacid generator from the direction of the arrow “reproduction light” shown in FIG. ), The regenerated light transmitted through the light-transmitting counter substrate 16 and counter conductive film 17 constituting the counter electrode 12 reaches the catalyst layer 18.
- the photoacid generator that has absorbed the regenerated light generates an acid, and returns the conductive polymer contained in the same catalyst layer 18 to an oxidized state.
- the catalytic ability and electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer 18 are restored, and the battery performance is preferably restored to the initial state.
- the light source of the reproduction light may be any light source that is capable of irradiating light stronger than sunlight. Etc.
- the irradiation time varies depending on the reduced state of the conductive polymer contained in the catalyst layer 18, the light source used, the type and amount of photoacid generator, etc., and thus cannot be specified unconditionally, but is preferably 10 to 600 seconds, 30 More preferably, ⁇ 300 seconds.
- the electrolyte solution according to the seventh aspect of the present invention is an electrolyte solution containing at least one oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing a conductive polymer. More specifically, in the dye-sensitized solar cell, the electrolyte solution of the present embodiment includes an oxidizing agent that can oxidize a catalyst layer made of a conductive polymer that constitutes the dye-sensitized solar cell, and a dye-sensitized solar cell. It is a solution comprising a redox couple that causes a redox reaction for flowing electricity and a solvent.
- the oxidizing agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that can oxidize the conductive polymer.
- the oxidizing agent include a group of simple gases including oxygen gas, chlorine gas, bromine gas, ozone, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, anhydrous iron (III) chloride, iron nitrate (III) nonahydrate , Inorganic acid groups including ferric nitrate anhydride and iron (III) perchlorate, organic acid groups including dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and propionic acid, and tris (4 -Bromophenyl) amine hexane chloroantimonate at least one selected from the group consisting of.
- At least one selected from the group of simple gases and inorganic acids from the viewpoint of high solubility in general-purpose solvents and high oxidizing action on conductive polymers. More preferably, bromine gas or iron (III) chloride is used.
- the content of the oxidizing agent is preferably 1 mg / L to 50 mg / L when the entire electrolyte is 1 L, and is preferably 5 mg / L to More preferably, it is 50 mg / L, and even more preferably 10 mg / L to 50 mg / L.
- the content of the oxidizing agent with respect to the entire electrolytic solution is less than 1 mg / L%, it is difficult to oxidize the conductive polymer reduced by the redox couple again.
- the redox reaction of the redox couple may be inhibited, and electricity may not flow.
- the single gas is contained or dissolved in the electrolytic solution by bubbling the single gas in the electrolytic solution. Further, when the oxidizing agent is at least one selected from the group of simple gases, these simple gases exist as molecules in the electrolytic solution.
- the simple substance gas is oxygen gas
- the amount of dissolved oxygen in the electrolytic solution is measured by, for example, a dissolved oxygen meter.
- the content of the oxidizing agent is 0.001% by mass to 10% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the entire electrolyte.
- the content is 0.005% by mass to 5% by mass, and more preferably 0.01% by mass to 1% by mass.
- the content of the oxidizing agent with respect to the entire electrolytic solution is less than 0.001% by mass, it becomes difficult to oxidize the conductive polymer reduced by the redox couple again.
- an oxidizing agent is at least 1 sort (s) selected from the group of an inorganic acid and the group of an organic acid, these acids dissociate in electrolyte solution and exist as an ion.
- Redox couple and solvent As the redox couple and the solvent, the same ones as described above in relation to the method for reactivating the counter electrode active material according to the first aspect of the present invention can be used.
- the electrolytic solution of this embodiment since it contains at least one kind of oxidizing agent, when applied to a dye-sensitized solar cell or the like, it constitutes a catalyst layer that is reduced by a redox pair contained in the electrolytic solution.
- the conductive polymer can be oxidized again by the oxidizing agent contained in the electrolytic solution. That is, the power generation performance (photoelectric conversion efficiency) of the dye-sensitized solar cell can be prevented from being deteriorated by oxidizing the conductive polymer again with the oxidizing agent.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an eighth aspect of the present invention includes the electrolytic solution according to the seventh aspect, a working electrode having a semiconductor, and a counter electrode, and the electrolytic solution is sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode. It becomes.
- Each member and basic structure of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the eighth aspect can be the same as those described above with reference to FIG.
- the electrolyte solution 20 includes the electrolyte solution of the seventh aspect, even when a conductive polymer is used for the catalyst layer 18, power generation when used for a long period of time. Degradation of performance can be prevented.
- the electroconductive polymer constituting the catalyst layer 18 is reduced by the redox couple contained in the electrolytic solution 20, the power generation performance is not deteriorated. Therefore, the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 is decomposed. Since the work of regenerating the catalyst layer 18 becomes unnecessary, the maintenance cost and management cost of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10 can be reduced.
- a method for confirming how much the conductive polymer is in a reduced state for example, a method using a spectroscopic spectrum can be mentioned. Since the shape of the spectral spectrum differs depending on whether the conductive polymer is in an oxidized state, neutral state or reduced state, the reduced state can be determined quantitatively by measuring the spectral spectrum of the conductive polymer catalyst layer. is there. Therefore, in various embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to determine how much the reduction process has been performed.
- Example 1 ⁇ Formation of working electrode> A glass substrate having an FTO film formed on the plate surface was prepared as the transparent substrate 13. On the FTO film, a paste composed of TiO 2 particles having an average particle diameter of 14 nm: 19% by mass, ethyl cellulose: 9% by mass, and terpineol: 72% by mass was formed into a film with a size of 4 mm ⁇ 4 mm by a screen printing method. and fired at 500 ° C. 30 minutes to form a porous layer made of TiO 2 particles.
- a porous material composed of TiO 2 particles in a sensitizing dye solution in which N719 was dissolved as a sensitizing dye at a concentration of 0.3 mM in a mixed solution in which acetonitrile and tert-butanol were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1.
- the sensitizing dye was adsorbed on the surface of the porous layer by washing with acetonitrile. This produced the working electrode 11 in which the transparent conductive film 14 and the photoelectrode 15 were laminated on the transparent substrate 13.
- a glass substrate having an FTO film formed of the same material as that of the working electrode 11 was prepared, and an injection hole penetrating the FTO film and the glass substrate was formed as an injection hole 22 for injecting the electrolytic solution 20.
- stacked was formed.
- the illustration of the injection hole for electrolyte injection is omitted.
- a polyaniline solution containing 10% by mass of polyaniline containing sulfonate as a dopant and 90% by mass of toluene was formed on the FTO film by spin coating (rotation speed: 3000 rpm, 20 seconds).
- the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 containing polyaniline which is a conductive polymer was formed by performing a heat treatment at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes on a hot plate.
- the counter electrode 12 in which the counter conductive film 17 and the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 were laminated on the counter substrate 16 was produced.
- the conductive polymer of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12 was reduced by heating to 85 ° C.
- the counter electrode 12 with an immersion time of 0 hour (before immersion), 100 hours, 300 hours, and 500 hours was taken out as counter electrodes 12A to 12D, washed with acetonitrile, and dried.
- Electrolyte 20 includes iodine: 0.03M, 1,3-dimethyl-2-propylimidazolium iodide: 0.6M, lithium iodide: 0.10M, tert-butylpyridine: 0.5M in a solvent. What was dissolved in a certain acetonitrile was used.
- FIG. 8 shows a counter electrode 12D before being immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution containing iodine: 0.05M and 1,3-dimethyl-2-propylimidazolium iodide: 1.0M, iodine: 0.05M, 1,3-Dimethyl-2-propylimidazolium iodide: A counter electrode 12D immersed in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution containing 1.0M for 500 hours, and the counter electrode 12D as iron chloride (hexahydrate): acetonitrile containing 0.01M It is the photograph of the counter electrode 12E immersed for 5 minutes in the solution.
- Example 2 A process similar to that in Example 1 was performed, except that re-oxidation of the conductive polymer provided in the counter electrode 12 was performed by electrochemical oxidation instead of chemical oxidation.
- reoxidation of conductive polymer by electrochemical oxidation and subsequent “reassembly of dye-sensitized solar cell / evaluation of power generation performance” will be described, and other steps similar to those in Example 1 will be described. The description about is omitted.
- the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12D of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10D shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D is used as a working electrode, and LiTFSI (lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide) as a supporting electrolyte: It was immersed in an acetonitrile solution containing 10 ⁇ 1 M.
- LiTFSI lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide
- a voltage of 1.0 V was applied to the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 as a working electrode by a potentiostat (manufactured by IVIUM) for 120 seconds, and the counter electrode 12D
- the conductive polymer of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 was reoxidized by electrochemical oxidation.
- the counter electrode 12F provided with the conductive polymer re-oxidized from the reduced state was produced.
- Example 1 The same steps as in Example 1 were performed except that “reoxidation of the conductive polymer by chemical oxidation” was not performed. That is, the counter electrode 12D reduced by dipping in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 500 hours was washed with acetonitrile and dried to form a counter electrode 12G (not shown), and then the dye-sensitized solar cell 10G was assembled using the counter electrode 12G.
- each item of photoelectric conversion efficiency, short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10G was measured to evaluate the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10G.
- Tables show evaluation results of power generation performance of dye-sensitized solar cells 10A to 10G in Examples 1, 2 and Comparative Example 1. It is shown in 1.
- the recovery rate of photoelectric conversion efficiency due to reoxidation in Table 1 was calculated by the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cells 10E to 10G to the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10A.
- the recovery rate of photoelectric conversion efficiency due to re-oxidation of the counter electrode 12D was 0.97, and a value close to 1 was obtained.
- the short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10E the same results as the respective items in the dye-sensitized solar cell 10A were obtained.
- the conductive polymer reduced by being immersed in the ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 500 hours was re-oxidized and regenerated by chemical oxidation after being immersed in the acetonitrile solution for 5 minutes.
- the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of the conductive polymer catalyst layer 18 of the counter electrode 12E are substantially restored to the initial performance before the conductive polymer is reduced. .
- the recovery rate of photoelectric conversion efficiency due to re-oxidation of the counter electrode 12D was 0.98, and a value close to 1 was obtained.
- the short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10F the same results as the respective items in the dye-sensitized solar cell 10A were obtained. This is because the conductive polymer reduced by immersing in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 500 hours is immersed in an acetonitrile solution containing LiTFSI: 10 ⁇ 1 M, and a platinum wire and a silver wire are used as an auxiliary electrode and a reference, respectively.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is hardly recovered.
- the short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10G were all lower than the values of the respective items in the dye-sensitized solar cell 10A. This is because the conductive polymer reduced by dipping in a ⁇ -butyrolactone solution for 500 hours and provided in the counter electrode 12G of the dye-sensitized solar cell 10G is reoxidized by chemical oxidation or reoxidation by electrochemical oxidation. None of this was done, and it was because it was not regenerated in the reduced state.
- the conductive polymer reduced by long-term use of the dye-sensitized solar cells is reoxidized.
- the counter electrode composed of the catalyst layer made of the conductive polymer By regenerating the counter electrode composed of the catalyst layer made of the conductive polymer, the catalyst activity and electrical conductivity of the catalyst layer are restored to the initial performance before the conductive polymer is reduced, and the dye The power generation performance of the sensitized solar cell was reliably restored to the initial performance, and it was confirmed that the dye-sensitized solar cell could be regenerated.
- Example 3 ⁇ Production of photoelectrode> A porous film was formed using a paste composed of 19% by mass of titanium oxide particles (particle diameter ⁇ 14 nm), 9% by mass of ethyl cellulose, and 72% by mass of terpineol.
- a transparent conductive substrate a glass substrate having a surface resistance of 10 ohms ( ⁇ ) provided with an FTO film was used, and the paste was applied on the FTO film in an area of 4 mm ⁇ 4 mm by screen printing, and then at 500 ° C. in an air atmosphere. Was baked for 30 minutes to form a porous layer (film thickness 10 ⁇ m) on the transparent conductive film.
- the substrate provided with the porous layer was immersed in a dye solution in which a sensitizing dye N719 was dissolved at a concentration of 0.3 mM in a 1: 1 mixture of acetonitrile and tert-butanol, and then washed with acetonitrile. Then, a photoelectrode provided with a power generation layer formed by adsorbing a sensitizing dye to the porous layer was produced.
- the content of the conductive polymer (poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) containing sulfonate as a dopant) is 85% by mass with respect to the total mass of the solution, and photoacid generation
- the content of the agent (Irgacure PAG103 (IR 103, manufactured by BASF)) was 15% by mass.
- methanol was used as a solvent.
- An electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving iodine in a solvent ⁇ -butyrolactone to a concentration of 0.05 M and 1,3-dimethyl-2-propylimidazolium iodide at a concentration of 1.0 M.
- DSC dye-sensitized solar cell
- Example 4 The “poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene containing sulfonate as a dopant” used in Example 3 was changed to “polyaniline containing a sulfonate as a dopant”. Other than that was carried out in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Example 5 The “poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene containing sulfonate as a dopant” used in Example 3 was changed to “polypyrrole containing tetracyanotetraazanaphthalene as a dopant”. Other than that was carried out in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Example 6 “Irgacure PAG103” used in Example 3 was changed to “Irgacure PAG121 (manufactured by BASF)”. Other than that was carried out in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Example 7 “Irgacure PAG103” used in Example 3 was changed to “Irgacure PAG290 (manufactured by BASF)”. Other than that was carried out in the same manner as in Example 3.
- the initial power generation performance has been degraded by an accelerated test that is stored at 85 ° C. for a long time. This is considered to be because the conductive polymer constituting the catalyst layer was chemically reduced or neutralized by the redox couple in the electrolyte. Thereafter, the power generation performance has been greatly recovered by irradiating the catalyst layer with ultraviolet light. This is presumably because, in the DSC cells of Examples 3 to 7, the conductive polymer returned to the oxidized state by the action of the acid released from the photoacid generator contained in the catalyst layer. On the other hand, since the photoacid generator is not contained in the catalyst layer of the DSC cell of Comparative Example 2, the power generation performance is not recovered even when irradiated with ultraviolet rays.
- the conductive polymer constituting the catalyst layer is neutralized or reduced by the contact between the electrolyte solution and the catalyst layer over a long period of time. Even if the power generation performance is reduced, it is apparent that the power generation performance can be recovered by irradiating the catalyst layer with light (regeneration light) that can release acid from the photoacid generator.
- Example 8 ⁇ Formation of power generation layer (working electrode)>
- a transparent conductive substrate a glass substrate having a surface resistance of 10 ohm ( ⁇ ) having an FTO film formed on the plate surface was prepared.
- a porous material composed of TiO 2 particles in a sensitizing dye solution in which N719 was dissolved as a sensitizing dye at a concentration of 0.3 mM in a mixed solution in which acetonitrile and tert-butanol were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1.
- the sensitizing dye was adsorbed on the surface of the porous layer by washing with acetonitrile. This produced a working electrode in which a transparent conductive film and a photoelectrode were laminated on a transparent conductive substrate.
- a glass substrate on which an FTO film was formed of the same material as the working electrode was prepared, and an injection hole penetrating the FTO film and the glass substrate was formed as an injection hole for injecting an electrolytic solution.
- stacked was formed.
- a PEDOT solution comprising poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT): 1 to 2% by mass and methanol: 98 to 99% by mass containing sulfonate as a dopant is spin-coated on the FTO film.
- PEDOT poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
- the film was formed by (rotation speed: 3000 rpm, 20 seconds). Then, the catalyst layer containing PEDOT which is a conductive polymer was formed by performing a heat treatment at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes on a hot plate. This produced the counter electrode by which the opposing electrically conductive film and the catalyst layer which consists of a conductive polymer were laminated
- ⁇ Assembly of dye-sensitized solar cell> The power generation layer and the catalyst layer produced as described above are opposed to each other, the counter electrode is arranged at a predetermined interval with respect to the working electrode, and is sealed to the side of the space between the working electrode and the counter electrode. A sealing material was placed, and the sealing material was cured by heat treatment or the like. Thereafter, the electrolyte prepared as described above is injected from the injection hole formed in the counter electrode into the space surrounded by the working electrode, the counter electrode and the sealing material, and then the injection hole is thermoset the sealing material. Thus, a dye-sensitized solar cell was produced.
- Example 9 In ⁇ Formation of catalyst layer (counter electrode)>, the dye increase in Example 9 was performed in the same manner as in Example 8 except that a polyaniline solution was used instead of the poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) solution. A solar cell was prepared. About the obtained dye-sensitized solar cell, it carried out similarly to Example 8, and evaluated the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and the 85 degreeC heat test of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The results are shown in Table 3.
- PEDOT poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
- Example 10 ⁇ Formation of electrolyte containing oxidant>
- 1 mmol / L of iron (III) chloride was contained in the electrolyte instead of bubbling oxygen gas into the electrolyte.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 3 was produced. About the obtained dye-sensitized solar cell, it carried out similarly to Example 8, and evaluated the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and the 85 degreeC heat test of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 3 A dye-sensitized solar cell of Comparative Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8 except that oxygen gas was not bubbled into the electrolyte in ⁇ Formation of electrolyte containing oxidant>. About the obtained dye-sensitized solar cell, it carried out similarly to Example 8, and evaluated the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and the 85 degreeC heat test of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 4 A dye-sensitized solar cell of Comparative Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that in the ⁇ formation of electrolyte containing oxidant>, oxygen gas was not bubbled into the electrolyte. About the obtained dye-sensitized solar cell, it carried out similarly to Example 8, and evaluated the power generation performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and the 85 degreeC heat test of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The results are shown in Table 3.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2013年8月30日に、日本に出願された特願2013-179849号、及び2013年12月17日に、日本に出願された特願2013-260073号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
対極を構成する白金層の形成方法としては、例えばガラス基板や金属板等の基材上に塩化白金酸溶液を塗布して加熱処理する方法や、真空蒸着、スパッタリング等によって成膜する方法がある。
<1> 対極活物質として少なくとも一種類以上の導電性高分子を含む触媒層から構成される対極を有する色素増感太陽電池の前記対極活物質を再活性化する方法であって、
前記導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化することを含む、
色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
<2> 前記化学的酸化は、酸化剤を溶かした溶液に前記導電性高分子を浸漬することにより実施する前記<1>に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
<3> 前記電気化学的酸化は、支持電解質を含む溶液に前記導電性高分子を作用電極として浸漬させ、前記作用電極に所定の電圧を印加することにより実施する前記<1>に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
<4> 前記触媒層がさらに光酸発生剤を含み、光酸発生剤に光照射することにより酸を発生させ、これにより前記化学的酸化を行うことを特徴とする前記<1>に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
<5> 前記色素増感太陽電池が、導電性高分子を酸化し得る少なくとも1種の酸化剤を含む電解液を備え、前記酸化剤によって前記化学的酸化を行うことを特徴とする前記<1>に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
<6> 対極を構成する触媒層をなす少なくとも一種類以上の導電性高分子が還元状態又は中性状態にある色素増感太陽電池の再生方法であって、
前記対極に備えられている前記導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化する工程を備えた色素増感太陽電池の再生方法。
<7> 色素増感太陽電池用の触媒層であって、1種以上の導電性高分子及び光酸発生剤を含むことを特徴とする触媒層。
<8> 前記導電性高分子が、下記一般式(1)で表されるチオフェン化合物の重合体である、前記<7>に記載の触媒層。
[式中、R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R1及びR2が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してチオフェン環に結合していてもよい。R1及びR2が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。]
<9> 前記導電性高分子が、下記一般式(2)で表されるピロール化合物の重合体である、前記<7>に記載の触媒層。
[式中、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R3及びR4が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してピロール環に結合していてもよい。R3及びR4が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。]
<10> 前記導電性高分子が、下記一般式(3)で表されるアニリン化合物の重合体である、前記<7>に記載の触媒層。
[式中、R5~R8は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R5~R8が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してベンゼン環に結合していてもよい。R5及びR6、或いは、R7及びR8が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。]
<11> 前記触媒層において、(前記光酸発生剤の総質量)/(前記導電性高分子の総質量)の比が0.01~10である、前記<7>~<10>の何れか一項に記載の触媒層。
<12> 色素増感太陽電池用の対極であって、前記<7>~<11>の何れか一項に記載の触媒層が表面に形成された基材を有することを特徴とする対極。
<13> 前記<6>に記載の対極と、増感色素を有する光電極と、酸化還元対を含む電解液と、を備えたことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。
<14> 触媒層を構成する導電性高分子の少なくとも一部が還元状態又は中性状態にある、前記<13>に記載の色素増感太陽電池を再生する方法であって、
前記触媒層に含まれている光酸発生剤に光照射することにより、前記導電性高分子を再酸化することを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池の再生方法。
<15> 導電性高分子を酸化し得る少なくとも1種の酸化剤を含むことを特徴とする電解液。
<16> 前記酸化剤は、酸素気体、塩素気体および臭素気体を含む単体ガスの群、塩化鉄(III)六水和物、無水塩化鉄(III)、硝酸鉄(III)九水和物、無水硝酸第二鉄および過塩素酸鉄(III)を含む無機酸の群、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸、トルエンスルホン酸、トリフルオロ酢酸およびプロピオン酸を含む有機酸の群、並びに、トリス(4-ブロモフェニル)アミンヘキサンクロロアンチモネートからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする前記<15>に記載の電解液。
<17> 前記酸化剤は、前記無機酸群から選択される少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする前記<16>に記載の電解液。
<18> 前記酸化剤が前記単体ガスの群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、前記酸化剤の含有量は、電解液全体を1Lとしたとき、1mg/L~50mg/Lであることを特徴とする前記<15>~<17>のいずれか1項に記載の電解液。
<19> 前記酸化剤が前記無機酸の群および前記有機酸の群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、前記酸化剤の含有量は、電解液全体を100質量%としたとき、0.001質量%~10質量%であることを特徴とする前記<15>~<17>のいずれか1項に記載の電解液。
<20> 前記<15>~<19>のいずれか1項に記載の電解液と、半導体を有する作用電極と、対極と、を備え、
前記作用電極は、半導体からなる電極層と、該電極層に吸着されている色素を含み、
前記作用電極と前記対極との間に、前記電解液が挟持されてなることを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。
本発明の第一態様の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法は、少なくとも一種類以上の導電性高分子からなる触媒層から構成される対極を有する色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質を再活性化する方法である。色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法を説明するに先立ち、導電性高分子からなる触媒層から構成される対極を有する色素増感太陽電池10の構成について、図1を参照して説明する。
なお、図1に示す色素増感太陽電池10の構成は、本発明の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の活性化方法並びにその方法を応用した色素増感太陽電池の再生方法、色素増感太陽電池用の触媒層、対極、電解液及び色素増感太陽電池を適用可能な構成の一例である。即ち、前記したような本発明の種々の態様を適用する色素増感太陽電池は、図1に例示した色素増感太陽電池10の構成に限定されるものではなく、色素増感太陽電池10が単位セルとして幅方向(即ち、図1に示すW方向)に複数連結された構成を有していてもよい。
作用電極11と対極12には、不図示の外部回路が接続されている。
以下、各構成要素について順次説明する。
また、対向導電膜17は、必ずしも光透過性である必要はなく、上記の材料の他に、対向導電膜17を形成する材料としては、チタン、アルミニウム、ニッケル、クロム、金、銀、銅等の金属を用いることもできる。
導電性高分子触媒層18に含まれる導電性高分子の量としては、10質量%以上であることが好ましく、20質量%以上であることがより好ましく、30質量%以上であることが特に好ましい。
上記のハロゲンの電解液20中の濃度は、1~500mMであることが好ましく、5~300mMであることがより好ましく、10~200mMであることが特に好ましい。上記のハロゲン化物塩の電解液20中の濃度は、0.1~10Mであることが好ましく、0.2~5Mであることがより好ましく、0.5~3Mであることが特に好ましい。
また、上記のハロゲンとハロゲン化物塩のモル比は、1:1~1:1000であることが好ましく、1:5~1:500であることがより好ましく、1:10~1:200であることが特に好ましい。
本発明の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法は、色素増感太陽電池10の導電性高分子触媒層18に含まれる導電性高分子(以下、単に導電性高分子という)が色素増感太陽電池10の長期間の使用等によって還元された際に、導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化する方法である。尚、本発明でいう「再活性化」とは、色素増感太陽電池10の製造後一定期間経過後に、導電性高分子触媒層18の導電性高分子の還元が進行することで発電性能が低下した色素増感太陽電池10の前記対極を、前記導電性高分子の再酸化により再生すること、又は導電性高分子触媒層18において還元された導電性高分子を逐次再酸化することにより電池の発電性能を維持することを意味するものとする。
以下、導電性高分子を化学的酸化によって再酸化する方法と、電気化学的酸化によって再酸化する方法の各々について、説明する。
ここでは、酸化剤を溶かした溶液に導電性高分子を浸漬することにより、導電性高分子を再酸化する例について説明する。酸化剤を溶かした溶液に導電性高分子を浸漬する時間は、例えば1分~10分程度とすることができる。
ここでは、支持電解質を含む溶液に導電性高分子を作用電極として浸漬させ、該作用電極に所定の電圧を印加することにより、導電性高分子を再酸化する例について説明する。
支持電解質を含む溶液に導電性高分子を浸漬する時間は、例えば1分~10分程度とすることができる。作用電極に印加する所定の電圧は、参照電極の材質を勘案して設定することが好ましい。参照電極の材質が銀である場合は、作用電極に印加する電圧を例えば-1.0V~1.0Vとすることができる。
次いで、本発明の第二態様の色素増感太陽電池の再生方法について、図2及び図3を参照し、説明する。
本発明の色素増感太陽電池の再生方法は、図1に示す対極12を構成する導電性高分子触媒層18をなす少なくとも一種類以上の導電性高分子が還元状態又は中性状態にある色素増感太陽電池10の再生方法である。即ち、本発明の色素増感太陽電池の再生方法は、少なくとも導電性高分子触媒層18の導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化する工程を備えている。ここでは、導電性高分子を再酸化する工程に加え、色素増感太陽電池10から対極12を取り出す工程と、対極12を用いて色素増感太陽電池10を再組み立てする工程と、を備えた色素増感太陽電池の再生方法について説明する。
以下、各工程について説明する。
図2に示すように、封止材21を厚み方向において二つの封止材21A,21Bに切断し、対極12を色素増感太陽電池10から取り出す。
本工程では、色素増感太陽電池10の対極12の導電性高分子触媒層18をなす導電性高分子に対し、上述した本発明の第一態様に係る色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法における「導電性高分子を化学的酸化によって再酸化する方法」又は「導電性高分子を電気化学的酸化によって再酸化する方法」を実施する。各方法の説明は省略する。本工程により、対極12に備えられ且つ還元状態又は中性状態にあった導電性高分子が酸化状態へと再酸化され、導電性高分子の触媒活性及び電気伝導性が初期性能まで復元される。
次に、図3に示すように、再酸化された導電性高分子を備えた対極12の導電性高分子触媒層18と作用電極11の光電極15とを対向させるようにして、作用電極11に対して所定の間隔をあけて対極12を配置し、熱処理等により封止材21A,21Bを接合する。その後、封止材21の一部に、電解液20を注入するための注入孔22を形成する。
なお、注入孔22は、図3の破線で図示されているように対極12の一部に形成してもよい。続いて、作用電極11と対極12と封止材21によって囲まれて形成された空間Sに、電解液20を注入孔22から注入する。本工程により、対極12を用いて、色素増感太陽電池10が再度組み立てられる。
これにより、色素増感太陽電池10の長期間の使用等によって還元された導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって酸化状態、即ち、正の電荷を帯び、正孔が存在する状態とし、再生できる。その結果、導電性高分子を含む触媒層の触媒活性及び電気伝導性を、導電性高分子が還元される前の初期性能まで復元できる。
これにより、色素増感太陽電池10の長期間の使用等により還元された対極12の導電性高分子触媒層18の導電性高分子を上記説明した化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化し、導電性高分子触媒層18の触媒活性及び電気伝導性を高めることができる。
従って、導電性高分子触媒層18の導電性高分子が還元されることで発電性能が低下した色素増感太陽電池10の発電性能を初期性能まで確実に復元し、色素増感太陽電池10を再生できる。その結果、色素増感太陽電池10の使用期間を長期化できる。
尚、前述の光酸発生剤含有触媒層を使用する場合、色素増感太陽電池10を分解することなく、対極を構成する触媒層に光照射するという簡便な方法(本発明の第六態様)によって、発電性能を回復させることができる。
また、前述の酸化剤含有電解液を使用する場合には、色素増感太陽電池10使用時に、還元された導電性高分子が、電解液中に含まれる酸化剤により逐次再酸化されることにより電池の発電性能の低下を防止することができるため、通常、上述したような再生方法を実施することは不要である。
本発明の第三態様の触媒層は、色素増感太陽電池用の触媒層であって、1種以上の導電性高分子、及び光酸発生剤を含む触媒層である。
触媒層の形態としては、例えば導電性基板の表面に形成された形態が挙げられる。この触媒層は緻密な層であってもよいし、多孔質層であってもよい。また、触媒層の厚みは特に制限されず、例えば0.001μm~10μmに設定することができる。
前記触媒層を構成する導電性高分子としては、電解液中に含まれる酸化還元対に電子を供給できるものであれば特に制限されず、例えば、本発明の第一態様の対極活物質の再活性化方法に関連して上述したような公知の導電性高分子が適用できる。
導電性高分子は、チオフェン化合物の重合体、ピロール化合物の重合体およびアニリン化合物の重合体からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
チオフェン化合物の重合体として、例えば、下記一般式(1)で表されるチオフェン化合物が重合したものが挙げられる。
[式中、R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基(R’OOC-(R’は、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基を表す。))、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R1及びR2が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してチオフェン環に結合していてもよい。R1及びR2が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。]
前記アルキル基の炭素原子数は1~8が好ましく、1~5がより好ましく、1~3が更に好ましい。
前記アリール基としては、フェニル基、ベンジル基、トリル基、ナフチル基等が挙げられる。
前記ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子等が挙げられる。
[式中、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基(R’OOC-(R’は、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基を表す。))、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R3及びR4が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してピロール環に結合していてもよい。R3及びR4が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。]
前記アルキル基の炭素原子数は1~8が好ましく、1~5がより好ましく、1~3が更に好ましい。
前記アリール基としては、フェニル基、ベンジル基、トリル基、ナフチル基等が挙げられる。
前記ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子等が挙げられる。
[式中、R5~R8は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基(R’OOC-(R’は、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基を表す。))、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R5~R8が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してベンゼン環に結合していてもよい。R5及びR6、或いは、R7及びR8が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。]
前記アルキル基の炭素原子数は1~8が好ましく、1~5がより好ましく、1~3が更に好ましい。
前記アリール基としては、フェニル基、ベンジル基、トリル基、ナフチル基等が挙げられる。
前記ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子等が挙げられる。
2種又は3種以上を併用する場合、例えば、前記チオフェン化合物が重合した導電性高分子、前記ピロール化合物が重合した導電性高分子、及び前記アニリン化合物が重合した導電性高分子からなる群から選ばれる任意の2種又は3種以上の導電性高分子を組みわせて使用してもよい。2種又は3種以上の導電性高分子の混合比は、導電性を考慮して適宜設定すればよい。
前記触媒層を構成する光酸発生剤は、紫外線等の光照射によって酸を発生することが可能であれば特に制限されず、公知の光酸発生剤が適用できる。具体例としては、ビス-パラトルエンスルホニルジアゾメタン、ビス-tert-ブチルスルホニルジアゾメタン等のスルホン系の光酸発生剤、ジフェニル-4-メチルフェニルスルホニウムトリフルオロメタンスルホネート、ジフェニル-2,4,6-トリメチルフェニルスルホニウムパラトルエンスルホネート、4-メトキシフェニルジフェニルスルホニウムトリフルオロメタンスルホネート等のスルホニウム系の光酸発生剤、ビス-4-tert-ブチルフェニルヨードニウムビスパーフルオロブタンスルホニルイミド等のヨードニウム系の光酸発生剤等が挙げられる。前記触媒層を構成する光酸発生剤は1種単独で使用されてもよいし、2種以上が併用されていてもよい。
前記質量比が0.01以上であると、光照射によって充分な量の酸を発生させることができる。前記質量比が10以下であると、過剰量の光酸発生剤が触媒層の電気伝導性を低下させることを避けられる。
10質量%以上であると、触媒層の触媒能及び電気導電性を充分に高めることができる。前記導電性高分子の総質量の上限は特に制限されず、例えば90質量%以下とすることができる。
1質量%以上であると、紫外線照射によって十分な量の酸を発生させることができる。90質量%以下であると、過剰量の光酸発生剤が触媒層の電気伝導性を低下させることを避けられる。
前記触媒層には、導電性高分子以外の導電性材料が含まれていてもよい。このような導電性材料としては、例えばカーボンナノチューブ、アセチレンブラック等のカーボン材料が挙げられる。前記導電性材料の含有量は、触媒層を構成する導電性高分子を100質量部とすると、10~500質量部程度が好ましい。
本発明の第四態様の対極は、色素増感太陽電池用の対極であって、第三態様の触媒層が表面に形成された基材を有する。
多孔質層の比表面積はガス吸着法で測定した場合、0.1m2/g以上であることが好ましく、1m2/g以上であることがより好ましく、3m2/g以上であることが更に好ましい。
本発明の第五態様の色素増感太陽電池は、前述した第四態様の対極と、増感色素を有する光電極と、酸化還元対を含む電解液と、を備える。
図10に、第五態様の一例として色素増感太陽電池10の断面図を示す。図10に示す色素増感太陽電池10の構成、材料及び機能は、基本的に図1に示す色素増感太陽電池10に関して上記した通りであるが、触媒層18は、前述した第三態様の触媒層である。
本発明の第六態様の色素増感太陽電池の再生方法は、触媒層を構成する導電性高分子の少なくとも一部が還元状態又は中性状態にある、前述した第五態様の色素増感太陽電池を再生する方法であって、前記触媒層に含まれている光酸発生剤に光照射することにより、前記導電性高分子を再酸化する方法である。
本発明の第七態様の電解液は、導電性高分子を酸化し得る、少なくとも1種の酸化剤を含む電解液である。より詳細には、本実施形態の電解液は、色素増感型太陽電池を構成する、導電性高分子からなる触媒層を再び酸化させることが可能な酸化剤と、色素増感型太陽電池において電気を流すための酸化還元反応を生じる酸化還元対と、溶媒とからなる溶液である。
酸化剤は、導電性高分子を酸化し得る物質であれば、特に限定されるものではない。酸化剤としては、例えば、酸素気体、塩素気体、臭素気体、オゾン等を含む単体ガスの群、塩化鉄(III)六水和物、無水塩化鉄(III)、硝酸鉄(III)九水和物、無水硝酸第二鉄および過塩素酸鉄(III)等を含む無機酸の群、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸、トルエンスルホン酸、トリフルオロ酢酸およびプロピオン酸を含む有機酸の群、並びに、トリス(4-ブロモフェニル)アミンヘキサンクロロアンチモネートからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種が挙げられる。これらの中でも、汎用の溶媒への溶解性が高く、導電性高分子に対する酸化作用が高い点から、単体ガスの群および無機酸の群から選択される少なくとも1種を用いることが好ましく、酸素気体、臭素気体、塩化鉄(III)を用いることがより好ましい。
電解液全体に対する酸化剤の含有量が1mg/L%未満では、酸化還元対によって還元された導電性高分子を、再び酸化させることが難しくなる。一方、電解液全体に対する酸化剤の含有量が50mg/Lを超えると、酸化還元対の酸化還元反応を阻害して、電気が流れなくおそれがある。
なお、酸化剤が単体ガスの群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、電解液に単体ガスをバブリングすることによって、電解液に単体ガスを含有または溶解させる。
また、酸化剤が単体ガスの群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、これらの単体ガスは、電解液中でも分子として存在する。
また、単体ガスが酸素気体の場合、電解液中の溶存酸素量は、例えば、溶存酸素計によって計測される。
電解液全体に対する酸化剤の含有量が0.001質量%未満では、酸化還元対によって還元された導電性高分子を、再び酸化させることが難しくなる。一方、電解液全体に対する酸化剤の含有量が10質量%を超えると、酸化還元対の酸化還元反応を阻害して、電気が流れなくおそれがある。
なお、酸化剤が無機酸の群および有機酸の群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、これらの酸は、電解液中で解離し、イオンとして存在する。
酸化還元対及び溶媒としては、本発明の第一態様の対極活物質の再活性化方法に関連して上述したものと同様のものを使用することができる。
ところで、電解液に酸化剤を含有させておくことにより、電解液に含まれる酸化還元対によって、触媒層を構成する導電性高分子が酸化状態から中性状態へと還元された場合、直ちに(自動的に)電解液に含まれる酸化剤によって、その導電性高分子が再び酸化される。
本発明の第八態様の色素増感型太陽電池は、第七態様の電解液と、半導体を有する作用電極と、対極と、を備え、作用電極と対極との間に、電解液が挟持されてなる。第八態様の色素増感型太陽電池の各部材や基本的構成については、図1に参照して上述したものと同様とすることができる。
<作用電極の形成>
透明基材13として、板面にFTO膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。FTO膜上に、平均粒径14nmのTiO2粒子:19質量%、エチルセルロース:9質量%、テルピネオール:72質量%からなるペーストを、サイズ4mm×4mmでスクリーン印刷法により成膜し、空気雰囲気下、500℃で30分間焼成することで、TiO2粒子からなる多孔質層を形成した。その後、アセトニトリルとtert-ブタノールとを質量比1:1で混合した混和液に、増感色素としてN719を0.3mMの濃度で溶解させた増感色素溶液中に、TiO2粒子からなる多孔質層及びFTO膜を備えたガラス基板を20時間浸漬させた後、アセトニトリルで洗浄することで増感色素を多孔質層の表面に吸着させた。これにより、透明基材13上に透明導電膜14と光電極15が積層された作用電極11を作製した。
次に、作用電極11と同じ材質でFTO膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意し、電解液20を注入するための注入孔22として、FTO膜及びガラス基板を貫通する注入孔を形成した。これにより、図4Aに示すように、FTOからなる対向導電膜17が積層されたガラスからなる対向基材16を形成した。なお、図4A,図4B及び図5においては、電解液注入用の注入孔の図示を省略する。続いて、FTO膜上に、スルホン酸塩をドーパントとして含むポリアニリン:10質量%、トルエン:90質量%からなるポリアニリン溶液をスピンコート(回転数:3000rpm、20秒)により成膜した。その後、ホットプレート上で100℃、10分間の加熱処理を行うことで、導電性高分子であるポリアニリンを含む導電性高分子触媒層18を形成した。これにより、図4Bに示すように、対向基材16上に対向導電膜17と導電性高分子触媒層18が積層された対極12を作製した。
次に、図6A~図6Dに示すように、上述のようにして還元処理された導電性高分子触媒層18と作用電極11の光電極15とを対向させるようにして、対極12A,12B,12C,12Dの各々を作用電極11に対して所定の間隔をあけて配置し、作用電極11と対極12との間の空間の側方に不図示の封止材を配置して熱処理等により該封止材を硬化させた。その後、不図示の注入孔から、作用電極11と対極12と封止材によって囲まれた空間に電解液20を注入し、色素増感太陽電池10A~10Dを作製した。電解液20には、ヨウ素:0.03M、1,3-ジメチル-2-プロピルイミダゾリウムヨージド:0.6M、ヨウ化リチウム:0.10M、tert-ブチルピリジン:0.5Mを、溶媒であるアセトニトリルに溶解させたものを用いた。
次に、ソーラーシミュレーター(型番:XES-301S、株式会社三永電機製作所製)を用い、色素増感太陽電池10A~10Dの光電変換効率、短絡電流密度、開放電圧、曲線因子の各項目を測定することにより、色素増感太陽電池10A~10Dの発電性能を評価した。
次に、上述した色素増感太陽電池の再生方法における「色素増感太陽電池から対極を取り出す工程」と同様にして、γ-ブチロラクトン溶液に500時間浸漬して還元させた導電性高分子が備えられた色素増感太陽電池10Dから対極12Dを取り出した。
次に、図7に示すように、取り出した対極12Dを塩化鉄(六水和物):0.01Mを含むアセトニトリル溶液に5分間浸漬し、対極12Dの導電性高分子触媒層18の導電性高分子を化学的酸化によって再酸化した。これにより、還元状態から再酸化された導電性高分子を備えた対極12Eを作製した。図8は、ヨウ素:0.05Mと、1,3-ジメチル-2-プロピルイミダゾリウムヨージド:1.0Mとを含むγ-ブチロラクトン溶液に浸漬する前の対極12D、ヨウ素:0.05Mと、1,3-ジメチル-2-プロピルイミダゾリウムヨージド:1.0Mとを含むγ-ブチロラクトン溶液に500時間浸漬した対極12D、対極12Dを塩化鉄(六水和物):0.01Mを含むアセトニトリル溶液に5分浸漬した対極12Eの写真である。
次に、対極12Eを用い、上述の「色素増感太陽電池の組み立て」と同様にして、色素増感太陽電池10Eを組み立てた。また、上述の「色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価」を行う際に使用したソーラーシミュレーターを用い、色素増感太陽電池10Eの光電変換効率、短絡電流密度、開放電圧、曲線因子の各項目を測定することにより、色素増感太陽電池10Eの発電性能を評価した。
対極12に備えられた導電性高分子の再酸化を、化学的酸化に替えて電気化学的酸化によって実施したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を実施した。以下、「電気化学的酸化による導電性高分子の再酸化」と、その後に行う「色素増感太陽電池の再組み立て・発電性能の評価」について説明し、それ以外の実施例1と同様の工程についての説明は省略する。
図9に示すように、図6A~図6Dに示す色素増感太陽電池10Dの対極12Dの導電性高分子触媒層18を作用電極とし、支持電解質としてのLiTFSI(リチウムビストリフルメタンスルホニルイミド):10-1Mを含むアセトニトリル溶液に浸漬した。その後、白金線と銀線をそれぞれ補助電極と基準電極として、ポテンショスタット(IVIUM社製)により作用電極である導電性高分子触媒層18に1.0Vの電圧を120秒間印加し、対極12Dの導電性高分子触媒層18の導電性高分子を電気化学的酸化によって再酸化した。これにより、還元状態から再酸化された導電性高分子を備えた対極12Fを作製した。
次に、対極12Fを用い、上述の「色素増感太陽電池の組み立て」と同様にして、色素増感太陽電池10Fを組み立てた。また、上述の「色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価」を行う際に使用したソーラーシミュレーターを用い、色素増感太陽電池10Fの光電変換効率、短絡電流密度、開放電圧、曲線因子の各項目を測定することにより、色素増感太陽電池10Fの発電性能を評価した。
「化学的酸化による導電性高分子の再酸化」を行わないこと以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を実施した。即ち、γ-ブチロラクトン溶液に500時間浸漬して還元させた対極12Dをアセトニトリルで洗浄、乾燥させて対極12G(図示略)とした後、対極12Gを用いて色素増感太陽電池10Gを組み立てた。その後、上述の「色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価」を行う際に使用したソーラーシミュレーターを用い、色素増感太陽電池10Gの光電変換効率、短絡電流密度、開放電圧、曲線因子の各項目を測定することにより、色素増感太陽電池10Gの発電性能を評価した。
<光電極の作製>
酸化チタン粒子(粒径Φ14nm)19質量%、エチルセルロース9質量%、テルピネオール72質量%からなるペーストを用いて、多孔質膜の形成を行った。透明導電基板として、FTO膜を配した表面抵抗10オーム(Ω)のガラス基板を用い、上記ペーストをスクリーン印刷法で4mm×4mmの面積で、FTO膜上に塗布した後、空気雰囲気下500℃で30分間焼成して、透明導電膜上に多孔質層(膜厚10μm)を形成した。
アセトニトリルとtert-ブタノールの1:1の混和液に増感色素N719を0.3mMの濃度で溶解した色素溶液中に、前記多孔質層を備えた基板を20時間浸漬させた後、アセトニトリルで洗浄し、増感色素を多孔質層に吸着させてなる発電層を備えた光電極を作製した。
FTO膜が形成されたガラス基板に、後工程において電解液を注入するための注入孔を形成した。このガラス基板上に、スピンコート(回転数3000rpm20秒)によって、導電性高分子及び光酸発生剤を含む溶液を塗布し、ホットプレート上で60℃5分間の加熱処理を行うことにより、FTO膜上に導電性高分子及び光酸発生剤から成る触媒層を形成した。
前記溶液中、溶液の総質量に対して、導電性高分子(スルホン酸塩をドーパントとして含むポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン(PEDOT))の含有量は85質量%であり、光酸発生剤(イルガキュアPAG103(IR 103、BASF社製))の含有量は15質量%であった。また、溶媒としてメタノールを使用した。
溶媒であるγ-ブチロラクトンに、ヨウ素を0.05M、1,3-ジメチル-2-プロピルイミダゾリウムヨージドを1.0Mの濃度となるように溶解させることにより、電解液を調製した。
触媒層を備えた対極と、発電層を備えた光電極とを、封止材を挟み込む形で対面配置させ、加熱処理で封止材を硬化させることにより、DSCセルを組み立てた。次に対極に形成した前記注入孔から、光電極、対極及び封止材によって囲まれた空間に電解液を注入し、注入孔を封止した。
ソーラーシミュレーター(型番:XES-301S、株式会社三永電機製作所製)を使用し、作製したDSCセルについて、光強度100mW/cm2の疑似太陽光照射下における、光電変換効率(発電効率)を測定した。この結果を表2の「発電効率(85℃前)」の欄に示す。
次に、発電効率を測定したDSCセルを85℃の電気炉中に300時間置いた後、その発電性能を上記と同様に測定した。この結果を表2の「発電効率(85℃後)」の欄に示す。
続いて、耐熱試験後に発電効率を測定したDSCセルに対して、UVスポットキュア(ウシオ電機社製)を用いて紫外光を照射した。この際、触媒層を構成する導電性高分子に対する照射効率を高めるために、対極側から紫外光を照射した。その後、再び発電性能を評価した。この結果を表2の「発電効率(紫外光有)」の欄に示す。
また、後述する実施例4~7及び比較例2の結果を表2に併記した。
実施例3で使用した、「スルホン酸塩をドーパントとして含むポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン」を、「スルホン酸塩をドーパントとして含むポリアニリン」に変更した。それ以外は実施例3と同様に実施した。
実施例3で使用した、「スルホン酸塩をドーパントとして含むポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン」を、「テトラシアノテトラアザナフタレンをドーパントとして含むポリピロール」に変更した。それ以外は実施例3と同様に実施した。
実施例3で使用した、「イルガキュアPAG103」を、「イルガキュアPAG121(BASF社製)」に変更した。それ以外は実施例3と同様に実施した。
実施例3で使用した、「イルガキュアPAG103」を、「イルガキュアPAG290(BASF社製)」に変更した。それ以外は実施例3と同様に実施した。
イルガキュアPAG103を含有させなかった以外は、実施例3と同様に実施した。
<発電層(作用電極)の形成>
透明導電基板として、板面にFTO膜が形成された、表面抵抗10オーム(Ω)のガラス基板を用意した。
FTO膜上に、平均粒径14nmのTiO2粒子:19質量%、エチルセルロース:9質量%、テルピネオール:72質量%からなるペーストを、サイズ4mm×4mmでスクリーン印刷法により成膜し、空気雰囲気下、500℃で30分間焼成することで、TiO2粒子からなる多孔質層を形成した。
その後、アセトニトリルとtert-ブタノールとを質量比1:1で混合した混和液に、増感色素としてN719を0.3mMの濃度で溶解させた増感色素溶液中に、TiO2粒子からなる多孔質層およびFTO膜を備えたガラス基板を20時間浸漬させた後、アセトニトリルで洗浄することで増感色素を多孔質層の表面に吸着させた。これにより、透明導電基板上に透明導電膜と光電極が積層された作用電極を作製した。
次に、作用電極と同じ材質でFTO膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意し、電解液を注入するための注入孔として、FTO膜およびガラス基板を貫通する注入孔を形成した。これにより、FTO膜からなる対向導電膜が積層されたガラスからなる対向基材を形成した。
続いて、FTO膜上に、スルホン酸塩をドーパントとして含むポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン(PEDOT):1~2質量%と、メタノール:98~99質量%とからなるPEDOT溶液をスピンコート(回転数:3000rpm、20秒)により成膜した。その後、ホットプレート上で80℃、5分間の加熱処理を行うことで、導電性高分子であるPEDOTを含む触媒層を形成した。これにより、対向基材上に対向導電膜と導電性高分子からなる触媒層が積層された対極を作製した。
溶媒としてのγ-ブチロラクトンに、酸化還元対として、ヨウ素0.05Mと、1,3-ジメチル-2-プロピルイミダゾリウムヨージド1.0Mとを溶解させて、電解液を調製した。
続いて、この電解液に酸素気体を10分間バブリングすることによって、電解液に酸素(酸化剤)を含有させた。この時、電解液中の溶存酸素量を、溶存酸素計によって計測した。その結果、電解液中の溶存酸素量は10g/L(水飽和率換算)であった。
上述のようにして作製した発電層と触媒層とを対向させるようにして、対極を作用電極に対して所定の間隔をあけて配置し、作用電極と対極との間の空間の側方に封止材を配置し、熱処理等により、その封止材を硬化させた。その後、対極に形成した注入孔から、作用電極と対極と封止材によって囲まれた空間に、上述のようにして作製した電解液を注入し、その後、注入穴を、封止材を熱硬化することで塞ぎ、色素増感太陽電池を作製した。
ソーラーシミュレーターを用い、光強度100mW/cm2の疑似太陽光照射下における、光電変換効率を測定することにより、色素増感太陽電池の発電性能を評価した。結果を表3に示す。
色素増感太陽電池を電気炉中に、85℃で500時間保管した。
その後、上述のようにして、色素増感太陽電池の光電変換効率を測定した。結果を表3に示す。
また、85℃耐熱試験前後の光電変換効率の測定結果から、85℃耐熱試験前の光電変換効率に対する85℃耐熱試験後の光電変換効率((85℃耐熱試験後の光電変換効率)/(85℃耐熱試験前の光電変換効率)×100(%))を算出し、光電変換効率の維持率とした。結果を表3に示す。
<触媒層(対極)の形成>において、ポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン(PEDOT)溶液の代わりに、ポリアニリン溶液を用いた以外は、実施例8と同様にして、実施例9の色素増感太陽電池を作製した。
得られた色素増感太陽電池について、実施例8と同様にして、色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価、および、色素増感太陽電池の85℃耐熱試験を行った。結果を表3に示す。
<酸化剤を含有する電解液の形成>において、電解液に酸素気体をバブリングする代わりに、電解液に塩化鉄(III)を1mmol/L含有させた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例3の色素増感太陽電池を作製した。
得られた色素増感太陽電池について、実施例8と同様にして、色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価、および、色素増感太陽電池の85℃耐熱試験を行った。結果を表3に示す。
<酸化剤を含有する電解液の形成>において、電解液に酸素気体をバブリングしなかった以外は、実施例8と同様にして、比較例3の色素増感太陽電池を作製した。
得られた色素増感太陽電池について、実施例8と同様にして、色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価、および、色素増感太陽電池の85℃耐熱試験を行った。結果を表3に示す。
<酸化剤を含有する電解液の形成>において、電解液に酸素気体をバブリングしなかった以外は、実施例9と同様にして、比較例3の色素増感太陽電池を作製した。
得られた色素増感太陽電池について、実施例8と同様にして、色素増感太陽電池の発電性能の評価、および、色素増感太陽電池の85℃耐熱試験を行った。結果を表3に示す。
一方、比較例3および4では、電解液中に酸化剤を含有していないので、光電変換効率の維持率が低いことが分かった。
12 対極
18 導電性高分子触媒層(触媒層)
Claims (20)
- 対極活物質として少なくとも一種類以上の導電性高分子を含む触媒層から構成される対極を有する色素増感太陽電池の前記対極活物質を再活性化する方法であって、
前記導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化することを含む、
色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。 - 前記化学的酸化は、酸化剤を溶かした溶液に前記導電性高分子を浸漬することにより実施する請求項1に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
- 前記電気化学的酸化は、支持電解質を含む溶液に前記導電性高分子を作用電極として浸漬させ、前記作用電極に所定の電圧を印加することにより実施する請求項1に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
- 前記触媒層がさらに光酸発生剤を含み、光酸発生剤に光照射することにより酸を発生させ、これにより前記化学的酸化を行うことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
- 前記色素増感太陽電池が、導電性高分子を酸化し得る少なくとも1種の酸化剤を含む電解液を備え、前記酸化剤によって前記化学的酸化を行うことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の色素増感太陽電池の対極活物質の再活性化方法。
- 対極を構成する触媒層をなす少なくとも一種類以上の導電性高分子が還元状態又は中性状態にある色素増感太陽電池の再生方法であって、
前記対極に備えられている前記導電性高分子を化学的酸化又は電気化学的酸化によって再酸化する工程を備えた色素増感太陽電池の再生方法。 - 色素増感太陽電池用の触媒層であって、1種以上の導電性高分子及び光酸発生剤を含むことを特徴とする触媒層。
- 前記導電性高分子が、下記一般式(1)で表されるチオフェン化合物の重合体である、請求項7に記載の触媒層。
[式中、R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R1及びR2が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してチオフェン環に結合していてもよい。R1及びR2が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。] - 前記導電性高分子が、下記一般式(2)で表されるピロール化合物の重合体である、請求項7に記載の触媒層。
[式中、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R3及びR4が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してピロール環に結合していてもよい。R3及びR4が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。] - 前記導電性高分子が、下記一般式(3)で表されるアニリン化合物の重合体である、請求項7に記載の触媒層。
[式中、R5~R8は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素原子数1~8のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数6又は8のアリール基、カルボキシル基、エステル基、アルデヒド基、水酸基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、又はスルホ基を表す。R5~R8が前記アルキル基又はアリール基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアリール基はアゾ基又はスルホニル基を介してベンゼン環に結合していてもよい。R5及びR6、或いは、R7及びR8が前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基である場合、前記アルキル基又はアルコキシ基の末端の炭素原子同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。] - 前記触媒層において、(前記光酸発生剤の総質量)/(前記導電性高分子の総質量)の比が0.01~10である、請求項7~10の何れか一項に記載の触媒層。
- 色素増感太陽電池用の対極であって、請求項7~11の何れか一項に記載の触媒層が表面に形成された基材を有することを特徴とする対極。
- 請求項6に記載の対極と、増感色素を有する光電極と、酸化還元対を含む電解液と、を備えたことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。
- 触媒層を構成する導電性高分子の少なくとも一部が還元状態又は中性状態にある、請求項13に記載の色素増感太陽電池を再生する方法であって、
前記触媒層に含まれている光酸発生剤に光照射することにより、前記導電性高分子を再酸化することを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池の再生方法。 - 導電性高分子を酸化し得る少なくとも1種の酸化剤を含むことを特徴とする電解液。
- 前記酸化剤は、酸素気体、塩素気体および臭素気体を含む単体ガスの群、塩化鉄(III)六水和物、無水塩化鉄(III)、硝酸鉄(III)九水和物、無水硝酸第二鉄および過塩素酸鉄(III)を含む無機酸の群、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸、トルエンスルホン酸、トリフルオロ酢酸およびプロピオン酸を含む有機酸の群、並びに、トリス(4-ブロモフェニル)アミンヘキサンクロロアンチモネートからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項15に記載の電解液。
- 前記酸化剤は、前記無機酸群から選択される少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の電解液。
- 前記酸化剤が前記単体ガスの群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、前記酸化剤の含有量は、電解液全体を1Lとしたとき、1mg/L~50mg/Lであることを特徴とする請求項15~17のいずれか1項に記載の電解液。
- 前記酸化剤が前記無機酸の群および前記有機酸の群から選択される少なくとも1種の場合、前記酸化剤の含有量は、電解液全体を100質量%としたとき、0.001質量%~10質量%であることを特徴とする請求項15~17のいずれか1項に記載の電解液。
- 請求項15~19のいずれか1項に記載の電解液と、半導体を有する作用電極と、対極と、を備え、
前記作用電極は、半導体からなる電極層と、該電極層に吸着されている色素を含み、
前記作用電極と前記対極との間に、前記電解液が挟持されてなることを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。
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| KR1020157033400A KR102286239B1 (ko) | 2013-08-30 | 2014-08-29 | 색소 증감 태양 전지의 대향 전극 활물질의 재활성화 방법, 및 그 방법을 응용한 색소 증감 태양 전지의 재생 방법, 색소 증감 태양 전지용의 촉매층, 대향 전극, 전해액 및 색소 증감 태양 전지 |
| CN201480030101.1A CN105283936B (zh) | 2013-08-30 | 2014-08-29 | 活性物质再活化方法、电池再生方法、催化剂层、对电极 |
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| TWI566451B (zh) * | 2015-10-08 | 2017-01-11 | 台灣染敏光電股份有限公司 | 染料敏化光伏型電池及其模組與封裝方法 |
| CN108231421B (zh) * | 2016-12-22 | 2019-12-24 | 台湾染敏光电股份有限公司 | 染料敏化光伏型电池、模块及其制造方法 |
| TWI639261B (zh) | 2016-12-22 | 2018-10-21 | 台灣染敏光電股份有限公司 | 染料敏化光伏型電池、模組及其製造方法 |
| JP2019117889A (ja) * | 2017-12-27 | 2019-07-18 | 太陽誘電株式会社 | 色素増感太陽電池 |
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