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WO2015024006A1 - Réseau d'antennes à constante diélectrique élevée - Google Patents

Réseau d'antennes à constante diélectrique élevée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015024006A1
WO2015024006A1 PCT/US2014/051382 US2014051382W WO2015024006A1 WO 2015024006 A1 WO2015024006 A1 WO 2015024006A1 US 2014051382 W US2014051382 W US 2014051382W WO 2015024006 A1 WO2015024006 A1 WO 2015024006A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
array
antenna
elements
antennae
permittivity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2014/051382
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Hatem Zeine
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ossia Inc
Original Assignee
Ossia Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US14/461,332 external-priority patent/US9685711B2/en
Application filed by Ossia Inc filed Critical Ossia Inc
Priority to JP2016534882A priority Critical patent/JP2016528840A/ja
Publication of WO2015024006A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015024006A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/40—Radiating elements coated with or embedded in protective material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to the field of wireless signal transmission, and more specifically a new and useful system and method for engineering antenna arrays.
  • the transmission efficiency of a phased array transmitter is proportional to the number of antennae in the array.
  • placing 1 million antennae within more or less the same distance of 5 meters from the target is a challenge.
  • Each antenna needs its own volume of space to prevent it from directly coupling with neighboring antennae, and therefore, the size of the array could become several times larger than the 5-meter distance.
  • the efficiency would also disappear as the array would grow and most of the antennae would be outside the 5-meter range.
  • a means of decreasing the size of an array while overcoming the constraints induced by antennae proximity is incorporated in the embodiments of this invention.
  • a means of decreasing the size of an array while overcoming the constraints induced by antennae proximity is provided.
  • the antennae are submersed in a high dielectric material in addition to being arranged at right angles to one another, both features precluding one or more antennae from coupling.
  • wires are covered in high dielectric material in order to refract RF signals around them, allowing antennae towards the center of the array to successfully transmit signals past layers above them.
  • Figure 1 features a table that displays different frequencies and corresponding wavelengths and transmission ranges for various wireless applications
  • Figure 2 shows a size comparison between an antenna in air and a noticeably smaller antenna submerged in a high-dielectric material
  • Figure 3 shows the arrangement of antennae on a printed circuit board
  • PCB wherein some components of the said antennae are represented by dashed lines going through the board from front surface to back surface and laid in three dimensions in order to cover every type of polarized signal;
  • Figure 4 A shows the density of wires required to block a polarization of RF radiation in air;
  • Figure 4B shows the density of wires required to block the polarization of RF radiation when the said wires are immersed in a dielectric of permittivity coefficient p;
  • Figure 5 shows exemplar dipole antennae having been etched using the same technique that etches the conductive traces on PCB;
  • Figure 6 shows a cross section of a PCB with four layers, the middle two layers being used to etch the antennae so as to have them immersed in the dielectric materials of the PCB;
  • Figure 7 shows a cross section of a PCB where the internal layers of the PCB host a conductive wire surrounded by air or some other low-permittivity material
  • Figure 8 A shows a signal facing air as it leaves a high-dielectric material and exhibiting a high total internal reflection angle that causes signals to stay within the material;
  • Figure 8B shows the high dielectric material with several layers of slightly lower permittivity, causing internal signals to escape from the high-dielectric material to the air without having to face the high total internal reflection angle, a technique similar to optic lens coating;
  • Figure 9 illustrates antennae at a right-angle orientation in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 10 shows a quasi-crystalline arrangement of the antennae
  • Figure 11 depicts a preferred embodiment of the entire system of this invention.
  • phased array antenna The size of a phased array antenna is directly proportional to spacing between elements in the phased array. The spacing between these elements is dictated by the physics involved in radio frequency (RF) transmission in the material where the antenna elements are submersed, resulting in limits to how closely antennae can be placed together.
  • RF radio frequency
  • two antennae facing each other can be placed only as closely as one wavelength apart. Any closer than that, and various unwanted side effects due to close proximity become significant and destroy the advantages of having two antennae.
  • One of these effects causes the two antennae to act as one, which is counterproductive since the capability of directing wireless signals by a phased array antenna depends upon having unique phases assigned to individual antenna elements.
  • the antenna phases are expected to be carefully controlled and distinct from one another. So, the minimum distance between antenna array elements sets the minimum size of the array.
  • the minimum distance between antenna elements is directly related to wavelength and the wavelength is the inversely proportion to frequency, we can determine the size of the antenna array by knowing the frequency being transmitted and the medium in which the antenna elements are submersed.
  • the chart 100 describes antenna elements used in different wireless applications 110.
  • Frequencies 120 are the commonly used frequencies in conjunction with the wireless applications 110.
  • Wavelengths 130 are approximate wavelength values, in vacuum or air, associated to the frequencies 120.
  • Corresponding transmission ranges 140 are listed for wireless applications 110 when each is transmitting one Watt of power.
  • the frequencies of wireless signals range from 1 GHz to 8 GHz.
  • This is truly a home-sized array.
  • the array must have a population of antenna elements spaced about every 5 inches apart in all three dimensions. Hence, a way must be found to decrease the distance between antenna elements and still preserve the advantageous properties of the array.
  • the distances involved in the above calculations are based the electromagnetic wavelengths in vacuum, or air.
  • the important factor in these distance calculations has to do with the permittivity of free space. If we can change the permittivity of the material that makes up the volume of the antenna array, we can affect the distances involved while holding the frequencies constant. This is due to the reduced speed of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium which normally has a permittivity factor larger than that of vacuum or air because of the higher dielectric constant of the dielectric medium.
  • the dielectric medium must be chosen with care since there are many other side effects different materials can introduce.
  • Metals for instance, can have advantageously high dielectric constants.
  • metals also bring along many undesired attributes that conflict with the application at hand.
  • Metals reflect radio frequencies (RF), and can absorb RF radiation and convert it to heat.
  • RF radio frequencies
  • Metals are also used to build transmitting/receiving antennae by being configured into various shapes and thus cannot be used as the medium in which the antenna elements are submersed.
  • the quarter- wavelength antenna 210 is in air and has a length
  • a quarter- wavelength antenna 220 is shown in Figure 2 (b), where the material used has a permittivity coefficient, p.
  • the length of the quarter- wavelength antenna 220 is reduced by a factor l/V p.
  • one embodiment of the invention calls for a specific arrangement of them on a printed circuit board (PCB).
  • the antennae are laid down in three dimensions to cover every type of polarized signal, as shown in the antennae arrangement 300 depicted in Figure 3. Components of the said antennae going through the board from front surface to back surface 310 are represented by dashed lines.
  • This antennae arrangement 300 would allow a large quantity of antennae to be arranged in close proximity while minimizing the interference with one another.
  • Figure 4A depicts how polarization RF radiation can be blocked if its
  • Waves 410 are intercepted by conductive wires 420 with spacing 430 of a length d equal to the RF radiation wavelength 440 or shorter, assuming the wave polarization is perpendicular to the orientation of the wires.
  • the spacing 470 is now reduced to i /Vp, allowing for denser spacing of lines as shown in Figure 4B. Thus decreasing the minimum size of the array unit overall.
  • one embodiment of the invention recommends the submersion of the wires feeding and controlling circuitry on the PCB in a dielectric material of permittivity coefficient p, where p is substantially larger than 1.
  • one embodiment of the invention has antennae
  • Patterns 510, 520, and 530 are exemplar dipole antennae that can be easily built on a PCB according to this embodiment of the invention.
  • one embodiment of the invention in the configuration 600, uses the internal layers 610, 620, 630, 640 of a PCB with multiple layers to etch antennae in order to ensure that said antennae would be fully immersed in the dielectric materials of the said PCB.
  • Figure 7 shows an almost invisible trace 710 within the PCB material that are surrounded by a gap 720 of air or some other low-permittivity materials, thus making them highly reflective spaces, which is useful since traversing high- to low- permittivity materials means that most signals would be reflected at the boundary.
  • an embodiment of the invention includes configuration 850 shown in Figure 8B.
  • outer layers of a PCB are made of a material 860 of a permittivity lower than that of the inner layers 870 which is made of high dielectric material. This causes internal signals 880 to escape from the high dielectric material 870 to the air without having to face the high total internal reflection angle, similar to optic lens coating.
  • Wires can be repeatedly coated with increasingly high dielectric materials in a manner similar to making candles. Just as light can be bent by glass, RF signal paths can be bent by high dielectric materials. If RF is refracted enough through the interfaces between each layer of a wire coated with ever-higher dielectric materials, the RF signal from any antenna will be routed around the wire inside. This would allow the array to be powered by wires that were essentially "invisible" to the RF passing through them.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention further recommends that the antennae in an array 1000 be arranged in a quasi- crystalline manner 1010 that provides aperiodic (i.e., non-repetitive) structure in all directions.
  • the image 1020 shows every collection of five antennae encased in a pentagon, illustrating the aperiodic nature of this arrangement.
  • This aperiodic design maintains antenna density throughout the array's layout, while at the same time preventing antennae from coupling as a result of being too close to one another.
  • Such aperiodic design suppresses the natural directivity of phased arrays, allowing for greater power delivery in any direction by suppressing natural (i.e., unwanted) directions.
  • the said quasi-crystalline arrangement would be aperiodic, having several arrangements of the same design in layers would nonetheless create periodic directions, which is detrimental to signal amplification.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention would have each layer of the array made from a different section of quasi-crystal design, thus avoiding identical stacked patterns throughout the layers.
  • Another issue is that the center of quasi-crystalline designs is usually symmetric around a certain angle, which compromises the aperiodicity of their patterns. To avoid this problem, an embodiment of the invention calls for using those parts of the quasi-crystalline design that are farther from the center.
  • FIG. 11 shows a preferred embodiment of entire system 1100 of this invention.
  • the system appears as a three-dimensional form comprising a plurality of PCBs 1110, each PCB comprising high-dielectric material encasing an array of densely packed antennae 1120, the antennae being oriented in angular positions with respect to each other, the antennae further being arranged in a quasi-crystalline pattern.
  • the PCBs are electrically joined by inter-PCB connection comprising wire 1130 encased in high-dielectric material.
  • the PCBs are enclosed in an enclosure 1140 which is made of a material that is transparent to RF so as not to interfere with signal transfer.
  • the said enclosure can be made of a material having a permittivity lower than that of the PCBs.
  • the present invention provides a system and methods for reducing the size of an antenna phased array without compromising the range of its wireless signal transmission.
  • the wireless signal may comprise power, data, or any other signal capable of being transmitted wirelessly.
  • the advantages of such a system include the ability to store phased arrays in smaller spaces, thus making wireless signal transmission available in a wider range of scenarios, such as in the home or automobile.

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système et un procédé pour transmettre son fils des signaux par l'intermédiaire d'un réseau d'antennes phasé. Afin de diminuer la distance entre des antennes individuelles dans le réseau, les antennes sont immergées dans un matériau à constante diélectrique élevée en plus d'être agencées à angle droit les unes par rapport aux autres, ces deux caractéristiques évitant le couplage d'une ou plusieurs antennes. De plus, les fils conducteurs sont recouverts d'un matériau à constante diélectrique élevée afin de réfracter les signaux RF autour de ceux-ci, ce qui permet aux antennes situées vers le centre du réseau de transmettre avec succès des signaux au-delà des autres couches.
PCT/US2014/051382 2013-08-16 2014-08-16 Réseau d'antennes à constante diélectrique élevée Ceased WO2015024006A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2016534882A JP2016528840A (ja) 2013-08-16 2014-08-16 高誘電アンテナアレイ

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361867001P 2013-08-16 2013-08-16
US61/867,001 2013-08-16
US14/461,332 US9685711B2 (en) 2013-02-04 2014-08-15 High dielectric antenna array
US14/461,332 2014-08-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015024006A1 true WO2015024006A1 (fr) 2015-02-19

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
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Country Status (2)

Country Link
JP (1) JP2016528840A (fr)
WO (1) WO2015024006A1 (fr)

Cited By (123)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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