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WO2015022067A1 - Repère de référence d'images radiographiques, indiquant la direction de gravité, et procédé implémenté par ordinateur permettant une détermination plus précise de la position d'images radiographiques lors de la prise de vues et permettant l'émission des paramètres afférents - Google Patents

Repère de référence d'images radiographiques, indiquant la direction de gravité, et procédé implémenté par ordinateur permettant une détermination plus précise de la position d'images radiographiques lors de la prise de vues et permettant l'émission des paramètres afférents Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015022067A1
WO2015022067A1 PCT/EP2014/002189 EP2014002189W WO2015022067A1 WO 2015022067 A1 WO2015022067 A1 WO 2015022067A1 EP 2014002189 W EP2014002189 W EP 2014002189W WO 2015022067 A1 WO2015022067 A1 WO 2015022067A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ray image
ray
hollow sphere
reference marker
image
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2014/002189
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Welsch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Spontech Spine GmbH
Original Assignee
Spontech Spine GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Spontech Spine GmbH filed Critical Spontech Spine GmbH
Publication of WO2015022067A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015022067A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/06—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/067—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring angles
    • A61B2090/069—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring angles using a plummet or weight
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A61B2090/3966—Radiopaque markers visible in an X-ray image
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C9/00—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels
    • G01C9/10—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels by using rolling bodies, e.g. spheres, cylinders, mercury droplets
    • G01C2009/107—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels by using rolling bodies, e.g. spheres, cylinders, mercury droplets spheres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B42/00—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means
    • G03B42/02—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays
    • G03B42/04—Holders for X-ray films
    • G03B42/047—Holders for X-ray films provided with marking means

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of medical technology and information technology and in particular relates to an X-ray image reference marker with gravity direction display and a computer-implemented method for more accurate position determination of X-ray images during recording and the output of corresponding parameters.
  • X-ray image reference markers of the present type are structures of known size and shape of X-ray vollabsorb Schllabsorb Schldem or -absorb Schlierendem material, which are arranged in the beam path between the X-ray source and the detector such that when scanning the body tissue of the marker wholly or partially together with the body tissue is projected onto the detector and visually recognizable on the resulting X-ray image.
  • image processing software By visual comparison and / or supported by image processing software, the size of mapped, other structures of interest of the body can then be estimated and / or calculated.
  • the geometry of an X-ray image reference marker thus serves as a simple benchmark. For reasons of measurement accuracy, such X-ray image reference markers should therefore be arranged as close as possible, preferably in the same plane as the structure of interest.
  • X-ray image reference markers and methods for the accurate calculation of the anatomy of patients or size determination of individual partial structures in the X-ray image are already widely known from the prior art.
  • a spherical configuration of the part of the X-ray image reference marker to be imaged has proven to be the most advantageous geometric embodiment.
  • such an X-ray reference marker is known from US 2008/0273665 A1. It consists of a ball of known diameter of X-ray impermeable material, preferably stainless steel, which is attached to a flexible arm made of plastic, at the other end of which there is a fastening device in the form of a clip, a magnet, a suction cup or a magnetized plate. whereby an adjustable in all directions, but fixed positioning is achieved.
  • the flexible arm consists of a series of movable interlocking segments.
  • the US 6,459,772, B1 proposes in contrast to the above-mentioned and with respect to their respective fixation quite complex mechanical and not easy to clean constructions an X-ray reference marker, which allows easier positioning and fixation.
  • the reusable X-ray impermeable ball so the actual marker, frictionally, but interchangeably in an X-ray permeable spherical surface portion recess of a holder or a complete plastic housing, each easily via a likewise removable mounting plate by means of adhesive to an object to be illuminated easily can be attached and removed.
  • An additional integrated damping plate ensures a clearer and sharper image of the ball on the X-ray image.
  • the previously considered X-ray image reference markers allow a precise calculation of the size of a structure shown on the X-ray image, z.
  • they do not take into account the fact that the situation and shape of the imaged structures in the human body also depends on its orientation relative to the direction of gravity.
  • the human spine carries a considerable part of the body weight, but the intervertebral discs are comparatively soft, the position of the vertebrae and the shape of the intervertebral discs also change significantly when the human being changes the orientation of his body axis.
  • Such data providing display means which are also arranged as the above-mentioned X-ray image markers in the beam path between an X-ray source and a detector so that they are projected when the body tissue is illuminated on the detector and on the resulting X-ray image visually the gravitational direction or A direction from which the gravitational direction can be deduced is already known.
  • a frame is known, at the upper cross-beam, a carriage is arranged movable on which a plumb line a plumb bob is attached.
  • the carriage is moved on the upper cross-beam so that the vertically hanging lead wire passes through the image section of interest and is thus exposed to X-radiation.
  • the lead which is impermeable to the X-radiation, then appears on the X-ray image as a narrow strip which indicates the direction of gravitational development.
  • DE 10 2010 026 934 A1 also shows an adhesive element which is easier to position and which is designed in the manner of a plaster and is simply temporarily fixed laterally on the patient's skin by the tissue structure of interest , At the body facing Side of the adhesive element is applied an adhesive layer, while on the other side is a U-shaped tube made of glass or other X-ray transmissive material. The tube is partially filled with mercury, forming two menisci. The remaining space is filled with air or another gas.
  • the two legs of the tube form two communicating tubes, the two menisci are always at the same height and thus define a horizontal in the gravitational field of the earth, from which the perpendicular gravitational direction can be easily derived.
  • X-ray image is then a bright double-angled strip caused by the impermeable to X-rays mercury, visible from the ends of the position of the horizontal for the attending physician is directly readable.
  • this reference device has the disadvantage of increased risk of breakage due to the mounted on a thin fabric-like support member tube, which includes a release of mercury and its dangerous (toxic) vapors.
  • an X-ray image marker for reliably detecting the receiving side of an X-ray image is known, which is likewise arranged in the beam path between the X-ray source and the detector and makes it appear on the X-ray image an identification in the form of an "L" or "R” .
  • An additional position indication on the X-ray image indicates whether the patient was taken in a horizontal or vertical position or the radiograph was horizontal or vertical.
  • a freely movable ball of relatively X-ray-opaque material such as lead, or a drop of mercury.
  • the housing has an annular body which is covered on one side by a funnel-shaped lid of relatively X-ray transparent material, for example aluminum, and on the other side by a relatively X-ray transmissive and optically transparent lens.
  • a funnel-shaped lid of relatively X-ray transparent material, for example aluminum
  • a relatively X-ray transmissive and optically transparent lens is covered on one side by a funnel-shaped lid of relatively X-ray transparent material, for example aluminum, and on the other side by a relatively X-ray transmissive and optically transparent lens.
  • the gravity-dependent ball is at the edge of the annular base body when the X-ray image marker is in the vertical position, and in the center of the funnel-shaped lid when the X-ray image marker is in a horizontal position.
  • the position of the mobile, gravity-dependent ball can therefore serve as a marker to distinguish between the two layers, which is mapped to the visual identification of the position of the patient with respect to the direction of gravity on the X-ray image.
  • the X-ray focus is to be reconstructed by the consumed image of the projected sphere by the computer-implemented method.
  • the already known and proven calculation methods for determining the real size of a structure shown on the X-ray image which are advantageously based on a spherical X-ray reference marker, can furthermore be used.
  • the embodiment of the invention according to claim 3 by means of a 3-D printing method allows production of the X-ray image reference marker with an advantageous, reduced number of items.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention is specified in claim 4.
  • the development still claim 4 allows an additional distinction between a standing and a sitting position of the patient. This additional labeling is particularly important in investigations of the spine of great importance.
  • a protruding from the outer surface of the hollow ball configuration of the manually alignable marker according to claim 5 has the advantage that a standing or sitting position in the evaluation of the radiographic image is clearly visible, since the outlines of the ball on the X-ray image are clearly visible.
  • Embodiments of the Adhesive Element as an X-ray-Transparent Fastening Element or Plaster, as Claimed in Patent Claims 6 or 7 have the advantage that they increase the antibacterial properties of the X-ray image reference marker and represent simple mounts.
  • the method claimed in claim 8 advantageously offers the possibility of a computer-aided, more accurate evaluation of the location of X-ray images by additional tilt and tilt angles relative to the direction of gravity or a selected reference plane and the reconstruction of the X-ray focus by evaluating the aberration in the images and the provision of the determined parameters to displays and further image evaluation programs, wherein the characteristic data for distinguishing a lying, sitting or standing position of the patient during recording can also be output in the form of pictograms.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic basic structure of the X-ray image reference marker without adhesive element in cross section
  • Fig. 3 shows a cross section (a) and a plan view (b) of an X-ray image marker according to the invention with a plaster as an adhesive element;
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of an arrangement for recording an X-ray image with an image of the X-ray image reference marker according to the invention
  • FIG. 4a shows exemplary images of the X-ray image reference marker.
  • Fig. 5 is a flow chart of the computer-implemented method of the invention for more accurate location determination of x-ray images in acquisition and output of related parameters.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic basic structure of the X-ray image marker according to the invention (1) without an adhesive element (4) serving for fastening in cross-section, ie all essential components which show an image on X-ray when penetrating X-rays (see FIG. Fig. 4a), which can detect the deviations of the image plane (image plane) relative to the gravitational direction in two orthogonal planes and additionally a standing or sitting receiving position.
  • the X-ray image reference marker (1) consists of a hollow sphere (2) of X-ray partially absorbing material and one inside the hollow sphere (2) located, freely movable ball (3) of smaller diameter of X-ray partially Absorbent or - vollabsorb Schldem Material.
  • the hollow sphere (2) consists of two mutually bonded hemispherical shells (2 a, 2 b), in which the freely movable ball (3) is inserted during the production process.
  • the ball (3) and the hollow ball (2) but also by means of the known 3-D printing process in one piece and produced in one operation, with production-related connecting webs between them as predetermined breaking points (thin bridges) are designed, the final by simple shaking be cut so that the ball (3) is free to move.
  • the use of spheres in the X-ray image markers (1) according to the invention has the advantage that their relative positions, in particular the distance between their center points, can be determined with high precision in the evaluation of the radiographic image.
  • FIG. 1 In an exemplary mounting of the X-ray image reference marker (1) according to FIG. 1 on an imaging plane rotatable about two axes and an X-ray source (FIG.
  • the basic structure of the X-ray image marker (1) shown in cross-section in FIG. 1 shows a protruding structure from the outer surface of the hollow sphere (2) serving as a manually alignable marker (5) for distinguishing a standing or sitting position of a patient , Since the outline of the hollow sphere (2) with the marking (5) is clearly displayed on the X-ray image (11), a corresponding positioning can be selected during the attachment of the X-ray image reference marker (1) in the adhesive element (4) for differentiation.
  • 2 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the X-ray image reference marker (1) according to the invention with a X-ray-transparent fastening element (8) as adhesive element (4).
  • a double-sided adhesive tape (10) for attachment to the skin of the patient to be X-rayed (14) is disposed on the one base of the X-ray transparent attachment element (8)
  • a spherical surface is located on the opposite base surface of the X-ray transparent attachment element (8).
  • the recess (9) can be configured as a frictional receptacle for easy replacement of the hollow sphere (2) or the hollow sphere (2) can be glued in the recess with the X-ray-transparent fastening element (8).
  • the fastening element (8) as shown in Figure 2, preferably a rectangular shape with rectangular bases and rounded corners. but it can also have any base surfaces, it being only necessary to ensure that the selected depth of the recess (9) for holding the hollow ball (2) is sufficient.
  • Fig. 2 shows the manually adjustable marker (5) on the outer surface of the hollow ball (2) for identifying a standing or sitting position of a patient in the X-ray, which is to mark a standing position here.
  • Fig. 3 shows a cross section (a) and a plan view (b) of another embodiment of an X-ray image reference marker (1) according to the invention with a plaster (6) as an adhesive element (4).
  • This basically forms an insertion pocket (7) consisting of two latches (A, B) which can be folded over one another and are adhered to one another and a bottom part (C) for receiving the hollow sphere (2) with the movable ball (3) located therein.
  • the adhesive layer (12) of the plaster (6) On the side opposite the insertion pocket (7) of the bottom part (C) is the adhesive layer (12) of the plaster (6), which serves for attachment to the skin of the patient to be X-rayed (14).
  • the tab (A) also has a cutout (13) in which the marker (5) can be placed to identify a standing position.
  • the patch (6) may also consist of a stiff, elastic or adhesive material, so that the superimposed tabs retain their shape and the hollow ball (2) is held in the insertion pocket (7), as shown in FIG
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of an arrangement for recording an X-ray image with an image of the X-ray image reference marker (1) according to the invention.
  • a pivotable about two axes means (15), which is shown in Fig. 4 in cross-section as a couch, with a plane-parallel X-ray detector plate (16) for receiving the X-ray image, which thus simultaneously called the imaging plane, hereinafter also called the image plane , there is an X-ray source (1) fixedly connected thereto, the central beam (M) of which always forms an orthogonal system with the axes of rotation of the pivoting device (15) so that it coincides with the perpendicular beam (S) of the X-ray source (11).
  • the patient (14) to be screened is located with the X-ray image reference marker (1), which is always mounted on the back, on or on the pivotable device (15) between the X-ray source (11) and the detector plate (16).
  • the pivotable device (15) In an inclination (N) and / or tilting movement (K) of the pivotable device (15), ie the formation plane, the inner movable ball (3) rolls due to the gravity acting on it in a corresponding direction within the hollow sphere (2), so that after stopping the movement from their two projections on the imaging plane, or on the X-ray image, the biaxial deviations of the X-ray image relative to the direction of gravity due to their relative position to each other are visible.
  • various images of the X-ray image reference marker (1) on x-ray images are shown in FIG. 4a.
  • Fig. 4a shows exemplary images a) to d) of the X-ray image reference marker (1) on X-ray images which identify different acquisition positions (image recording positions) of the X-ray image.
  • the hollow sphere (2) appears as a kind of ring with inwardly decreasing shading, since the X-ray beam at the outer edge of the ball shell must penetrate more material, and the inner, freely movable ball (3) therein as a lighter, circular disc. Both are shown here only as circles.
  • the ring and disc are projected to be slightly ellipsoidal.
  • Figure a) indicates a relation to the horizontal plane tilted by 90 ° counterclockwise and tilted by 0 ° image recording plane.
  • the gravitational vector lies in the image plane with direction from the center of the hollow sphere (3) to the center of the movable sphere (2).
  • the marker (5) points to the upper edge of the x-ray image to indicate a standing position of the patient (14) during the recording.
  • Figure b indicates a tilted and inclined with respect to the horizontal plane by 45 ° counterclockwise image recording plane.
  • the gravitational vector is at a 45 ° tilt and tilt angle, each counterclockwise, on the image plane.
  • the gravitational vector is perpendicular to the image plane.
  • Figure d indicates a relation to the horizontal plane tilted by 90 ° counterclockwise and tilted by 0 ° image recording plane.
  • the gravitational vector lies in the image plane with direction from the center of the hollow sphere (3) to the center of the movable sphere (2).
  • the marker (5) points to the lateral X-ray image edge for indicating a sitting position of the patient (14) during the recording.
  • step A a digitized X-ray image with a visible image generated by an X-ray image reference marker (1) according to the present claims 1 to 7 is input into the computer.
  • step B an optional image enhancement is achieved by known image processing methods to increase the contrast (correction of hardness, gamma, gradation,%), To increase the image sharpness (unsharp masking) and to improve contour recognition (Sobel operator, Scharr Operator, snake algorithms) and determining the location of the x-ray focus.
  • step C the position and the radius of the balls (2, 3) present in the X-ray image are determined, which in step D for determining the direction of gravity by calculating a vector from the relative position of the hollow ball (2) to the movable ball (3) are needed.
  • step D The position classification performed in step D below relates to the calculation of the tilt and tilt angle of the image plane during the recording, the detection of a lying position of the patient (14) during the recording, the detection of a dorsal or ventral orientation of the patient (14) in the X-ray image by the predetermined page assignment of the X-ray image marker (1) (always on the back) to the center of the image and the detection of a standing or sitting position based on the position of the marker (5).
  • step D involves the generation of a warning regarding the usability of the recording in accordance with the medical purpose of the recording, which may optionally be output. As a result, for example, the evaluation of lying images when evaluating standing patients can be avoided.
  • Step E includes the outputs of the determined parameters for an X-ray image, such as tilting and inclination angles of the image plane, lying, sitting or standing position and ventral or dorsal orientation of the patient in the recording, radii and positions of the hollow sphere and the inner sphere as well the location of the X-ray focus, the latter can be used in particular for further image evaluation programs. So can be for example from a - -
  • An exemplary output of parameters for an X-ray image on a display could include the following parameters to clarify what has been said: tilt angle of the image plane: 90 °, tilt angle of the image plane: 0 °, position of the patient: upright - which up to here z. B. also from Fig. 4, Figure a) would be read directly.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un repère de référence d'images radiographiques, comportant une sphère creuse (2) constituée d'un matériau absorbant partiellement le rayonnement X et une sphère (3) de plus petit diamètre constituée d'un matériau absorbant partiellement ou totalement le rayonnement X et placée librement de manière mobile à l'intérieur de la sphère creuse (2). Le repère de référence d'images radiographiques comporte par ailleurs un élément adhésif (4) permettant de fixer le repère de référence (1) d'images radiographiques sur la peau du patient. De ce fait, la pénétration des rayons X à travers le repère de référence (1) d'images radiographiques est assurée de telle manière que la direction de gravité peut être identifiée visuellement sur l'image radiographique produite. Le procédé selon l'invention permet lors de la prise de vues, à partir des représentations respectives projetées des images radiographiques, de déterminer avec précision et d'indiquer l'angle de basculement et d'inclinaison du plan d'image, la position debout, assise ou couchée du patient, ainsi que son orientation dorsale ou ventrale.
PCT/EP2014/002189 2013-08-14 2014-08-08 Repère de référence d'images radiographiques, indiquant la direction de gravité, et procédé implémenté par ordinateur permettant une détermination plus précise de la position d'images radiographiques lors de la prise de vues et permettant l'émission des paramètres afférents Ceased WO2015022067A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013013537.0 2013-08-14
DE201310013537 DE102013013537B3 (de) 2013-08-14 2013-08-14 Röntgenbildreferenzmaker mit Gravitationsrichtungsanzeige und computerimplementiertes Verfahren zur genaueren Lagebestimmung von Röntgenbildern bei der Aufnahme sowie Ausgabe diesbezüglicher Parameter

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WO2015022067A1 true WO2015022067A1 (fr) 2015-02-19

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110025372A (zh) * 2019-04-08 2019-07-19 淮安市第二人民医院（淮安仁慈医院） 一种3d打印点接触椎弓根导板制作方法
CN116481466A (zh) * 2023-04-13 2023-07-25 华中科技大学 基于滚珠的探伤图像比例尺计算辅助装置、方法和系统
US11871998B2 (en) 2019-12-06 2024-01-16 Stryker European Operations Limited Gravity based patient image orientation detection

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US4058733A (en) 1975-12-22 1977-11-15 Stembel Oren G Radiograph marker
US4267641A (en) * 1979-07-09 1981-05-19 Picker Corporation Radiographic film inclinometer
GB2074730A (en) * 1980-04-23 1981-11-04 Edwards S J Goniometer for indicating slope
US4698836A (en) * 1984-10-24 1987-10-06 Minasian John L Means and techniques useful in marking X-ray film
US5149965A (en) 1990-04-23 1992-09-22 Temple University Precision radiography scaling device
US5216700A (en) * 1992-02-18 1993-06-01 George Cherian Tape having graduated scale providing location indicia during x-ray processes
TW263467B (en) * 1994-10-04 1995-11-21 Chuen-Shyang Hwang Process of producing jingle bell by automatic integral formation
US5669147A (en) * 1992-04-23 1997-09-23 Nikon Corporation Tilt sensor
US6459772B1 (en) 1999-03-18 2002-10-01 Eisenlohr Technologies, Inc. Radiographic reference marker
US20050157847A1 (en) * 2003-11-24 2005-07-21 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Universal radiologic patient positioning marker
US20080273665A1 (en) 2007-05-04 2008-11-06 Michael Rolle Adjustable Radiographic Marker and Calibration Aid
US20090022272A1 (en) * 2007-07-20 2009-01-22 Karen Joseph Multi-density skin marker
DE102010026934A1 (de) 2010-07-12 2012-01-12 Franz Copf Medizinisches Röntgensystem sowie Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer Referenzrichtung in einem solchen
WO2012125750A1 (fr) * 2011-03-14 2012-09-20 The U.S.A., As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Marqueur radiographique qui affiche un angle en degrés sur des images de radiologie mobile

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4058733A (en) 1975-12-22 1977-11-15 Stembel Oren G Radiograph marker
US4267641A (en) * 1979-07-09 1981-05-19 Picker Corporation Radiographic film inclinometer
GB2074730A (en) * 1980-04-23 1981-11-04 Edwards S J Goniometer for indicating slope
US4698836A (en) * 1984-10-24 1987-10-06 Minasian John L Means and techniques useful in marking X-ray film
US5149965A (en) 1990-04-23 1992-09-22 Temple University Precision radiography scaling device
US5216700A (en) * 1992-02-18 1993-06-01 George Cherian Tape having graduated scale providing location indicia during x-ray processes
US5669147A (en) * 1992-04-23 1997-09-23 Nikon Corporation Tilt sensor
TW263467B (en) * 1994-10-04 1995-11-21 Chuen-Shyang Hwang Process of producing jingle bell by automatic integral formation
US6459772B1 (en) 1999-03-18 2002-10-01 Eisenlohr Technologies, Inc. Radiographic reference marker
US20050157847A1 (en) * 2003-11-24 2005-07-21 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Universal radiologic patient positioning marker
US20080273665A1 (en) 2007-05-04 2008-11-06 Michael Rolle Adjustable Radiographic Marker and Calibration Aid
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