WO2015020181A1 - R-t-b系焼結磁石、および、モータ - Google Patents
R-t-b系焼結磁石、および、モータ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015020181A1 WO2015020181A1 PCT/JP2014/070969 JP2014070969W WO2015020181A1 WO 2015020181 A1 WO2015020181 A1 WO 2015020181A1 JP 2014070969 W JP2014070969 W JP 2014070969W WO 2015020181 A1 WO2015020181 A1 WO 2015020181A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/09—Mixtures of metallic powders
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/008—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/16—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/059—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and Va elements, e.g. Sm2Fe17N2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
- H02K1/02—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
- H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
- H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
- H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
- H02K1/2706—Inner rotors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/35—Iron
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
- H01F41/0293—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets diffusion of rare earth elements, e.g. Tb, Dy or Ho, into permanent magnets
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an RTB system mainly composed of at least one kind of rare earth element (R), at least one kind of transition metal element (T) which essentially contains Fe or Fe and Co, and boron (B).
- R rare earth element
- T transition metal element
- B boron
- the present invention relates to a sintered magnet and a motor including an RTB-based sintered magnet.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet has excellent magnetic properties, it has a tendency to have low corrosion resistance because it contains a rare earth element that is easily oxidized as a main component.
- the surface of the magnet body is often subjected to surface treatment such as resin coating or plating.
- surface treatment such as resin coating or plating.
- efforts are being made to improve the corrosion resistance of the magnet body itself by changing the additive elements and internal structure of the magnet body. Improving the corrosion resistance of the magnet body itself is extremely important for improving the reliability of the product after the surface treatment, and it enables the application of a simpler surface treatment than resin coating or plating. There is also an advantage that the cost of the product can be reduced.
- Patent Document 1 an intermetallic compound RC of rare earth elements and carbon in a nonmagnetic R-rich phase is reduced to 1 by reducing the carbon content in a permanent magnet alloy to 0.04% by mass or less.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a technique for improving the corrosion resistance by setting the Co concentration in the R-rich phase to 5 mass% to 12 mass%.
- Patent Document 1 in order to reduce the carbon content in the magnet alloy to 0.04 mass% or less, lubrication is added to improve the magnetic field orientation when forming in a magnetic field. It is necessary to greatly reduce the amount of agent added. Therefore, the degree of orientation of the magnetic powder in the compact is reduced, the residual magnetic flux density Br after sintering is reduced, and a magnet having sufficient magnetic properties cannot be obtained.
- JP-A-4-330702 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-6806
- the present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and an object thereof is to provide an RTB-based sintered magnet having excellent corrosion resistance and excellent magnetic properties, and a motor including the same. is there.
- the present inventors have intensively studied the corrosion mechanism of the RTB system sintered magnet.
- the corrosion of the RTB-based sintered magnet is caused by the fact that the hydrogen generated by the corrosion reaction between water caused by water vapor and the like in the environment of use and R in the RTB-based sintered magnet is It was found that it progresses by being occluded by the R-rich phase present at the grain boundaries in the -B based sintered magnet.
- the corrosion of the RTB-based sintered magnet is considered to proceed by the following process.
- Corrosion of the RTB-based sintered magnet proceeds to the inside of the RTB-based sintered magnet by the chain reaction of (I) to (III) above, and the R-rich phase is R hydroxide, It turns into R hydride. Stress is accumulated by volume expansion accompanying this change, and R2T14B crystal grains (main phase particles) constituting the main phase of the RTB-based sintered magnet are dropped off. A new surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet appears due to the drop of the main phase crystal grains. The nascent surface reacts again with water vapor or the like in the environment of use, and the chain reactions (I) to (III) occur, and a nascent surface is generated again. By this cycle, the corrosion of the RTB-based sintered magnet further proceeds to the inside of the RTB-based sintered magnet.
- the present inventors have intensively studied a method for suppressing the progress of corrosion at the grain boundary, and have found that the grain boundary formed by two or more adjacent R2T14B crystal grains in the RTB-based sintered magnet (In particular, in the triple point formed by three or more adjacent R2T14B crystal grains), R (R is at least one selected from rare earth elements), Cu, M (M is Ga, Si) than in the R2T14B crystal grains. , Sn, Ge, Bi), and the formation of the R—Cu—MC enriched portion having a high C concentration, hydrogen storage at the grain boundary can be suppressed, and R It has been found that the corrosion resistance of the -TB sintered magnet can be greatly improved and that it has good magnetic properties. The present invention has been completed based on such findings.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present invention is An RTB-based sintered magnet having R2T14B crystal grains, wherein R (R is a rare earth element) at a grain boundary formed by two or more adjacent R2T14B crystal grains than in the R2T14B crystal grains.
- R is a rare earth element
- the area occupied by the R-Cu-MC concentrated portion in the grain boundary is preferably 1% or more.
- the ratio (Cu + M) / R of the sum of Cu and M atoms to the total number of R atoms in the R—Cu—MC enrichment portion is 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less.
- the presence of the R—Cu—MC concentrating portion at the grain boundary effectively suppresses the hydrogen generated by the corrosion reaction from being occluded into the R-rich phase present at the grain boundary.
- -Corrosion resistance of TB sintered magnets can be greatly improved.
- the formation of the R—Cu—MC enriched portion hardly affects the magnetic properties and can maintain good magnetic properties.
- the R-rich phase is defined as a grain boundary phase that contains more R than the R2T14B crystal grains, but at least C of Cu, M, and C is contained only to the same extent or less as the R2 T14B crystal grains.
- the present invention further provides a motor provided with the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention. Since the motor of the present invention includes the above-described RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention, even when used under severe conditions such as high humidity, the RTB-based sintered magnet is free from rust and the like. Since there is little corrosion due to the occurrence, excellent performance can be exhibited over a long period of time.
- an RTB-based sintered magnet having excellent corrosion resistance and good magnetic properties can be obtained.
- a motor capable of maintaining excellent performance over a long period of time in a high temperature and high humidity environment is provided. Is possible.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the vicinity of a grain boundary formed by a plurality of R2T14B crystal grains of an RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of an embodiment of the motor. 4 is an enlarged view (10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m) of Nd mapping data on the cut surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 2.
- FIG. FIG. 5 is an enlarged view (10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m) of mapping data of Pr on the cut surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 2.
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged view (10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m) of mapping data of Cu on the cut surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged view (10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m) of Ga mapping data on the cut surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 2.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged view (10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m) of C mapping data on the cut surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 2.
- FIG. 9 shows a region (R—Cu—) in which the concentration of each element of R, Cu, M, and C on the cut surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 2 is higher than that in the crystal grains of the main phase.
- 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of an MC concentration unit).
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment includes RTB (R represents at least one selected from rare earth elements, and T represents one or more transition metals including Fe or Fe and Co. It is a sintered body formed by using an alloy (which represents an element, and B represents B or B and C). As shown in FIG. 1, the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment has particles (main phase) 2 made of R2T14B crystal grains, and is formed by two or more adjacent particles 2. In the grain boundary, there is an R—Cu—MC concentrating part in which the concentrations of R, Cu, M, and C are all higher than in the R 2 T 14 B crystal grains. The grain boundary includes a two-grain grain boundary 4 formed by two R2T14B crystal grains and a triple point 6 (polycrystalline grain boundary part) formed by three or more adjacent R2T14B crystal grains.
- the particles (main phase) made of the R2T14B crystal grains have a crystal structure made of R2T14B type tetragonal crystals.
- the average particle size of the R2T14B crystal grains is usually about 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the grain boundary has at least one selected from R (R is at least one selected from rare earth elements), Cu, M (M is Ga, Si, Sn, Ge, Bi) than in the R2T14B crystal grains. Seeds) and an R-Cu-MC enriched part having a high C concentration and an R-rich phase with more R than R2T14B crystal grains. In addition, other phases such as a B-rich phase having a high compounding ratio of boron (B) atoms may be included. As long as R, Cu, M, and C are contained as main components, the R-Cu-MC concentrating part may contain components other than these.
- R represents at least one selected from rare earth elements.
- Rare earth elements refer to Sc, Y, and lanthanoid elements belonging to Group 3 of the long-period periodic table.
- the lanthanoid elements include La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu.
- Rare earth elements are classified into light rare earths and heavy rare earths, and heavy rare earth elements (hereinafter also referred to as RH) refer to Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, RL) is another rare earth element.
- R preferably contains RL (a rare earth element containing at least one of Nd and Pr, or both). Further, from the viewpoint of improving magnetic properties, both RL (rare earth element including at least one of Nd and Pr or both) and RH (rare earth element including at least one or both of Dy and Tb) may be included.
- T in the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment represents one or more transition metal elements including Fe or Fe and Co.
- T may be Fe alone or a part of Fe may be substituted with Co.
- transition metal elements other than Fe and Co include Ti, V, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W.
- T may further contain at least one element such as Al, Ga, Si, Bi, and Sn.
- B in the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment represents boron, and a part of B can be replaced with carbon (C).
- C carbon
- the magnet can be easily manufactured and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
- the substitution amount of C is an amount that does not substantially affect the magnetic characteristics.
- O, Ca, etc. may inevitably be mixed.
- Each of these may be contained in an amount of about 0.5% by mass or less.
- the R content in the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment is 25% by mass or more and 35% by mass or less, preferably 29.5% by mass or more and 33% by mass or less, more preferably 29.% by mass. It is 5 mass% or more and 32 mass% or less. If the R content is less than 25% by mass, the R2T14B compound that is the main phase of the RTB-based sintered magnet is not sufficiently produced. For this reason, ⁇ -Fe or the like having soft magnetism may be precipitated and the magnetic properties may be deteriorated.
- the volume ratio of the R2T14B compound which is the main phase of the RTB-based sintered magnet, may decrease, resulting in a decrease in magnetic properties, and corrosion resistance. Tend to decrease.
- the content of B in the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment is 0.5% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less, preferably 0.7% by mass or more and 1.2% by mass or less.
- the more preferable amount of B is 0.75 mass% or more and 0.95 mass% or less.
- the content of B is less than 0.5% by mass, the coercive force HcJ tends to decrease.
- the B content exceeds 1.5% by mass, the residual magnetic flux density Br tends to decrease.
- the B content is in the range of 0.75% by mass or more and 0.95% by mass or less, the R—Cu—MC enriched part is easily formed.
- T in the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment indicates one or more transition metal elements including Fe or Fe and Co as described above.
- the content of Fe in the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment is a substantial balance in the constituent elements of the RTB-based sintered magnet, and a part of Fe is replaced with Co. May be.
- the content of Co is preferably in the range of 0.3% by mass to 3.0% by mass, and more preferably 1.0% by mass to 2.0% by mass. If the Co content exceeds 3.0% by mass, the residual magnetic flux density tends to decrease, and the raw material costs tend to be expensive. Further, when the Co content is less than 0.3% by mass, the corrosion resistance tends to decrease.
- transition metal elements other than Fe or Fe and Co include Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W.
- T may further contain at least one element such as Al, Ga, Si, Bi, and Sn.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet of this embodiment contains Cu.
- the Cu content is preferably 0.01 to 1.5% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1.0% by mass, and still more preferably 0.05 to 0.55% by mass.
- the Cu content is preferably 0.01 to 1.5% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1.0% by mass, and still more preferably 0.05 to 0.55% by mass.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet of this embodiment includes M (one or more elements selected from Ga, Si, Sn, Ge, Bi).
- the content of M is preferably 0.01 to 1.5% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1.0% by mass.
- M Ga is particularly preferable.
- M it is possible to increase the coercive force, the corrosion resistance, and the temperature characteristics of the obtained magnet.
- the corrosion resistance is improved when the contained M forms an R-Cu-MC concentrated portion. If the M content exceeds 1.5 mass%, the residual magnetic flux density tends to decrease. On the other hand, when the M content is less than 0.01% by mass, it is difficult to form the R—Cu—MC concentrated portion, and the corrosion resistance tends to be lowered.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet of this embodiment preferably contains Al.
- Al By containing Al, it is possible to increase the coercive force, increase the corrosion resistance, and improve the temperature characteristics of the obtained magnet.
- the Al content is preferably 0.03% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.05% by mass or more and 0.25% by mass or less.
- Zr may be included as necessary. By containing Zr, it is possible to suppress grain growth during sintering and to improve the sintering temperature range.
- the content of Zr is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment may contain a certain amount of oxygen (O).
- the fixed amount is determined by an appropriate amount determined by other parameters, but the oxygen amount is preferably 500 ppm or more from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance, and is preferably 2500 ppm or less, more preferably 2000 ppm or less from the viewpoint of magnetic properties. preferable.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment may contain nitrogen (N), and the amount of nitrogen varies depending on other parameters and the like, and an appropriate amount is determined. As the amount increases, the magnetic properties decrease.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment contains carbon (C).
- the amount of carbon is 100 to 2000 ppm, preferably 200 to 1500 ppm, particularly preferably 500 to 1500 ppm.
- the method of adding carbon (C) in the RTB-based sintered magnet is not particularly limited, but it may be added as carbon or a carbon compound during the manufacturing process of the sintered body, or carbon may be added to the diffusion material. May be introduced into the grain boundary from the surface of the sintered body.
- the amount of oxygen is measured by, for example, inert gas melting-non-dispersive infrared absorption method
- the amount of carbon is measured by, for example, combustion in an oxygen stream-infrared absorption method
- the amount of nitrogen is, for example, inert gas melting- Measured by thermal conductivity method.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment has an R-Cu-MC concentration in which the concentrations of R, Cu, M, and C are higher at the grain boundaries than in the R2T14B crystal grains. Part. Since this concentrating part is hard to occlude hydrogen, hydrogen generated by the corrosion reaction can be prevented from being occluded into the internal R-rich phase, and the progress of corrosion into the interior can be suppressed. In addition, since the R-Cu-MC concentrated portion is less oxidized than the R-rich phase, hydrogen generation due to corrosion is suppressed. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the RTB-based sintered magnet can be greatly improved. In addition, the formation of the R—Cu—MC enriched portion at the grain boundary has little influence on the magnetic properties, and the magnetic properties of the RTB-based sintered magnet can be kept good.
- the area occupied by the R-Cu-MC concentrated portion in the grain boundary is preferably 1% or more.
- the method for obtaining the area will be described later. If the area of the R-Cu-MC concentrated portion is too small, the effect of improving corrosion resistance tends to be reduced.
- the ratio (Cu + M) / R of the sum of the number of Cu atoms and the number of M atoms to the total number of R atoms (Cu + M) / R in the R—Cu—MC enrichment part is 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less. It is preferable. Even if an R—Cu—MC concentrated portion outside this range is formed, it has an effect of improving the corrosion resistance, but the R—Cu—MC concentrated portion has a composition particularly suitable for enhancing the corrosion resistance. It is considered that it exists, and the effect is particularly high within this range.
- the preferred C concentration in the R—Cu—MC enrichment part of this embodiment is 3 to 30 atomic%, more preferably 9 to 20 atomic%.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment mainly includes a grain boundary phase in addition to the RTB-based raw material alloy (first alloy) that mainly forms the main phase. It can manufacture by adding the 2nd alloy to form and controlling manufacturing conditions, such as heat processing conditions in a manufacturing process.
- the element group for forming the R—Cu—MC enriched portion may be added at any stage of alloy preparation and pulverization. Moreover, you may introduce
- the R—Cu—MC enriched portion formed at the grain boundary of the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment includes R, Cu, M (M is Ga, Si) present in the second alloy. , Sn, Ge, Bi) and carbon form a compound in a heat treatment step such as sintering or aging, and appear at the grain boundary in the form of an R-Cu-MC concentrated portion. Conceivable. Even if Cu, M, and carbon are not contained in the second alloy, those elements may be introduced into the grain boundaries by a method such as grain boundary diffusion after the sintering step. At this time, it is considered important for the formation of the R—Cu—MC concentrated portion to appropriately perform the diffusion heat treatment or the heat treatment after the diffusion heat treatment.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment is generally used after being processed into an arbitrary shape.
- the shape of the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited.
- the shape is a rectangular parallelepiped, hexahedron, flat plate, quadrangular column, etc.
- the cross-sectional shape can be any shape such as a C-shaped cylinder.
- the quadrangular prism for example, a rectangular prism having a rectangular bottom surface and a square prism having a square bottom surface may be used.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment includes both a magnet product obtained by processing the magnet and a magnet product that is not magnetized.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing an RTB-based sintered magnet according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the method of manufacturing the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment includes the following steps.
- Alloy preparation step Step S11
- an alloy having a composition mainly constituting a main phase (first alloy) and an alloy having a composition constituting a grain boundary phase (second alloy) are prepared ( Alloy preparation step (step S11)).
- the raw metal corresponding to the composition of the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment was dissolved in an inert gas atmosphere of an inert gas such as vacuum or Ar gas. Thereafter, casting is performed using this to produce a first alloy and a second alloy having a desired composition.
- the raw material metal for example, a rare earth metal or a rare earth alloy, pure iron, ferroboron, or an alloy or compound thereof can be used.
- Casting methods for casting the raw metal include, for example, an ingot casting method, a strip casting method, a book mold method, and a centrifugal casting method.
- the obtained raw material alloy is subjected to a homogenization treatment as necessary when there is solidification segregation.
- homogenizing the raw material alloy it is carried out at a temperature of 700 ° C. or higher and 1500 ° C. or lower for 1 hour or longer in a vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere. As a result, the RTB-based sintered magnet alloy is melted and homogenized.
- Step S12 After the first alloy and the second alloy are produced, the first alloy and the second alloy are pulverized (pulverization step (step S12)). In the pulverization step (step S12), after the first alloy and the second alloy are produced, the first alloy and the second alloy are separately pulverized into powder. In addition, although you may grind
- the pulverization step (step S12) includes a coarse pulverization step (step S12-1) for pulverizing until the particle size becomes about several hundred ⁇ m to several mm, and a fine pulverization step (for pulverizing until the particle size becomes about several ⁇ m) (step S12-1). Step S12-2).
- Step S12-1 The first alloy and the second alloy are coarsely pulverized until the respective particle sizes become about several hundred ⁇ m to several mm (coarse pulverization step (step S12-1)). Thereby, coarsely pulverized powders of the first alloy and the second alloy are obtained.
- step S12-1 hydrogen is occluded in the first alloy and the second alloy, then hydrogen is released based on the difference in the hydrogen occlusion amount between different phases, and dehydrogenation is performed to cause self-destructive pulverization ( Hydrogen storage and pulverization).
- C may be mixed with the coarsely pulverized powder, and heat treatment may be performed in a temperature range of 500 to 900 ° C.
- the coarse pulverization step (step S12-1) is performed using a coarse pulverizer such as a stamp mill, jaw crusher, brown mill, etc. in an inert gas atmosphere in addition to using hydrogen occlusion pulverization as described above. You may do it.
- a coarse pulverizer such as a stamp mill, jaw crusher, brown mill, etc. in an inert gas atmosphere in addition to using hydrogen occlusion pulverization as described above. You may do it.
- the atmosphere of each process from the pulverization process (step S12) to the sintering process (step S15) be a low oxygen concentration.
- the oxygen concentration is adjusted by controlling the atmosphere in each manufacturing process. If the oxygen concentration in each manufacturing process is high, the rare earth elements in the powders of the first alloy and the second alloy are oxidized to produce R oxides, which are not reduced during the sintering and remain in the form of R oxides. Precipitating at the boundary decreases the Br of the resulting RTB-based sintered magnet. Therefore, for example, the oxygen concentration in each step is preferably set to 100 ppm or less.
- Step S12-2 After coarsely pulverizing the first alloy and the second alloy, the obtained coarsely pulverized powders of the first alloy and the second alloy are finely pulverized until the average particle diameter is about several ⁇ m (fine pulverization step (step S12-2). )). Thereby, finely pulverized powders of the first alloy and the second alloy are obtained.
- finely pulverized powder By further finely pulverizing the coarsely pulverized powder, a finely pulverized powder having particles of preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less can be obtained.
- the first alloy and the second alloy are separately pulverized to obtain a finely pulverized powder.
- the first alloy and the second alloy are pulverized.
- Finely pulverized powder may be obtained after mixing coarsely pulverized powder.
- the fine pulverization is performed by further pulverizing the coarsely pulverized powder using a fine pulverizer such as a jet mill, a ball mill, a vibration mill, or a wet attritor while appropriately adjusting conditions such as a pulverization time.
- the jet mill generates a high-speed gas flow by opening a high-pressure inert gas (for example, N2 gas or Ar gas) from a narrow nozzle, and coarsely pulverizes the first alloy and the second alloy by this high-speed gas flow.
- a high-pressure inert gas for example, N2 gas or Ar gas
- a finely pulverized powder having high orientation can be obtained during molding by adding a grinding aid such as zinc stearate or oleic amide. Further, these pulverization aids may be used as a carbon source in order to form the R—Cu—MC enriched portion, or other carbon sources may be used. Alternatively, in this step, no carbon component is added to form the R—Cu—MC concentrated portion, and carbon is introduced into the RTB-based magnet sintered body in the grain boundary diffusion step described later. You can go.
- a grinding aid such as zinc stearate or oleic amide.
- these pulverization aids may be used as a carbon source in order to form the R—Cu—MC enriched portion, or other carbon sources may be used.
- no carbon component is added to form the R—Cu—MC concentrated portion, and carbon is introduced into the RTB-based magnet sintered body in the grain boundary diffusion step described later. You can go.
- Step S13 After finely pulverizing the first alloy and the second alloy, the finely pulverized powders are mixed in a low oxygen atmosphere (mixing step (step S13)). Thereby, mixed powder is obtained.
- the low oxygen atmosphere is formed as an inert gas atmosphere such as N 2 gas or Ar gas atmosphere, for example.
- the blending ratio of the first alloy powder and the second alloy powder is preferably 80 to 20 or more and 97 to 3 or less, and more preferably 90 to 10 or more and 97 to 3 or less in mass ratio.
- the blending ratio when the first alloy and the second alloy are pulverized together is the same as in the case where the first alloy and the second alloy are separately pulverized.
- the blending ratio of the second alloy powder is preferably 80 to 20 or more and 97 to 3 or less, and more preferably 90 to 10 or more and 97 to 3 or less in terms of mass ratio.
- the first alloy and the second alloy have different alloy compositions.
- the second alloy contains more M and Cu.
- the total mass% of one or more kinds of M selected from Ga, Si, Sn, Ge, and Bi contained in the second alloy is preferably 0.2% to 20%, more preferably 0.5% to 10%. It is.
- the first alloy may or may not contain M, but when the first alloy contains M, the total mass% of M contained in the first alloy is preferably 0.2% or less.
- the mass% of Cu contained in the second alloy is preferably 0.2% to 20%, more preferably 0.5% to 10%.
- the first alloy may or may not contain Cu, but when the first alloy contains Cu, the mass% of Cu contained in the first alloy is preferably 0.2% or less.
- Step S14 After mixing the first alloy powder and the second alloy powder, the mixed powder is formed into a target shape (forming step (step S14)).
- the mixed powder of the first alloy powder and the second alloy powder is filled in a mold held by an electromagnet and pressed to form the mixed powder into an arbitrary shape. At this time, it is performed while applying a magnetic field, and a predetermined orientation is generated in the raw material powder by applying the magnetic field, and molding is performed in a magnetic field with the crystal axes oriented. Thereby, a molded object is obtained. Since the obtained compact is oriented in a specific direction, an RTB-based sintered magnet having stronger magnetic anisotropy can be obtained.
- the pressurization during molding is preferably performed at 30 MPa to 300 MPa.
- the applied magnetic field is preferably 950 kA / m to 1600 kA / m.
- the magnetic field to be applied is not limited to a static magnetic field, and may be a pulsed magnetic field. A static magnetic field and a pulsed magnetic field can also be used in combination.
- molding which shape
- the shape of the molded body obtained by molding the mixed powder is not particularly limited.
- the desired shape of the RTB-based sintered magnet such as a rectangular parallelepiped, a flat plate, a column, or a ring. It can be of any shape.
- Step S15 A molded body obtained by molding in a magnetic field and molding into a desired shape is sintered in a vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet (sintering step (step S15)). ).
- the sintering temperature needs to be adjusted depending on various conditions such as composition, pulverization method, difference in particle size and particle size distribution, etc., but for the molded body, for example, 1000 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. in vacuum or in the presence of an inert gas. It sinters by performing the process heated at 1 degreeC or less for 48 hours or less below 1 degreeC.
- the mixed powder undergoes liquid-phase sintering, and an RTB-based sintered magnet (a sintered body of RTB-based magnet) with an improved volume ratio of the main phase is obtained.
- the sintered body is preferably quenched from the viewpoint of improving production efficiency.
- the carbon source is introduced before the sintering step
- a stable part is provided in the temperature range of 500 to 700 ° C. in the temperature raising process of the sintering, or the temperature is slowly raised, so that the rare earth and Cu and A liquid phase containing M such as Ga reacts with the introduced carbon and forms an R—Cu—MC enriched portion.
- such a heat treatment causes a dehydrogenation reaction, which further promotes formation of an R—Cu—MC concentrated portion.
- step S16 After sintering the compact, the RTB-based sintered magnet is subjected to aging treatment (aging treatment step (step S16)). After sintering, the RTB-based sintered magnet is subjected to an aging treatment, for example, by holding the RTB-based sintered magnet at a temperature lower than that during sintering.
- the aging treatment is, for example, two-step heating at a temperature of 700 ° C. to 900 ° C. for 10 minutes to 6 hours, and further at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 700 ° C. for 10 minutes to 6 hours, or at a temperature around 600 ° C. for 10 minutes to 6 hours.
- the processing conditions are appropriately adjusted according to the number of times of aging treatment such as one-step heating.
- Such an aging treatment can improve the magnetic properties of the RTB-based sintered magnet.
- the aging treatment step (step S16) may be performed after the processing step (step S18) and the grain boundary diffusion step (step S19).
- Step S17 After the RTB system sintered magnet is subjected to an aging treatment, the RTB system sintered magnet is rapidly cooled in an Ar gas atmosphere (cooling step (step S17)). As a result, the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment can be obtained.
- the cooling rate is not particularly limited, and is preferably 30 ° C./min or more.
- the obtained RTB-based sintered magnet may be processed into a desired shape as required (processing step: step S18).
- processing method include shape processing such as cutting and grinding, and chamfering processing such as barrel polishing.
- Step S19 There is a step of introducing R, Cu, M, and C by grain boundary diffusion to form an R-Cu-MC concentrated portion with respect to the grain boundary of the processed RTB-based sintered magnet.
- Grain boundary diffusion can be carried out, for example, by preparing an alloy powder containing R, Cu, and M, attaching it to an RTB-based sintered magnet, and performing a heat treatment. Alternatively, the heat treatment can be performed by attaching each element to the surface of the RTB-based sintered magnet by vapor deposition or the like.
- R, Cu, M and C can be simultaneously introduced into the grain boundary, so that the R—Cu—M—C concentrated portion is formed. It is effective.
- a heavy rare earth element such as Dy or Tb may be contained in a part or all of R of the diffusing element.
- a heat treatment for forming the R—Cu—MC concentrated portion may be appropriately added.
- an aging heat treatment may be performed at about 500 to 600 ° C. for about 0.5 to 5 hours in order to obtain good magnetic properties.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet obtained by the above steps may be subjected to surface treatment such as plating, resin coating, oxidation treatment, chemical conversion treatment (surface treatment step (step S20)). Thereby, corrosion resistance can further be improved.
- processing step S18 the grain boundary diffusion step (step S19), and the surface treatment step (step S20) are performed.
- these steps are not necessarily performed.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment is manufactured, and the process is completed. Moreover, a magnet product is obtained by magnetizing.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment obtained as described above has an R—Cu—MC enriched portion in the grain boundary, and thus has excellent corrosion resistance and good quality. Has magnetic properties.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment thus obtained can be used for a long period of time because of its high corrosion resistance when used in a magnet for a rotating machine such as a motor.
- RTB-based sintered magnet having a high C can be obtained.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment includes an embedded internal magnet such as a surface permanent magnet (SPM) motor having a magnet attached to the rotor surface and an inner rotor type brushless motor. It is suitably used as a magnet of a type (Interior Permanent Magnet: IPM) motor, PRM (Permanent Magnet Reluctance Motor), or the like.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet according to the present embodiment includes a spindle motor and a voice coil motor for driving a hard disk in a hard disk drive, a motor for an electric vehicle and a hybrid car, and a motor for an electric power steering of the automobile. It is suitably used as a servomotor for machine tools, a vibrator motor for mobile phones, a printer motor, a generator motor, and the like.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration of an embodiment of the SPM motor.
- the SPM motor 10 includes a columnar rotor 12 and a cylindrical stator 13 in a housing 11. And a rotating shaft 14. The rotating shaft 14 passes through the center of the cross section of the rotor 12.
- the rotor 12 includes a columnar rotor core (iron core) 15 made of an iron material, a plurality of permanent magnets 16 provided on the outer peripheral surface of the rotor core 15 at a predetermined interval, and a plurality of magnet insertion slots for housing the permanent magnets 16. 17.
- the permanent magnet 16 the RTB-based sintered magnet according to this embodiment is used.
- a plurality of permanent magnets 16 are provided in the magnet insertion slots 17 along the circumferential direction of the rotor 12 so that N poles and S poles are alternately arranged. Thereby, the permanent magnets 16 adjacent along the circumferential direction generate magnetic lines of force in opposite directions along the radial direction of the rotor 12.
- the stator 13 has a plurality of stator cores 18 and throttles 19 provided at predetermined intervals along the outer peripheral surface of the rotor 12 in the circumferential direction inside the cylindrical wall (peripheral wall).
- the plurality of stator cores 18 are provided to face the rotor 12 toward the center of the stator 13.
- a coil 20 is wound around each throttle 19.
- the permanent magnet 16 and the stator core 18 are provided so as to face each other.
- the rotor 12 is provided so as to be rotatable in a space in the stator 13 together with the rotating shaft 14.
- the stator 13 applies torque to the rotor 12 by electromagnetic action, and the rotor 12 rotates in the circumferential direction.
- the SPM motor 10 uses the RTB system sintered magnet according to the present embodiment as the permanent magnet 16. Since the permanent magnet 16 has corrosion resistance and high magnetic characteristics, the SPM motor 10 can improve motor performance such as motor torque characteristics, and can have high output over a long period of time. Excellent reliability.
- a raw material alloy was prepared by a strip casting method so that sintered magnets having the magnet compositions I and II shown in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained.
- the raw material alloys four types of first alloys A and B mainly forming the main phase of the magnet and second alloys a and b mainly forming the grain boundary phase were prepared and prepared.
- bal. Indicates the remainder when the total composition of each alloy is 100% by mass, and (T.RE) indicates the total mass% of the rare earth.
- each process (fine pulverization and molding) from the hydrogen pulverization treatment to sintering was performed in an Ar atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of less than 50 ppm (the same applies to the following examples and comparative examples).
- the finely pulverized powder of the first alloy and the finely pulverized powder of the second alloy were mixed at a weight ratio of 95: 5, and the mixed powder as the raw material powder of the RTB-based sintered magnet was obtained. Prepared.
- the obtained mixed powder was filled in a mold placed in an electromagnet, and molded in a magnetic field in which a pressure of 120 MPa was applied while applying a magnetic field of 1200 kA / m to obtain a molded body.
- the obtained molded body was sintered by holding at 1060 ° C. in a vacuum for 4 hours, and then rapidly cooled to obtain a sintered body having the magnet composition I shown in Table 1 (RTB-based sintered magnet). ) Then, the obtained magnet was processed into a rectangular parallelepiped of 13.2 mm ⁇ 8.2 mm ⁇ 4.2 mm. The orientation direction of the c-axis of the R2T14B crystal grains was set to be 4.2 mm thick.
- Comparative Example 1 The sintered body of the magnet composition I produced by the above method was subjected to a two-stage aging treatment at 850 ° C. for 1 hour and then at 540 ° C. for 2 hours (both in an Ar atmosphere). Thereafter, each surface of the sintered body was ground by 0.1 mm by a processing machine to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet having a size of 13 mm ⁇ 8 mm ⁇ 4 mm. This was designated as Comparative Example 1.
- Example 1 The sintered body of the magnet composition II produced by the above method was subjected to two-stage aging treatment at 850 ° C. for 1 hour and then at 540 ° C. for 2 hours (both in an Ar atmosphere). Thereafter, each surface of the sintered body was ground by 0.1 mm by a processing machine to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet having a size of 13 mm ⁇ 8 mm ⁇ 4 mm. This was designated Example 1.
- Example 2 to 6 Cu, Ga, Si, Ge, Bi, and C were introduced into the grain boundary by the grain boundary diffusion method to the RTB-based sintered magnet having the magnet composition I, and R-Cu-M- This is an attempt to form a C concentration part.
- Table 3 shows the weighed composition of the produced diffusion sources. A single metal was weighed to the composition shown in Table 3, and melting and casting were repeated three times in an arc melting furnace to produce an alloy. The obtained alloy was melted by high frequency induction heating, and the molten metal was quenched and rolled to form a quenched ribbon.
- the obtained quenched ribbon was coarsely pulverized in a glove box in an Ar atmosphere, and placed in a sealed container in an Ar atmosphere together with a steel medium. Thereafter, it was pulverized in an airtight container to obtain a powder having an average particle size of 10 to 20 ⁇ m.
- a binder resin was added to the obtained diffusion material powder, and a coating material for the diffusion material was prepared using alcohol as a solvent.
- the mixing ratio when the weight of the diffusing material powder is 100, butyral fine powder as a binder resin is 2 and alcohol is 100.
- the mixture was put in a resin-made cylindrical lidded container in an Ar atmosphere, the lid was closed, and the mixture was placed on a ball mill frame and rotated at 120 rpm for 24 hours to form a paint.
- the sintered product processed with the magnet composition I was dipped in the obtained paint, and then pulled up and dried. This was repeated to apply an amount of 2.5% of the sintered body processed product weight.
- heat treatment was performed in an Ar atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 6 hours and then at 540 ° C. for 2 hours. After heat treatment, the residue of the diffusion material on the surface of the sintered body was lightly scraped off with sandpaper, and then each surface was ground by 0.1 mm with a processing machine to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet.
- Samples were prepared by the above method using the diffusing materials having the respective compositions shown in Table 3, and Examples 2 to 6 were obtained.
- Example 7 to 8 Ga was introduced into the grain boundary by the grain boundary diffusion method in the RTB-based sintered magnet having the magnet composition I, and an attempt was made to form an R—Cu—Ga—C enriched portion. is there.
- the sintered product of the magnet composition I was immersed in the paint of the diffusion material containing Ga in Table 3 and dried by lifting. By repeating this, the coating amount was 1.6% of the sintered body weight in Example 7, and 0.6% of the sintered body weight in Example 8. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed in an Ar atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 6 hours and then at 540 ° C. for 2 hours.
- FIG. 9 shows a region (R—Cu—MC concentrating portion) to be used.
- the enriched part of the R element is a part where each of the R elements (Nd and Pr in Example 2) is densely distributed.
- the enriched portion of the Cu element is a portion where Cu is densely distributed.
- the M concentration portion is a portion where any one of M is densely distributed.
- the concentrated portion of C element is a portion where C is densely distributed.
- Corrosion resistance tends to improve as the area occupied by the grain boundary of the R-Cu-MC concentrated part increases, and it is particularly effective when the area occupied by the grain boundary of the R-Cu-MC concentrated part is 1% or more. Is expensive. Furthermore, in Examples 2, 3, and 4 where particularly good results were obtained, an area of 2% or more was obtained.
- (Cu + M) / R obtained from the composition of the R—Cu—M—C enrichment part, in Examples 2, 3, and 4 showing particularly good corrosion resistance
- (Cu + M) / R It can be seen that the value is in the range of 0.2 to 0.6. In other embodiments, the minimum value is less than 0.2, the maximum value is greater than 0.6, or both. That is, it is considered that there is a particularly preferable composition range of the R—Cu—MC enriched part in order to improve the corrosion resistance, and it is considered that the progress of the corrosion cycle due to hydrogen storage at the grain boundary can be effectively suppressed in the above range.
- the decrease in the residual magnetic flux density Br is small compared to the comparative example, and the coercive force Hcj is slightly improved. That is, in the examples, it can be said that the corrosion resistance is greatly improved while keeping the magnetic characteristics good.
- Table 6 shows an example of the composition of the R-Cu-MC concentration part, which was confirmed in Example 2 showing particularly good corrosion resistance.
- Example 9 to 12 RTB-based sintered magnets having magnet compositions II to VI shown in Tables 7 to 10 were produced.
- the process up to the molding step was performed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- 0.1% by mass of carbon black was added in addition to 0.1% by mass of zinc stearate in the pulverization of any second alloy.
- the obtained first alloy and second alloy were mixed and molded in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1.
- the temperature shown in Table 11 was held for 4 hours, and then rapidly cooled. Thereafter, a two-stage aging treatment was performed at 850 ° C. for 1 hour and then at 540 ° C. for 2 hours (both in an Ar atmosphere).
- each surface of the sintered body was ground by 0.1 mm by a processing machine to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet having a size of 13 mm ⁇ 8 mm ⁇ 4 mm.
- the direction of 4 mm thickness is the c-axis orientation direction of the R2T14B crystal grains.
- Examples 13 to 17 are produced with the same composition as Examples 9 to 12, respectively, but the method of adding carbon to form the R—Cu—MC enriched part is different.
- 0.1% by mass of carbon black was added to the coarsely pulverized powder of the second alloy, mixed with a Nauta mixer, and then heat-treated at 600 ° C. for 1 h in an Ar atmosphere.
- the subsequent pulverization step and molding step are the same as in Comparative Example 1.
- the temperature was maintained at 700 ° C. during the temperature increase for 24 hours. After the temperature rise, the temperature shown in Table 11 was kept for 4 hours, and then rapidly cooled.
- each surface of the sintered body was ground by 0.1 mm by a processing machine to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet having a size of 13 mm ⁇ 8 mm ⁇ 4 mm.
- the direction of 4 mm thickness is the c-axis orientation direction of the R2T14B crystal grains.
- Example 1 and Examples 9 to 17 the presence of the R-Cu-MC concentration part and improvement in corrosion resistance were confirmed. Particularly in Examples 13 to 17, the ratio of the concentrated portion of R—Cu—MC was high, and (M + Cu) / R was in the range of 0.2 to 0.6, indicating good corrosion resistance.
- the RTB-based sintered magnets of the examples have the R—Cu—MC enriched part at the grain boundary, and the corrosion resistance is greatly improved while maintaining the magnetic properties in good condition. It was confirmed that
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Abstract
Description
2R + 6H2O → 2R(OH)3 +3H2 ・・・(I)
2R + xH2 → 2RHx ・・・(II)
2RHx + 6H2O → 2R(OH)3 + (3+x)H2 …(III)
R2T14B結晶粒を有するR-T-B系焼結磁石であって、隣り合う2つ以上の前記R2T14B結晶粒によって形成された粒界部に、前記R2T14B結晶粒内よりも、R(Rは希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種)、Cu、M(MはGa,Si,Sn,Ge,Biの中から選ばれる少なくとも1種)、Cの濃度が共に高いR-Cu-M-C濃縮部を有することを特徴とする。
本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石は、R-T-B(Rは希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、TはFeまたはFeおよびCoを含む1種以上の遷移金属元素を表し、BはBまたはBおよびCを表す)系合金を用いて形成される焼結体である。本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石は、図1に示すように、R2T14B結晶粒からなる粒子(主相)2を有し、隣り合う2つ以上の粒子2によって形成された粒界中に、前記R2T14B結晶粒内よりもR、Cu、M、Cの濃度が共に高いR-Cu-M-C濃縮部を有する。 粒界とは、2つのR2T14B結晶粒によって形成される二粒子粒界4と、隣り合う3つ以上のR2T14B結晶粒によって形成される三重点6(多結晶粒界部)とを含むものである。
上述したような構成を有する本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石を製造する方法の一例について図面を用いて説明する。図2は、本発明の実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石を製造する方法の一例を示すフローチャートである。図2に示すように、本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石を製造する方法は、以下の工程を有する。
(b)第1合金と第2合金とを粉砕する粉砕工程(ステップS12)
(c)第1合金粉末と第2合金粉末とを混合する混合工程(ステップS13)
(d)混合した混合粉末を成形する成形工程(ステップS14)
(e)成形体を焼結し、R-T-B系焼結磁石を得る焼結工程(ステップS15)
(f)R-T-B系焼結磁石を時効処理する時効処理工程(ステップS16)
(g)R-T-B系焼結磁石を冷却する冷却工程(ステップS17)
(h)R-T-B系焼結磁石を加工する加工工程(ステップS18)
(i)R-T-B系焼結磁石の粒界中に希土類元素等を拡散させる粒界拡散工程(ステップS19)
(j)R-T-B系焼結磁石に表面処理する表面処理工程(ステップS20)
本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石における主に主相を構成する組成の合金(第1合金)と粒界相を構成する組成の合金(第2合金)とを準備する(合金準備工程(ステップS11))。合金準備工程(ステップS11)では、本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石の組成に対応する原料金属を、真空またはArガスなどの不活性ガスの不活性ガス雰囲気中で溶解した後、これを用いて鋳造を行うことによって所望の組成を有する第1合金および第2合金を作製する。なお、本実施形態では、第1合金と第2合金との2合金を混合して原料粉末を作製する2合金法の場合について説明するが、第1合金と第2合金をわけずに単独の合金を使用する1合金法でもよい。
第1合金および第2合金が作製された後、第1合金および第2合金を粉砕する(粉砕工程(ステップS12))。粉砕工程(ステップS12)では、第1合金および第2合金が作製された後、これらの第1合金および第2合金を別々に粉砕して粉末とする。なお、第1合金および第2合金を共に粉砕してもよいが、組成ずれを抑える観点などから別々に粉砕することがより好ましい。
第1合金および第2合金を各々粒径が数百μm~数mm程度になるまで粗粉砕する(粗粉砕工程(ステップS12-1))。これにより、第1合金および第2合金の粗粉砕粉末を得る。粗粉砕は、第1合金および第2合金に水素を吸蔵させた後、異なる相間の水素吸蔵量の相違に基づいて水素を放出させ、脱水素を行なうことで自己崩壊的な粉砕を生じさせる(水素吸蔵粉砕)ことによって行うことができる。なお、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部を形成を促進するために、粗粉砕粉にCを混合し、500~900℃の温度域で熱処理を行ってもよい。
第1合金および第2合金を粗粉砕した後、得られた第1合金および第2合金の粗粉砕粉末を平均粒子径が数μm程度になるまで微粉砕する(微粉砕工程(ステップS12-2))。これにより、第1合金および第2合金の微粉砕粉末を得る。粗粉砕した粉末を更に微粉砕することで、好ましくは1μm以上10μm以下、より好ましくは3μm以上5μm以下の粒子を有する微粉砕粉末を得ることができる。
第1合金および第2合金を微粉砕した後、各々の微粉砕粉末を低酸素雰囲気で混合する(混合工程(ステップS13))。これにより、混合粉末が得られる。低酸素雰囲気は、例えば、N2ガス、Arガス雰囲気など不活性ガス雰囲気として形成する。第1合金粉末および第2合金粉末の配合比率は、質量比で80対20以上97対3以下とするのが好ましく、より好ましくは質量比で90対10以上97対3以下である。
第1合金粉末と第2合金粉末とを混合した後、混合粉末を目的の形状に成形する(成形工程(ステップS14))。成形工程(ステップS14)では、第1合金粉末および第2合金粉末の混合粉末を、電磁石に抱かれた金型内に充填して加圧することによって、混合粉末を任意の形状に成形する。このとき、磁場を印加しながら行い、磁場印加によって原料粉末に所定の配向を生じさせ、結晶軸を配向させた状態で磁場中成形する。これにより成形体が得られる。得られる成形体は、特定方向に配向するので、より磁性の強い異方性を有するR-T-B系焼結磁石が得られる。
磁場中で成形し、目的の形状に成形して得られた成形体を真空または不活性ガス雰囲気中で焼結し、R-T-B系焼結磁石を得る(焼結工程(ステップS15))。焼結温度は、組成、粉砕方法、粒度と粒度分布の違い等、諸条件により調整する必要があるが、成形体に対して、例えば、真空中または不活性ガスの存在下、1000℃以上1200℃以下で1時間以上48時間以下で加熱する処理を行うことにより焼結する。これにより、混合粉末が液相焼結を生じ、主相の体積比率が向上したR-T-B系焼結磁石(R-T-B系磁石の焼結体)が得られる。成形体を焼結した後は、生産効率を向上させる観点から焼結体は急冷することが好ましい。なお、焼結工程以前に炭素源の導入を行った場合には、焼結の昇温過程における500~700℃の温度域に安定部を設けるか、ゆっくり昇温することで、希土類とCuおよびGaなどのMを含む液相が生成して導入した炭素と反応し、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部が形成される。特に、粗粉砕工程で水素吸蔵粉砕を行った場合には、そのような熱処理を行うことで脱水素反応が起きるため、よりR-Cu-M-C濃縮部の形成が促される。
成形体を焼結した後、R-T-B系焼結磁石を時効処理する(時効処理工程(ステップS16))。焼結後、得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石を焼結時よりも低い温度で保持することなどによって、R-T-B系焼結磁石に時効処理を施す。時効処理は、例えば、700℃以上900℃以下の温度で10分から6時間、更に500℃から700℃の温度で10分から6時間加熱する2段階加熱や、600℃付近の温度で10分から6時間加熱する1段階加熱等、時効処理を施す回数に応じて適宜処理条件を調整する。このような時効処理によって、R-T-B系焼結磁石の磁気特性を向上させることができる。また、時効処理工程(ステップS16)は加工工程(ステップS18)や粒界拡散工程(ステップS19)の後に行ってもよい。
R-T-B系焼結磁石に時効処理を施した後、R-T-B系焼結磁石はArガス雰囲気中で急冷を行う(冷却工程(ステップS17))。これにより、本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石を得ることができる。冷却速度は、特に限定されるものではなく、30℃/min以上とするのが好ましい。
得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石は、必要に応じて所望の形状に加工してもよい(加工工程:ステップS18)。加工方法は、例えば切断、研削などの形状加工や、バレル研磨などの面取り加工などが挙げられる。
加工されたR-T-B系焼結磁石の粒界に対して、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部を形成するためのR,Cu,M,Cを粒界拡散で導入させる工程を有してもよい(粒界拡散工程:ステップS19)。粒界拡散は、例えばR、Cu、Mを含有する合金粉末を作製してR-T-B系焼結磁石に付着させ、熱処理を行うことにより実施することができる。あるいは各元素を蒸着等によりR-T-B系焼結磁石の表面に付着させ熱処理を行うことにより実施することができる。また、例えば、拡散成分の合金粉末の成分として炭素を含有させると、R、Cu、MおよびCを同時に粒界へ導入することができるため、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部を形成するのに効果的である。さらに、R-T-B系焼結磁石の保磁力をさらに向上させるために、拡散元素のRの一部または全部にDy,Tbなどの重希土類元素を含有させてもよい。粒界拡散熱処理の後には、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部を形成するための熱処理を適宜追加してもよい。粒界拡散工程の最後に、良好な磁気特性を得るために、500~600℃付近で0.5~5時間程度の時効熱処理を行ってもよい。
以上の工程により得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石は、めっきや樹脂被膜や酸化処理、化成処理などの表面処理を施してもよい(表面処理工程(ステップS20))。これにより、耐食性をさらに向上させることができる。
次に、本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石をモータに用いた好適な実施形態について説明する。ここでは、本実施形態に係るR-T-B系焼結磁石をSPMモータに適用した一例について説明する。図3は、SPMモータの一実施形態の構成を簡略に示す断面図であり、図3に示すように、SPMモータ10は、ハウジング11内に、円柱状のロータ12と、円筒状のステータ13と、回転軸14とを有する。回転軸14はロータ12の横断面の中心を貫通している。
上記の方法で作製した磁石組成Iの焼結体を、850℃で1時間、次いで、540℃で2時間(ともにAr雰囲気下)の2段階の時効処理を施した。その後、焼結体の各面を0.1mmずつ加工機で研削し、13mm×8mm×4mmのR-T-B系焼結磁石を得た。これを比較例1とした。
上記の方法で作製した磁石組成IIの焼結体を、850℃で1時間、次いで、540℃で2時間(ともにAr雰囲気下)の2段階の時効処理を施した。その後、焼結体の各面を0.1mmずつ加工機で研削し、13mm×8mm×4mmのR-T-B系焼結磁石を得た。これを実施例1とした。
実施例2~6は、磁石組成IのR-T-B系焼結磁石に粒界拡散法でCu,Ga,Si,Ge,Bi、Cを粒界に導入し、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部の形成を試みたものである。表3は、作製した拡散源の秤量組成である。表3に示した組成に単体金属を秤量してアーク溶解炉で溶解・鋳造を3回繰り返して合金を作製した。得られた合金を高周波誘導加熱で熔解し、熔湯をロール急冷することにより急冷薄帯とした。得られた急冷薄帯をAr雰囲気のグローブボックス中において粗粉砕し、鋼鉄製メディアとともにAr雰囲気中で密閉容器に入れた。その後、密閉容器内で粉砕して平均粒径10~20μmの粉末を得た。得られた拡散材粉末にバインダー樹脂を添加し、アルコールを溶媒として拡散材の塗料を作製した。混合の比率は拡散材粉末の重量を100とした場合、バインダー樹脂としてのブチラール微粉末を2、アルコールを100とした。Ar雰囲気中で樹脂製の円筒形フタ付き容器に前記混合物を入れてフタを閉め、ボールミル架台に置き24時間120rpmで回転させて塗料化した。得られた塗料に磁石組成Iの焼結体加工品を浸し、引き上げて乾燥した。これを繰り返して焼結体加工品重量の2.5%の量を塗布した。その後Ar雰囲気中で900℃6時間、次いで540℃2時間の熱処理を施した。熱処理後、焼結体表面の拡散材の残渣をサンドペーパーで軽く削り落とした後、各面を0.1mmずつ加工機で研削し、R-T-B系焼結磁石を得た。表3に示した各組成の拡散材を用いて上記の方法で試料を作製し、実施例2~6を得た。
実施例7~8は、磁石組成IのR-T-B系焼結磁石に粒界拡散法でGaを粒界に導入し、R-Cu-Ga-C濃縮部の形成を試みたものである。表3のGaを含有する拡散材の前記塗料を塗料に磁石組成Iの焼結体加工品を浸し、引き上げて乾燥した。これを繰り返すことにより、塗布量は実施例7では焼結体重量の1.6%、実施例8では焼結体重量の0.6%とした。その後Ar雰囲気中で900℃6時間、次いで540℃2時間の熱処理を施した。熱処理後、焼結体表面の拡散材の残渣をサンドペーパーで軽く削り落とした後、各面を0.1mmずつ加工機で研削し、13mm×8mm×4mmの実施例7および8を得た。
[組成分析]
実施例1~8および比較例1で得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石について、蛍光X線分析法および誘導結合プラズマ質量分析法(ICP-MS法)により組成分析した。結果を表4に示す。
(元素分布の観察)
実施例1~8および比較例1のR-T-B系焼結磁石の断面の表面をイオンミリングで削り、最表面の酸化等の影響を除いた後、R-T-B系焼結磁石の断面をEPMA(電子線マイクロアナライザー:Electron Probe Micro Analyzer)で元素分布を観察し、分析した。50μm角の領域について、実施例4のR-T-B系焼結磁石の組織をEPMAにより観察し、EPMAによる元素マッピング(256点×256点)を行なった。実施例1のR-T-B系焼結磁石切断面のNd、Cu、M、Cの各元素のEPMAによる観察結果を図4~8に示す。また、実施例1のR-T-B系焼結磁石切断面の、R(Nd、Pr)、Cu、M(Ga)、Cの各元素の濃度が主相の結晶粒内よりも濃く分布する領域(R-Cu-M-C濃縮部)を図9に示す。
実施例1~8および比較例1のR-T-B系焼結磁石のマッピングデータより、以下のような手順で、粒界に占めるR-Cu-M-C濃縮部の面積比率(A/B)を算出した。(1)反射電子像の画像を所定レベルで2値化し、主相結晶粒部分と粒界部分を特定し、粒界部分の面積(B)を算出した。なお、2値化は反射電子像の信号強度を基準に行った。反射電子像の信号強度は原子番号が大きい元素の含有量が多いほど強くなることが知られている。粒界部分には、原子番号の大きい希土類元素が主相部分よりも多く存在しており、所定レベルで2値化して主相結晶粒部分と粒界部分とを特定することは一般的に行われる方法である。また、測定の際に2値化して二粒子粒界の部分が特定されていない部分が生じても、その特定されない二粒子粒界の部分は、粒界部分全体の誤差範囲であり、粒界部分の面積(B)を算出する際に数値範囲に影響を与えるものではない。
(2)EPMAによるR、Cu、M、Cの特性X線強度のマッピングデータから、上記(1)で特定された主相結晶粒部分におけるR、Cu、M、Cの各元素の特性X線強度の平均値と標準偏差を算出した。
(3)EPMAによるR、Cu、M、Cの特性X線強度のマッピングデータから、上記(2)で求めた主相結晶粒部分における特性X線強度の(平均値+3×標準偏差)の値よりも特性X線強度の値の大きい部分を、それぞれの元素について特定し、この部分をその元素の濃度が主相結晶粒内よりも濃く分布する部分(濃縮部)と定義した。
(4)上記(3)で特定された各元素の濃縮部のうち、R元素の濃縮部は、各R元素(実施例2ではNdおよびPr)のいずれかが濃く分布している部分とする。Cu元素の濃縮部は、Cuが濃く分布している部分とする。Mの濃縮部は、Mが複数ある場合、各Mのいずれかが濃く分布している部分とする。C元素の濃縮部は、Cが濃く分布している部分とする。
(5)上記(1)で特定された粒界と、上記(4)で特定されたR、Cu、M、Cのそれぞれが主相結晶粒内よりも濃く分布する部分がすべて重なり合う部分を粒界におけるR-Cu-M-C濃縮部として特定し、その部分の面積(A)を算出した。
(5)上記(4)で算出したR-Cu-M-C濃縮部の面積(A)を、上記(1)で算出した粒界の面積(B)で割ることにより、粒界に占めるR-Cu-M-C濃縮部の面積比率(A/B)を算出した。
次に、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部の組成について定量分析を行った。EPMAマッピングで特定したR-Cu-M-C濃縮部に対して、EPMAを用いて各元素の定量分析を行い、求められた各元素の濃度から、全R原子数に対するCuとM原子の比率(Cu+M)/Rを算出した。1サンプルにつき10箇所の測定し、各箇所において(Cu+M)/Rの値を求めた。各試料における(Cu+M)/Rの最大値、最小値を表5に示す。また、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部の組成例として、実施例2のR-T-B系焼結磁石の分析結果および(Cu+M)/Rの値を表6に示す。
各実施例、比較例の試料(13mm×8mm×4.0mm)をそれぞれ3枚重ねにして3Tのパルス着磁を行った後、BHトレーサーで減磁曲線を測定した。減磁曲線から求めた残留磁束密度Br、保磁力Hcjを表5に示す。
比較例1および実施例1~8のR-T-B系焼結磁石をPCT(プレッシャークッカーテスト)槽に入れ、120℃、2気圧、相対湿度100%の飽和水蒸気雰囲気中に200時間放置し、腐食による重量減少量を評価した。結果を表5に示す。
表7~10に示した磁石組成II~VIのR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製した。成型工程までのプロセスは実施例1と同じ方法で行い、いずれの第2合金の微粉砕においてもステアリン酸亜鉛0.1質量%に加えカーボンブラックを0.1質量%の添加を行った。得られた第1合金、第2合金の混合、成形は比較例1と同様に行った。焼結工程は、表11に示した温度で4時間の温度保持を行った後、急冷した。その後、850℃で1時間、次いで、540℃で2時間(ともにAr雰囲気下)の2段階の時効処理を施した。その後、焼結体の各面を0.1mmずつ加工機で研削し、13mm×8mm×4mmのR-T-B系焼結磁石を得た。4mmの厚さの方向がR2T14B結晶粒のc軸の配向方向である。
実施例13~17は、実施例9~12とそれぞれ同じ組成で作製しているが、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部を形成するための炭素の添加方法が異なる。実施例13~17においては、第2合金の粗粉砕粉末にカーボンブラックを0.1質量%添加し、ナウタミキサーで混合した後、Ar雰囲気で600℃1hの熱処理を行った。その後の微粉砕工程、成形工程は比較例1と同様である。焼結工程においては、R-Cu-M-C濃縮部の形成を促進するために、昇温途中の700℃で24時間の温度保持を行った。昇温後、表11に示した温度で4時間の温度保持を行った後、急冷した。その後、850℃で1時間、次いで、540℃で2時間(ともにAr雰囲気下)の2段階の時効処理を施した。その後、焼結体の各面を0.1mmずつ加工機で研削し、13mm×8mm×4mmのR-T-B系焼結磁石を得た。4mmの厚さの方向がR2T14B結晶粒のc軸の配向方向である。
4 二粒子粒界
6 三重点
10 SPMモータ
11 ハウジング
12 ロータ
13 ステータ
14 回転軸
15 ロータコア(鉄芯)
16 永久磁石
17 磁石挿入スロット
18 ステータコア
19 スロットル
20 コイル
Claims (4)
- R2T14B結晶粒を有するR-T-B系焼結磁石であって、
隣り合う2つ以上の前記R2T14B結晶粒によって形成された粒界部に、前記R2T14B結晶粒内よりも、R(Rは希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種)、Cu、M(MはGa,Si,Sn,Ge,Biの中から選ばれる少なくとも1種)、Cの濃度が共に高いR-Cu-M-C濃縮部を有することを特徴とするR-T-B系焼結磁石。 - 前記R-T-B系焼結磁石の断面において、前記R-Cu-M-C濃縮部の前記粒界中に占める面積が1%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- 前記R-Cu-M-C濃縮部における全R原子数に対するCuとM原子の合計の比(Cu+M)/Rが、0.2以上0.6以下であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載されたR-T-B系焼結磁石を用いたモータ。
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| JP2015530969A JP6274215B2 (ja) | 2013-08-09 | 2014-08-08 | R−t−b系焼結磁石、および、モータ |
| US14/906,732 US10410777B2 (en) | 2013-08-09 | 2014-08-08 | R-T-B based sintered magnet and motor |
| DE112014003674.9T DE112014003674T5 (de) | 2013-08-09 | 2014-08-08 | R-T-B basierter gesinterter Magnet und Motor |
| CN201480044345.5A CN105453196B (zh) | 2013-08-09 | 2014-08-08 | R‑t‑b系烧结磁铁以及电动机 |
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| DE112014003674T5 (de) | 2016-05-12 |
| CN105453196B (zh) | 2017-12-22 |
| US20160163434A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
| JP6274215B2 (ja) | 2018-02-07 |
| CN105453196A (zh) | 2016-03-30 |
| US10410777B2 (en) | 2019-09-10 |
| JPWO2015020181A1 (ja) | 2017-03-02 |
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