WO2015046531A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池システム - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池システム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015046531A1 WO2015046531A1 PCT/JP2014/075949 JP2014075949W WO2015046531A1 WO 2015046531 A1 WO2015046531 A1 WO 2015046531A1 JP 2014075949 W JP2014075949 W JP 2014075949W WO 2015046531 A1 WO2015046531 A1 WO 2015046531A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- positive electrode
- class
- discharge
- active material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/46—Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/66—Heat-exchange relationships between the cells and other systems, e.g. central heating systems or fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery system including a lithium ion secondary battery.
- lithium ion secondary batteries Since lithium ion secondary batteries have a small volume, a large mass capacity density, and a high voltage can be taken out, they are widely used as power sources for small devices. Lithium ion secondary batteries are used as power sources for mobile devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers. Also, in recent years, in addition to small mobile device applications, large secondary devices that require a long life with a large capacity, such as electric vehicles (EV) and power storage fields, are being considered due to consideration for environmental issues and increased awareness of energy conservation. It has been applied to batteries.
- EV electric vehicles
- a positive electrode active material based on LiMO 2 having a layered structure (M is at least one of Co, Ni, and Mn) or LiMn 2 O 4 having a spinel structure is used. Commonly used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery having such a positive electrode active material mainly uses a charge / discharge region of 4.3 V or less (hereinafter, a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal).
- the positive electrode including the positive electrode may be referred to as a “4V class positive electrode”.
- a carbon material such as graphite is used as the negative electrode active material.
- a material obtained by substituting a part of Mn of LiMn 2 O 4 with Ni or the like shows a high charge / discharge region of 4.5 to 4.8 V with respect to lithium metal.
- spinel compounds such as LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 are not redox of conventional Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ , but Mn exists in the state of Mn 4+ and redox of Ni 2+ and Ni 4+ Therefore, a high operating voltage of 4.5 V or higher is shown with respect to lithium metal.
- Such a material is called a 5V class active material and is expected to be a promising positive electrode material because it can improve the energy density by increasing the voltage.
- a positive electrode having a 5V class active material may be referred to as a “5V class positive electrode”.
- the above-mentioned solvent used for a battery using a 5V class positive electrode causes a decrease in ionic conductivity and an increase in viscosity as compared with a carbonate-based solvent. There was a problem that the output characteristics) deteriorated. Further, even when an oxidation resistant solvent is used, there is still a problem that life characteristics such as cycle characteristics and storage characteristics of 5V class batteries are lower than batteries using 4V class positive electrodes (hereinafter referred to as 4V class batteries). It was an obstacle to the transformation.
- Patent Document 1 When sufficient performance cannot be obtained with only a single type of battery, prepare different types of second and third batteries, and control by combining multiple batteries. A method for improving the characteristics can be considered (Patent Document 1).
- an object of the present invention is to provide a battery system that can solve the above problems while utilizing the high energy density of these 5V class batteries.
- the present invention relates to the following matters.
- the first embodiment of the present invention is: A first battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal; A second battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal; A mechanism for outputting power from both the first battery and the second battery to the outside,
- the present invention relates to a battery system, wherein the discharge rate of the first battery is equal to or lower than the discharge rate of the second battery.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is: A first battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal; A second battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal; A mechanism for outputting and charging power from the first battery to the second battery, It is related with the battery system characterized by the depth of discharge (DOD) of said 1st battery at the time of no load being higher than the depth of discharge (DOD) of said 2nd battery.
- DOD depth of discharge
- the third embodiment of the present invention is: A first battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium metal, and a heating unit; A second battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal;
- the present invention relates to a battery system including a mechanism for heating the first battery by outputting electric power from the second battery to a heating unit of the first battery.
- a battery system with improved storage characteristics can be provided.
- a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal, output characteristics and / or Alternatively, a battery system with improved storage characteristics can be provided.
- the battery system of the present embodiment is a first aspect, A first battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal; A second battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal; A mechanism for outputting power from both the first battery and the second battery to the outside, The present invention relates to a battery system in which a discharge rate of the first battery is equal to or lower than a discharge rate of the second battery.
- the battery system of this embodiment is as a second aspect.
- a mechanism for outputting and charging power from the first battery to the second battery It is related with the battery system characterized by the depth of discharge (DOD) of said 1st battery at the time of no load being higher than the depth of discharge (DOD) of said 2nd battery.
- DOD depth of discharge
- the battery system of the present embodiment is a third aspect, A first battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium metal, and a heating unit; A second battery including a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal;
- the present invention relates to a battery system including a mechanism for heating the first battery by outputting electric power from the second battery to a heating unit of the first battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal may be referred to as a “5 V class battery”.
- the lithium ion secondary battery provided with the positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material which has an operating potential of 4.3V or less with respect to lithium metal may be described as a "4V class battery.”
- FIG. 1 shows discharge curves measured at 25 ° C. and 0.2 C for 5V class batteries and 4V class batteries, respectively.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 1 represents the depth of discharge (DOD) (%), and the vertical axis represents the cell voltage.
- the battery a was used as the 5V class battery, and the battery b was used as the 4V class battery.
- the battery a which is a 5V class battery uses LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 as the positive electrode active material for the positive electrode, graphite as the negative electrode active material for the negative electrode, and ethylene carbonate (EC) and H ( Fluorinated ether (FE) represented by CF 2 ) 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, fluorinated phosphate ester (FP) represented by O ⁇ P (OCH 2 CF 3 ) 3 , and C 4 H
- a mixture of sulfolane (SL) which is a cyclic sulfone compound represented by 8 SO 2
- LiPF 6 was dissolved at 0.9 mol / L. Used.
- Battery b which is a 4V class battery, uses LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNiO 2 mixed at 8: 2 as the positive electrode active material for the positive electrode, graphite as the negative electrode active material for the negative electrode, and EC and DMC for the electrolyte as 4: 4. 6 was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 at 1.0 mol / L.
- As the outer package a battery of about 1 Ah was formed by using a laminate film for both the battery a and the battery b.
- the upper limit voltage and the lower limit voltage during charging / discharging were 4.75 V and 3 V for 5 V class batteries and 4.2 V and 3 V for 4 V class batteries, respectively.
- both discharge capacities per positive electrode active material weight were approximately 130 mAh / g.
- the 5V class battery has a voltage higher than that of the 4V class battery by 0.7V or more, so that a higher energy density can be obtained.
- FIG. 2 shows the capacity recovery rate (%) after the battery a (5V class battery) and the battery b (4V class battery) were stored at 45 ° C. for 8 weeks with a depth of discharge (DOD) of 0%.
- the capacity recovery rate (%) is calculated as the ratio (B / A ⁇ 100 (%)) of the discharge capacity (B) when the battery is discharged and charged after storage and then re-discharged with respect to the discharge capacity (A) before storage. did. From the results of FIG. 2, it can be seen that the capacity recovery rate of the 5V class battery is lower than the capacity recovery rate of the 4V class battery. That is, it was shown that the 5V class battery has a problem that the capacity deterioration at a high temperature is larger than that of the 4V class battery.
- the volume increase was 5% or less for both 5V class batteries and 4V class batteries, and gas generation under high temperature of 5V class batteries was sufficiently suppressed.
- the electrolyte solution of the battery a 5V class battery
- the electrolyte solution of the battery b of the 4V class battery the cell volume after one week at 45 ° C. increased by 50% or more. From this, it was shown that the problem of gas generation at high temperature can be reduced by using an electrolyte having high oxidation resistance in a 5V class battery.
- FIG. 3 shows the discharge rate characteristics at 25 ° C., 0 ° C., and ⁇ 10 ° C. for battery a (5V class battery), and the discharge rate characteristics at ⁇ 10 ° C. for battery b (4V class battery).
- the “discharge capacity ratio (%)” is expressed as a ratio of the discharge capacity of each secondary battery to the rated capacity of the discharge capacity at 25 ° C. and 0.2 C. It was shown that the discharge capacity at 25 ° C. of the 5V class battery was close to the discharge capacity at ⁇ 10 ° C. of the 4V class battery. Further, it was shown that the discharge capacity at 5V class batteries was 0 ° C. or lower and 1C or higher was considerably reduced to 50% or less.
- the present inventors have constructed a battery system that combines a 5V class battery and a 4V class battery, and as a result of repeated studies, the control method can solve the above-described problems of 5V class batteries in this battery system. I found.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an example of the battery system of the present embodiment.
- the assembled battery 1 is an assembled battery composed of a plurality of 5V class batteries.
- the assembled battery 2 is an assembled battery composed of a plurality of 4V class batteries. Inside the assembled battery, the cells are connected in series or in parallel.
- the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 are connected to an external load device 20 through the battery control unit 10.
- the battery control unit 10 includes an external output control unit 19, and the external output control unit 19 is connected to the load device 20.
- the battery control unit 10 includes an internal output control unit 11 and an external output control unit 19. In the figure, the external output control unit 19 and the internal output control unit 11 are illustrated separately, but in actuality, both can be configured as one unit.
- the external output control unit 19 is a device that supplies the electric power extracted from the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 to the load device 20, and each current amount (discharge rate) when the electric power is extracted from the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2. ) To control.
- the current / voltage control of each assembled battery is not shown in FIG. 4, it can be performed by a current control device such as a DC-DC converter provided in the control device.
- the internal output control unit 11 is not a load device 20 but a device that controls the exchange of power within the battery system, and a mechanism for charging the assembled battery 2 from the assembled battery 1 and / or the assembled battery 1. It is preferable to provide a mechanism for taking out electric power for heating the battery pack 2 from the assembled battery 2.
- the internal output control unit 11 includes a temperature measurement unit 12 for measuring the temperature of each of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 and / or a DOD calculation unit 13 for calculating a depth of discharge (DOD).
- the temperature measuring unit 12 receives signals from the temperature sensors 17a and 17b installed around the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 and converts them into a temperature.
- the DOD calculation unit 13 receives a current value from the current sensors 16a and 16b connected to the current cables of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2, calculates a discharge capacity value from the current value and the discharge time, and is set in advance.
- the depth of discharge (DOD) is calculated in comparison with the value of the battery capacity. The accuracy can be further improved by correcting this using the value of the open circuit voltage.
- the current sensor includes a shunt resistance method, a magnetic proportional method, and a magnetic balance method, but a non-contact magnetic proportional method and a magnetic balance method are preferable.
- the determination unit 14 determines a control method and a control value from the battery temperature and / or the depth of discharge (DOD), the presence / absence of power output to the load device, and the magnitude of the output. Based on the result of the determination, the current control unit 15 switches the direction in which the current flows and flows a predetermined current value.
- the determination unit 14 has a storage unit in which data necessary for control is recorded in advance. The storage unit stores data such as temperature and discharge depth (DOD) one by one, and can be referred to as needed.
- the discharge depth (DOD) of the 5V class battery is set to 4V by charging the assembled battery 1 composed of the 5V class battery to the assembled battery 2 composed of the 4V class battery. It is preferable to control so as to be larger than the depth of discharge (DOD) of the class battery. Thereby, deterioration of the battery capacity as a battery system can be suppressed. Further, it is more preferable to maximize the depth of discharge of the assembled battery 1 and minimize the depth of discharge of the assembled battery 2.
- the assembled battery 1 when charging the assembled battery 1 (5V class battery) and the assembled battery 2 (4V class battery) from a power source external to the battery system, it is preferable to preferentially charge the assembled battery 2.
- the discharge rate (R1) of the assembled battery 1 consisting of a 5V class battery becomes below the discharge rate (R2) of the assembled battery 2 consisting of a 4V class battery. It becomes easy to control.
- the capacity degradation due to high temperature storage is larger in the 5V class battery than in the 4V class battery, the capacity degradation of the entire battery system can be reduced.
- the 5V class battery has a problem in low temperature characteristics because the discharge capacity when the temperature becomes low, for example, 0 ° C. or less becomes 50% or less of the rated capacity. Therefore, when the 5V class battery is in a low temperature state, it is preferable to increase the temperature by heating, because the discharge capacity can be increased. On the other hand, a 4V class battery can obtain a sufficient discharge capacity even at a -10 ° C. and 1C rate (FIG. 3), and the effect of raising the temperature by such heating is smaller than that of a 5V class battery.
- the temperature of the 5V class battery is preferably higher than 0 ° C. and lower than or equal to 30 ° C., more preferably higher than 0 ° C. and lower than or equal to 25 ° C., more preferably 15 ° C. It is preferable to heat so that it may become 20 degreeC or more and 25 degrees C or less, More preferably, it is 20 degreeC or more and 25 degrees C or less. For example, if the temperature of a 5V class battery is about 25 ° C., a discharge capacity of about 90% or more can be obtained at a 1C rate, which is preferable in practice.
- the temperature is too high, battery deterioration is accelerated, which is not preferable.
- the 5V class battery may not be heated to the set temperature because the low temperature output is low, but the power of the 4V class battery should be used. Can be efficiently heated.
- the external output control unit 19 communicates with the internal output control unit 11 and receives necessary information such as the battery temperature and the depth of discharge (DOD), and the load device The amount of current is determined for the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 when power is output to the power source, and the control is performed.
- DOD depth of discharge
- the battery control unit 10 includes (i) a path for outputting power from the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 to the load device 20, (ii) a path for charging the assembled battery 2 from the assembled battery 1, ( iii) There are three paths: a path for supplying power from the assembled battery 2 to the heating unit. SW1 to SW6 are switching elements for switching the current flow.
- a path for supplying current from the assembled battery 2 to the heating unit via the current control unit 15 can be formed.
- a resistance heating element can be used for the heater.
- the shape of the heater is not particularly limited, but a film heater that can be heated uniformly by being in close contact with the battery is preferable.
- the external output control unit 19 When the external output control unit 19 is instructed to supply power to the load device 20, the external output control unit 19 receives data such as the temperature and the depth of discharge (DOD) of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 through the internal output control unit 11.
- the amount of current flowing through the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 is determined according to the amount of power output to the device 20. For example, when both battery temperatures are 25 ° C. and a current corresponding to a discharge rate of 1 C is required, 90% or more of the rated capacity can be obtained for both the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2, so both assembled batteries are equivalent to 1 C.
- the control is performed so that the current of If the battery temperature is 0 ° C., the discharge capacity of the assembled battery 1 is about half that of the assembled battery 2, so the discharge rate of the assembled battery 1 is lowered below 1 C, and the By making the discharge rate larger than 1C, control is performed so as to maximize the discharge capacity that can be taken out while securing the current amount as the whole battery system.
- the “no-load state” refers to a state in which power is not output to the outside of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2.
- the DOD calculation unit 13 obtains the discharge depth (DOD) values of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 from the information on the immediately preceding charging / discharging operation and the current battery voltage.
- the discharge depth (DOD) of the battery pack 1 at this time is 60% and the discharge depth (DOD) of the battery pack 2 is 40%, charging the battery pack 2 from the battery pack 1
- the determination unit 14 determines that the depth of discharge (DOD) is 100% and the depth of discharge (DOD) of the assembled battery 2 is 0% (in this example, the battery capacities of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 are the same.
- a command is issued to the current control unit 15.
- the current control unit 15 switches the SWs 1 to 6 to form a current path, and charges the assembled battery 2 by flowing a predetermined current from the assembled battery 1 to the assembled battery 2.
- the discharge depths (DOD) of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 become 100% and 0%, respectively, the charging operation is finished.
- the temperature of the assembled battery 1 is controlled to be raised to 20 ° C. when the temperature of the assembled battery 1 becomes 0 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature measurement unit 12 measures the battery temperature. Assuming that the battery temperature is ⁇ 5 ° C., the DOD calculation unit calculates the DOD of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2, and the DOD of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 is smaller than a preset value (the assembled battery 1 has a certain level or more).
- the determination unit 14 instructs the current control unit 15 to energize the heating unit 18.
- the current control unit 15 switches SW1 to SW6 to form a current path, and allows a predetermined current to flow from the assembled battery 2 to the heater of the heating unit 18.
- the temperature of the assembled battery 1 reaches 20 ° C., the energization is finished.
- the heating operation of the assembled battery 1 is performed as an operation immediately before power is output to the load device 20.
- a 5V class battery and a 4V class battery included in the battery system of this embodiment will be described below.
- the battery system of this embodiment includes a 5V class battery, which is a single battery, or an assembled battery including a 5V class single battery as the first battery.
- a 5V class battery is a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode (also referred to as “5V class positive electrode”) containing a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium metal. That is, the 5V class battery used for this embodiment is equipped with the positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material which has a charging / discharging area
- the positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium metal is preferably a lithium-containing composite oxide.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide include spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide, olivine-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide, reverse spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide, Li 2 MnO 3 -based solid solution, and the like.
- lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the following formula (I) as the positive electrode active material used for the 5V class positive electrode.
- M includes Ni alone or one or more of Co and Fe containing Ni as a main component.
- A is more preferably one or more of B, Mg, Al, and Ti.
- Z is more preferably F.
- Such a substitution element serves to stabilize the crystal structure and suppress the deterioration of the active material.
- Li x MPO 4 F y (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, M is at least one of Co and Ni Olivine-based composite oxide represented by: Li x MSiO 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, M: at least one of Mn, Fe and Co); Li x [Li a M b Mn 1-ab ] O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0.02 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.3, 0.1 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.7, M is Ni, Co, And a layered composite oxide represented by at least one of Fe and Cr).
- One type of positive electrode active material may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- olivine-type positive electrode active material examples include LiCoPO 4 and LiNiPO 4 .
- the battery system according to the present embodiment includes a 4V class battery, which is a single battery, or an assembled battery composed of 4V class single batteries as the second battery.
- 4V class battery when “4V class battery” is described, it may be either a single battery or an assembled battery.
- the 4V class battery has a positive electrode (also referred to as “4V class positive electrode”) including a positive electrode active material having an operating potential of 4.3 V or less, preferably 3.5 V or more and 4.3 V or less with respect to lithium metal. It is an ion secondary battery.
- a positive electrode active material used for a 4V class positive electrode Lithium containing complex oxide can be used.
- LiM1O 2 (M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, and a part of M1 is substituted with Mg, Al, or Ti.
- LiMn 2 ⁇ x M2 x O 4 (M2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Co, Ni, Fe and B, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4. ) Etc.
- An olivine type material represented by LiFePO 4 can also be used. These may be non-stoichiometric compositions such as Li-rich compositions. Moreover, these may use only 1 type and can also use 2 or more types together.
- lithium manganate represented by LiMn 2 ⁇ x M2 x O 4 in particular has a lower capacity than lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ) and lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), but compared with Ni and Co. Therefore, since the production amount of Mn is large, the material cost is low, and the thermal stability is high because of the spinel structure. For this reason, it is preferable as a positive electrode active material for large-sized secondary batteries such as electric vehicles and power storage. For example, 15 to 35% by mass of lithium nickelate can be mixed with lithium manganate. Thereby, the battery capacity can be increased while maintaining the thermal stability as the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode used in the 5V class battery and the 4V class battery according to this embodiment is not particularly limited, but a carbon material such as graphite or amorphous carbon can be used, and graphite is used from the viewpoint of energy density. preferable.
- a negative electrode active material materials such as Si, Sn, and Al that form an alloy with Li, Si oxide, Si composite oxide containing Si and other metal elements other than Si, Sn oxide, Sn and Sn Sn composite oxides containing other metal elements other than the above, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , composite materials obtained by coating these materials with carbon, and the like can also be used.
- a negative electrode active material can be used individually by 1 type, and can also be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the negative electrode active material is preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m, and more preferably 10 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area is preferably 0.5 ⁇ 10m 2 / g, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ 5m 2 / g.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte a solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous electrolytic solvent can be used.
- the “nonaqueous electrolytic solvent” may be referred to as “nonaqueous solvent” or “solvent”.
- a fluorine-containing compound used as a nonaqueous electrolytic solvent may be referred to as “fluorinated solvent” or “fluorinated solvent”.
- lithium salt examples include LiPF 6 , lithium imide salt, LiAsF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6, and the like.
- a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate as the non-aqueous solvent.
- the cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and derivatives thereof (including fluorinated products).
- the chain carbonate include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), and derivatives thereof (including fluorinated products).
- solvents such as aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, ⁇ -lactones, cyclic ethers and chain ethers can be used.
- aliphatic carboxylic acid ester include methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl propionate, and derivatives thereof (including fluorinated products).
- ⁇ -lactone include ⁇ -butyrolactone and its derivatives (including fluorinated products).
- cyclic ether include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and derivatives thereof (including fluorinated products).
- chain ether examples include 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), ethyl ether, diethyl ether, and derivatives thereof (including fluorinated compounds).
- non-aqueous solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, propyl nitrile, nitromethane, ethyl monoglyme, phosphoric acid triester, trimethoxymethane, Dioxolane derivatives, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, 1,3-propane sultone, anisole, N-methylpyrrolidone, and derivatives thereof (fluorinated compounds) Can also be used. These may use only 1 type and may use 2
- the solvent is oxidatively decomposed on the positive electrode, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity and gas generation.
- a solvent having high oxidation resistance Specifically, as a nonaqueous electrolytic solvent, a fluorinated phosphate ester represented by the following formula (1), a fluorinated ether represented by the following formula (2), the following formula (3) or the following formula (4) It is preferable that at least 1 sort (s) chosen from the group which consists of a sulfone compound represented by these is included, and it is more preferable that 2 or more types are included.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and the like.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- One or more solvents selected from chain carbonates may be included.
- the non-aqueous solvent preferably contains a fluorinated phosphate ester represented by the following formula (1) (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “fluorinated phosphate ester”).
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represents an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, and at least one of them is a fluorinated alkyl group.
- the fluorinated alkyl group is an alkyl group having at least one fluorine atom.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently have 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- At least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group in which 50% or more of the hydrogen atoms of the corresponding unsubstituted alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms.
- all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are fluorinated alkyl groups, and 50% or more of the hydrogen atoms of the unsubstituted alkyl group to which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 correspond are substituted with fluorine atoms.
- the content of fluorine atoms is large, the voltage resistance is further improved, and even when a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium is used, the deterioration of battery capacity after cycling is further reduced. Because it can.
- the ratio of the number of fluorine atoms to the total number of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms in the fluorinated alkyl group is more preferably 55% or more.
- fluorinated phosphate ester Tris phosphate (trifluoromethyl), Tris phosphate (trifluoroethyl), Tris phosphate (pentafluoroethyl), Tris phosphate (trifluoropropyl) , Tris phosphate (tetrafluoropropyl), tris phosphate (pentafluoropropyl), tris phosphate (heptafluorobutyl), tris phosphate (octafluoropentyl), and the like.
- fluorine-containing phosphate ester examples include trifluoroethyldimethyl phosphate, bis (trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bistrifluoroethylethyl phosphate, pentafluoropropyldimethyl phosphate, heptafluorobutyldimethyl phosphate, Trifluoroethylmethyl ethyl phosphate, pentafluoropropylmethyl ethyl phosphate, heptafluorobutylmethyl ethyl phosphate, trifluoroethyl methyl propyl phosphate, pentafluoropropyl methyl propyl phosphate, heptafluorobutyl methyl propyl phosphate, phosphoric acid Trifluoroethylmethylbutyl, pentafluoropropylmethylbutyl phosphate, heptafluorobutylmethylbutyl phosphat
- Examples of tris (tetrafluoropropyl) phosphate include tris (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl) phosphate.
- Examples of tris (pentafluoropropyl) phosphate include tris (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) phosphate.
- Examples of tris (trifluoroethyl) phosphate include tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (hereinafter also abbreviated as TTFP).
- Examples of tris phosphate (trifluoropropyl) include tris phosphate (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl).
- tris phosphate examples include tris phosphate (1H, 1H-heptafluorobutyl).
- examples of trisphosphate (octafluoropentyl) include trisphosphate (1H, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl).
- tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl phosphate) (TTFP) is preferable because it has a high inhibitory effect on the decomposition of the electrolyte solution at a high potential.
- a fluorine-containing phosphate ester can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent preferably contains a fluorinated ether represented by the following formula (2).
- the fluorinated ether represented by the formula (2) may be simply referred to as “fluorinated ether”.
- R 101 and R 102 each independently represents an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, and at least one of R 101 and R 102 is a fluorinated alkyl group).
- the total number of carbon atoms of R 101 and R 102 is preferably 10 or less.
- the alkyl group and the fluorinated alkyl group include linear or branched ones.
- the fluorinated alkyl group is an alkyl group having at least one fluorine atom.
- the fluorine atom content in the fluorinated alkyl group is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, based on the total of fluorine atoms and hydrogen atoms.
- the withstand voltage is further improved, and even when a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium is used, deterioration of battery capacity after cycling is more effectively reduced. Is possible.
- fluorinated ethers represented by the following formula (2-1) are more preferable.
- n and m are each independently an integer of 1 to 8.
- X 1 to X 6 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom, provided that X 1 to X At least one of 6 is a fluorine atom, and when n is 2 or more, a plurality of X 2 and X 3 are independent from each other, and when m is 2 or more, a plurality of X 4 and X 3 are present. 5 are independent of each other.
- the fluorinated ether is more preferably a compound represented by the following formula (2-2) from the viewpoint of voltage resistance and compatibility with other electrolytes.
- n is an integer of 1 to 7
- X 1 to X 8 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom, provided that at least one of X 1 to X 3 is A fluorine atom, and at least one of X 4 to X 8 is a fluorine atom).
- n 2 or more
- a plurality of X 2 may be the same or different from each other
- a plurality of X 3 may be the same or different from each other. Also good.
- the fluorinated ether compound is more preferably represented by the following formula (2-3).
- n is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- Y 1 to Y 8 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom. However, at least one of Y 1 to Y 4 is a fluorine atom, and at least one of Y 5 to Y 8 is a fluorine atom.
- n 2 or more, a plurality of Y 1 to Y 4 may be the same or different from each other.
- fluorinated ether examples include CF 3 OCH 3 , CF 3 OC 2 H 5 , F (CF 2 ) 2 OCH 3 , F (CF 2 ) 2 OC 2 H 5 , and CF 3 (CF 2 ).
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent contains at least one sulfone compound represented by the following formula (3) or the following formula (4) (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “sulfone compound”). Is preferred.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- R 2 of R 1 is 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 12,1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 12 , respectively, 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 6, 1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 6 are more preferable, and 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 3 and 1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 3 are still more preferable.
- the alkyl group includes linear, branched, or cyclic groups.
- R 1 and R 2 may have a substituent.
- substituents include an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group).
- Group aryl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, phenyl group, naphthyl group), halogen atoms (for example, chlorine atom, bromine atom, fluorine atom), etc., and alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or carbon atoms An aryl group of several 6 to 10 is more preferable.
- Examples of the sulfone compound represented by the formula (3) include ethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone, ethyl isobutyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfone, and diethyl sulfone. Of these, dimethyl sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone, and ethyl isobutyl sulfone are preferable, and dimethyl sulfone is more preferable.
- R 3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group.
- the alkylene group preferably has 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and more preferably 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
- examples of the substituent include an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group), halogen atom (for example, chlorine atom, bromine atom, fluorine atom). Atom) and the like, and an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- a cyclic sulfone compound represented by the following formula (4-1) is preferable.
- m is an integer of 1 to 6).
- m is an integer of 1 to 6, and preferably an integer of 1 to 3.
- Preferred examples of the cyclic sulfone compound represented by the formula (4) include tetramethylene sulfone (sulfolane), pentamethylene sulfone, hexamethylene sulfone and the like, and sulfolane is more preferable.
- Preferred examples of the cyclic sulfone compound having a substituent include 3-methylsulfolane and 2,4-dimethylsulfolane.
- non-aqueous solvent of the 5V class battery for example, it is preferable to use a solvent obtained by mixing a cyclic carbonate and two or more solvents selected from a fluorinated phosphate ester, a fluorinated ether, and a sulfone compound. It is more preferable to use a solvent in which three or more solvents are mixed. By mixing three or more kinds, it is possible to obtain an electrolytic solution having relatively good solvent compatibility, oxidation resistance, and ionic conductivity.
- a carbon material such as carbon black, granular graphite, flake graphite, or carbon fiber can be used for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- carbon black having low crystallinity for the positive electrode.
- positive electrode current collector for example, aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- negative electrode current collector for example, copper, stainless steel, nickel, titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- the electrode is, for example, a slurry obtained by dispersing and kneading an active material, a binder, and a conductive assistant in a solvent with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or water in a predetermined blending amount. Is applied to a current collector to form an active material layer.
- the obtained electrode can be compressed to a suitable density by a method such as a roll press.
- the separator is not particularly limited, and for example, a porous film made of a polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, a fluororesin, an inorganic separator made of cellulose, glass, or the like can be used.
- the exterior body for example, coin-shaped, rectangular, cylindrical, etc. cans and laminate exterior bodies can be used. From the viewpoint of reducing the weight and improving the battery energy density, synthetic resin and metal A laminate outer package using a flexible film made of a laminate with a foil is preferred. Since the laminate type battery is excellent in heat dissipation, it is suitable as an in-vehicle battery such as an electric vehicle.
- an aluminum laminate film, a SUS laminate film, a laminate film made of silica-coated polypropylene, polyethylene, or the like can be used as the outer package.
- an aluminum laminate film from the viewpoint of suppressing volume expansion and cost.
- the configuration of the secondary battery according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and for example, an electrode element in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are opposed to each other and an electrolytic solution may be included in an exterior body. it can.
- the shape of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape, a flat wound rectangular shape, a laminated rectangular shape, a coin shape, a flat wound laminated shape, and a laminated laminated shape.
- Example 1 A battery having an 8Ah assembled battery 1 in which eight 1Ah 5V class cells are connected in parallel and a 2Ah assembled battery 2 in which two 1Ah 4V class cells are connected in parallel, and having a rated capacity of 10Ah as a whole Group a was configured.
- the capacity ratio of the assembled battery 1 to the combined capacity of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2 is 80%.
- the ratio (R2 / R1) of the discharge rate (R2) of the assembled battery 2 to the discharge rate (R1) of the assembled battery 1 and the discharge capacity (Ah) obtained from the battery groups a, b, c are rated capacity (10 Ah)
- the relationship of the discharge capacity ratio (%) divided by is shown in FIG.
- 10 A is supplied only to the other assembled battery when the discharge of one assembled battery is completed. The discharge capacity obtained at this time is also added.
- the discharge capacity tends to increase as the capacity ratio of the assembled battery 1 decreases to 80%, 60%, and 40%, but R2 / R1 is set to 1. It can be seen that the discharge capacity of the battery group tends to increase as the value increases. In particular, when the capacity ratio of the assembled battery 1 is 80% and 60%, it can be seen that R2 / R1 has a peak around 2.
- the discharge rate (R1) of the assembled battery 1 and the discharge rate (R2) is preferably 1 or more, that is, the discharge rate of the assembled battery 1 is preferably equal to or lower than the discharge rate of the assembled battery 2, and the discharge rate of the assembled battery 1 is higher than the discharge rate of the assembled battery 2 It was shown that lowering is preferable. Furthermore, when the capacity ratio of the assembled battery 1 made of a 5V class battery is 60% or more of the total capacity of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2, R2 / R1 is more preferably 1.5 to 2.7. It was shown to be preferable.
- Example 2 With respect to the battery group c having a capacity ratio of 40% and the battery group b having a capacity of 40%, which is configured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, the discharge depth (DOD) of the battery pack 1 and the battery pack 2 is determined in the no-load state.
- Reference Example 2c and Reference Example 2b respectively
- charging the assembled battery 1 from the assembled battery 1 maximizes the discharge depth (DOD) of the assembled battery 1 and discharges the assembled battery 2.
- the depth (DOD) was controlled to be minimum (referred to as Example 2c and Example 2b, respectively)
- the capacity recovery rate (%) of the battery group after storage at 45 ° C. for 8 weeks was calculated. The results are shown in FIG.
- the capacity recovery rate (%) of the battery group is the ratio (%) of the total value of the respective recovery capacities (Ah) after storage to the total value (10 Ah) of the rated capacities of the assembled battery 1 and the assembled battery 2. is there. From FIG. 6, when the depth of discharge (DOD) is 20% or less, there is no difference between the reference example and the example. However, when the depth of discharge (DOD) exceeds 20%, the capacity of the example is higher than that of the reference example. The rate was shown to be high.
- the depth of discharge (DOD) of the 5V class battery is increased. It is preferable that the battery capacity is controlled so that deterioration of the battery capacity of the battery system can be suppressed. More preferably, the depth of discharge (DOD) of the 5V class battery is maximized and the depth of discharge (DOD) of the 4V class battery is minimized.
- SYMBOLS 1 The assembled battery which consists of a 5V class battery 2
- Battery control part 11 Internal output control apparatus 12
- Temperature measurement part 13 DOD calculating part 14
- Determination part 15 Current control part 16a, 16b Current sensor 17a, 17b Temperature sensor 18 Heating unit 19
- External output control unit 20 Load devices SW1 to 6 Switching elements
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
Abstract
Description
リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第一電池および前記第二電池の両方から外部に電力を出力する機構とを備え、
前記第一電池の放電レートが前記第二電池の放電レート以下であることを特徴とする電池システムに関する。
リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第一電池から前記第二電池に電力を出力して充電する機構とを備え、
無負荷時における前記第一電池の放電深度(DOD)が前記第二電池の放電深度(DOD)よりも高いことを特徴とする電池システムに関する。
リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極と、加熱部とを備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第二電池から前記第一電池の加熱部に電力を出力することで前記第一電池を加温する機構を備えたことを特徴とする電池システムに関する。
リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第一電池および前記第二電池の両方から外部に電力を出力する機構とを備え、
前記第一電池の放電レートが前記第二電池の放電レート以下である電池システムに関する。
リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第一電池から前記第二電池に電力を出力して充電する機構とを備え、
無負荷時における前記第一電池の放電深度(DOD)が前記第二電池の放電深度(DOD)よりも高いことを特徴とする電池システムに関する。
リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極と、加熱部とを備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第二電池から前記第一電池の加熱部に電力を出力することで前記第一電池を加温する機構を備えたことを特徴とする電池システムに関する。
本実施形態の電池システムは、第一電池として単電池である5V級電池または5V級単電池から構成される組電池を備える。なお、本明細書において、「5V級電池」と記載したときは、単電池または組電池のいずれであってもよいものとする。5V級電池は、リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上に動作電位を有する正極活物質を含んだ正極(「5V級正極」とも称する)を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池である。すなわち、本実施形態に用いる5V級電池は、リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上に充放電領域を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備える。
(式(I)中、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦y、x+y<2、0≦a≦1.2、0≦w≦1であり、Mは、Co、Ni、Fe、CrおよびCuからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、Aは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Si、KおよびCaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、Zは、FおよびClのうちの少なくとも一種である。)。
本実施形態の電池システムは、第二電池として、単電池である4V級電池または4V級単電池から構成される組電池を備える。なお、本明細書において、「4V級電池」と記載したときは、単電池または組電池のいずれであってもよいものとする。4V級電池は、リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下、好ましくは3.5V以上4.3V以下に動作電位を有する正極活物質を含んだ正極(「4V級正極」とも称する)を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池である。4V級正極に用いられる正極活物質としては、特に限定されないが、リチウム含有複合酸化物を用いることができる。リチウム含有複合酸化物としては、LiM1O2(M1はMn、Fe、CoおよびNiからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、M1の一部がMg、AlまたはTiで置換されていてもよい)、LiMn2-xM2xO4(M2はMg、Al、Co、Ni、FeおよびBからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種の元素であり、0≦x<0.4である。)などを用いることができる。また、LiFePO4で表されるオリビン型材料を用いることもできる。これらは、例えばLi過剰組成など非化学量論組成であっても良い。また、これらは一種のみを用いてもよく、二種以上を併用することもできる。これらの中でも、特に前記LiMn2-xM2xO4で表されるマンガン酸リチウムは、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)やニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)より容量は低いものの、NiやCoと比較してMnの産出量が多いため材料コストが低く、スピネル構造を有するため熱的安定性が高い。このため、電気自動車や電力貯蔵用などの大型二次電池向けの正極活物質材料として好ましい。マンガン酸リチウムに、例えば15~35質量%のニッケル酸リチウムを混合して用いることができる。これにより正極としての熱的安定性を維持したまま電池容量を高めることができる。
本実施形態に係る5V級電池と4V級電池に使用される負極は特に限定されないが、黒鉛、非晶質炭素等の炭素材料を用いることができ、エネルギー密度の観点から、黒鉛を用いることが好ましい。また、負極活物質として、Si、Sn、Al等のLiと合金を形成する材料、Si酸化物、SiとSi以外の他の金属元素とを含むSi複合酸化物、Sn酸化物、SnとSn以外の他の金属元素とを含むSn複合酸化物、Li4Ti5O12、これらの材料にカーボンを被覆した複合材料等を用いることもできる。負極活物質は、1種を単独で用いることができ、2種以上を組み合わせて用いることもできる。負極活物質の平均粒径(D50)は5~50μmが好ましく、10~30μmがより好ましい。比表面積は、0.5~10m2/gが好ましく、0.5~5m2/gがより好ましい。
非水電解液としてはリチウム塩を非水電解溶媒に溶解した溶液を用いることができる。なお、本明細書においては、「非水電解溶媒」のことを、「非水溶媒」、または「溶媒」と記載することもある。また、非水電解溶媒として用いられるフッ素を含有する化合物のことを、「フッ素化溶媒」または「フッ化溶媒」と記載することもある。
(式(2-1)中、n、mは、それぞれ独立に1~8の整数である。X1~X6は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、X1~X6の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子である。また、nが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX2およびX3は互いに独立であり、mが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX4およびX5は互いに独立である。)
(式(2-2)中、nは1~7の整数であり、X1~X8は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、X1~X3の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子であり、X4~X8の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子である。)。
セパレータとしては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンやフッ素樹脂等からなる多孔性フィルム、セルロースやガラスなどからなる無機セパレータ等を用いることができる。
外装体としては、例えば、コイン型、角型、円筒型等の缶や、ラミネート外装体を用いることができるが、軽量化が可能であり電池エネルギー密度の向上を図る観点から、合成樹脂と金属箔との積層体からなる可撓性フィルムを用いたラミネート外装体が好ましい。ラミネート型電池は、放熱性にも優れているため、電気自動車などの車載用電池として好適である。
本実施形態に係る二次電池の構成は、特に制限されるものではなく、例えば、正極および負極が対向配置された電極素子と、電解液とが外装体に内包されている構成とすることができる。二次電池の形状は、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば、円筒型、扁平捲回角型、積層角型、コイン型、扁平捲回ラミネート型、又は積層ラミネート型が挙げられる。
1Ahの5V級単電池を8個並列接続にした8Ahの組電池1と、1Ahの4V級単電池を2個並列接続した2Ahの組電池2とを備え、全体として定格容量が10Ahとなる電池群aを構成した。電池群aにおいて、組電池1と組電池2を合わせた容量に対する組電池1の容量比は80%である。同様にして、6Ahの組電池1(5V級電池)と4Ahの組電池2(4V級電池)とを備え、組電池1の容量比が60%となる電池群bと、4Ahの組電池1(5V級電池)と6Ahの組電池2(4V級電池)とを備え、組電池1の容量比が40%となる電池群cを構成した。-10℃において、上記の組電池1の容量比が80%、60%、40%である電池群a、b、cそれぞれに対して、放電レートが1C相当の電流値(10A)を流し、組電池1および組電池2に流れる電流(放電レート)を変えた時に取り出せる放電容量を測定した。すなわち、組電池1の電流が4Aのときは組電池2の電流は6A(=10-4(A))となる。組電池1および組電池2の放電レートはそれぞれの定格容量の値によって異なる値となる。
上記実験例1と同様に構成した組電池1の容量比が40%の電池群cと60%の電池群bについて、無負荷状態において、組電池1と組電池2の放電深度(DOD)を同じ値にした場合(それぞれ、参考例2c、参考例2bとする)と、組電池1から組電池2に充電することで、組電池1の放電深度(DOD)が最大、組電池2の放電深度(DOD)が最小になるように制御した場合(それぞれ、実施例2c、実施例2bとする)について、45℃8週間保存後の電池群の容量回復率(%)を算出した。結果を図6に示す。ここで、電池群の容量回復率(%)とは組電池1と組電池2の定格容量の合計値(10Ah)に対する保存後のそれぞれの回復容量(Ah)の合計値の比率(%)である。図6から、放電深度(DOD)が20%以下では参考例と実施例で差は見られないものの、放電深度(DOD)が20%を超えると、参考例よりも実施例の方が容量回復率が高いことが示された。
2 4V級電池からなる組電池
10 電池制御部
11 内部出力制御装置
12 温度計測部
13 DOD演算部
14 判定部
15 電流制御部
16a、16b 電流センサー
17a,17b 温度センサー
18 加熱部
19 外部出力制御部
20 負荷装置
SW1~6 スイッチング素子
Claims (11)
- リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第一電池および前記第二電池の両方から外部に電力を出力する機構とを備え、
前記第一電池の放電レートが前記第二電池の放電レート以下であることを特徴とする電池システム。 - リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第一電池から前記第二電池に電力を出力して充電する機構とを備え、
無負荷時における前記第一電池の放電深度(DOD)が前記第二電池の放電深度(DOD)よりも高いことを特徴とする電池システム。 - リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極と、加熱部とを備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第一電池と、
リチウム金属に対して4.3V以下の動作電位を有する正極活物質を含む正極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を含む第二電池と、
前記第二電池から前記第一電池の加熱部に電力を出力することで前記第一電池を加温する機構を備えたことを特徴とする電池システム。 - さらに、前記第一電池から前記第二電池に電力を出力して充電する機構を備え、無負荷時における前記第一電池の放電深度(DOD)が前記第二電池の放電深度(DOD)よりも高いことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電池システム。
- 前記第一電池がさらに加熱部を備え、
前記第二電池から前記第一電池の加熱部に電力を出力することで前記第一電池を加温する機構を備えたことを特徴とする請求項1、2および4のいずれか1項に記載の電池システム。 - 前記第一電池の放電レート(R1)と前記第二電池の放電レート(R2)の比率(R2/R1)が1.5~2.7の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の電池システム。
- 無負荷時の前記第一電池の放電深度を最大にし、前記第二電池の放電深度を最小にすることを特徴とする請求項2~6のいずれか一項に記載の電池システム。
- 前記第一電池が0℃以下のときに、前記第一電池を0℃より高く30℃以下になるように加温することを特徴とする請求項3~7のいずれか1項に記載の電池システム。
- 前記4.5V以上の動作電位を有する正極活物質が、下記式(I)で表される化合物を含む請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の電池システム;
Lia(MxMn2-x-yAy)(O4-wZw) (I)
(式(I)中、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦y、x+y<2、0≦a≦1.2、0≦w≦1であり、Mは、Co、Ni、Fe、CrおよびCuからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、Aは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Si、KおよびCaからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、Zは、FおよびClうちの少なくとも一種である。)。 - 前記第一電池を構成する非水電解液が、環状カーボネートを含み、さらに、フッ素化エーテル、フッ素化リン酸エステルおよびスルホン系溶媒の少なくとも1種以上を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の電池システム。
- 前記第一電池および/または前記第二電池が組電池であることを特徴とする請求項1~10に記載の電池システム。
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US15/023,789 US9742041B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2014-09-29 | Lithium ion secondary battery system |
| JP2015539436A JP6341209B2 (ja) | 2013-09-30 | 2014-09-29 | リチウムイオン二次電池システム |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013-205798 | 2013-09-30 | ||
| JP2013205798 | 2013-09-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2015046531A1 true WO2015046531A1 (ja) | 2015-04-02 |
Family
ID=52743652
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2014/075949 Ceased WO2015046531A1 (ja) | 2013-09-30 | 2014-09-29 | リチウムイオン二次電池システム |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9742041B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP6341209B2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2015046531A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110988702B (zh) | 2019-04-25 | 2021-04-02 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 电池可用容量确定方法、装置、管理系统以及存储介质 |
| CN110988689B (zh) * | 2019-04-25 | 2021-05-25 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 电池可恢复衰减容量的恢复方法、装置和系统 |
| CN115868065B (zh) | 2021-08-31 | 2024-02-20 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 加热电池的方法、电池加热系统及用电装置 |
| CN115020813B (zh) * | 2022-08-09 | 2022-12-06 | 深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006121874A (ja) * | 2004-10-25 | 2006-05-11 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 電源装置およびこれを搭載した車両 |
| JP2011160640A (ja) * | 2010-02-04 | 2011-08-18 | Toyota Motor Corp | 車両用電源装置 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4082147B2 (ja) | 2002-09-19 | 2008-04-30 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 組電池 |
| JP5370956B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-23 | 2013-12-18 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 燃料電池電源装置 |
-
2014
- 2014-09-29 WO PCT/JP2014/075949 patent/WO2015046531A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-09-29 US US15/023,789 patent/US9742041B2/en active Active
- 2014-09-29 JP JP2015539436A patent/JP6341209B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006121874A (ja) * | 2004-10-25 | 2006-05-11 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 電源装置およびこれを搭載した車両 |
| JP2011160640A (ja) * | 2010-02-04 | 2011-08-18 | Toyota Motor Corp | 車両用電源装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20160218397A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
| JP6341209B2 (ja) | 2018-06-13 |
| US9742041B2 (en) | 2017-08-22 |
| JPWO2015046531A1 (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US10177413B2 (en) | Lithium ion secondary battery | |
| US8211336B2 (en) | Method for producing nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery | |
| US8482262B2 (en) | Storage battery system and automobile | |
| JP6332033B2 (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池 | |
| US9935337B2 (en) | Lithium secondary battery | |
| JP5582587B2 (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池 | |
| JP6123682B2 (ja) | リチウム二次電池 | |
| JP7378601B2 (ja) | リチウム二次電池用非水電解液及びそれを含むリチウム二次電池 | |
| CN108352498B (zh) | 负极活性物质、用于二次电池的负极以及锂离子二次电池 | |
| CN103460491A (zh) | 二次电池和电解液 | |
| US20190181494A1 (en) | Nonaqueous electrolytic solution and lithium ion secondary battery | |
| JP6540512B2 (ja) | 二次電池用電解液およびこれを用いた二次電池 | |
| JP7040460B2 (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池用黒鉛系材料の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法、及びリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 | |
| KR102248688B1 (ko) | 비수 전해액, 비수 전해액 이차 전지 및 비수 전해액 이차 전지의 제조 방법 | |
| CN105074992A (zh) | 非水电解质二次电池 | |
| CN112514133A (zh) | 锂二次电池 | |
| JP2016201308A (ja) | 非水電解液および非水二次電池 | |
| KR20210011342A (ko) | 리튬 이차전지 | |
| JP6341209B2 (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池システム | |
| KR20190143292A (ko) | 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 리튬 이차 전지 | |
| WO2016021596A1 (ja) | リチウム二次電池およびその製造方法 | |
| WO2019235469A1 (ja) | 還元型グラフェン系材料 | |
| KR20190143294A (ko) | 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 리튬 이차 전지 | |
| WO2015037380A1 (ja) | 新規化合物、電解液及び二次電池 | |
| JP2005243448A (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 14850050 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2015539436 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 15023789 Country of ref document: US |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 14850050 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |