WO2015045929A1 - 全固体電池 - Google Patents
全固体電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015045929A1 WO2015045929A1 PCT/JP2014/074318 JP2014074318W WO2015045929A1 WO 2015045929 A1 WO2015045929 A1 WO 2015045929A1 JP 2014074318 W JP2014074318 W JP 2014074318W WO 2015045929 A1 WO2015045929 A1 WO 2015045929A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/665—Composites
- H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an all-solid battery.
- a metal ion secondary battery having a solid electrolyte layer using a flame retardant solid electrolyte (for example, a lithium ion secondary battery, etc., hereinafter sometimes referred to as “all solid battery”) is used for ensuring safety. It has advantages such as easy to simplify the system.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a collection for a non-aqueous solvent secondary battery including a first metal layer and a second metal layer laminated on the first metal layer. Vickers hardness (HV1, HV2) of each metal constituting the first and second metal layers, and respective thicknesses (T1, T2) of the first and second metal layers.
- Patent Document 2 includes a current collector and a thin film type active material layer formed on the current collector, and the current collector has a Vickers hardness higher than that of the active material layer.
- Patent Document 3 includes a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer can absorb and release lithium ions.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery including a substance and a stress relaxation material is disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a current collector for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery in which a zinc layer, a copper layer, and an indium rust prevention layer are provided in this order on at least one surface of an aluminum foil.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an all solid state battery capable of improving cycle characteristics or coulomb efficiency.
- the present inventors have obtained the following knowledge.
- a soft metal layer is disposed between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode active material layer (hereinafter referred to as “negative electrode”)
- the metal layer is made up of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material.
- the potential range may be referred to as “positive electrode potential”.
- the metal layer By configuring the metal layer, cycle characteristics can be improved.
- a soft metal layer is disposed between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode, another metal layer is disposed between the metal layer and the negative electrode, and the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are disposed.
- a soft metal layer is disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode
- another metal layer is disposed between the metal layer and the positive electrode, and the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are disposed.
- the other metal layer is constituted by a metal material that does not occlude / release metal ions that move between the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode potential in which metal ions are occluded in or released from the positive electrode active material.
- the first aspect of the present invention includes a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material, a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material, a solid electrolyte layer disposed therebetween, a negative electrode current collector connected to the negative electrode, and a positive electrode A positive electrode current collector connected, and a metal layer is disposed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector and / or between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector, and the metal layer is connected to the negative electrode
- the negative electrode active material does not electrochemically react with the metal ions in a potential environment where the metal ions are occluded and released, and
- the metal layer is a metal layer (positive electrode side metal layer) disposed between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector
- the metal used in the negative electrode side metal layer does not electrochemically react with the metal ions moving between the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material at the negative electrode potential. Therefore, since the negative electrode side metal layer disposed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector does not contribute to the charge / discharge reaction, no volume change due to the charge / discharge reaction occurs. By adopting such a configuration, it becomes possible to maintain a state in which the adhesion between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector is increased, and thus it is possible to improve cycle characteristics. Further, the metal used for the positive electrode side metal layer does not electrochemically react with metal ions moving between the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material at the positive electrode potential.
- the positive electrode side metal layer disposed between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector does not contribute to the charge / discharge reaction, no volume change due to the charge / discharge reaction occurs.
- Such an effect can be achieved even in a form in which the metal layer is interposed only between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector, or in a form in which the metal layer is interposed only between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector. Is possible.
- a higher effect can be achieved by interposing the metal layer between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector and interposing the metal layer between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector. become.
- the negative electrode side metal layer contains a metal having an elongation of 22% or more
- the negative electrode side metal layer and A negative electrode-side inert metal layer is disposed between the negative electrode and a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions in a potential environment in which metal ions are absorbed and released in the negative electrode active material.
- the electrode-side metal layer contains a metal having an elongation of 22% or more, and a cathode-side inert metal layer is disposed between the cathode-side metal layer and the cathode, and the cathode-side inert metal layer
- An all-solid-state battery in which a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions in a potential environment where metal ions are occluded and released in the positive electrode active material is used.
- the metal used in the negative electrode side inert metal layer does not electrochemically react with metal ions moving between the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material at the negative electrode potential. Therefore, since the negative electrode-side inert metal layer does not contribute to the charge / discharge reaction, it is possible to prevent an increase in irreversible capacity and to suppress a volume change caused by the charge / discharge reaction. As a result, the coulomb efficiency can be improved. Moreover, the metal used for the positive electrode side inactive metal layer does not electrochemically react with the metal ions moving between the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material at the positive electrode potential.
- the positive-side inert metal layer does not contribute to the charge / discharge reaction, it is possible to prevent an increase in irreversible capacity and to suppress a volume change due to the charge / discharge reaction. As a result, the coulomb efficiency can be improved.
- Such an effect is obtained by a mode in which the negative electrode side metal layer and the negative electrode side inert metal layer are interposed only between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector, or only between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector.
- the present invention can be achieved even in a form in which a positive electrode-side inert gold layer is interposed.
- the negative electrode side metal layer and the negative electrode side inert metal layer are interposed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector, and the positive electrode side metal layer and the positive electrode side inert metal layer are interposed between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector.
- the metal layer when the metal layer is disposed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector, the metal layer is referred to as a “negative electrode side metal layer”. Is disposed between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector, this metal layer is referred to as a “positive electrode side metal layer”.
- the “metal ion” is a metal ion that moves between the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material when the all solid state battery operates.
- the “potential environment in which metal ions are occluded and released into the negative electrode active material” is more specifically, from when metal ions begin to be occluded in the negative electrode active material until no more metal ions are occluded in the negative electrode active material.
- a potential range from when metal ions start to be released from the negative electrode active material to when no more metal ions are released from the negative electrode active material is connected by “or” because the negative electrode active material has the former potential. This is because there is a case where the range and the latter potential range do not completely coincide (having a predetermined hysteresis).
- the “potential environment in which metal ions are occluded and released in the positive electrode active material” is more specifically, from the time when metal ions begin to be occluded in the positive electrode active material until no more metal ions are occluded in the positive electrode active material.
- the potential range from when the metal ions start to be released from the positive electrode active material to when no more metal ions are released from the positive electrode active material is connected by “or” because the positive electrode active material has the former potential. This is because there is a case where the range and the latter potential range do not completely coincide (having a predetermined hysteresis).
- “growth rate” of metal refer to “Revision 3 Metal Data Book, edited by the Japan Institute of Metals, Maruzen Co., Ltd.”.
- FIG. 1 shows an all-solid battery 10 corresponding to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the all-solid battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 is connected to a negative electrode 11 and a positive electrode 12, a solid electrolyte layer 13 disposed therebetween, a negative electrode current collector 14 connected to the negative electrode 11, and a positive electrode 12.
- a negative electrode side metal layer 16 disposed between the negative electrode 11 and the negative electrode current collector 14, and disposed between the positive electrode 12 and the positive electrode current collector 15.
- the negative electrode 11 has a negative electrode active material 11a and a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a.
- the positive electrode 12 includes a positive electrode active material 12a, a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a, and a conductive additive 12b.
- the solid electrolyte layer 13 includes a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a.
- the negative electrode active material 11a is graphite
- the positive electrode active material 12a is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the negative electrode side metal layer 16 is Li foil
- the positive electrode side The metal layer 17 is In foil.
- the negative electrode active material 11a which is graphite, begins to occlude and release lithium ions from about 2.5 V higher than 0.6 V on the basis of Li (vs Li + / Li; the same applies hereinafter), and 0 on the basis of Li. No more lithium ions are occluded and released at potentials between 1V and 0V. An average of the potential at which lithium ions are occluded in graphite and the potential at which lithium ions are released from graphite is about 0.1 V on the basis of Li. Further, the positive electrode active material 12a which is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 starts to occlude and release lithium ions at a potential of about 4 to 5 V on the basis of Li, and about 1 to 2 V on the basis of Li.
- LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 potential or LiNi lithium ions O 2 are inserted 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 is a lithium ion averaging the potentials being released, Li
- the standard is about 3.8V.
- the potential at which the metal Li becomes lithium ion or the lithium ion becomes metal Li is 0 V on the basis of Li, and the average potential at which the metal In absorbs and releases lithium ions is about 0.6 V on the basis of Li. It is.
- Li constituting the negative electrode side metal layer 16 in the all solid state battery 10 is a potential environment (negative electrode potential) in which lithium ions moving between the negative electrode active material 11a and the positive electrode active material 12a are occluded and released by the negative electrode active material 11a. ) Does not electrochemically react with lithium ions. Therefore, even when the all solid state battery 10 is operated, the negative electrode side metal layer 16 does not occlude and release lithium ions, and therefore the negative electrode side metal layer 16 itself does not change in volume due to insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Further, the Li foil has an elongation rate larger than 22%. Therefore, the all-solid-state battery 10 can adhere the negative electrode 11 and the negative electrode collector 14 through the negative electrode side metal layer 16 for a long time.
- the positive electrode side metal layer 17 in the all solid state battery 10 does not electrochemically react with lithium ions in a potential environment (positive electrode potential) in which lithium ions are occluded and released by the positive electrode active material 12a. Therefore, even if the all solid state battery 10 is operated, the positive electrode side metal layer 17 does not occlude and release lithium ions, so that the positive electrode side metal layer 17 itself does not change in volume due to insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Further, the In foil has an elongation rate of 22%. Therefore, the all-solid-state battery 10 can adhere the positive electrode 12 and the positive electrode current collector 15 through the positive electrode side metal layer 17 for a long time.
- the negative electrode 11 and the negative electrode collector 14 through the negative electrode side metal layer 16 over a long period of time, and the positive electrode 12 and the positive electrode
- the current collector 15 can be brought into close contact with the positive electrode side metal layer 17.
- the cycle characteristics can be improved by bringing the negative electrode 11 and the negative electrode current collector 14 into close contact with each other over a long period of time, and bringing the positive electrode 12 and the positive electrode current collector 15 into close contact with each other over a long period of time. It is.
- the negative electrode 11 can be produced, for example, through a process of pressing a negative electrode mixture obtained by mixing the negative electrode active material 11a and the sulfide solid electrolyte 13a at a predetermined ratio (weight ratio).
- the positive electrode 12 is a process of pressing a positive electrode mixture obtained by mixing, for example, the positive electrode active material 12a, the conductive additive 12b, and the sulfide solid electrolyte 13a at a predetermined ratio (weight ratio). It can be manufactured after that.
- the solid electrolyte layer 13 can be produced through processes such as pressing the sulfide solid electrolyte 13a, for example. When the negative electrode 11, the positive electrode 12, and the solid electrolyte layer 13 are produced in this manner, as shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode current collector 14, the negative electrode side metal layer 16, and the negative electrode 11 are directed from one to the other.
- an inert atmosphere for example, an argon atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, a helium atmosphere, etc.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 can be produced by forming a laminated body by laminating these and then performing a process such as pressing the laminated body.
- the form of the negative electrode 11, the positive electrode 12, and the solid electrolyte layer 13 is not specifically limited.
- the solid electrolyte layer 13 can be thinned.
- the negative electrode 11 and the positive electrode 12 are thickened.
- the negative electrode 11 and the positive electrode 12 can be made thin.
- the all-solid battery 10 the embodiment having the negative electrode side metal layer 16 and the positive electrode side metal layer 17 is exemplified, but the all solid state battery of the present invention according to the first embodiment is not limited to this form.
- the all-solid-state battery can be configured to have a negative electrode side metal layer and no positive electrode side metal layer, or to have a positive electrode side metal layer and no negative electrode side metal layer. Is possible. Therefore, an all solid state battery of these forms is shown in FIGS.
- the all solid state battery 20 shown in FIG. 2 is configured in the same manner as the all solid state battery 10 except that the positive electrode side metal layer 17 is not provided. That is, the all-solid battery 20 includes a negative electrode 11 and a positive electrode 12, a solid electrolyte layer 13 disposed therebetween, a negative electrode current collector 14 connected to the negative electrode 11, and a positive electrode current collector connected to the positive electrode 12. And a negative electrode-side metal layer 16 disposed between the negative electrode 11 and the negative electrode current collector 14.
- the negative electrode 11 has a negative electrode active material 11a and a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a
- the positive electrode 12 has a positive electrode active material 12a, a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a, and a conductive additive 12b
- the solid electrolyte layer 13 has And a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a.
- the negative electrode active material 11a is graphite
- the positive electrode active material 12a is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the negative electrode side metal layer 16 is Li foil.
- Li constituting the negative electrode side metal layer 16 is a potential environment (negative electrode) in which lithium ions moving between the negative electrode active material 11a and the positive electrode active material 12a are occluded and released by the negative electrode active material 11a. Does not electrochemically react with lithium ions. Accordingly, even when the all solid state battery 20 is operated, the negative electrode side metal layer 16 does not occlude and release lithium ions, and therefore the negative electrode side metal layer 16 itself does not change in volume due to insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Further, the Li foil has an elongation rate larger than 22%. Therefore, the all-solid-state battery 20 can be brought into close contact with the negative electrode 11 and the negative electrode current collector 14 over a long period of time via the negative electrode side metal layer 16, so that the cycle characteristics can be improved. .
- the all solid state battery 30 shown in FIG. 3 is configured in the same manner as the all solid state battery 10 except that it does not have the negative electrode side metal layer 16. That is, the all-solid battery 30 includes a negative electrode 11 and a positive electrode 12, a solid electrolyte layer 13 disposed therebetween, a negative electrode current collector 14 connected to the negative electrode 11, and a positive electrode current collector connected to the positive electrode 12. And a positive electrode side metal layer 17 disposed between the positive electrode 12 and the positive electrode current collector 15.
- the negative electrode 11 has a negative electrode active material 11a and a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a
- the positive electrode 12 has a positive electrode active material 12a, a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a, and a conductive additive 12b
- the solid electrolyte layer 13 has And a sulfide solid electrolyte 13a.
- the negative electrode active material 11a is graphite
- the positive electrode active material 12a is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the positive electrode side metal layer 17 is In foil.
- the positive electrode side metal layer 17 does not electrochemically react with lithium ions in a potential environment (positive electrode potential) in which lithium ions are occluded and released by the positive electrode active material 12a. Therefore, even if the all solid state battery 30 is operated, the positive electrode side metal layer 17 does not occlude and release lithium ions, so that the positive electrode side metal layer 17 itself does not change in volume due to insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Further, the In foil has an elongation rate of 22%. Therefore, the all solid state battery 30 can make the positive electrode 12 and the positive electrode current collector 15 adhere to each other through the positive electrode side metal layer 17 for a long time, so that the cycle characteristics can be improved. .
- the all solid state battery of the present invention according to the first embodiment has a form having a negative electrode side metal layer and a positive electrode side metal layer.
- Negative electrode 14.1. Negative Electrode Active Material a known negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions can be appropriately used as the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode active material include a carbon active material, an oxide active material, and a metal active material.
- the carbon active material is not particularly limited as long as it contains carbon, and examples thereof include natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), highly oriented graphite (HOPG), hard carbon, and soft carbon.
- the oxide active material include Nb 2 O 5 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , and SiO.
- the metal active material include In, Al, Si, and Sn.
- a lithium-containing metal active material may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the lithium-containing metal active material is not particularly limited as long as it is an active material containing at least Li, and may be Li metal or Li alloy. Examples of the Li alloy include an alloy containing Li and at least one of In, Al, Si, and Sn.
- the shape of the negative electrode active material can be, for example, particulate or thin film.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the negative electrode active material is, for example, preferably from 1 nm to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably from 10 nm to 30 ⁇ m.
- the content of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but is preferably 40% or more and 99% or less in mass%, for example.
- the negative electrode can contain a known solid electrolyte that can be used for an all-solid battery, if necessary.
- the negative electrode contains a solid electrolyte
- the negative electrode can contain a solid electrolyte that does not decompose at the negative electrode potential.
- the positive electrode contains a solid electrolyte
- the positive electrode contains a solid electrolyte that does not decompose at the positive electrode potential. It can be contained.
- Examples of the solid electrolyte that can be contained in the negative electrode or the positive electrode include Li 2 O—B 2 O 3 —P 2 O 5 , Li 2 O—SiO 2 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , and LiI—Li 2 S.
- LiI—Li 2 SP—S 2 S 5 LiI—Li 2 O—Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 , LiI—Li 2 S—P 2 O 5 , LiI—Li 3 PO 4 —P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5, Li 3 PS 4, LiI, Li 3 N, Li 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12, Li 6 BaLa 2 Ta 2 O 12, Examples include Li 3 PO (4-3 / 2w) N w (w is w ⁇ 1), Li 3.6 Si 0.6 P 0.4 O 4, and the like.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte as the solid electrolyte from the viewpoint of easily improving the performance of the all-solid battery.
- the manufacturing method of the solid electrolyte used for the all-solid-state battery of this invention which concerns on 1st Embodiment is not specifically limited, The solid electrolyte manufactured with the well-known manufacturing method can be used suitably.
- the starting material for synthesizing the solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and the synthesis method is not limited to a dry ball mill treatment or a wet ball mill treatment using a solvent such as heptane, or a chemical by applying mechanical energy. Other mechanochemical treatments for causing the reaction to proceed can be used as appropriate.
- the solid electrolyte may be amorphous or crystalline.
- the negative electrode may contain a binder that binds the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, and a conductive additive that improves conductivity.
- a known binder that can be contained in the negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery can be appropriately used. Specifically, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (ABR), butadiene rubber (BR), polyvinylidene fluoride ( PVdF), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) or the like can be used.
- ABR acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
- BR butadiene rubber
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- the well-known conductive support agent which can be contained in the negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery can be used suitably for a negative electrode.
- a negative electrode is produced using a slurry-like negative electrode composition prepared by dispersing the negative electrode active material, solid electrolyte, conductive additive, binder and the like in a liquid, heptane is used as a usable liquid. Etc., and a nonpolar solvent can be preferably used.
- the thickness of the negative electrode is, for example, preferably from 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 mm, and more preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode is preferably manufactured through a pressing process.
- the pressure when pressing the negative electrode is preferably 200 MPa or more, more preferably about 400 MPa.
- a positive electrode active material that can be used in an all-solid battery can be appropriately used as the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode.
- a positive electrode active material include LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 and the like.
- the shape of the positive electrode active material can be, for example, particulate or thin film.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the positive electrode active material is, for example, preferably from 1 nm to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably from 10 nm to 30 ⁇ m.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 40% or more and 99% or less in mass%, for example.
- the positive electrode can contain a solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte that can be contained in the positive electrode include the solid electrolyte that can be contained in the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material is preferably coated with an ion conductive oxide.
- the lithium ion conductive oxide that coats the positive electrode active material include a general formula Li x AO y (A is B, C, Al, Si, P, S, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ta, or W). And x and y are positive numbers).
- Examples include O 12 , Li 2 Ti 2 O 5 , Li 2 ZrO 3 , LiNbO 3 , Li 2 MoO 4 , Li 2 WO 4 and the like.
- the lithium ion conductive oxide may be a complex oxide.
- any combination of the above lithium ion conductive oxides can be employed.
- Li 4 SiO 4 —Li 3 BO 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 —Li 3 PO 4 etc. can be mentioned.
- the ion conductive oxide only needs to cover at least a part of the positive electrode active material, and covers the entire surface of the positive electrode active material. Also good.
- the method for coating the surface of the positive electrode active material with the ion conductive oxide is not particularly limited, and the surface of the positive electrode active material can be coated with the ion conductive oxide by a known method.
- the thickness of the ion conductive oxide covering the positive electrode active material is, for example, preferably from 0.1 nm to 100 nm, and more preferably from 1 nm to 20 nm.
- the thickness of the ion conductive oxide can be measured using, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- a known binder that can be contained in the positive electrode layer of the lithium ion secondary battery can be used for the positive electrode.
- the said binder etc. which can be contained in a negative electrode can be illustrated.
- the positive electrode may contain a conductive additive that improves conductivity.
- the conductive aid that can be contained in the positive electrode include the conductive aid that can be contained in the negative electrode.
- a positive electrode is prepared using a slurry-like positive electrode composition prepared by dispersing the positive electrode active material, solid electrolyte, conductive additive, binder, and the like in a liquid
- heptane is used as a usable liquid.
- Etc. and a nonpolar solvent can be preferably used.
- the thickness of the positive electrode is, for example, preferably from 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 mm, and more preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode is preferably manufactured through a pressing process.
- the pressure when pressing the positive electrode can be about 100 MPa.
- Solid electrolyte layer As the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer, a known solid electrolyte that can be used in an all-solid battery can be appropriately used. Examples of such a solid electrolyte include the solid electrolyte that can be contained in the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In addition, the solid electrolyte layer can contain a binder that binds the solid electrolytes from the viewpoint of developing plasticity. As such a binder, the said binder etc. which can be contained in a negative electrode can be illustrated.
- the solid electrolyte layer is included in the solid electrolyte layer from the viewpoint of preventing excessive aggregation of the solid electrolyte and enabling the formation of a solid electrolyte layer having a uniformly dispersed solid electrolyte.
- the binder is preferably 5% by mass or less.
- the liquid in which the solid electrolyte or the like is dispersed includes heptane or the like.
- a nonpolar solvent can be preferably used.
- the content of the solid electrolyte material in the solid electrolyte layer is mass%, for example, preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and particularly preferably 80% or more.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer varies greatly depending on the configuration of the battery. For example, the thickness is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 mm or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- Negative Electrode Current Collector and Positive Electrode Current Collector For the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector, a known metal that can be used as a current collector for an all-solid battery can be used. As such a metal, a metal containing one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Al, V, Au, Pt, Mg, Fe, Ti, Co, Cr, Zn, Ge, and In. Materials can be exemplified.
- Negative Electrode Side Metal Layer a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions at the negative electrode potential and has an elongation of 22% or more can be used. Such a metal can be selected according to a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode active material when the negative electrode active material is graphite, examples of metals that can be used for the negative electrode side metal layer include Li, Cu, Au, Ti, Fe, Nb, and Ni.
- the metals that can be used for the negative electrode side metal layer include Li, Cu, Au, Ti, Fe, Nb, Ni, In, and Zn. Al, Ca, Ag, Zr, Sn, Pt and the like can be exemplified.
- Positive electrode side metal layer As the positive electrode side metal layer, a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions at the positive electrode potential and has an elongation of 22% or more can be used. Such a metal can be selected according to the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material is LiCoO 2 or LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the metals that can be used for the positive electrode side metal layer include Li, In, Zn, Al, and Ca. Zr, Sn, W, Ti, Fe, Nb, Ni, V, Pd, Mn, Mo and the like can be exemplified.
- FIG. 4 shows an all-solid battery 110 corresponding to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the all solid state battery 110 shown in FIG. 4 is connected to the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112, the solid electrolyte layer 113 disposed therebetween, the negative electrode current collector 114 connected to the negative electrode 111, and the positive electrode 112.
- a negative electrode side metal layer 116 disposed between the negative electrode 111 and the negative electrode current collector 114, and disposed between the negative electrode side metal layer 116 and the negative electrode 111.
- a negative electrode side inert metal layer 117 and a positive electrode side metal layer 118 disposed between the positive electrode 112 and the positive electrode current collector 115 are provided.
- the negative electrode 111 includes a negative electrode active material 111a and a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a.
- the positive electrode 112 has the positive electrode active material 112a, the sulfide solid electrolyte 113a, and the conductive support agent 112b.
- the solid electrolyte layer 113 includes a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a.
- the negative electrode active material 111a is graphite
- the positive electrode active material 112a is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the negative electrode side metal layer 116 is In foil
- the inert metal layer 117 is a Cu foil
- the positive electrode side metal layer 118 is an In foil.
- the negative electrode active material 111a that is graphite starts to occlude and release lithium ions from about 2.5 V higher than 0.6 V on the basis of Li (vs Li + / Li; the same applies hereinafter), and 0 on the basis of Li. No more lithium ions are occluded and released at potentials between 1V and 0V. An average of the potential at which lithium ions are occluded in graphite and the potential at which lithium ions are released from graphite is about 0.1 V on the basis of Li.
- the positive electrode active material 112a which is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , begins to occlude and release lithium ions at a potential of about 4 to 5 V on the basis of Li, and about 1 to 2 V on the basis of Li. No more lithium ions are occluded and released at the potential.
- LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 potential or LiNi lithium ions O 2 are inserted 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 is a lithium ion averaging the potentials being released, Li The standard is about 3.8V.
- metal Cu hardly forms an alloy with lithium, it is electrochemically inactive, and the average potential at which metal In occludes and releases lithium ions is about 0.6 V on the basis of Li.
- the In constituting the negative electrode side metal layer 116 is a soft metal and has an elongation of 22%. Therefore, by disposing the negative electrode side metal layer 116 between the negative electrode 111 and the negative electrode current collector 114, the adhesion between the negative electrode 111 and the negative electrode current collector 114 can be improved. Further, Cu constituting the negative electrode side inactive metal layer 117 is a potential environment (negative electrode potential) in which lithium ions moving between the negative electrode active material 111a and the positive electrode active material 112a are occluded and released by the negative electrode active material 111a. Does not react electrochemically with lithium ions.
- the negative electrode side inactive metal layer 117 does not occlude and release lithium ions even when the all solid state battery 110 is operated, the negative electrode side inactive metal layer 117 does not increase irreversible capacity and accompanies occlusion and release of lithium ions. There is no volume change.
- the all solid state battery 110 configured as described above can adhere the negative electrode 111 and the negative electrode current collector 114 over a long period of time via the negative electrode side metal layer 116 and the negative electrode side inert metal layer 117. It is. As a result, a state in which lithium ions can easily move between the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112 can be maintained.
- the positive electrode side metal layer 118 does not electrochemically react with lithium ions in a potential environment (positive electrode potential) in which lithium ions are occluded and released by the positive electrode active material 112a. Even when the all-solid-state battery 110 is operated, the positive electrode side metal layer 118 does not occlude and release lithium ions. Therefore, the positive electrode side metal layer 118 does not increase the irreversible capacity, and the volume change due to occlusion and release of lithium ions does not occur. Absent. In foil is a soft metal.
- the all-solid-state battery 110 configured as described above is capable of bringing the positive electrode 112 and the positive electrode current collector 115 into close contact with each other through the positive electrode side metal layer 118 for a long time. As a result, a state in which lithium ions can easily move between the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112 can be maintained.
- the all-solid-state battery 110 it is possible to maintain a state in which lithium ions easily move between the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112 over a long time while suppressing an increase in irreversible capacity. It is possible to improve the coulomb efficiency.
- the negative electrode 111 can be produced, for example, through a process of pressing a negative electrode mixture obtained by mixing the negative electrode active material 111a and the sulfide solid electrolyte 113a at a predetermined ratio (weight ratio).
- the positive electrode 112 is a process of pressing a positive electrode mixture obtained by mixing, for example, the positive electrode active material 112a, the conductive auxiliary agent 112b, and the sulfide solid electrolyte 113a at a predetermined ratio (weight ratio). It can be manufactured after that. Further, the solid electrolyte layer 113 can be manufactured through a process of pressing the sulfide solid electrolyte 113a, for example.
- the negative electrode 111, the positive electrode 112, and the solid electrolyte layer 113 are produced in this way, as shown in FIG. 4, from one to the other, the negative electrode current collector 114, the negative electrode side metal layer 116, the negative electrode side An inert atmosphere (for example, an argon atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere) is arranged so that the inert metal layer 117, the negative electrode 111, the solid electrolyte layer 113, the positive electrode 112, the positive electrode side metal layer 118, and the positive electrode current collector 115 are arranged in this order.
- the all-solid-state battery 110 can be manufactured by forming a laminate by laminating them in an atmosphere, a helium atmosphere, etc., and then pressing the laminate.
- the form of the negative electrode 111, the positive electrode 112, and the solid electrolyte layer 113 is not specifically limited.
- the solid electrolyte layer 113 can be made thin when making the all-solid battery 110 with low resistance, and the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112 are made thick when making the all-solid battery 110 with high energy density.
- the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112 can be thinned.
- the positive electrode side inert metal layer is disposed between the positive electrode 112 and the positive electrode side metal layer 118 while having the negative electrode side inert metal layer 117.
- the all-solid-state battery of the present invention is not limited to this form.
- the all-solid-state battery of the present invention according to the second embodiment can have a form having a positive electrode-side inert metal layer and no negative electrode-side inert metal layer. It is also possible to have a form having a positive electrode side inert metal layer. Therefore, an all solid state battery of these forms is shown in FIGS.
- All-solid-state battery 120 The all solid state battery 120 shown in FIG. 5 includes a negative electrode side metal layer 121 instead of the negative electrode side metal layer 116, does not include the negative electrode side inert metal layer 117, and the positive electrode 112 and the positive electrode side metal.
- the structure is the same as that of the all-solid-state battery 110 except that the positive electrode-side inert metal layer 122 is disposed between the layer 118 and the layer 118. That is, the all-solid-state battery 120 includes a negative electrode 111 and a positive electrode 112, a solid electrolyte layer 113 disposed therebetween, a negative electrode current collector 114 connected to the negative electrode 111, and a positive electrode current collector connected to the positive electrode 112.
- the negative electrode 111 includes a negative electrode active material 111a and a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a.
- the positive electrode 112 includes a positive electrode active material 112a, a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a, and a conductive additive 112b.
- the solid electrolyte layer 113 includes And a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a.
- the negative electrode active material 111a is graphite
- the positive electrode active material 112a is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the negative electrode side metal layer 121 is Li foil
- the positive electrode side The metal layer 118 is an In foil
- the positive electrode side inert metal layer 122 is a Cu foil.
- Li constituting the negative electrode-side metal layer 121 is a potential environment (negative electrode) in which lithium ions moving between the negative electrode active material 111a and the positive electrode active material 112a are occluded and released by the negative electrode active material 111a. Does not electrochemically react with lithium ions. Therefore, even when the all-solid battery 120 is operated, the negative electrode side metal layer 121 does not occlude and release lithium ions. Therefore, the negative electrode side metal layer 121 does not increase the irreversible capacity and the volume associated with occlusion and release of lithium ions. no change. Further, the Li foil has an elongation rate larger than 22%.
- the negative electrode 111 and the negative electrode current collector 114 can be brought into close contact with each other through the negative electrode side metal layer 121 for a long time. As a result, a state in which lithium ions can easily move between the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112 can be maintained. Furthermore, In constituting the positive electrode side metal layer 118 and Cu constituting the positive electrode side inactive metal layer 122 are lithium in a potential environment (positive electrode potential) in which lithium ions are occluded and released into the positive electrode active material 112a. Does not electrochemically react with ions.
- the positive electrode side metal layer 118 and the positive electrode side inert metal layer 122 do not occlude and release lithium ions, so the positive electrode side metal layer 118 and the positive electrode side inert metal layer 122 have irreversible capacity. There is no increase, and there is no volume change accompanying occlusion and release of lithium ions.
- In foil and Cu foil are soft metals. The all solid state battery 120 configured in this way can make the positive electrode 112 and the positive electrode current collector 115 adhere to each other over a long period of time via the positive electrode side metal layer 118 and the positive electrode side inert metal layer 122. It is.
- the all solid state battery 130 shown in FIG. 6 includes a negative electrode side metal layer 116 instead of the negative electrode side metal layer 121, and a negative electrode side inert metal layer 117 between the negative electrode side metal layer 116 and the negative electrode 111.
- the battery is configured in the same manner as the all-solid-state battery 120 except that it has. That is, the all-solid battery 130 includes a negative electrode 111 and a positive electrode 112, a solid electrolyte layer 113 disposed therebetween, a negative electrode current collector 114 connected to the negative electrode 111, and a positive electrode current collector connected to the positive electrode 112.
- the negative electrode 111 includes a negative electrode active material 111a and a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a.
- the positive electrode 112 includes a positive electrode active material 112a, a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a, and a conductive additive 112b.
- the solid electrolyte layer 113 includes And a sulfide solid electrolyte 113a.
- the negative electrode active material 111a is graphite
- the positive electrode active material 112a is LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the negative electrode side metal layer 116 is In foil
- the inert metal layer 117 is a Cu foil
- the positive electrode side metal layer 118 is an In foil
- the positive electrode side inert metal layer 122 is a Cu foil.
- the all-solid battery 130 has the same configuration from the negative electrode 111 to the negative electrode current collector 114 as the all-solid battery 110, and the same configuration from the positive electrode 112 to the positive electrode current collector 115 as the all-solid battery 120.
- the negative electrode 111 and the negative electrode current collector are collected over a long period of time via the negative electrode side metal layer 116 and the negative electrode side inert metal layer 117 while suppressing an increase in irreversible capacity. Since the body 114 can be in close contact with each other, it is possible to maintain a state where lithium ions easily move between the negative electrode 111 and the positive electrode 112.
- the positive electrode 112 and the positive electrode current collector 115 can be brought into close contact with each other through the positive electrode side metal layer 118 and the positive electrode side inert metal layer 122 while suppressing an increase in irreversible capacity.
- An all-solid battery can be provided.
- Negative electrode, negative electrode current collector, positive electrode, positive electrode current collector, and solid electrolyte layer are the first It can be set as the form similar to the negative electrode, negative electrode collector, positive electrode, positive electrode collector, and solid electrolyte layer in this invention which concerns on embodiment.
- Negative-electrode-side metal layer and positive-electrode-side metal layer In the present invention according to the second embodiment, the negative-electrode-side metal layer and the positive-electrode-side metal layer only need to contain a metal having an elongation percentage of 22% or more.
- metals include Li, In, Zn, Al, Yb, Cd, Gd, Ca, Au, Ag, Cr, Sm, Dy, Zr, Sn, Ce, Tl, W, Ta, Ti, Fe, Tb. Cu, Th, Pb, Nb, Ni, Nd, Pt, V, Hf, Pd, Pr, Pm, Mn, Mo, La, Re, and the like.
- alkali metals, such as Li are soft, and these can also be illustrated.
- the negative electrode side inert metal layer can use a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions at the negative electrode potential.
- a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions at the negative electrode potential can be selected according to the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material is graphite
- examples of metals that can be used for the negative electrode-side inert metal layer include Li, Cu, Au, Ti, Fe, Nb, and Ni.
- the metals that can be used for the negative electrode side inactive metal layer include Li, Cu, Au, Ti, Fe, Nb, Ni, In Zn, Al, Ca, Ag, Zr, Sn, Pt and the like can be exemplified.
- the positive side inert metal layer can use a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions at the positive electrode potential.
- a metal that does not electrochemically react with metal ions at the positive electrode potential can be selected according to the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material is LiCoO 2 or LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- the metals that can be used for the positive electrode side inactive metal layer include Li, In, Zn, Al , Ca, Zr, Sn, W, Ti, Fe, Nb, Ni, V, Pd, Mn, Mo, and the like.
- the all solid state battery of the present invention is accommodated in a known exterior body that can be used for the all solid state battery. Can be used.
- casing, etc. can be illustrated.
- the all solid state battery of the present invention may be in a form in which ions other than lithium ions move between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. Examples of such ions include sodium ions and potassium ions.
- the negative electrode active material, the positive electrode active material, and the solid electrolyte may be appropriately selected according to the moving ions.
- the metal used for the negative electrode side metal layer and the negative electrode side inert metal layer may be selected according to the selected negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode side metal layer and the positive electrode side inert metal layer may be selected. What is necessary is just to select the metal used for an active metal layer.
- the elongation can be, for example, “elongation (%)” defined in JIS Z2241.
- the “metal having an elongation of 22% or more” can be, for example, a metal selected from the group consisting of In and metals softer than In.
- MP-01 tumbling fluidized coating apparatus
- Solid electrolyte LiI (manufactured by Aldrich, purity 99.9%), Li 2 O (manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., purity 99%), Li 2 S (manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., purity 99.9%) ) And P 2 S 5 (manufactured by Aldrich, purity 99%) as a starting material, these are the compositions of 30LiI ⁇ 70 (0.07Li 2 O ⁇ 0.68Li 2 S ⁇ 0.25P 2 S 5 ) Each was weighed so as to have a ratio (mol ratio). Then, a mixture was obtained by mixing the weighed LiI, Li 2 S, and P 2 S 5 .
- this mixture was put into a planetary ball mill container (made by ZrO 2 ), dehydrated heptane (made by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was put into it, and further ZrO 2 balls were put in, and then the container was completely sealed (Ar atmosphere) ).
- This container was attached to a planetary ball mill (P7 made by Fritsch), and mechanical milling for 1 hour treatment and 15-minute pause was performed 20 times at a base plate rotation speed of 500 revolutions per minute. Thereafter, the weighed Li 2 O was put into the container of the planetary ball mill, and the container was completely sealed (Ar atmosphere).
- This container was attached to a planetary ball mill (P7 made by Fritsch), and mechanical milling for 1 hour treatment and 15-minute pause was performed 20 times at a base plate rotation speed of 500 revolutions per minute. Thereafter, the obtained sample was dried so as to remove heptane, thereby obtaining a glassy sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the composition of the obtained sulfide solid electrolyte was 30LiI ⁇ 70 (0.07Li 2 O ⁇ 0.68Li 2 S ⁇ 0.25P 2 S 5 ).
- Li 2 O was added and further ball milling was performed. For example, all the starting materials weighed were mixed. It is also possible to produce a vitreous sulfide solid electrolyte by performing mechanical milling with a 1 hour treatment and a 15 minute rest for the mixture produced by the above.
- Metal layer In foil manufactured by Nilaco Corporation, thickness 100 ⁇ m
- Li foil manufactured by Honjo Chemical Co., Ltd., thickness 250 ⁇ m
- an In foil is put on the surface of the positive electrode in the cylinder, a SUS positive electrode current collector is put on the surface, a Li foil is put on the negative electrode surface in the cylinder, and a SUS negative electrode collector is put on the surface.
- the laminated body of the same form as the all-solid-state battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 was produced by pressing at 98 MPa.
- the laminate was housed in a glass sealed container in a dry Ar atmosphere, whereby an all-solid battery of Example 1 was produced. Thereafter, no pressure was applied by bolt fastening or the like.
- Example 2 An all-solid battery of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Li foil was disposed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector and between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector. After that, the all solid state battery of Example 2 was not pressed at all by bolt fastening or the like.
- Example 3> The negative electrode mixture anode active material, using Li 4 Ti 5 O 12.
- This Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , a sulfide solid electrolyte (30LiI ⁇ 70 (0.07Li 2 O ⁇ 0.68Li 2 S ⁇ 0.25P 2 S 5 glass)), and a conductive additive (acetylene black, electrochemistry) Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was mixed at a weight ratio of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 : sulfide solid electrolyte: conductive aid 27: 64: 9 to obtain a negative electrode mixture.
- a positive electrode was formed on the sulfide solid electrolyte in the cylinder in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 12 mg of the positive electrode mixture was used. Further, 25 mg of the obtained negative electrode mixture was put on the sulfide solid electrolyte (the side where the positive electrode is not disposed) in the cylinder, and then pressed at 392 MPa to produce a negative electrode.
- Example 3 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an In foil was disposed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector and between the positive electrode and the positive electrode current collector (more specifically, the negative electrode mixture)
- the all-solid-state battery of Example 3 was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the amount used, the amount used of the positive electrode mixture, and the configuration in which the In foil was disposed on the negative electrode side and the positive electrode side. After that, the all solid state battery of Example 3 was not pressed at all by bolt fastening or the like.
- FIG. 7 shows a charge / discharge curve in the first cycle.
- the potential difference between the potential of the ternary layered cathode active material (positive electrode potential) and the potential of natural graphite (negative electrode potential) is about 3.7V.
- a charging plateau was confirmed.
- the all-solid-state battery of Example 2 an unknown charge capacity was observed at around 2 V during charging, but the potential of the ternary layered positive electrode active material (positive electrode potential) and the potential of natural graphite (negative electrode potential).
- a charging plateau was confirmed at a potential difference of about 3.7V.
- the reaction observed around 2 V is presumed to be due to the reaction between the positive electrode active material and Li.
- the charging plateau is about 2.2 V which is the potential difference between the potential of the ternary layered positive electrode active material (positive electrode potential) and the potential of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (negative electrode potential).
- the potential difference between the potential of the ternary layered cathode active material (positive electrode potential) and the potential of natural graphite (negative electrode potential) is not about 3.7 V, but about 3.2 V.
- the charging plateau was confirmed. Since the reaction potential of In is about 0.5 V higher than the reaction potential of natural graphite, it is considered that the In foil placed between the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector contributed to the charging reaction in the all-solid battery of the reference example. .
- Fig. 8 shows the cycle characteristics of the discharge specific capacity.
- the all solid state batteries of Examples 1 to 3 using the negative electrode side metal layer that did not electrochemically react with lithium ions at the negative electrode potential a large capacity reduction was not observed between the first cycle and the fifth cycle.
- the all-solid battery of the reference example using the negative electrode side metal layer that electrochemically reacts with lithium ions at the negative electrode potential a large capacity reduction was observed between the first cycle and the fifth cycle.
- FIG. 9 shows the discharge capacity maintenance rate during the charge / discharge cycle.
- the discharge specific capacity at the first cycle is D1
- the discharge specific capacity at the X cycle (X ⁇ 1) is DX
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate of each all-solid-state battery in the fifth cycle is 98% for the all-solid-state battery of Example 1, 84% for the all-solid-state battery of Example 2, and 110 for the all-solid-state battery of Example 3. %, Whereas the all-solid-state battery of the reference example was 36%.
- the present invention according to the first embodiment can provide an all-solid-state battery capable of improving the cycle characteristics.
- the all solid state batteries of Examples 1 to 3 exhibited good cycle characteristics despite no pressurization by bolt fastening. From this result, it was confirmed that the all solid state battery of the present invention according to the first embodiment can exhibit good charge / discharge cycle characteristics without restraining the all solid state battery at the time of use.
- Negative electrode mixture The same negative electrode mixture as in Examples 1 to 3 was used.
- Solid electrolyte The same solid electrolyte as in Examples 1 to 3 was used.
- the laminated body of the form similar to the all-solid-state battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 was produced by pressing at 98 Mpa.
- the laminated body was housed in a glass sealed container in a dry Ar atmosphere, whereby an all-solid battery of Example 4 was produced. Thereafter, no pressure was applied by bolt fastening or the like.
- FIG. 10 shows a charge / discharge curve in the first cycle.
- the potential difference between the potential of the ternary layered cathode active material (positive electrode potential) and the potential of natural graphite (negative electrode potential) is about 3.7V.
- a charging plateau was confirmed.
- the potential difference between the potential of the ternary layered cathode active material (positive electrode potential) and the potential of natural graphite (negative electrode potential) is not about 3.7 V, but about 3.1 V. The charging plateau was confirmed.
- reaction potential of In is about 0.5 V higher than the reaction potential of natural graphite, in the all-solid battery of the comparative example, In and ternary layered cathode active material are not natural graphite and ternary layered cathode active material. It is thought that charge / discharge reaction is occurring.
- Table 2 shows the charge / discharge specific capacity and coulomb efficiency in the first cycle.
- FIG. 11 shows the Coulomb efficiency in the first cycle.
- the all solid state battery of Example 4 showed a high Coulomb efficiency of 86%.
- the all solid state battery of the comparative example had a low Coulomb efficiency of 52%.
- the all-solid-state battery of the comparative example had a larger charge specific capacity than that of the all-solid-state battery of Example 4. Therefore, it is considered that In contributed to the charging reaction in the all-solid-state battery of the comparative example.
- the all-solid-state battery of Example 4 in which the Cu foil was arranged between the negative electrode and the In foil the charge / discharge reaction of In was prevented by arranging the Cu foil, and the volume change of the In foil was suppressed. As a result, it is considered that the coulomb efficiency could be improved.
- the present invention according to the second embodiment can provide an all-solid-state battery capable of improving the coulomb efficiency.
- the all solid state battery of Example 4 showed good coulomb efficiency despite no pressurization or the like by bolt fastening. From this result, it was confirmed that the all solid state battery of the present invention according to the second embodiment can exhibit good charge / discharge characteristics without restraining the all solid state battery at the time of use.
- Solid electrolyte layer 113a Sulfide solid electrolyte 114 ... Negative electrode collector 115 ... Positive electrode Current collector 116 ... negative electrode side metal layer (metal layer) 117... Negative electrode side inactive metal layer 118... Positive electrode side metal layer (metal layer) 121 ... Negative electrode side metal layer (metal layer) 122 .. Inactive metal layer on the positive electrode side
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Abstract
Description
(1)負極集電体と負極活物質層(以下において、「負極」という。)との間に柔らかい金属層を配置する場合には、この金属層を、正極活物質と負極活物質との間を移動する金属イオンを負極電位において吸蔵放出しない金属材料によって構成することにより、サイクル特性を向上させることが可能になる。また、正極集電体と正極活物質層(以下において、「正極」という。)との間に柔らかい金属層を配置する場合には、正極活物質と負極活物質との間を移動する金属イオンを、正極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵されたり正極活物質から金属イオンが放出されたりする電位範囲(以下において、当該電位範囲を「正極電位」ということがある。)において吸蔵放出しない金属材料によって、上記金属層を構成することにより、サイクル特性を向上させることが可能になる。
(2)負極集電体と負極との間に柔らかい金属層を配置する場合には、この金属層と負極との間にさらにもう1つの金属層を配置し、且つ、正極活物質と負極活物質との間を移動する金属イオンを負極電位において吸蔵放出しない金属材料によって、当該もう1つの金属層を構成することにより、クーロン効率を向上させることが可能になる。また、正極集電体と正極との間に柔らかい金属層を配置する場合には、この金属層と正極との間にさらにもう1つの金属層を配置し、且つ、正極活物質と負極活物質との間を移動する金属イオンを、正極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵されたり正極活物質から金属イオンが放出されたりする正極電位において吸蔵放出しない金属材料によって、当該もう1つの金属層を構成することにより、クーロン効率を向上させることが可能になる。
本発明はこれら知見に基づいて完成された。
第1の本発明は、負極活物質を有する負極、及び、正極活物質を有する正極と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層と、負極に接続された負極集電体、及び、正極に接続された正極集電体と、を有し、負極と負極集電体との間、及び/又は、正極と正極集電体との間に金属層が配置され、該金属層が、負極と負極集電体との間に配置された金属層(負極側金属層)である場合には、負極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵放出される電位環境において金属イオンと電気化学反応せず、且つ、伸び率が22%以上である金属が、負極側金属層に用いられ、金属層が、正極と正極集電体との間に配置された金属層(正極側金属層)である場合には、正極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵放出される電位環境において金属イオンと電気化学反応せず、且つ、伸び率が22%以上である金属が、正極側金属層に用いられている、全固体電池である。
1.1.全固体電池10
図1に、本発明の第1実施形態に相当する全固体電池10を示す。図1に示した全固体電池10は、負極11及び正極12と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層13と、負極11に接続された負極集電体14と、正極12に接続された正極集電体15と、を有し、さらに、負極11と負極集電体14との間に配置された負極側金属層16と、正極12と正極集電体15との間に配置された正極側金属層17と、を備えている。負極11は、負極活物質11a及び硫化物固体電解質13aを有している。また、正極12は、正極活物質12aと、硫化物固体電解質13aと、導電助剤12bと、を有している。また、固体電解質層13は、硫化物固体電解質13aを有している。全固体電池10において、負極活物質11aはグラファイトであり、正極活物質12aはLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2であり、負極側金属層16はLi箔であり、正極側金属層17はIn箔である。
また、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2である正極活物質12aは、Li基準で4~5V程度の電位でリチウムイオンが吸蔵放出され始め、Li基準で1~2V程度の電位でリチウムイオンがそれ以上吸蔵放出されなくなる。LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2にリチウムイオンが吸蔵される電位やLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2からリチウムイオンが放出される電位を平均すると、Li基準で約3.8Vである。
また、金属Liがリチウムイオンになったりリチウムイオンが金属Liになったりする電位は、Li基準で0Vであり、金属Inがリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する平均の電位は、Li基準で約0.6Vである。
図2に示した全固体電池20は、正極側金属層17を有しないことを除いて、全固体電池10と同様に構成されている。すなわち、全固体電池20は、負極11及び正極12と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層13と、負極11に接続された負極集電体14と、正極12に接続された正極集電体15と、を有し、さらに、負極11と負極集電体14との間に配置された負極側金属層16を備えている。負極11は、負極活物質11a及び硫化物固体電解質13aを有し、正極12は、正極活物質12aと、硫化物固体電解質13aと、導電助剤12bと、を有し、固体電解質層13は、硫化物固体電解質13aを有している。全固体電池20において、負極活物質11aはグラファイトであり、正極活物質12aはLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2であり、負極側金属層16はLi箔である。
図3に示した全固体電池30は、負極側金属層16を有しないことを除いて、全固体電池10と同様に構成されている。すなわち、全固体電池30は、負極11及び正極12と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層13と、負極11に接続された負極集電体14と、正極12に接続された正極集電体15と、を有し、さらに、正極12と正極集電体15との間に配置された正極側金属層17を備えている。負極11は、負極活物質11a及び硫化物固体電解質13aを有し、正極12は、正極活物質12aと、硫化物固体電解質13aと、導電助剤12bと、を有し、固体電解質層13は、硫化物固体電解質13aを有している。全固体電池10において、負極活物質11aはグラファイトであり、正極活物質12aはLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2であり、正極側金属層17はIn箔である。
1.4.1.負極活物質
第1実施形態に係る本発明において、負極に含有させる負極活物質としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出可能な公知の負極活物質を適宜用いることができる。そのような負極活物質としては、例えば、カーボン活物質、酸化物活物質、及び、金属活物質等を挙げることができる。カーボン活物質は、炭素を含有していれば特に限定されず、例えば天然黒鉛、メソカーボンマイクロビーズ(MCMB)、高配向性グラファイト(HOPG)、ハードカーボン、ソフトカーボン等を挙げることができる。酸化物活物質としては、例えばNb2O5、Li4Ti5O12、SiO等を挙げることができる。金属活物質としては、例えばIn、Al、Si、及び、Sn等を挙げることができる。また、負極活物質として、リチウム含有金属活物質を用いても良い。リチウム含有金属活物質としては、少なくともLiを含有する活物質であれば特に限定されず、Li金属であっても良く、Li合金であっても良い。Li合金としては、例えば、Liと、In、Al、Si、及び、Snの少なくとも一種とを含有する合金を挙げることができる。負極活物質の形状は、例えば粒子状、薄膜状等にすることができる。負極活物質の平均粒径(D50)は、例えば1nm以上100μm以下であることが好ましく、10nm以上30μm以下であることがより好ましい。また、負極における負極活物質の含有量は、特に限定されないが、質量%で、例えば40%以上99%以下とすることが好ましい。
第1実施形態に係る本発明では、後述する固体電解質層のみならず、負極にも、必要に応じて、全固体電池に使用可能な公知の固体電解質を含有させることができる。負極に固体電解質を含有させる場合、負極には、負極電位で分解しない固体電解質を含有させることが可能であり、正極に固体電解質を含有させる場合、正極には、正極電位で分解しない固体電解質を含有させることが可能である。負極や正極に含有させることが可能な固体電解質としては、例えば、Li2O-B2O3-P2O5、Li2O-SiO2、Li2S-SiS2、LiI-Li2S-SiS2、LiI-Li2S-P2S5、LiI-Li2O-Li2S-P2S5、LiI-Li2S-P2O5、LiI-Li3PO4-P2S5、Li2S-P2S5、Li3PS4、LiI、Li3N、Li5La3Ta2O12、Li7La3Zr2O12、Li6BaLa2Ta2O12、Li3PO(4-3/2w)Nw(wはw<1)、Li3.6Si0.6P0.4O4等を挙げることができる。ただし、全固体電池の性能を高めやすい形態にする等の観点から、固体電解質は硫化物固体電解質を用いることが好ましい。第1実施形態に係る本発明の全固体電池に用いる固体電解質の製造方法は特に限定されず、公知の製造方法で製造した固体電解質を適宜用いることができる。例えば、固体電解質を合成する際の出発原料は特に限定されず、その合成方法も、乾式のボールミル処理や、ヘプタン等の溶剤を用いる湿式のボールミル処理のほか、機械的エネルギーを付与することにより化学反応を進行させる他のメカノケミカル処理等を適宜用いることができる。また、固体電解質は、非晶質であっても良く、結晶であっても良い。
負極には、負極活物質や固体電解質を結着させるバインダーや導電性を向上させる導電助剤が含有されていても良い。負極には、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極に含有させることが可能な公知のバインダーを適宜用いることができ、具体的には、アクリロニトリルブタジエンゴム(ABR)、ブタジエンゴム(BR)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)等を用いることができる。また、負極には、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極に含有させることが可能な公知の導電助剤を適宜用いることができる。負極に含有させることが可能な導電材としては、気相成長炭素繊維、アセチレンブラック(AB)、ケッチェンブラック(KB)、カーボンナノチューブ(CNT)、カーボンナノファイバー(CNF)等の炭素材料のほか、全固体電池の使用時の環境に耐えることが可能な金属材料を例示することができる。そして、例えば、上記負極活物質、固体電解質、導電助剤、及び、バインダー等を液体に分散して調整したスラリー状の負極組成物を用いて負極を作製する場合、使用可能な液体としてはヘプタン等を例示することができ、無極性溶媒を好ましく用いることができる。また、負極の厚さは、例えば0.1μm以上1mm以下であることが好ましく、1μm以上100μm以下であることがより好ましい。また、全固体電池の性能を高めやすくするために、負極はプレスする過程を経て作製されることが好ましい。第1実施形態に係る本発明において、負極をプレスする際の圧力は200MPa以上とすることが好ましく、400MPa程度とすることより好ましい。
1.5.1.正極活物質
第1実施形態に係る本発明において、正極に含有させる正極活物質としては、全固体電池で使用可能な正極活物質を適宜用いることができる。そのような正極活物質としては、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiFePO4、LiMn2O4等を例示することができる。正極活物質の形状は、例えば粒子状や薄膜状等にすることができる。正極活物質の平均粒径(D50)は、例えば1nm以上100μm以下であることが好ましく、10nm以上30μm以下であることがより好ましい。また、正極層における正極活物質の含有量は、特に限定されないが、質量%で、例えば40%以上99%以下とすることが好ましい。
必要に応じて、正極にも、固体電解質を含有させることができる。正極に含有させることが可能な固体電解質としては、負極に含有させることが可能な上記固体電解質を例示することができる。
固体電解質として硫化物固体電解質を用いる場合、正極活物質と固体電解質との界面に高抵抗層が形成され難くすることにより、電池抵抗の増加を防止しやすい形態にする観点から、正極活物質は、イオン伝導性酸化物で被覆されていることが好ましい。正極活物質を被覆するリチウムイオン伝導性酸化物としては、例えば、一般式LixAOy(Aは、B、C、Al、Si、P、S、Ti、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ta又はWであり、x及びyは正の数である。)で表される酸化物を挙げることができる。具体的には、Li3BO3、LiBO2、Li2CO3、LiAlO2、Li4SiO4、Li2SiO3、Li3PO4、Li2SO4、Li2TiO3、Li4Ti5O12、Li2Ti2O5、Li2ZrO3、LiNbO3、Li2MoO4、Li2WO4等を例示することができる。また、リチウムイオン伝導性酸化物は、複合酸化物であっても良い。正極活物質を被覆する複合酸化物としては、上記リチウムイオン伝導性酸化物の任意の組み合わせを採用することができ、例えば、Li4SiO4-Li3BO3、Li4SiO4-Li3PO4等を挙げることができる。また、正極活物質の表面をイオン伝導性酸化物で被覆する場合、イオン伝導性酸化物は、正極活物質の少なくとも一部を被覆してれば良く、正極活物質の全面を被覆していても良い。また、正極活物質の表面をイオン伝導性酸化物で被覆する方法は、特に限定されず、公知の方法で、正極活物質の表面をイオン伝導性酸化物で被覆することができる。また、正極活物質を被覆するイオン伝導性酸化物の厚さは、例えば、0.1nm以上100nm以下であることが好ましく、1nm以上20nm以下であることがより好ましい。なお、イオン伝導性酸化物の厚さは、例えば、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)等を用いて測定することができる。
正極には、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極層に含有させることが可能な公知のバインダーを用いることができる。そのようなバインダーとしては、負極に含有させることが可能な上記バインダー等を例示することができる。さらに、正極には、導電性を向上させる導電助剤が含有されていても良い。正極に含有させることが可能な導電助剤としては、負極に含有させることが可能な上記導電助剤等を例示することができる。そして、例えば、上記正極活物質、固体電解質、導電助剤、及び、バインダー等を液体に分散して調整したスラリー状の正極組成物を用いて正極を作製する場合、使用可能な液体としてはヘプタン等を例示することができ、無極性溶媒を好ましく用いることができる。また、正極の厚さは、例えば0.1μm以上1mm以下であることが好ましく、1μm以上100μm以下であることがより好ましい。また、全固体電池の性能を高めやすくするために、正極はプレスする過程を経て作製されることが好ましい。第1実施形態に係る本発明において、正極をプレスする際の圧力は100MPa程度とすることができる。
固体電解質層に含有させる固体電解質としては、全固体電池に使用可能な公知の固体電解質を適宜用いることができる。そのような固体電解質としては、正極や負極に含有させることが可能な上記固体電解質等を例示することができる。このほか、固体電解質層には、可塑性を発現させる等の観点から、固体電解質同士を結着させるバインダーを含有させることができる。そのようなバインダーとしては、負極に含有させることが可能な上記バインダー等を例示することができる。ただし、高出力化を図りやすくするために、固体電解質の過度の凝集を防止し且つ均一に分散された固体電解質を有する固体電解質層を形成可能にする等の観点から、固体電解質層に含有させるバインダーは5質量%以下とすることが好ましい。また、液体に上記固体電解質等を分散して調整したスラリー状の固体電解質組成物を基材に塗布する過程を経て固体電解質層を作製する場合、固体電解質等を分散させる液体としては、ヘプタン等を例示することができ、無極性溶媒を好ましく用いることができる。固体電解質層における固体電解質材料の含有量は、質量%で、例えば60%以上、中でも70%以上、特に80%以上であることが好ましい。固体電解質層の厚さは、電池の構成によって大きく異なるが、例えば、0.1μm以上1mm以下であることが好ましく、1μm以上100μm以下であることがより好ましい。
負極集電体や正極集電体は、全固体電池の集電体として使用可能な公知の金属を用いることができる。そのような金属としては、Cu、Ni、Al、V、Au、Pt、Mg、Fe、Ti、Co、Cr、Zn、Ge、Inからなる群から選択される一又は二以上の元素を含む金属材料を例示することができる。
負極側金属層には、負極電位において金属イオンと電気化学反応せず、且つ、伸び率が22%以上である金属を用いることができる。そのような金属は、負極活物質に応じて選択することができる。例えば、負極活物質がグラファイトである場合、負極側金属層に用いることが可能な金属としては、Li、Cu、Au、Ti、Fe、Nb、Ni等を例示することができる。このほか、例えば、負極活物質がLi4Ti5O12である場合、負極側金属層に用いることが可能な金属としては、Li、Cu、Au、Ti、Fe、Nb、Ni、In、Zn、Al、Ca、Ag、Zr、Sn、Pt等を例示することができる。
正極側金属層は、正極電位において金属イオンと電気化学反応せず、且つ、伸び率が22%以上である金属を用いることができる。そのような金属は、正極活物質に応じて選択することができる。例えば、正極活物質がLiCoO2やLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2である場合、正極側金属層に用いることが可能な金属としては、Li、In、Zn、Al、Ca、Zr、Sn、W、Ti、Fe、Nb、Ni、V、Pd、Mn、Mo等を例示することができる。
2.1.全固体電池110
図4に、本発明の第2実施形態に相当する全固体電池110を示す。図4に示した全固体電池110は、負極111及び正極112と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層113と、負極111に接続された負極集電体114と、正極112に接続された正極集電体115と、を有し、さらに、負極111と負極集電体114との間に配置された負極側金属層116と、負極側金属層116と負極111との間に配置された負極側不活性金属層117と、正極112と正極集電体115との間に配置された正極側金属層118と、を備えている。負極111は、負極活物質111a及び硫化物固体電解質113aを有している。また、正極112は、正極活物質112aと、硫化物固体電解質113aと、導電助剤112bと、を有している。また、固体電解質層113は、硫化物固体電解質113aを有している。全固体電池110において、負極活物質111aはグラファイトであり、正極活物質112aはLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2であり、負極側金属層116はIn箔であり、負極側不活性金属層117はCu箔であり、正極側金属層118はIn箔である。
また、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2である正極活物質112aは、Li基準で4~5V程度の電位でリチウムイオンが吸蔵放出され始め、Li基準で1~2V程度の電位でリチウムイオンがそれ以上吸蔵放出されなくなる。LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2にリチウムイオンが吸蔵される電位やLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2からリチウムイオンが放出される電位を平均すると、Li基準で約3.8Vである。
また、金属Cuはリチウムとほとんど合金化しないため電気化学的に不活性であり、金属Inがリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する平均の電位は、Li基準で約0.6Vである。
図5に示した全固体電池120は、負極側金属層116に代えて負極側金属層121を有し、負極側不活性金属層117を有しておらず、且つ、正極112と正極側金属層118との間に正極側不活性金属層122が配置されていることを除いて、全固体電池110と同様に構成されている。すなわち、全固体電池120は、負極111及び正極112と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層113と、負極111に接続された負極集電体114と、正極112に接続された正極集電体115と、を有し、さらに、負極111と負極集電体114との間に配置された負極側金属層121と、正極112と正極集電体115との間に配置された正極側金属層118と、正極側金属層118と正極112との間に配置された正極側不活性金属層122と、を備えている。負極111は、負極活物質111a及び硫化物固体電解質113aを有し、正極112は、正極活物質112aと、硫化物固体電解質113aと、導電助剤112bと、を有し、固体電解質層113は、硫化物固体電解質113aを有している。全固体電池120において、負極活物質111aはグラファイトであり、正極活物質112aはLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2であり、負極側金属層121はLi箔であり、正極側金属層118はIn箔であり、正極側不活性金属層122はCu箔である。
さらに、正極側金属層118を構成しているIn及び正極側不活性金属層122を構成しているCuは、リチウムイオンが正極活物質112aに吸蔵放出される電位環境(正極電位)において、リチウムイオンと電気化学反応をしない。全固体電池120を作動させても、正極側金属層118及び正極側不活性金属層122はリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出しないので、正極側金属層118及び正極側不活性金属層122は、不可逆容量を増大させず、且つ、リチウムイオンの吸蔵放出に伴う体積変化がない。また、In箔及びCu箔は柔らかい金属である。このように構成される全固体電池120は、正極側金属層118及び正極側不活性金属層122を介して、長時間に亘って、正極112と正極集電体115とを密着させることが可能である。その結果、負極111と正極112との間をリチウムイオンが移動しやすい状態を維持することができる。
このように、全固体電池120によれば、不可逆容量の増大を抑制しつつ、長時間に亘って、負極111と正極112との間をリチウムイオンが移動しやすい状態を維持することができるので、クーロン効率を向上させることが可能である。
図6に示した全固体電池130は、負極側金属層121に代えて負極側金属層116を有し、且つ、負極側金属層116と負極111との間に負極側不活性金属層117を有することを除いて、全固体電池120と同様に構成されている。すなわち、全固体電池130は、負極111及び正極112と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層113と、負極111に接続された負極集電体114と、正極112に接続された正極集電体115と、を有し、さらに、負極111と負極集電体114との間に配置された負極側金属層116と、負極側金属層116と負極111との間に配置された負極側不活性金属層117と、正極112と正極集電体115との間に配置された正極側金属層118と、正極側金属層118と正極112との間に配置された正極側不活性金属層122と、を備えている。負極111は、負極活物質111a及び硫化物固体電解質113aを有し、正極112は、正極活物質112aと、硫化物固体電解質113aと、導電助剤112bと、を有し、固体電解質層113は、硫化物固体電解質113aを有している。全固体電池130において、負極活物質111aはグラファイトであり、正極活物質112aはLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2であり、負極側金属層116はIn箔であり、負極側不活性金属層117はCu箔であり、正極側金属層118はIn箔であり、正極側不活性金属層122はCu箔である。
第2実施形態に係る本発明において、負極、負極集電体、正極、正極集電体及び固体電解質層は、上記の第1実施形態に係る本発明における負極、負極集電体、正極、正極集電体及び固体電解質層と同様の形態とすることができる。
第2実施形態に係る本発明において、負極側金属層や正極側金属層は、伸び率が22%以上である金属を含んでいれば良い。そのような金属としては、Li、In、Zn、Al、Yb、Cd、Gd、Ca、Au、Ag、Cr、Sm、Dy、Zr、Sn、Ce、Tl、W、Ta、Ti、Fe、Tb、Cu、Th、Pb、Nb、Ni、Nd、Pt、V、Hf、Pd、Pr、Pm、Mn、Mo、La、Re等を例示することができる。また、Liなどのアルカリ金属は柔らかいことが知られており、これらも例示できる。
第2実施形態に係る本発明において、負極側不活性金属層は、負極電位において金属イオンと電気化学反応しない金属を用いることができる。負極電位において金属イオンと電気化学反応しない金属は、負極活物質に応じて選択することができる。例えば、負極活物質がグラファイトである場合、負極側不活性金属層に用いることが可能な金属としては、Li、Cu、Au、Ti、Fe、Nb、Ni等を例示することができる。このほか、例えば、負極活物質がLi4Ti5O12である場合、負極側不活性金属層に用いることが可能な金属としては、Li、Cu、Au、Ti、Fe、Nb、Ni、In、Zn、Al、Ca、Ag、Zr、Sn、Pt等を例示することができる。
第2実施形態に係る本発明において、正極側不活性金属層は、正極電位において金属イオンと電気化学反応しない金属を用いることができる。正極電位において金属イオンと電気化学反応しない金属は、正極活物質に応じて選択することができる。例えば、正極活物質がLiCoO2やLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2である場合、正極側不活性金属層に用いることが可能な金属としては、Li、In、Zn、Al、Ca、Zr、Sn、W、Ti、Fe、Nb、Ni、V、Pd、Mn、Mo等を例示することができる。
第1実施形態及び第2実施形態に係る本発明に関する上記説明では図示を省略したが、本発明の全固体電池は、全固体電池に使用可能な公知の外装体に収容された状態で使用することができる。そのような外装体としては、公知のラミネートフィルムや金属製の筐体等を例示することができる。
また、本発明において、伸び率とは、例えば、JIS Z2241に規定されている「伸び(%)」とすることができる。また、「伸び率が22%以上である金属」とは、例えば、In、及び、Inよりも柔らかい金属からなる群より選択した金属とすることができる。
[試料の作製]
<実施例1>
・正極合材
正極活物質には、三元系層状正極活物質LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(日亜化学工業株式会社製、平均粒径(D50)=4~6μm)を用いた。この表面に、転動流動コーティング装置(MP-01、パウレック社製)を用いて、厚さ10nmのLiNbO3層(被覆層)を形成した。
被覆層を形成した正極活物質と、硫化物固体電解質(30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5ガラス))と、導電助剤(気相成長炭素繊維)とを、重量比で、被覆層を形成した正極活物質:硫化物固体電解質:導電助剤=73:24:3の割合で混合することにより、正極合材を得た。
負極活物質には、天然黒鉛(三菱化学株式会社製、平均粒径(D50)=10μm)を用いた。この天然黒鉛と、硫化物固体電解質(30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5ガラス))とを、重量比で、天然黒鉛:硫化物固体電解質=50:50の割合で混合することにより、負極合材を得た。
LiI(アルドリッチ社製、純度99.9%)、Li2O(株式会社高純度化学研究所製、純度99%)、Li2S(日本化学工業株式会社製、純度99.9%)、及び、P2S5(アルドリッチ社製、純度99%)を出発原料として、これらを、30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5)の組成比(mol比)となるように、それぞれ秤量した。そして、秤量したLiI、Li2S、及び、P2S5を混合することにより、混合物を得た。次いで、この混合物を遊星型ボールミルの容器(ZrO2製)に投入し、脱水ヘプタン(関東化学株式会社製)を投入し、さらにZrO2ボールを投入した後、容器を完全に密閉した(Ar雰囲気)。この容器を遊星型ボールミル機(フリッチュ製P7)に取り付け、台盤回転数毎分500回転で、1時間処理及び15分休止のメカニカルミリングを20回行った。その後、遊星型ボールミルの上記容器へ、秤量した上記Li2Oを投入し、容器を完全に密閉した(Ar雰囲気)。この容器を遊星型ボールミル機(フリッチュ製P7)に取り付け、台盤回転数毎分500回転で、1時間処理及び15分休止のメカニカルミリングを20回行った。その後、得られた試料を、ヘプタンを除去するように乾燥することにより、ガラス状の硫化物固体電解質を得た。得られた硫化物固体電解質の組成は、30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5)であった。なお、ここでは、LiI、Li2S、及び、P2S5についてボールミル処理を行った後に、Li2Oを加えてさらにボールミル処理を行ったが、例えば、秤量した全ての出発原料を混合することにより作製した混合物について、1時間処理及び15分休止のメカニカルミリングを40回行うことにより、ガラス状の硫化物固体電解質を作製することも可能である。
負極集電体及び正極集電体には、ステンレス鋼(SUS)を用いた。
In箔(株式会社ニラコ製、厚さ100μm)及びLi箔(本荘ケミカル株式会社製、厚さ250μm)を用いた。
ガラス製の密閉容器を用いた。容器内は、乾燥Ar雰囲気とした。
マコール製のシリンダの中に、80mgの硫化物固体電解質(30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5))を入れ、その後、98MPaでプレスした。次に、シリンダ内の硫化物固体電解質の上に、17.8mgの正極合材を入れ、その後、98MPaでプレスすることにより、正極を作製した。次に、シリンダ内の硫化物固体電解質(正極が配置されていない側)の上に、15.0mgの負極合材を入れ、その後、392MPaでプレスすることにより、負極を作製した。次に、シリンダ内の正極の表面にIn箔を入れ、さらにその表面にSUS製の正極集電体を入れ、シリンダ内の負極の表面にLi箔を入れ、さらにその表面にSUS製の負極集電体を入れた後、98MPaでプレスすることにより、図1に示した全固体電池10と同様の形態の積層体を作製した。この積層体を、乾燥Ar雰囲気にしたガラス製の密閉容器内へと収容することにより、実施例1の全固体電池を作製した。なお、この後、ボルト締結等による加圧は一切行わなかった。
負極と負極集電体との間、及び、正極と正極集電体との間に、Li箔を配置したほかは、実施例1と同様にして、実施例2の全固体電池を作製した。実施例2の全固体電池も、この後、ボルト締結等による加圧は一切行わなかった。
・負極合材
負極活物質には、Li4Ti5O12を用いた。このLi4Ti5O12と、硫化物固体電解質(30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5ガラス))と、導電助剤(アセチレンブラック、電気化学工業株式会社製)とを、重量比で、Li4Ti5O12:硫化物固体電解質:導電助剤=27:64:9の割合で混合することにより、負極合材を得た。
次に、12mgの正極合材を使用したほかは実施例1と同様にして、シリンダ内の硫化物固体電解質の上に正極を形成した。また、得られた負極合材25mgをシリンダ内の硫化物固体電解質(正極が配置されていない側)の上に入れ、その後、392MPaでプレスすることにより負極を作製した。さらに、負極と負極集電体との間、及び、正極と正極集電体との間に、In箔を配置したほかは、実施例1と同様にして(より具体的には、負極合材及びその使用量、正極合材の使用量、並びに、負極側及び正極側にIn箔を配置した構成のほかは、実施例1と同様にして)、実施例3の全固体電池を作製した。実施例3の全固体電池も、この後、ボルト締結等による加圧は一切行わなかった。
負極と負極集電体との間、及び、正極と正極集電体との間に、In箔を配置したほかは、実施例1と同様にして、参考例の全固体電池を作製した。参考例の全固体電池も、この後、ボルト締結等による加圧は一切行わなかった。
得られた全固体電池について、25℃でCC充放電測定を行った。充放電測定の条件を表1に示す。
図7に、1サイクル目の充放電曲線を示す。図7に示したように、実施例1の全固体電池では、三元系層状正極活物質の電位(正極電位)と天然黒鉛の電位(負極電位)との電位差である約3.7Vで、充電プラトーが確認された。また、実施例2の全固体電池では、充電時に2V付近で不明な充電容量が観測されたものの、三元系層状正極活物質の電位(正極電位)と天然黒鉛の電位(負極電位)との電位差である約3.7Vで、充電プラトーが確認された。2V付近で観測された反応は、正極活物質とLiとの反応に起因すると推測される。また、実施例3の全固体電池では、三元系層状正極活物質の電位(正極電位)とLi4Ti5O12の電位(負極電位)との電位差である約2.2Vで、充電プラトーが確認された。
これに対し、参考例の全固体電池では、三元系層状正極活物質の電位(正極電位)と天然黒鉛の電位(負極電位)との電位差である約3.7Vではなく、約3.2Vで、充電プラトーが確認された。Inの反応電位は天然黒鉛の反応電位よりも約0.5V高いため、参考例の全固体電池では、負極と負極集電体との間に配置したIn箔が充電反応に寄与したと考えられる。
[試料の作製]
<実施例4>
・正極合材
実施例1~3と同様の正極合材を用いた。
実施例1~3と同様の負極合材を用いた。
実施例1~3と同様の固体電解質を用いた。
実施例1~3と同様の負極集電体及び正極集電体を用いた。
何れも、In箔(株式会社ニラコ製、厚さ100μm)を用いた。
Cu箔(厚さ15μm)を用いた。
ガラス製の密閉容器を用いた。容器内は、乾燥Ar雰囲気とした。
マコール製のシリンダの中に、80mgの硫化物固体電解質(30LiI・70(0.07Li2O・0.68Li2S・0.25P2S5))を入れ、その後、98MPaでプレスした。次に、シリンダ内の硫化物固体電解質の上に、17.8mgの正極合材を入れ、その後、98MPaでプレスすることにより、正極を作製した。次に、シリンダ内の硫化物固体電解質(正極が配置されていない側)の上に、15.0mgの負極合材を入れ、その後、392MPaでプレスすることにより、負極を作製した。次に、シリンダ内の正極の表面にIn箔を入れ、さらにその表面にSUS製の正極集電体を入れた。さらに、シリンダ内の負極の表面にCu箔を入れ、さらにその表面にIn箔を入れ、さらにその表面にSUS製の負極集電体を入れた。その後、98MPaでプレスすることにより、図1に示した全固体電池10と同様の形態の積層体を作製した。この積層体を、乾燥Ar雰囲気にしたガラス製の密閉容器内へと収容することにより、実施例4の全固体電池を作製した。なお、この後、ボルト締結等による加圧は一切行わなかった。
負極側にCu箔を用いなかったほかは、実施例4と同様にして、比較例の全固体電池を作製した。比較例の全固体電池も、この後、ボルト締結等による加圧は一切行わなかった。
実施例4の全固体電池及び比較例の全固体電池について、25℃でCC充放電測定を行った。実施例4の全固体電池は電位範囲を3.0~4.37Vとし、比較例の全固体電池は電位範囲を3.0~4.1Vとした。
図10に、1サイクル目の充放電曲線を示す。図10に示したように、実施例4の全固体電池では、三元系層状正極活物質の電位(正極電位)と天然黒鉛の電位(負極電位)との電位差である約3.7Vで、充電プラトーが確認された。これに対し、比較例の全固体電池では、三元系層状正極活物質の電位(正極電位)と天然黒鉛の電位(負極電位)との電位差である約3.7Vではなく、約3.1Vで、充電プラトーが確認された。Inの反応電位は天然黒鉛の反応電位よりも約0.5V高いため、比較例の全固体電池では、天然黒鉛と三元系層状正極活物質ではなく、Inと三元系層状正極活物質が充放電反応していると考えられる。
11…負極
11a…負極活物質
12…正極
12a…正極活物質
12b…導電助剤
13…固体電解質層
13a…硫化物固体電解質
14…負極集電体
15…正極集電体
16…負極側金属層(金属層)
17…正極側金属層(金属層)
110、120、130…全固体電池
111…負極
111a…負極活物質
112…正極
112a…正極活物質
112b…導電助剤
113…固体電解質層
113a…硫化物固体電解質
114…負極集電体
115…正極集電体
116…負極側金属層(金属層)
117…負極側不活性金属層
118…正極側金属層(金属層)
121…負極側金属層(金属層)
122…正極側不活性金属層
Claims (2)
- 負極活物質を有する負極、及び、正極活物質を有する正極と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層と、前記負極に接続された負極集電体、及び、前記正極に接続された正極集電体と、を有し、
前記負極と前記負極集電体との間、及び/又は、前記正極と前記正極集電体との間に、金属層が配置され、
前記金属層が、前記負極と前記負極集電体との間に配置された負極側金属層である場合には、前記負極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵放出される電位環境において前記金属イオンと電気化学反応せず、且つ、伸び率が22%以上である金属が、前記負極側金属層に用いられ、
前記金属層が、前記正極と前記正極集電体との間に配置された正極側金属層である場合には、前記正極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵放出される電位環境において前記金属イオンと電気化学反応せず、且つ、伸び率が22%以上である金属が、前記正極側金属層に用いられている、全固体電池。 - 負極活物質を有する負極、及び、正極活物質を有する正極と、これらの間に配置された固体電解質層と、前記負極に接続された負極集電体、及び、前記正極に接続された正極集電体と、を有し、
前記負極と前記負極集電体との間、及び/又は、前記正極と前記正極集電体との間に、金属層が配置され、
前記金属層が、前記負極と前記負極集電体との間に配置された負極側金属層である場合、該負極側金属層に、伸び率が22%以上である金属が含まれ、且つ、前記負極側金属層と前記負極との間に、負極側不活性金属層が配置され、
前記負極側不活性金属層に、前記負極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵放出される電位環境において前記金属イオンと電気化学反応しない金属が用いられ、
前記金属層が、前記正極と前記正極集電体との間に配置された正極側金属層である場合、該正極側金属層に、伸び率が22%以上である金属が含まれ、且つ、前記正極側金属層と前記正極との間に、正極側不活性金属層が配置され、
前記正極側不活性金属層に、前記正極活物質に金属イオンが吸蔵放出される電位環境において前記金属イオンと電気化学反応しない金属が用いられている、全固体電池。
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US15/022,716 US10270135B2 (en) | 2013-09-25 | 2014-09-12 | All-solid-state battery |
| CN201480048778.8A CN105518922B (zh) | 2013-09-25 | 2014-09-12 | 全固体电池 |
| DE112014004411.3T DE112014004411T5 (de) | 2013-09-25 | 2014-09-12 | Festkörperbatterie |
| KR1020157023916A KR101721786B1 (ko) | 2013-09-25 | 2014-09-12 | 전고체 전지 |
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| JP2013198256A JP2015065029A (ja) | 2013-09-25 | 2013-09-25 | 全固体電池 |
| JP2013-198297 | 2013-09-25 | ||
| JP2013198297A JP5682689B1 (ja) | 2013-09-25 | 2013-09-25 | 全固体電池 |
| JP2013-198256 | 2013-09-25 |
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|---|---|
| US (1) | US10270135B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101721786B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN105518922B (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE112014004411T5 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2015045929A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US10270135B2 (en) | 2019-04-23 |
| US20160233553A1 (en) | 2016-08-11 |
| CN105518922B (zh) | 2018-03-02 |
| KR101721786B1 (ko) | 2017-03-30 |
| CN105518922A (zh) | 2016-04-20 |
| KR20150114556A (ko) | 2015-10-12 |
| DE112014004411T5 (de) | 2016-07-28 |
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