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WO2014207035A1 - Procédé et usine de capture de co2 - Google Patents

Procédé et usine de capture de co2 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014207035A1
WO2014207035A1 PCT/EP2014/063375 EP2014063375W WO2014207035A1 WO 2014207035 A1 WO2014207035 A1 WO 2014207035A1 EP 2014063375 W EP2014063375 W EP 2014063375W WO 2014207035 A1 WO2014207035 A1 WO 2014207035A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
oxygen
combustion chamber
gas
incoming
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2014/063375
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English (en)
Inventor
Knut BØRSETH
Stellan Hamrin
Hermann De Meyer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sargas AS
Original Assignee
Sargas AS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sargas AS filed Critical Sargas AS
Publication of WO2014207035A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014207035A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1456—Removing acid components
    • B01D53/1475—Removing carbon dioxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/34—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid with recycling of part of the working fluid, i.e. semi-closed cycles with combustion products in the closed part of the cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/005—Combined with pressure or heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/02—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the air-flow or gas-flow configuration
    • F23R3/26—Controlling the air flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/60—Fluid transfer
    • F05D2260/61—Removal of CO2
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2202/00—Fluegas recirculation
    • F23C2202/30—Premixing fluegas with combustion air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2215/00—Preventing emissions
    • F23J2215/50—Carbon dioxide
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/32—Direct CO2 mitigation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of thermal power plants with CO2 capture. More specifically, the invention relates to a gas turbine power plant with CO2 capture where the gas turbine is developed to accept a CO2 rich exhaust gas as the source for oxygen for the combustion. More specifically the present invention relates to a method and a gas turbine power plant suitable for building efficient power plants with CO2 capture and for retrofit construction of an efficient carbon capture solution on existing CO2 emitting plants.
  • Background Art
  • CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
  • the absorbent is brought in counter current flow to the exhaust gas in an absorber, to give a CO2 lean exhaust gas that is released into the atmosphere, and a CO2 rich absorbent that is regenerated to produce lean absorbent that is recycled into the absorber, and CO2 that is treated further for deposition.
  • WO0048709 relates to a method for CO2 capture where the exhaust gas from a gas turbine is re-pressurized to improve the efficiency of the absorption and to reduce the volume of the gas to be treated.
  • the use of pressure swing absorption or membranes for separation of CO2 from the exhaust gas have also been suggested.
  • the composition of the exhaust gas from which CO2 is to be captured may cause problems. Capture of CO2 (or any gas) by an absorbent may not be sufficiently efficient if concentration, or the partial pressure of the gas (CO2) to be captured is too low.
  • the CO2 content in the exhaust gas from a gas turbine power plant may be 4 to 6 % by volume, causing a low partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas and thus inefficient absorption of CO2.
  • a relatively high content of residual oxygen in the exhaust gas from a gas turbine power plant normally 12 to 14 % by volume, may cause degradation of the absorbent, in addition to contamination of the captured CO2 with oxygen. Oxygen contamination of the captured CO2 is unacceptable for the use of the captured CO2 for enhanced oil recovery, and may also be unacceptable for deposition.
  • exhaust gas from coal fired power plants may have a concentration of residual oxygen that is too high, and concentration of CO2 that is too low, for an optimal capture process.
  • WO2005045316 to Sargas AS, relates to a method for capturing CO 2 from an exhaust gas comprising introduction of the exhaust gas as into a second power plant as an oxygen containing gas, for further combustion in a pressurized combustion chamber, where CO2 from the resulting exhaust gas is expanded after capture of CO2.
  • a large boiler is, however, required for burning of exhaust gas with low oxygen content and moderate pressure.
  • Steam for a steam turbine for generation of power is generated in the boiler for controlling the temperature of the exhaust gas released from the boiler, to avoid heat damage to downstream equipment.
  • the cost of a boiler, steam turbine and auxiliary equipment is, however, expensive. Additionally, energy is lost by converting heat to lower temperature steam.
  • WO2008023986 to Statoil, relates to a method and a gas turbine power plant with CO2 capture, comprising two gas turbines, where exhaust gas from one of the gas turbines is re-circulated and used as cooling gas for both gas turbine's combustion chambers to obtain an exhaust gas that has a CO2 content of about 10 % that is captured in a amine based carbon abatement plant at atmospheric pressure.
  • This method and plant is only suitable for building a new power plant, and not for retrofit CO2 capture solutions at existing power plants.
  • US20080104939 to General Electric Company, relates to a power generation system including at least one turbine system, wherein CO2 is separated from the remaining exhaust gas between a first and a second expander.
  • the plant may comprise more than one gas turbine systems, e.g. two, where exhaust gas from the first gas turbine is, after capture or CO2 from the exhaust gas, introduced as oxidant to a second gas turbine.
  • exhaust gas from the second gas turbine may be introduced into the first gas turbine's combustion chamber for reducing the oxygen content and increase the CO2 concentration of the combustion gases.
  • the recycling of exhaust gas results in an exhaust gas for CO2 capture that has a relatively low oxygen level which is advantageous in CO2 capture.
  • said exhaust gas having a low oxygen level is mixed with compressed air and fuel gas in the combustion chamber. Provided that an equal volume of compressed air and recycled compressed low oxygen exhaust gas are mixed in the combustion chamber, this will result in a resulting exhaust gas having an oxygen level of about 5%, , which is too high for carbon capture if the captured CO2 is to be used for applications requiring low levels of oxygen.
  • US20080104938 also to General Electric Company, filed the same date as US '939 application described above, and describes a similar system and a method. While US '939 describes a system and device using one or two gas turbine systems, the '938 application describes as system and method
  • US 20120023959 relates to a power plant and a method of use, wherein the expanded exhaust gas is recompressed and recirculated into the combustion chamber together with fuel gas and compressed air, to cool the combustion and avoid too high temperature for the expander, and to ascertain that the resulting exhaust gas has low amount of oxygen.
  • a part stream of the recompressed exhaust gas, corresponding to the volume of the combustion gases resulting from the added air and fuel gas, is withdrawn. It is mentioned that CO2 may be captured from the withdrawn low oxygen exhaust gas, but no details are given.
  • An object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, and to give a more energy efficient method and plant than provided by the prior art.
  • An additional object of the present invention is to provide a method and a plant for retrofit connection to an existing facility emitting CO2, to be able in an energy efficient way to capture the CO2 in the total plant. Summary of invention
  • the present invention relates to a method for capturing CO2 from an incoming exhaust gas, the method comprising the steps of:
  • step d introducing partly expanded and cooled exhaust gas from step d) into a carbon abatement unit for separation of the resulting exhaust gas into a CO2 stream that is exported from the plant, and a CO2 depleted exhaust stream,
  • step h compressing exhaust gas part stream withdrawn in step g), and i. recycling the compressed exhaust gas from step h) for cooling the combustion chamber.
  • combustion chamber and a mantel inside which the combustion chamber is arranged, for cooling of the combustion chamber.
  • the cooling air is then mixed with the exhaust gas leaving the combustion chamber before combined gas is expanded over an expander.
  • the required cooling effect may be effected either by mixing at least a part of the exhaust gas from step h) with the oxygen containing gas before introduction into the combustion chamber, or introducing of at least a part of the exhaust gas from step h) into an annulus arranged between the wall of the combustion chamber and a mantle inside which the combustion chamber is arranged.
  • the recycled exhaust gas has a rest oxygen concentration of 2% or less, such as less than 1.5% or even as low as 1 %, corresponding to the rest oxygen level after substantially stoichiometric combustion in the combustion chamber.
  • the exhaust gas mixed with cooling gas has a rest oxygen concentration that is at the same levels as mentioned above with reference to the recycled exhaust gas.
  • a rest oxygen level of 2% or less makes it possible to separate CO2 with a sufficiently low oxygen concentration to be used for injection in an oil field for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
  • the compressed exhaust gas from step g) is cooled in a cooler before recycling thereof for cooling of the combustion chamber. Cooling of the recycling gas before introduction as cooling gas increases the cooling capacity.
  • an oxygen containing gas is mixed with the incoming exhaust gas before introduction of the incoming exhaust gas into the combustion chamber.
  • the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas may be too low to maintain combustion in the combustion chamber. Addition of an oxygen containing gas may therefore be required for efficient combustion.
  • the skilled person is able to calculate the amount of gas needed to obtain a correspondingly high concentration of oxygen in the combustion chamber.
  • the oxygen containing gas is mixed with the incoming exhaust gas before the compression step, step a).
  • the oxygen containing gas is introduced into the compressed incoming exhaust gas.
  • the oxygen containing gas may be air, oxygen enriched air, or substantially pure oxygen.
  • a part of the natural gas introduced into the combustion chamber, and an oxygen containing gas is introduced separately from the incoming exhaust gas, to provide for a pilot flame in the combustion chamber to ascertain maintenance of the combustion in the combustion chamber.
  • the oxygen containing gas introduced to maintain the pilot flame is air, oxygen enriched air, or substantially pure oxygen, and is preferably oxygen enriched air or substantially pure oxygen.
  • the present invention relates to a plant for capturing CO2 from an incoming exhaust gas, the plant comprising:
  • a high pressure combustor comprising a mantel surrounding a combustion chamber where the compressed incoming exhaust gas is introduced as an oxygen containing gas and combusted together with natural gas to produce under substantially stoichiometric ratio to produce a low oxygen exhaust gas
  • a first expander for partly expanding the low oxygen exhaust gas
  • a CO2 abatement unit for capturing CO2 from the partly expanded low oxygen exhaust gas to produce a CO2 rich stream that is further treated and exported from the plant, and a stream of CO2 lean exhaust gas
  • a second expander for further expanding of the CO2 lean exhaust gas, the expander being connected to a generator for generation of electrical power, and a lean exhaust gas outlet or stack for releasing the expanded CO2 lean exhaust gas into the surroundings,
  • the plant further comprising:
  • the plant further comprises an oxygen unit for production of oxygen enriched air or substantially pure oxygen.
  • oxygen unit for production of oxygen enriched air or substantially pure oxygen.
  • pure oxygen comprises more than 90 % by volume oxygen, where the remaining gases are other gases normally found in the atmosphere, such as nitrogen.
  • Oxygen enriched air is air that is processed so that it has a higher concentration of oxygen than what is naturally found in atmospheric air. Accordingly, oxygen enriched air has an oxygen content of more than 21 % by volume but less than what is here characterised as pure oxygen.
  • Figure 1 is a principle sketch of a plant according to the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a principle sketch of a combustion chamber from a plant according to the present invention. Detailed description of the invention
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of an exemplary plant according to the present invention.
  • An exhaust gas from an upstream plant is introduced trough an incoming exhaust gas line 1.
  • the incoming exhaust gas from a gas fired power plants, petrochemical plants or any other CO2 emitting plant is introduced into an incoming exhaust intake line 1.
  • the incoming exhaust gas is a gas having a lower content of oxygen and a higher content of CO2 than air.
  • Exhaust gas from a gas fired power plant has an oxygen content of about 13 % by volume and a content of CO2 of about 4 % by volume
  • exhaust gas from a modern coal fired power plant has an oxygen content of about 7 - 10 % by volume, and a content of CO 2 of about 1 1-13 % by volume.
  • An optional cooler 2 is provided in incoming exhaust gas line 1 for cooling of the incoming exhaust gas.
  • the cooler 2 may be omitted if the incoming exhaust gas temperature is sufficiently low to allow further compression thereof.
  • the incoming, and optionally cooled exhaust gas introduced in incoming exhaust gas intake line 1 is introduced into a compressor 3, 3' illustrated as a two- step compressor where an intercooler IC is arranged to cool the partly
  • the incoming exhaust gas is compressed, preferably in two or more steps with intercooling, to a pressure of 35 to 55 bar atmospheric (bara), more typically 38 to 50 bara, such as about from 40 to 45 bara.
  • the compressed incoming exhaust gas is leaving the compressor 3 through a compressed incoming exhaust gas line 4 and is introduced into a combustor 18 together with natural gas introduced through a natural gas line 6.
  • Additional oxygen in the form of air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen is preferably added to the combustion chamber through an oxygen addition line 7.
  • the amount of added oxygen and if the oxygen is added as air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen depends on several factors. One important factor is the oxygen content in the incoming exhaust gas, which content depends on the source of the incoming exhaust gas. If the oxygen content of the incoming exhaust gas is sufficiently high, addition of oxygen through line 7 may be omitted.
  • the exhaust gas resulting from the combustion in the combustor 18 is withdrawn from the combustion chamber through an exhaust gas line 8 and introduced into an expander 9 where the exhaust gas is partly expanded.
  • the expansion in the expander 9 is balanced against the energy demand of the compression in compressor 3. Accordingly, the pressure of the partly expanded exhaust gas leaving the expander 9 through partly expanded exhaust gas line 10, depends on the pressure in the combustor 18 and the efficiency of compressor 3 and expander 9.
  • the power generated by the partial expansion of the exhaust gas in the expander 9 should cover the power demand of compressor 3.
  • the pressure of the partially expanded exhaust gas leaving the expander 9 is preferably 8 bara or higher, such as 10 bara or higher, or even 12 bara or higher.
  • the preferred pressures indicated above is due to the fact that the efficiency absorption of CO2 in a downstream CO2 abatement unit 14, depends on the partial pressure of CO2.
  • a pressure of 8 bara or higher of the partly expanded exhaust gas is a presently preferred compromise between the efficiency of the CO2 abatement and the loss of power production due to not fully expanding the exhaust gas.
  • the pressure in the combustor 18 has to be 42 bara to attain a pressure of 8 bara of the partly expanded exhaust gas, at the same time as the power generated by the expander covers the power demand of the compressor 3.
  • the partly expanded exhaust gas leaving the expander 9 in line 10 is then introduced into an exhaust gas treatment unit 1 1.
  • the exhaust gas treatment unit 1 1 comprises units for removal or substantial reduction of pollutants such as Hg, SOx and NOx from the exhaust gas, and heat exchangers to cool the exhaust gas, typically to a temperature of 80 to 120 °C, such as about 100 °C.
  • the gas treatment unit may additional comprise a not illustrated small gas fired boiler, for further reduction of the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas, as it is preferred that the oxygen concentration for the exhaust gas to be introduced into the carbon capture unit is lower than 2%, which is preferred to avoid too high oxygen content in the captured CO2. .
  • Waste from the removal of pollutants in unit 1 1 is removed through a waste line 12, whereas treated and cooled exhaust gas is withdrawn from the exhaust gas treatment unit 1 1 via an exhaust gas line 13 and introduced into a CO2 abatement unit 14. A part stream of the gas in exhaust line 13 is withdrawn before introduction into the CO2 abatement unit 14, through a exhaust gas recycle line 25.
  • the exhaust gas introduced into the CO2 abatement unit 14 through line 13 the exhaust gas is separated into a CO2 rich stream, mainly comprising CO2, and minor amounts of other gases, that is withdrawn through a CO2 line 15 for further treatment for export, such as compression and cooling, and a CO2 lean stream that is withdrawn through a lean exhaust line 16 and introduced into the exhaust gas treatment unit 1 1
  • the lean exhaust gas is reheated in the exhaust gas treatment unit 1 1 by heat exchanging against the hot incoming exhaust gas from line 10.
  • the CO2 abatement unit may be any available CO2 abatement unit, such as well-known absorption / desorption devices, or membrane based devices.
  • the CO2 abatement unit is a carbonate based absorption / desorption device as i.a. described in WO2004001301 to Sargas, but CO2 abatement units based on other absorbents, such as e.g. amines, amino acids etc., are also applicable.
  • Membrane based, or hot potassium carbonate absorbent based absorption / desorption based CO2 capture systems are presently preferred over amine bases systems.
  • the lean exhaust gas reheated by heat exchanging in unit 1 1 is withdrawn through a reheated lean exhaust line 17, and introduced into an expander or turbine 20 for production of electrical energy by means of a generator 21 , to deliver power to a grid 35 via a power line 36.
  • the lean exhaust gas expanded over expander 20 is withdrawn through an expanded lean exhaust gas line 22 and released through a stack 23.
  • a heat recovery steam generator 24 is preferably arranged in line 22, to recover heat from the lean exhaust gas, as generated steam withdrawn through a steam line 24', before releasing the lean exhaust gas into the surroundings.
  • the exhaust gas withdrawn in recycle line 25 that is withdrawn from line 13, is compressed in compressor 27 to a pressure slightly above the pressure in the combustor 18, such as 1 to 5 bara, or 2 to 4 bara above the pressure in the combustor 18.
  • the compressed recycle exhaust gas is withdrawn from the compressor 27 in a recycle exhaust gas line 28, and is introduced as coolant for the combustor 18 as described below with reference to figure 2.
  • An optional cooler 29 may be arranged at line 28 to cool the compressed recycled exhaust gas to improve the cooling capacity of the recycle exhaust gas in line 28.
  • a line 28' is preferably arranged to withdraw a part stream of the
  • compressed recycle exhaust gas in line 28 to introduce be introduced into the expander 9 as cooling gas for the blades of the turbine therein.
  • the recycle exhaust gas in line 28' is introduced into not shown internal channels in the turbine and the turbine blades, and released into the exhaust gas being expanded in the expander, through openings in blades for cooling of the blades.
  • An oxygen unit 30 is preferably provided to deliver oxygen, oxygen enriched air or air to the combustor 18 via an oxygen addition line 7. Air is introduced into the oxygen unit via an air introduction line 31.
  • the oxygen unit 30 comprises a not shown compressor to compress ensure that the pressure in line 7 is slightly higher than the pressure in the combustor 18, such as 1 to 5 bara, or 2 to 4 bara above the pressure in the combustor 18.
  • the oxygen unit 30 may also comprise oxygen generating or separation such as membrane or cryogenic air separation units, or an electrolytic oxygen-generating unit splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen. Electrical power for the oxygen unit 30 is provided from the grid via a power line 37.
  • the amount of air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen to be introduced into the combustor 18 via the oxygen line 7, depends on the oxygen content in the incoming exhaust gas. Additionally, a higher amount of air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen may be needed during start-up and heating of combustion chamber. If the incoming exhaust gas has a sufficiently high amount of oxygen, the supply of air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen may be shut down under steady state operating conditions. Addition of air or oxygen enriched air also adds additional volume of gas not participating in the combustion (mainly nitrogen), resulting in a lower combustion temperature than adding the same amount of oxygen as substantially pure oxygen.
  • Figure 2 is a length section through a combustor 18.
  • the combustor 18 comprises an outer shell, or mantel 40, surrounding a combustion chamber 5.
  • the mantel is an outer pressurized shell for avoiding a detrimental pressure difference over the hot walls of the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion chamber 5 is a tubular member, closed in a first closed end 41 , and open in the opposite combustion gas outlet end 42.
  • a coolant space 43 is defined by the inside of the mantle 40 and the outside of the combustion chamber 5, allowing a cooling gas to flow there between to cool the walls of the combustion chamber as will be described in further detail below.
  • the coolant gas is introduced through line(s) 28 arranged close to the first closed end 41 of the combustion chamber 5, and is released together with the combustion gases as described in further detail below.
  • a nozzle 50 comprising two or more channels 51 , 52 for introduction of gases into the combustion chamber 5, is arranged to get access for gas input lines 7, 7', 6', 6", 4 from outside of the combustion chamber and preferably from outside of the mantle.
  • the nozzle channels 51 , 52 are open towards the inside of the combustion chamber 5.
  • the nozzle channels 51 , 52 may be arranged coaxially or as parallel channels 51 , 52 in the nozzle 50.
  • stationary blades are preferably arranged in the channels 51 , 52 or at the openings thereof towards the inside of the combustion chamber 5 to cause the gases that are released through the nozzle openings to whirl for causing an optimal mixing of gases from different channels. It may be preferred that gas released through neighbouring nozzle openings to whirl in opposite directions.
  • a not shown igniter is preferably arranged in the combustion chamber to cause ignition during start-up.
  • the primary combustion takes place in an ignition zone 45 of the combustion chamber, where the temperature may reach about 2700 °C or higher. Secondary and final combustion takes place during the combustion gases transport through the high-pressure combustion chamber.
  • the recycled exhaust gas in line 28 as described above with reference to figure 1 is introduced into the coolant space 43 preferably through two or more lines 28, to cause the recycled exhaust gas to flow from the closed end 41 of the combustion chamber 5 towards an open end 42 of the mantel that is coaxially arranged around the open end 42 of the combustion chamber, where the recycled exhaust gas is mixed with the exhaust gases leaving the combustion chamber through opening 42 to be joined in the stream 8 to be partly expanded over the expander 9.
  • a series of orifices 44 are preferably arranged in the wall of the combustion chamber to allow a portion of the recycled exhaust gas in the coolant space 43 to enter into the combustion chamber 5 and mix with, and cool, the combustion gases therein, in a well-known way.
  • the recycled exhaust gas in the coolant space 43, and the part thereof entering into the combustion chamber 5, has an important role in cooling the walls of the combustion chamber to avoid heat damage.
  • the mixing of the exhaust gas and the combustion gases from the combustion chamber in a common stream marked with an arrow in the outlet end 43 of the combustion chamber, the temperature of the combined exhaust gas to be introduced into the expander 9 is reduced to a temperature that is acceptable for the blades of the expander 8, i.e.
  • the nozzle 50 is arranged at the closed end 41 of the combustion chamber 5 and comprises two or more channels for gas.
  • the illustrated nozzle comprises two coaxially arranged channels, an inner channel 51 and an outer channel 52.
  • the natural gas line is split in two lines 6', 6", for introduction into the inner channel 51 and outer channel 52, respectively.
  • the flow of natural gas into the respective inner and outer channels 51 , 52, is controlled by valves 33, 33'.
  • Air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen is introduced into the inner channel 51 and where it is mixed with the natural gas introduced through line 6'.
  • the gases introduced into the inner channel 51 are then introduced into the combustion chamber 5 wherein the combustion occurs.
  • Incoming exhaust gas introduced through line 1 , cooled in cooler 2 and compressed in compressor 3 as described above, is introduced thorough line 4 into the outer channel 52 where it is mixed with the natural gas introduced through line 6, before the gas mixture is introduced into the combustion chamber and combusted.
  • the combustion of the fuel gas and oxygen containing gas introduced through the inner channel 51 acts as a high temperature pilot flame, having a temperature up to about 2800 °C, for heating the combustion chamber and the gases introduced through the outer channel 52. It is assumed that 5 to 15 % of the total fuel, or natural, gas together with a corresponding amount of oxygen containing gas, is sufficient to obtain the temperature required to maintain the combustion of the gas introduced through the outer channel 52.
  • Due to the high pressure in the combustion chamber 5, and the temperature obtained by the pilot combustion, the combustion of the gases introduced through the outer channel may be maintained at a lower oxygen concentration of the incoming gas than for combustion under lower pressure. However, it is assumed that additional oxygen has to be added if the oxygen content of the incoming exhaust gas introduced through line 4 is lower than about 13 % by volume.
  • Additional oxygen may be added by mixing of air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen into the incoming exhaust gas line 1 to be compressed in compressor 3, together with the incoming exhaust gas.
  • air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen may be introduced into the outer channel 52 of the nozzle 50 through a second oxygen addition line T receiving air, oxygenated air or pure oxygen from the oxygen unit 30, or any other source of air, oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen.
  • the total amount of added oxygen to the combustion chamber is adjusted to give a substantially stoichiometric combustion therein.
  • the addition of oxygen to the combustion chamber is controlled so that the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas from the combustion chamber is lower than 2 % by volume, such as lower than 1.5 % by volume, or even as low as 1 % by volume.
  • An important feature of the present invention is the use of exhaust gas as a coolant for the combustion chamber and for cooling the exhaust gas leaving the combustion chamber by mixing the exhaust gas with the exhaust gas leaving the combustion chamber.
  • air is used for cooling purposes for a gas turbine, by introduction or air into the cooling space between the outer wall of the combustion chamber and the inner wall of the mantel, and allowing a part of the air to flow into the combustion chamber through orifices 44 before the remaining part of the air is mixed with the exhaust gas leaving the combustion chamber.
  • Using air for this cooling purpose does, however, results in a resulting exhaust gas / air mixture having a residual oxygen content of 12 - 14 % by volume, which is far too high for an efficient CO2 capture. CO2 captured from an exhaust gas will be contaminated with oxygen from the exhaust gas.
  • the oxygen unit is an electrolytic unit for producing oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis of water.
  • the produced oxygen is then into line 7 as described above, whereas the produced hydrogen may either be exported from the plant as such, or be introduced into a plant for production of methanol for export from the plant for e.g. fuel purposes.
  • expander 9 preferably is an expander having two or more steps, and is expanded to a pressure of about 7.5 to 12 bara.
  • the combustion gas leaving the expander 9 is led to the gas treatment unit 1 1 , where the gas is pre- treated and cooled as described above.
  • the combustion gas is withdrawn through line 13.
  • the recycle line 25 compressed in compressor 27, cooled in cooler 28, and is introduced into the combustion chamber through line 28, as cooling gas as described above with reference to figure 3.
  • the recycled exhaust gas constitutes about 27 % of the total amount of gas introduced into the combustion chamber.
  • This unit uses 800 kg/s flue gas from the above-mentioned Combined Gas Turbine Power Plant and Fuel Gas corresponding to 1200 MW thermal to produce 618 MW of electricity, after deduction of the power for extraction and compression of the CO2, and 412 tons of CO2 per hour. Together with the original Combined Gas Turbine Power Plant the efficiency of electric power generation is around 55%, based on Lower Heating Value, after deduction of power for the extraction and compression of 90% of the produced CO2. An electric efficiency of 55% is considered to be very high.
  • the CO2 product has a low content of oxygen, thanks to the low oxygen content of the flue gas from this process, and is therefore possible to use for Enhanced Oil Recovery.
  • compressors and expanders / turbines mentioned in the present description may comprise one or more steps and/or one or more units in parallel and/or in series, according to the specific demand, such as volume, pressure difference, etc.
  • an intercooler may be arranged between different steps of a compressor or between serially connected compressors. All percentages relating to ratios between gases are % by volume if nothing else is specified.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé et une usine de capture de CO2 provenant d'un gaz d'échappement entrant. Le gaz d'échappement (1) entrant est comprimé (3, 3'), introduit dans une chambre (18) de combustion avec du gaz naturel (6) et partiellement expansé (9). Le gaz d'échappement partiellement expansé est introduit dans une unité (14) de capture de CO2, avant que le gaz d'échappement (17) appauvri en CO2 ne soit à nouveau expansé pour produire de l'énergie. Un flux (25, 28) partiel du gaz d'échappement partiellement expansé, ayant une faible concentration en oxygène, est utilisé pour refroidir la chambre (18) de combustion.
PCT/EP2014/063375 2013-06-25 2014-06-25 Procédé et usine de capture de co2 Ceased WO2014207035A1 (fr)

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NO20130881A NO20130881A1 (no) 2013-06-25 2013-06-25 Forbedringer ved gassturbinanlegg med CO2 fangst
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US10765994B2 (en) 2016-06-02 2020-09-08 Nextstream Co2, Llc System and method of recovering carbon dioxide from an exhaust gas stream
CN114110574A (zh) * 2021-12-03 2022-03-01 上海源晗能源技术有限公司 燃气锅炉绝氮燃烧及co2捕集与利用工艺
CN114151785A (zh) * 2021-12-03 2022-03-08 上海源晗能源技术有限公司 燃煤锅炉碳基富氧燃烧及co2捕集与利用工艺
WO2022271035A1 (fr) * 2021-06-24 2022-12-29 Co2 Capsol As Récupération de chaleur dans une installation de capture de co 2
US20240053002A1 (en) * 2019-04-29 2024-02-15 Carbonquest, Inc. Building Emission Processing and/or Sequestration Systems and Methods
US11925894B2 (en) 2016-06-02 2024-03-12 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. System and method of recovering carbon dioxide from an exhaust gas stream
US12367498B2 (en) 2021-10-11 2025-07-22 Carbonquest, Inc. Carbon management systems and method for management of carbon use and/or production in buildings

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US10765994B2 (en) 2016-06-02 2020-09-08 Nextstream Co2, Llc System and method of recovering carbon dioxide from an exhaust gas stream
US11925894B2 (en) 2016-06-02 2024-03-12 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. System and method of recovering carbon dioxide from an exhaust gas stream
US20240053002A1 (en) * 2019-04-29 2024-02-15 Carbonquest, Inc. Building Emission Processing and/or Sequestration Systems and Methods
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US12405000B2 (en) * 2019-04-29 2025-09-02 Carbonquest, Inc. Building emission processing and/or sequestration systems and methods
WO2022271035A1 (fr) * 2021-06-24 2022-12-29 Co2 Capsol As Récupération de chaleur dans une installation de capture de co 2
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CN114110574A (zh) * 2021-12-03 2022-03-01 上海源晗能源技术有限公司 燃气锅炉绝氮燃烧及co2捕集与利用工艺
CN114151785A (zh) * 2021-12-03 2022-03-08 上海源晗能源技术有限公司 燃煤锅炉碳基富氧燃烧及co2捕集与利用工艺
CN114151785B (zh) * 2021-12-03 2024-04-05 上海源晗能源技术有限公司 燃煤锅炉碳基富氧燃烧及co2捕集与利用工艺
CN114110574B (zh) * 2021-12-03 2024-04-05 上海源晗能源技术有限公司 燃气锅炉绝氮燃烧及co2捕集与利用工艺
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