WO2014115894A1 - デンプン含有食品の製造方法及びデンプン含有食品改質用の酵素製剤 - Google Patents
デンプン含有食品の製造方法及びデンプン含有食品改質用の酵素製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014115894A1 WO2014115894A1 PCT/JP2014/051870 JP2014051870W WO2014115894A1 WO 2014115894 A1 WO2014115894 A1 WO 2014115894A1 JP 2014051870 W JP2014051870 W JP 2014051870W WO 2014115894 A1 WO2014115894 A1 WO 2014115894A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
- C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
- C12N9/107—1,4-Alpha-glucan branching enzyme (2.4.1.18)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT OF FLOUR OR DOUGH FOR BAKING, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS
- A21D8/00—Methods for preparing or baking dough
- A21D8/02—Methods for preparing dough; Treating dough prior to baking
- A21D8/04—Methods for preparing dough; Treating dough prior to baking treating dough with microorganisms or enzymes
- A21D8/042—Methods for preparing dough; Treating dough prior to baking treating dough with microorganisms or enzymes with enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/06—Enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
- A23L29/212—Starch; Modified starch; Starch derivatives, e.g. esters or ethers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
- A23L7/109—Types of pasta, e.g. macaroni or noodles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
- A23L7/196—Products in which the original granular shape is maintained, e.g. parboiled rice
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2405—Glucanases
- C12N9/2408—Glucanases acting on alpha -1,4-glucosidic bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/01084—Glucan 1,3-alpha-glucosidase (3.2.1.84), i.e. mutanase
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/0102—Alpha-glucosidase (3.2.1.20)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing starch-containing foods using a branching enzyme and ⁇ -glucosidase, and an enzyme preparation for modifying starch-containing foods.
- starch Many foods are composed of various components such as starch, protein, saccharides, and lipids, and these form a complex food texture. Among these, starch and protein contribute greatly to the texture, and changes in starch over time are particularly important. If the pregelatinized starch is allowed to stand at room temperature or low temperature, moisture is separated and the pregelatinized starch becomes hard. This phenomenon is called aging, and many studies have been conducted on the aging phenomenon of starch. In general, in order to prevent aging, it is necessary to keep the temperature at 80 ° C. or higher, rapidly dry the water to 15% or less, and keep the pH at 13 or more alkaline.
- a method for preventing aging a method of adding saccharides (dextrose, fructose, liquid sugar, etc.), soybean protein, wheat gluten, fatty acid esters, polysaccharides (eg yam, konjac) to starch-containing foods is generally known.
- JP-A-59-2664 describes a method of adding a thickener, a surfactant or the like. However, these methods greatly change the taste, and the effects are unstable, and are not sufficient solutions.
- a method of adding an enzyme as a means for preventing aging is also known. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 60-199355 describes a method for preventing aging of cooked rice, in which an aqueous solution of saccharified amylase ( ⁇ -amylase, glucoamylase) is sprayed and added to cooked rice. In this way, various enzyme preparations are added to rice to try to improve the quality of cooked rice, but none of these have achieved remarkable effects.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 60-199355 describes a method for preventing aging of cooked rice, in which an aqueous solution of saccharified amylase ( ⁇ -amylase, glucoamylase) is sprayed and added to cooked rice. In this way, various enzyme preparations are added to rice to try to improve the quality of cooked rice, but none of these have achieved remarkable effects.
- cluster dextrin which is a cyclic dextrin produced by a branching enzyme
- cluster dextrin imparts looseness and aging inhibition to cooked rice.
- JP-A-57-132850 reports that the addition of blanching enzyme to various high-starch blended foods suppresses aging and increases the thickening and the like. Although examples are described, it is not described that the addition of blanching enzyme imparts hardness or elasticity.
- a rice-cooked rice that is soft, sticky, and hardly deteriorates over time can be obtained by adding trans-glucosidase, which is ⁇ -glucosidase, to rice during cooking as a physical property improver for starch-containing foods.
- trans-glucosidase which is ⁇ -glucosidase
- ⁇ -glucosidase imparts hardness or elasticity.
- in starch-containing foods techniques for controlling aging inhibition and stickiness are disclosed, but there are no examples in which blanching enzyme and ⁇ -glucosidase are used as active ingredients in starch-containing foods. So far, it has not been reported that “hardness” and “elasticity” can be imparted.
- the objective of this invention is providing the manufacturing method of the starch containing foodstuff with the improved physical property, and the enzyme formulation for starch containing foodstuff modification
- a method for producing a starch-containing food comprising adding blanching enzyme and ⁇ -glucosidase to a raw material.
- the amount of branching enzyme added is 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 to 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 U per gram of raw material, and the amount of ⁇ -glucosidase added is 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 per gram of raw material.
- the method according to (1) which is ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 U.
- (3) The method according to (1) or (2), wherein the amount of branching enzyme added is 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 to 40 U per 1 ⁇ -glucosidase.
- the branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) used in the present invention transfers a part of the 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucan chain to the 6-OH group of the receptor 1,4- ⁇ -D glucan. And an ⁇ -1,6-linked branched structure such as amylopectin or glycogen.
- An example is the food enzyme “branching enzyme” manufactured by Nagase Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- ⁇ -Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) used in the present invention is an enzyme that hydrolyzes a non-reducing terminal ⁇ -1,4-glucoside bond to produce ⁇ -glucose. Of the ⁇ -glucosidases, transglucosidase is preferred.
- the raw material used in the present invention is a food raw material containing starch such as rice, wheat flour, potatoes such as potato and sweet potato, and corn.
- the starch-containing food of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a food containing starch, and examples thereof include foods in which starch contributes to the texture and physical properties of the food.
- cooked rice food (rice cooked rice (white rice), vinegared rice (sushi rice), red rice, pilaf, fried rice, cooked rice, rice bran, rice cake, risotto, rice ball, sushi, bento etc.), rice processing Products (rice crackers, rice crackers, Japanese sweets, rice cakes, etc.), breads and bakery items (bread bread, French bread, etc.), noodles (wheat noodles (udon, Chinese noodles, pasta etc.), buckwheat, rice flour noodles, etc.), processed wheat foods (dumplings) Processed corn, tempura, crackers, biscuits, cereals, donuts, etc.), processed corn products (such as cereals), potatoes such as potatoes and sweet potatoes, and other vegetables such as corn.
- cooked rice foods, breads and bakery products, and noodles are particularly preferable.
- frozen products, aseptic packaging products, retort products, dried products, and canned products are also included.
- the method of allowing the blanching enzyme and ⁇ -glucosidase to act on the raw material may be added and acted at any stage until the end of cooking.
- these enzymes may be added to the soaking liquid in which raw raw rice is soaked for water absorption, or after soaking and before cooking.
- blanching enzyme and ⁇ -glucosidase are allowed to act on rice is not particularly limited, and after any one species is acted first, the remaining enzymes may be acted on, but the two species are acted on simultaneously. Is preferred. Furthermore, you may use together the raw material normally used for a foodstuff.
- ⁇ -glucosidase may be added in any amount as long as the enzyme activity is 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 U or more with respect to 1 g of raw material (1 g of raw raw rice in the case of cooked rice food), but preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 U, more preferably 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 U, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 U, particularly preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 3 U is appropriate.
- an enzyme solution having a measurable concentration may be prepared, and the solution may be diluted and added.
- the amount of enzyme becomes 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 U.
- the enzyme activity of ⁇ -glucosidase 1 ml of 1 mM ⁇ -methyl-D-glucoside was added with 1 ml of 0.02 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0), 0.5 ml of enzyme solution was added, and the mixture was allowed to act at 40 ° C. for 60 minutes.
- the amount of enzyme that produces 1 ⁇ g of glucose in 2.5 ml of the reaction solution was defined as 1 U (unit).
- the amount of branching enzyme added may be any amount as long as the enzyme activity is 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 U or more with respect to 1 g of raw material (1 g of raw raw rice in the case of cooked rice food), preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 to 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 U, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 to 4.0 ⁇ 10 3 U, still more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 4.0 ⁇ 10 2 U, particularly preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 U.
- an enzyme solution having a measurable concentration may be prepared, and the solution may be diluted and added.
- a 1 U / ml solution is prepared and diluted 10,000 times to make a 0.0001 U / ml solution. If 1 ⁇ l of this solution is added, the amount of enzyme becomes 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 U.
- the amount of the branching enzyme added may be any amount as long as it is 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 U or more per 1 ⁇ -glucosidase, but is preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 U to 40 U, and 1.0 ⁇ 10 6. ⁇ 12 to 20U is more preferable, 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 to 2U is further preferable, and 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 U is particularly preferable.
- the enzyme activity of the branching enzyme was defined as follows.
- the reaction time of each enzyme is not particularly limited as long as the enzyme can act on starch, which is a substrate substance, but a practical action time is preferably 5 minutes to 24 hours.
- the reaction temperature is not particularly limited as long as the enzyme maintains its activity, but it is preferable to act at a practical temperature of 0 to 80 ° C. That is, by using these enzymes in a normal cooking process, a sufficient reaction time can be obtained, and “hardness” and “elasticity” can be imparted to the starch-containing food.
- the enzyme preparation for modifying starch-containing food of the present invention contains a branching enzyme and ⁇ -glucosidase.
- the content of the branching enzyme is not particularly limited as long as it is 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 U or more per 1 ⁇ -glucosidase, but 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 U to 40 U is preferable, and 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12. ⁇ 20U is more preferable, 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 to 2U is further preferable, and 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 U is particularly preferable.
- the enzyme preparation further includes excipients such as dextrin, starch, modified starch, and reduced maltose, seasonings such as animal meat extract, plant protein, gluten, egg white, gelatin, and casein.
- Proteins such as protein hydrolysates, partial protein degradation products, chelating agents such as emulsifiers, citrates and polymerized phosphates, reducing agents such as glutathione and cysteine, alginic acid, citrus, oils and fats, pigments, acidulants, flavorings, etc. You may contain other food additives.
- the enzyme preparation of the present invention may be in any form of liquid, paste, granule or powder.
- FIG. 1 is a physical property measurement result on the hardness and stickiness of cooked rice according to Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a physical property measurement result on the elasticity of cooked rice according to Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a physical-property measurement result about the hardness and stickiness of cooked rice which concerns on Example 1 of this invention.
- FIG. 4 is a physical property measurement result on the elasticity of cooked rice according to Example 1 of the present invention.
- Branching enzyme (3,650 U / g, manufactured by Nagase Sangyo Co., Ltd.) (hereinafter referred to as “BE”), ⁇ -glucosidase (transglucosidase L “Amano”, 608,000 U / g manufactured by Amano) (hereinafter “AG”) ”) was added and dissolved, and cooked with the above rice cooker.
- AG transglucosidase L “Amano”, 608,000 U / g manufactured by Amano
- AG transglucosidase L “Amano”, 608,000 U / g manufactured by Amano
- the amount of each enzyme is as shown in Table 1.
- the sensory and physical properties of the cooked rice were vacuum-cooled immediately after cooking, cooled to room temperature, and then ranged up. Sensory evaluation was performed on three items of “hardness”, “stickiness”, and “elasticity”.
- the sensory evaluation item “Hardness” is the strength of the stress felt when chewing
- “Stickness” is the adhesion of the grain surface
- “Elasticity” is the strength of the rebounding force, that is, the restoring force when chewing. Represents.
- the evaluation was carried out with 5 persons by the scoring method from -2 to 2 points, with the enzyme-free group (control group) as 0 points. Detailed evaluation criteria are shown in Table 2. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the dough was rolled to 6 mm with a pasta machine (“R.M.” manufactured by IMPERIA) and cut into a width of 6.5 mm (“R.220” manufactured by IMPERIA) to prepare udon.
- the prepared udon was stored frozen.
- the frozen udon was boiled in boiling water for 18 minutes, cooled with ice water for 1.5 minutes, and immediately subjected to sensory evaluation.
- the amount of each enzyme is as shown in Table 4.
- a sensory evaluation of udon was performed immediately after boiling. Sensory evaluation was performed on two items of “hardness” and “stickiness”.
- the sensory evaluation item “hardness” represents the strength of stress felt when noodles are started to chew, and “stickiness” represents the force with which the teeth are pulled by the noodles.
- Example 6 In the same manner as in Example 1, the number of persons evaluated was 5 by the scoring method from -2 points to 2 points, with the enzyme-free group (control group) as 0 points. Detailed evaluation criteria are shown in Table 5. The results are shown in Table 6. As shown in Table 6, when only BE or AG was added, the “hardness” decreased and “softness” was imparted to the udon compared to the control group. On the other hand, when BE and AG are used in combination, in addition to being imparted with “stickiness” equivalent to the effect imparted by adding BE alone, “softness” is imparted by each addition individually. As with the cooked rice, “hardness” opposite to “softness” was given.
- Durum flour “DF” (Nisshin Flour Mills) 2 kg, BE (3,650 U / g, Nagase Sangyo) and / or AG (transglucosidase L “Amano”, 608,000 U / g Amano) Added and mixed well.
- the test categories were 4 test zones: no enzyme added zone, BE added zone, AG added zone, BE and AG added zone.
- 540 g of city water was added to the above mixed raw material, and kneaded for 15 minutes (kneader setting speed 100) in a kneader “vacuum mixer VU-2” (Okuyo Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd.).
- extrusion noodles were made with a pasta machine “vacuum extruder FPV-2” (manufactured by Nipple Engineering Co., Ltd.) using a 1.8 mm long pasta die.
- the extruded noodle strings were dried with a dryer “Constant temperature and humidity chamber LH21-13P” (manufactured by Nagano Kagaku Kikai Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) to obtain dry pasta.
- the dry pasta was boiled in boiling water for 9 minutes and immediately subjected to sensory evaluation.
- the amount of each enzyme is as shown in Table 7. A sensory evaluation of the pasta was performed immediately after boiling. Sensory evaluation was performed on two items of “hardness” and “feeling of stickiness”.
- the sensory evaluation item “hardness” represents the strength of stress felt when noodles are started to chew, and “mochi-mochi” represents the feeling of clinging to teeth when chewed in the same manner as “stickiness”.
- the number of persons evaluated was 5 by the scoring method from -2 points to 2 points, with the enzyme-free group (control group) as 0 points.
- Detailed evaluation criteria are shown in Table 8.
- the results are shown in Table 9.
- Table 9 when only BE or AG was added, “hardness” was equivalent to that of the control group, and only “moist feeling” was given.
- BE and AG were used in combination, “hardness” that was not individually added was imparted.
- Pasta made from durum flour also showed the same “hardness” imparting effect as rice and udon.
- BE (3,650 U / g, manufactured by Nagase Sangyo Co., Ltd.) and / or AG (transglucosidase L “Amano”, 608,000 U / g manufactured by Amano Co., Ltd.) is added to 300 g of commercially available rice flour (Mitake Foods Co., Ltd.). Mix well. 240 g of water was added and mixed for 5 minutes in a kneader (Kitchen Aid). The kneaded dough was steamed by an automatic sticking function of a microcomputer mochi mochi machine (manufactured by Mochimochi BE-SB10 ZOJIRUSHI) containing 260 g of steamed water.
- a microcomputer mochi mochi machine manufactured by Mochimochi BE-SB10 ZOJIRUSHI
- the steamed glutinous dough was rolled to about 1.5 mm with a pasta machine ("RM.” Manufactured by IMPERIA) and molded into a circle with a diameter of 6 cm. It was dried for 2 hours and 30 minutes at 80 ° C. and 30% humidity with a dryer “Constant temperature and humidity chamber LH21-13P” (manufactured by Nagano Kagaku Kikai Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) to obtain a rice cracker dough. The dried dough was baked at 210 ° C. for 4 minutes and 30 seconds to make a rice cracker. The amount of each enzyme is as shown in Table 10. The sensory evaluation of the rice crackers was performed after cooling sufficiently after firing.
- the sensory evaluation was performed on three items of “hardness”, “easy to break”, and “crispness”.
- the sensory evaluation item “Hardness” is the strength of the stress felt when the rice cracker begins to bite with the front teeth
- “Ease of cracking” is the strength of the stress felt when the rice cracker is chewed with the front teeth
- “Crispy” is the rice cracker It expresses the feeling of bubbles when you bite the back with your back teeth.
- the number of persons evaluated was 5 by the scoring method from -2 points to 2 points, with the enzyme-free group (control group) as 0 points.
- Detailed evaluation criteria are shown in Table 11.
- the results are shown in Table 12.
- Oyster sensory evaluation was carried out after cooling sufficiently after firing. Sensory evaluation was performed on two items of “hardness” and “crispness”.
- the sensory evaluation item “hardness” represents the strength of stress felt when starting to bite the oyster with the front teeth
- “crispiness” represents the feeling of bubbles felt when the oyster is chewed with the back teeth.
- the number of persons evaluated was 5 by the scoring method from -2 points to 2 points, with the enzyme-free group (control group) as 0 points.
- Detailed evaluation criteria are shown in Table 14.
- the results are shown in Table 15. As shown in Table 15, when BE was added alone, there was no change in “hardness” compared to the control group, and a slight “crispness” was imparted.
- the sensory evaluation of bread was carried out after cooling sufficiently after baking.
- the sensory evaluation was performed on three items of “hardness”, “elasticity”, and “mouth opening”.
- the sensory evaluation item “hardness” is the strength of the stress felt when starting to bite the bread
- “elasticity” is the stress that repels when biting, that is, the strength of the restoring force, It expresses the ease of swallowing that disappears without becoming lumps.
- the evaluation was carried out with 5 persons by the scoring method from -2 to 2 points, with the enzyme-free group (control group) as 0 points.
- Detailed evaluation criteria are shown in Table 17.
- Table 18 As shown in Table 18, when only BE or AG was added, the “hardness” was lowered, and softness and mouthfeel were imparted. On the other hand, when BE and AG were used in combination, “hardness” and “elasticity” were remarkably improved, and “hardness” and “elasticity” were imparted as in the case of cooked rice.
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Abstract
Description
α化したデンプンを常温や低温で放置すると、水分が分離しα化したデンプンは硬くなる。この現象を老化といい、デンプンの老化現象については数多く研究されている。一般に老化防止のためには温度を80℃以上に保つ、急速に乾燥させて水分を15%以下にする、pH13以上のアルカリ性に保つことが必要である。また、老化を防止する方法としてデンプン含有食品に糖類(ブドウ糖、果糖、液糖等)や大豆タンパク、小麦グルテン、脂肪酸エステル、多糖類(山芋、こんにゃく等)を添加する方法が一般に知られており、特開昭59−2664号公報には増粘剤、界面活性剤等を添加する方法が記載されている。しかし、これらの方法では食味が大きく変化し、また効果も不安定で十分な解決法とはなっていない。
また、老化防止の手段として酵素を添加する方法も知られている。例えば、特開昭58−86050号公報には、精白米にアミラーゼ、プロテアーゼ、リパーゼ等の酵素と、食塩及びサイクロデキストリンを混合して炊飯する米飯の改良方法が記載されている。特開昭60−199355号公報には、炊飯後の米飯に糖化型アミラーゼ(β‐アミラーゼ、グルコアミラーゼ)の水溶液を噴霧添加する米飯の老化防止方法が記載されている。このように、米に各種の酵素製剤を添加して米飯の品質改良を試みているが、いずれも目ざましい効果は得られていないのが現状である。
また、特開2000−236825号公報には、ブランチングエンザイムによって製造される環状デキストリンであるクラスターデキストリンを混合して炊飯する米飯の改良方法が記載されている。クラスターデキストリンにより、炊飯米にほぐれ性や老化抑制を付与することが知られている。
特開昭57−132850号公報には各種高デンプン配合食品に対してブランチングエンザイムを添加することで老化を抑制し、増粘性なども増すことが報告されており、パンやういろうに添加した実施例は記載されているが、ブランチングエンザイムの添加により硬さや弾力が付与されるということは記載されていない。
WO2005/096839によればデンプン含有食品の物性改良剤として、α−グルコシダーゼであるトランスグルコシダーゼを炊飯時に米に添加することによって、やわらかく、粘りがあり、かつ経時劣化しにくい炊飯米を得ることができることが報告されているが、α−グルコシダーゼの添加により硬さや弾力が付与されることは記載されていない。
このように、デンプン含有食品において、老化抑制や粘りを制御する技術は開示されているが、デンプン含有食品にブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを有効成分として併用した例はなく、これらの組み合わせによることで、「硬さ」や「弾力」を付与できることは、これまで報告されていない。
本発明者等は、鋭意研究を行った結果、ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを併用することにより、上記目的を達成しうることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。即ち、本発明は以下の通りである。
(1)ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを原料に添加することを特徴とするデンプン含有食品の製造方法。
(2)ブランチングエンザイムの添加量が、原料1g当たり2.0×10−16~4.0×105Uであり、α−グルコシダーゼの添加量が、原料1g当たり1.0×10−4~5.0×107Uである(1)記載の方法。
(3)ブランチングエンザイムの添加量が、α−グルコシダーゼ1U当たり4.0×10−24~40Uである(1)又は(2)記載の方法。
(4)デンプン含有食品が米飯食品又は米加工品であり、原料が生米(粳米、糯米)である(1)乃至(3)記載の方法。
(5)デンプン含有食品がパン又は麺である(1)乃至(3)記載の方法。
(6)ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを有効成分として含有するデンプン含有食品改質用の酵素製剤。
(7)ブランチングエンザイムの含有量が、α−グルコシダーゼ1U当たり4.0×10−24~40Uである(6)記載の酵素製剤。
本発明により、デンプン含有食品に「硬さ」あるいは「弾力」を付与することができ、デンプン含有食品の品質を向上することができる。
本発明に用いられるブランチングエンザイム(EC2.4.1.18)は、1,4−α−D−グルカン鎖の一部を受容体1,4−α−Dグルカンの6−OH基に転移させ、アミロペクチンまたはグリコーゲンのようなα−1,6結合の枝分かれ構造を生成する酵素である。長瀬産業(株)で製造している食品用酵素「ブランチングエンザイム」が一例である。
本発明に用いられるα−グルコシダーゼ(EC3.2.1.20)は、非還元末端α−1,4−グルコシド結合を加水分解し、α−グルコースを生成する酵素である。α−グルコシダーゼのうち、トランスグルコシダーゼが好ましい。尚、「トランスグルコシダーゼL「アマノ」」という商品名で天野エンザイム(株)より市販されている酵素が、α−グルコシダーゼの一例である。
本発明に用いられる原料は、米、小麦粉、ジャガイモやサツマイモといったイモ類、トウモロコシ等のデンプンを含有する食品原料である。本発明のデンプン含有食品は、デンプンを含有する食品であれば特に限定されないが、デンプンが該食品の食感、物性に寄与している食品が挙げられる。代表例として具体的には、米飯食品(炊飯米(白飯)、酢飯(寿司飯)、赤飯、ピラフ、炒飯、炊き込みご飯、おこわ、お粥、リゾット、おにぎり、寿司、弁当など)、米加工品(煎餅、おかき、和菓子、餅など)、パン・ベーカリー類(食パン、フランスパンなど)、麺(小麦麺(うどん、中華麺、パスタなど)、そば、米粉麺など)、小麦加工食品(餃子の皮、てんぷら衣、クラッカー、ビスケット、シリアル、ドーナツなど)、トウモロコシ加工品(シリアルなど)、ジャガイモやサツマイモといったイモ類やトウモロコシなどのその他野菜類を原料とした加工食品が挙げられる。これらの中で、特に米飯食品、パン・ベーカリー類、麺が好ましい。また、これらの冷凍品、無菌包装品、レトルト品、乾燥品、缶詰品も含まれる。
本発明のデンプン含有食品の製造方法において、ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを原料に作用させる方法は、調理終了までのどの段階で添加し作用させてもかまわない。炊飯を例に取れば、吸水のため原料生米を浸漬させる浸漬液にこれらの酵素を添加してもよいし、浸漬後、炊飯前に酵素を添加してもよい。また、ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを米に作用させる順序は特に問わず、いずれかの1種を先に作用させた後、残りの酵素を作用させてもよいが、2種を同時に作用させるのが好ましい。さらに、通常食品に用いられる原料を併用しても構わない。
本発明において、α−グルコシダーゼの添加量は、原料1g(米飯食品の場合、原料生米1g)に対して酵素活性が1.0×10−4U以上であればいくらでも構わないが、好ましくは1.0×10−4~5.0×107U、より好ましくは5.0×10−2~5.0×105U、さらに好ましくは1.0×10−1~1.0×104U、特に好ましくは1.0×10~1.0×103Uが適正である。尚、酵素添加量が極微量の場合は、計量可能な濃度の酵素溶液を調整し、その溶液を希釈して添加すればよい。例えば、1U/ml溶液を調整し、これを1μl添加すれば酵素量は1×10−3Uとなる。尚、α−グルコシダーゼの酵素活性については1mM α−メチル−D−グルコシド1mlに0.02M酢酸バッファー(pH5.0)1mlを加え、酵素溶液0.5ml添加して、40℃で60分間作用させたときに、反応液2.5ml中に1μgのブドウ糖を生成する酵素量を1U(ユニット)と定義した。
本発明において、ブランチングエンザイムの添加量は、原料1g(米飯食品の場合、原料生米1g)に対して酵素活性が2.0×10−16U以上であればいくらでも構わないが、好ましくは2.0×10−16~4.0×105U、より好ましくは2.0×10−10~4.0×103U、さらに好ましくは2.0×10−6~4.0×102U、特に好ましくは2.0×10−3~2.0×10Uである。尚、酵素添加量が極微量の場合は、計量可能な濃度の酵素溶液を調整し、その溶液を希釈して添加すればよい。例えば、1U/ml溶液を調整し、それを10,000倍希釈することで0.0001U/ml溶液とし、これを1μl添加すれば酵素量は1×10−7Uとなる。また、ブランチングエンザイムの添加量は、α−グルコシダーゼ1U当たり4.0×10−24U以上であればいくらでも構わないが、4.0×10−24U~40Uが好ましく、1.0×10−12~20Uがより好ましく、2.0×10−8~2Uがさらに好ましく、1.0×10−5~2.0×10−1Uが特に好ましい。ブランチングエンザイムの酵素活性については、以下のように定義した。0.08Mリン酸バッファー(pH7.0)に溶解させた0.1%アミロースB(ナカライテスク)50μlに0.1Mリン酸バッファー(pH7.0)に溶解させた酵素溶液50μlを加え、50℃、30分間反応後にヨウ素試薬(0.26g I2と0.26g KIを10mlミリQ水にて溶解した液0.5mlと1N HCl 0.5mlを混ぜ、130mlに希釈した液)2mlを添加し、660nm吸光度を測定。本反応系で反応1分間に660nm吸光度を1%低下させる酵素量を1U(ユニット)と定義した。
各酵素の反応時間は、酵素が基質物質であるデンプンに作用することが可能な時間であれば特に限定されないが、現実的な作用時間としては5分~24時間が好ましい。また、反応温度に関しても酵素が活性を保つ範囲であれば特に限定されないが、現実的な温度としては0~80℃で作用させることが好ましい。すなわち、これらの酵素を通常の調理加工工程で用いることで十分な反応時間が得られ、デンプン含有食品に「硬さ」や「弾力」を付与することができる。
本発明のデンプン含有食品改質用の酵素製剤は、ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを含有する。ブランチングエンザイムの含有量は、α−グルコシダーゼ1U当たり4.0×10−24U以上であればいくらでも構わないが、4.0×10−24U~40Uが好ましく、1.0×10−12~20Uがより好ましく、2.0×10−8~2Uがさらに好ましく、1.0×10−5~2.0×10−1Uが特に好ましい。本酵素製剤は、ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼの他に、さらに、デキストリン、デンプン、加工デンプン、還元麦芽糖等の賦形剤、畜肉エキス等の調味料、植物蛋白、グルテン、卵白、ゼラチン、カゼイン等の蛋白質、蛋白加水分解物、蛋白部分分解物、乳化剤、クエン酸塩、重合リン酸塩等のキレート剤、グルタチオン、システイン等の還元剤、アルギン酸、かんすい、油脂、色素、酸味料、香料等その他の食品添加物等を含有してもよい。本発明の酵素製剤は液体状、ペースト状、顆粒状、粉末状のいずれの形態でも構わない。
図2は、本発明の実施例1に係る炊飯米の弾力についての物性測定結果である。
図3は、本発明の実施例1に係る炊飯米の硬さ・粘りについての物性測定結果である。
図4は、本発明の実施例1に係る炊飯米の弾力についての物性測定結果である。
またMicro stable社のテクスチャーアナライザーを用いて物性評価を行い、炊飯後の米飯1粒を直径3cmのアクリル円柱プランジャーで1mm/sにて90%2回圧縮し、90%圧縮時の破断応力を硬さ、90%1回目圧縮時のマイナスピークの面積を粘り、1回目と2回目圧縮時の破断距離の比(2回目/1回目)を弾力とした。結果を図1、2、3、4に示した。
表3及び図1、2、3、4に示した通り、BEのみ(試験区2~12)、AGのみ(試験区1)を添加した場合、米飯は対照区と比べ「硬さ」が減少し、「軟らかさ」が付与された。一方、BE2.0×10−9U/g・生米以上とAG190U/g・生米とを併用した場合(試験区14~23)、それぞれ単独添加では「軟らかさ」が付与されるのにも関わらず、驚くべきことに、「軟らかさ」とは相反する「硬さ」が付与され、さらには「弾力」も付与された。尚、BE及びAGの併用による「硬さ」はデンプンの老化による硬さとは異なり、好ましい硬さであった。また、BEとAG0.76U/g・生米以上とを併用した場合も同様に老化とは異なる「硬さ」及び「弾力」が付与された。
Claims (7)
- ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを原料に添加することを特徴とするデンプン含有食品の製造方法。
- ブランチングエンザイムの添加量が、原料1g当たり2.0×10−16~4.0×105Uであり、α−グルコシダーゼの添加量が、原料1g当たり1.0×10−4~5.0×107Uである請求項1記載の方法。
- ブランチングエンザイムの添加量が、α−グルコシダーゼ1U当たり4.0×10−24~40Uである請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- デンプン含有食品が米飯食品又は米加工品であり、原料が生米である請求項1乃至3記載の方法。
- デンプン含有食品がパン又は麺である請求項1乃至3記載の方法。
- ブランチングエンザイム及びα−グルコシダーゼを有効成分として含有するデンプン含有食品改質用の酵素製剤。
- ブランチングエンザイムの含有量が、α−グルコシダーゼ1U当たり4.0×10−24~40Uである請求項6記載の酵素製剤。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP6622964B2 (ja) | 2019-12-18 |
| JPWO2014115894A1 (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
| CN104936462A (zh) | 2015-09-23 |
| EP2949222A4 (en) | 2016-10-05 |
| US20150272174A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
| JP6642617B2 (ja) | 2020-02-05 |
| JP2018139596A (ja) | 2018-09-13 |
| KR20200129185A (ko) | 2020-11-17 |
| KR102363502B1 (ko) | 2022-02-17 |
| EP2949222A1 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
| KR20150110727A (ko) | 2015-10-02 |
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