WO2014142311A1 - 樹脂組成物、製膜原液、多孔質膜、前記多孔質膜を用いた中空糸膜、水処理装置、電解質支持体、及びセパレーター - Google Patents
樹脂組成物、製膜原液、多孔質膜、前記多孔質膜を用いた中空糸膜、水処理装置、電解質支持体、及びセパレーター Download PDFInfo
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- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
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- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0009—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
- B01D67/0011—Casting solutions therefor
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- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a resin composition, a membrane-forming solution, a porous membrane, a hollow fiber membrane using the porous membrane, a water treatment device, an electrolyte support, and a separator.
- the present invention claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-052690 filed in Japan on March 15, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Porous membranes are used in various fields such as water treatment fields such as drinking water production, water purification, and wastewater treatment.
- water treatment fields such as drinking water production, water purification, and wastewater treatment.
- membrane performance such as high fractionation performance and hydrophilicity, simplification of the manufacturing process has been desired.
- a hydrophilic polymer such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a pore-forming agent as in Patent Document 1 is contained in a polymer that forms a membrane substrate, Examples include a production method including a step of removing the hydrophilic polymer after the membrane is produced.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3 vinyl pyrrolidone and (meth) acrylate graft copolymers, random copolymers, etc., which are water-insoluble so that the hydrophilic component does not elute in water for the purpose of hydrophilizing the porous membrane.
- a separation membrane containing a hydrophilic polymer is disclosed.
- Patent Document 1 since the porous membrane obtained in Patent Document 1 is hydrophobic, a small amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone is not removed from the porous membrane for the purpose of hydrophilizing the porous membrane. Since the process further includes a step of cross-linking polyvinyl pyrrolidone and immobilizing it in the film, the production method is complicated.
- a porous membrane having highly uniform pores in which formation of large pores having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more is suppressed, good fractionation performance, and high water permeability is provided.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a hollow fiber membrane using the porous membrane, a water treatment device, an electrolyte support, and a separator using the porous membrane.
- R and R 1 to R n are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group.
- X 1 to X n are each independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- Z is a terminal group.
- n is a natural number of 3 to 10,000.
- the film-forming polymer (A) is at least one selected from fluorine-containing polymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polystyrene derivatives, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and cellulose acetate [1] to [2 ]
- the fluorine-containing polymer is at least one selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene [2] To 5.
- the ratio of the macromonomer (b1) unit to the total of the macromonomer (b1) unit and the other monomer (b2) unit in the polymer (B) is 5 to 99% by mass [1] to [6] The solution in any one of.
- a resin composition comprising the following component (A), component (B), and component (C);
- R and R 1 to R n each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, and X 1 to X n are each independently Represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Z represents a terminal group, and n represents a natural number of 3 to 10,000.
- the resin composition according to ⁇ 2> which is at least one polymer obtained; ⁇ 4> The resin composition according to ⁇ 2>, wherein the polymer containing a chlorine atom in the molecule is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride and polychlorinated vinyl chloride; ⁇ 5> The resin composition according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the component (A) is polyolefin, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, cellulose, or a derivative thereof; ⁇ 6> The ratio of the monomer unit of the macromonomer (b1) to the total mass of the monomer unit of the macromonomer (b1) and the monomer unit of the other monomer (b2) in the component (B) is The resin composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, which is 5 to 99% by mass; ⁇ 7> The other monomer (b2) is selected from the group consisting of (meth) acrylic acid, a (meth) acrylic acid ester having a polyethylene glyco
- the content of the component (C) is 0.1 to 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the components (A), (B) and (C).
- porous membrane that can be used for a hollow fiber membrane having an average pore diameter (about 1 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 ⁇ m) suitable for the water treatment field, an electrolyte support such as a support swollen with a lithium ion electrolyte, In addition, a separator such as a lithium ion battery using the porous membrane can be provided.
- FIG. 1 It is a perspective view of the water treatment apparatus which is one embodiment of the porous membrane of this invention. It is a front view of the flat type
- the resin composition includes the following component (A), component (B), and component (C).
- R and R 1 to R n each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, and X 1 to X n are each independently Represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Z represents a terminal group, and n represents a natural number of 3 to 10,000.
- the component (A) is a film-forming polymer, and the film-forming polymer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “film-forming polymer (A)”) is a component constituting the film-forming stock solution of the present invention and the porous film. one of.
- the film-forming polymer (A) is a component for maintaining the structure of the porous film of the present invention, that is, a component for forming the film structure of the porous film, and depending on the characteristics required for the porous film,
- the composition can be selected.
- examples of the film-forming polymer (A) include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF Fluorine-containing polymers such as -co-hexafluoropropylene (HFP), ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, polypropylene, Examples include polystyrene, polystyrene derivatives, polyamide, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and cellulose acetate.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- HFP -co-hexafluoropropylene
- ECTFE ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- polyethylene polypropylene
- examples include polystyrene, polystyren
- the film-forming polymer (A) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF-co-hexafluoropropylene (HFP) is used because the porous film has excellent chemical resistance and oxidation degradation resistance. ), At least one polymer selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing polymers such as ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, and polyethersulfone. .
- the film-forming polymer (A) is preferably a polymer containing a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom in the molecule.
- the polymer containing the fluorine atom of the film-forming polymer (A) in the molecule includes polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoro At least one polymer selected from the group consisting of an ethylene copolymer and polytetrafluoroethylene is preferred, and PVDF is more preferred from the viewpoint of oxidation resistance and mechanical durability of the porous membrane.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- ethylene-chlorotrifluoro At least one polymer selected from the group consisting of an ethylene copolymer and polytetrafluoroethylene is preferred, and PVDF is more preferred from the viewpoint of oxidation resistance and mechanical durability of the porous membrane.
- a polymer having a mass average molecular weight of 10,000 to 2,000,000 is preferably used as the polymer containing these fluorine atoms in the molecule.
- the polymer containing a chlorine atom in the film-forming polymer (A) in the molecule is at least selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polychlorinated vinyl chloride.
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- One polymer is preferred.
- the polymer containing these chlorine atoms in the molecule for example, a polymer having a mass average molecular weight of 10,000 to 2,000,000 is preferably used.
- the film-forming polymer (A) is preferably polyolefin, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, cellulose, or a derivative thereof.
- these polymers for example, those having a mass average molecular weight of 10,000 to 2,000,000 are preferably used.
- “polychlorinated vinyl chloride” refers to a polymer obtained by chlorinating polyvinyl chloride.
- the film-forming polymer (A) can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the film-forming polymer (A) is preferably a polymer that can be dissolved in the solvent (III) described below and does not dissolve in pure water.
- solvent preferably a polymer that can be dissolved in the solvent (III) described below and does not dissolve in pure water.
- dissolvable means that 0.1 part by mass or more of the polymer is dissolved with respect to 100 parts by mass of the solvent.
- polymer (B) described later (sometimes referred to as “polymer (B)”) and the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units (hereinafter referred to as “polymer (C)”. ), Or a polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units), and PVDF is preferred from the viewpoint of compatibility with the solvent (III), chemical resistance and heat resistance.
- the film-forming polymer (A) is preferably a polymer having a mass average molecular weight (hereinafter referred to as “Mw”) of 100,000 to 2,000,000.
- Mw mass average molecular weight
- the mechanical strength of the porous membrane of the present invention tends to be good.
- the Mw is 2,000,000 or less, the solvent (III) and vinylpyrrolidone units are included.
- compatibility with a polymer (C) There exists a tendency for compatibility with a polymer (C) to become favorable.
- the lower limit value of Mw is more preferably 300,000, and the upper limit value of Mw is more preferably 1,500,000.
- the film-forming polymer (A) has a mass average molecular weight of preferably 100,000 to 2,000,000, more preferably 300,000 to 2,000,000, and 300,000. More preferred is ⁇ 1,500,000.
- the aforementioned Mw of the film-forming polymer (A) may be the Mw of one kind of polymer, and when two or more kinds of polymers are used in combination, the Mw of each polymer May be an average value.
- Mw is an average value of two or more kinds of polymers, as a calculation method thereof, for example, a method of multiplying each polymer part by mass with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of all the polymers used together and summing the obtained Mw Is mentioned.
- ⁇ (B) component a polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition containing a (meth) acrylate macromonomer (b1) represented by the above formula (1) and another monomer (b2)>
- the component (B) contained in the resin composition is a (meth) acrylate macromonomer (b1) (hereinafter referred to as “macromonomer (b1)” represented by the above formula (1).
- the monomer composition includes the macromonomer (b1) and the other monomer (b2).
- the content of the macromonomer (b1) with respect to the total mass is preferably 5 to 99 parts by mass. If content of a macromonomer (b1) is 5 mass parts or more, it exists in the tendency for the transparency of the film-forming stock solution of this invention to become favorable.
- the contact angle of the porous membrane of the present invention with respect to pure water tends to be good, that is, the contact angle tends to be 1 to 75 °.
- the “contact angle with respect to the purity of the porous membrane” means that a contact angle measuring device is used to photograph the state of the water droplet 3 seconds after dropping a pure water droplet on the surface of the porous membrane with a CCD camera. Then, the contact angle of water droplets in the obtained photograph can be obtained by measuring with an image processing program incorporated in the contact angle measuring device.
- the lower limit of the content of the macromonomer (b1) is more preferably 20 parts by mass, further preferably 40 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 50 parts by mass.
- the upper limit of the content of the macromonomer (b1) is more preferably 98 parts by mass, and still more preferably 95 parts by mass. That is, in one embodiment of the present invention, the content of the macromonomer (b1) in the monomer composition is the sum of the macromonomer (b1) and the other monomer (b2) when the total mass is 100 parts by mass. 5 to 99 parts by weight, preferably 20 to 98 parts by weight, more preferably 40 to 98 parts by weight, still more preferably 40 to 95 parts by weight, and particularly preferably 50 to 95 parts by weight based on the weight.
- the (meth) acrylic acid ester macromonomer (b1) is one of the raw materials for constituting the film-forming stock solution of the present invention and the polymer (B) contained in the porous film.
- the macromonomer (b1) has an unsaturated double bond capable of radical polymerization at one end of the poly (meth) acrylate segment, and is a monomer represented by the above formula (1).
- the macromonomer is a high molecular weight monomer having a polymerizable functional group, and is also called a macromer.
- “(meth) acrylic acid” means “acrylic acid” or “methacrylic acid”. That is, in one embodiment of the present invention, the macromonomer (b1) is represented by the above formula (1) having an unsaturated double bond capable of radical polymerization with the other monomer (b2) at one end. It refers to poly (meth) acrylic acid ester.
- the “terminal of the macromonomer” means the end of the main chain when the longest part of the molecular chain is the main chain of the monomer.
- Macromonomer (b1) is represented by the above general formula (1).
- R and R 1 to R n are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group.
- the alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, aryl group or heterocyclic group can further have a substituent.
- R and R 1 to R n have a substituent means that at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group is replaced with a group described later. means.
- R or the alkyl group of R 1 to R n include straight chain alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the alkyl group for R or R 1 to R n include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, and an i-propyl group. In one embodiment of the present invention, when a branched chain is contained in the alkyl group of R and R 1 to R n , the branched chain moiety is defined as a substituent.
- Examples of the cycloalkyl group represented by R or R 1 to R n include cycloalkyl groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the cycloalkyl group represented by R or R 1 to R n include, for example, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, an adamantyl group, and the like.
- Examples of the aryl group for R or R 1 to R n include an aryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the aryl group of R or R 1 to R n include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group.
- heterocyclic group of R or R 1 to R n examples include heterocyclic groups containing a nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, or sulfur atom having 5 to 18 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the heterocyclic group for R or R 1 to R n include a ⁇ -lactone group and an ⁇ -caprolactone group.
- the substituent is independently an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxy group.
- Carbonyl group (—COOR ′), cyano group, hydroxyl group, amino group, amide group (—CONR′R ′′), halogen, allyl group, epoxy group, alkoxy group (—OR ′) or hydrophilic or ionic And groups or atoms selected from the group consisting of the groups shown.
- R ′ and R ′′ are each independently the same group as R except for a heterocyclic group.
- Examples of the alkoxycarbonyl group for the substituent of R or R 1 to R n include a methoxycarbonyl group.
- Examples of the amide group for the substituent of R or R 1 to R n include a dimethylamide group.
- halogen for the substituent of R or R 1 to R n examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
- alkoxy group for the substituent of R or R 1 to R n examples include an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and specific examples include a methoxy group.
- Examples of the group showing the hydrophilicity or ionicity of the substituent of R or R 1 to R n include, for example, an alkali salt of a carboxyl group (—COOH), an alkali salt of a sulfoxyl group (—SO 3 H), a polyethylene oxide group, Poly (alkylene oxide) groups such as polypropylene oxide groups and cationic substituents such as quaternary ammonium bases.
- R and R 1 to R n are preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and a cycloalkyl group, and more preferably an alkyl group.
- the alkyl group of R and R 1 to R n is preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group or an i-propyl group, from the viewpoint of easy availability.
- a methyl group is more preferred.
- X 1 to X n are each independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, preferably a methyl group.
- X 1 to X n are preferably a methyl group in which more than half of X 1 to X n are from the viewpoint of easy synthesis.
- a method for confirming that more than half of X 1 to X n are methyl groups for example, an analysis method using a known magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR) may be mentioned.
- Z is a terminal group of the macromonomer (b1).
- the terminal group of the macromonomer (b1) means a group on the opposite side of the side of the macromonomer (b1) to which a group having an unsaturated double bond is added.
- Examples of the terminal group of the macromonomer (b1) include a group derived from a hydrogen atom and a radical polymerization initiator, like the terminal group of a polymer obtained by known radical polymerization.
- n is a natural number of 3 to 10,000.
- N is more preferably 10 to 10,000.
- Examples of the (meth) acrylic acid ester constituting the poly (meth) acrylic acid ester segment (skeleton) in the macromonomer (b1) include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, and (meth) acrylic.
- N-propyl acid isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, isoamyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate Octyl (meth) acrylate, lauryl (meth) acrylate, dodecyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, glycidyl (meth) acrylate, (Meth) acrylic acid 2-ethylhexyl, (meth) acrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl , 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, 3-hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, polyethylene
- Plaxel FM (trade name, manufactured by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., unsaturated fatty acid hydroxyalkyl ester modified ⁇ -caprolactone)
- Blemmer PME-100 (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation, methoxypolyethylene.
- Glycol methacrylate (ethylene glycol chain is 2)), Blemmer PME-200 (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation, methoxypolyethylene glycol methacrylate (ethylene glycol chain is 4)), Blemmer PME- 400 (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation, methoxypolyethylene glycol methacrylate (ethylene glycol chain is 9)), BLEMMER 50POEP-800B (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation, octoxypolyethylene glycol-polypropylene) Glycol Methacrylate (ethylene glycol chain is 8 and propylene glycol chain is 6)), BLEMMER 20ANEP-600 (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation, nonylphenoxy (ethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol) monoacrylate) Blemmer AME-100 (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation), BREMMER AME-200 (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation) and BREMMER 50AOEP-800B (trade name, manufactured by NOF Corporation). It is done.
- methacrylic acid esters are preferable from the viewpoint of easy availability of monomers and mechanical properties of the polymer (B), and include methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid.
- stearyl acid 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, Blemmer PME-100, Blemmer PME-200 and Blemmer PME-400, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid
- More preferred are n-butyl acid 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, Blemmer PME-100, Blemmer PME-200 and Blemmer PME-400.
- the film-forming polymer (A) is PVDF
- methyl methacrylate is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of good compatibility with PVDF.
- the above-mentioned methacrylic acid esters can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the number average molecular weight (hereinafter referred to as “Mn”) of the macromonomer (b1) is 1,000 or more and 1,000,000 from the viewpoint of the balance of mechanical properties of the resulting polymer (B).
- the following is preferred.
- the lower limit of Mn is more preferably 3,000 or more, and further preferably 4,000 or more.
- the upper limit of Mn is more preferably 60,000 or less, and further preferably 50,000 or less.
- the Mn is obtained by using gel permeation chromatography and using polymethyl methacrylate (four types of Mp (peak top molecular weight) of 141,500, 55,600, 10,290, and 1,590) manufactured by Polymer Laboratories. This refers to the value obtained using the created calibration curve.
- the molecular weight distribution (hereinafter referred to as “Mw / Mn”) of the macromonomer (b1) is 1.5 or more and 5.0 or less from the balance of mechanical properties of the obtained polymer (B). preferable.
- the macromonomer (b1) can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of a method for producing such a macromonomer (b1) include a method using a cobalt chain transfer agent (for example, US Pat. No. 4,680,352), ⁇ -bromomethylstyrene and other ⁇ A method using a substituted unsaturated compound as a chain transfer agent (for example, International Publication No. 88 / 04,304), a method for chemically bonding a polymerizable group (for example, JP-A-60-133007, US Patent) No. 5,147,952) and a method by thermal decomposition (for example, JP-A-11-240854).
- the method of producing using a cobalt chain transfer agent is preferable because the macromonomer (b1) can be produced efficiently.
- Examples of the production method of the macromonomer (b1) include an aqueous dispersion polymerization method such as a bulk polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method. Of these, aqueous dispersion polymerization methods such as solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization are preferred from the viewpoint of simplifying the recovery process of the macromonomer (b1).
- examples of the solvent (I) used when the macromonomer (b1) is obtained by a solution polymerization method include hydrocarbons such as toluene; ethers such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; dichloromethane, chloroform Halogenated hydrocarbons such as acetone; ketones such as acetone; alcohols such as methanol; nitriles such as acetonitrile; vinyl esters such as ethyl acetate; carbonates such as ethylene carbonate; and supercritical carbon dioxide.
- hydrocarbons such as toluene
- ethers such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran
- dichloromethane chloroform Halogenated hydrocarbons
- ketones such as acetone
- alcohols such as methanol
- nitriles such as acetonitrile
- vinyl esters such as ethyl acetate
- carbonates such as ethylene carbonate
- supercritical carbon dioxide
- the other monomer (b2) is one of the raw materials for constituting the membrane-forming stock solution of the present invention and the polymer (B) contained in the porous membrane.
- examples of the other monomer (b2) include the same monomers as the (meth) acrylic acid ester constituting the poly (meth) acrylic acid ester segment in the macromonomer (b1). .
- the other monomer (b2) can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the polymer (B) is one of the components of the porous membrane and the membrane-forming stock solution of the present invention.
- the polymer (B) is a polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition containing the macromonomer (b1) and the other monomer (b2), and the macromonomer (b1) and the other monomer It is preferably composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of a block copolymer of (b2) and a graft copolymer of other monomer (b2) having a macromonomer (b1) unit in the side chain.
- a polymer having only the macromonomer (b1) unit in the polymer (B), a polymer having only the other monomer (b2) unit, an unreacted macromonomer (b1), and an unreacted polymer It may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of other monomers (b2).
- the Mn of the polymer (B) is preferably 1,000 or more and 5,000,000 or less from the viewpoint of the tensile strength, tensile elongation, bending strength and thermal stability of the polymer (B).
- the lower limit value of Mn of the polymer (B) is more preferably 2,000, and even more preferably 5,000.
- the upper limit of Mn of the polymer (B) is more preferably 300,000.
- Mn of the polymer (B) is a polymethyl methacrylate (Mp (peak top molecular weight) of 141,500, 55,600, 10,290 and 1,590) manufactured by Polymer Laboratories by gel permeation chromatography. It refers to the value obtained using the calibration curve created using the seed.
- the aforementioned polymer alone or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned polymers having different composition ratios, chain distributions, or molecular weights can be used.
- examples of the method for producing the polymer (B) include a bulk polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method.
- the solution polymerization method is preferable from the viewpoint of polymerization reactivity of the macromonomer (b1) and the other monomer (b2).
- the solvent (II) used when the polymer (B) is produced by the solution polymerization method for example, the same solvent as the solvent (I) used when the macromonomer (b1) is obtained by the solution polymerization method, Or tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), tetramethylurea (TMU), triethyl phosphate (TEP) and trimethyl phosphate (TMP).
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- DMF dimethylformamide
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- HMPA hexamethylphosphoric triamide
- TMU tetramethylurea
- TEP triethyl phosphate
- TMP trimethyl phosphate
- Solvent (II) can be used individually or in combination of 2 or more types.
- a chain transfer agent such as mercaptan, hydrogen, ⁇ -methylstyrene dimer or terpenoid can be used to adjust the molecular weight of the polymer (B).
- a radical polymerization initiator can be used.
- radical polymerization initiators examples include organic peroxides and azo compounds.
- organic peroxides include 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxypivalate, o-methylbenzoyl peroxide, bis-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide, octanoyl Peroxide, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, cyclohexanone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide and Examples thereof include di-t-butyl peroxide.
- azo compound examples include 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2,2′-azobis (2,4- Dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile).
- AIBN 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile
- 2,2′-azobis (2,4- Dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile examples include 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2,2′-azobis (2,4- Dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile).
- radical polymerization initiator benzoyl peroxide, AIBN, 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), and 2, in terms of easy availability and a half-life temperature suitable for the polymerization conditions.
- 2'-azobis (2,4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile) is preferred. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the addition amount of the radical polymerization initiator is preferably 0.0001 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the other monomer (b2).
- the polymerization temperature for obtaining the polymer (B) is preferably from ⁇ 100 ° C. to 250 ° C., for example, because the boiling point of the solvent used and the use temperature range of the radical polymerization initiator are suitable.
- the lower limit of the polymerization temperature is more preferably 0 ° C, and the upper limit is more preferably 200 ° C.
- the reaction time is more preferably 0.5 to 24 hours.
- the polymer (C) containing a vinylpyrrolidone unit is one of the constituent components of the resin composition of the present invention and a film-forming stock solution.
- the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units is added to control the phase separation between the film-forming polymer (A) and the solvent (III).
- the polymer containing vinylpyrrolidone units refers to a polymer having vinylpyrrolidone monomer units in the molecule.
- Examples of the polymer (C) containing a vinylpyrrolidone unit include a polymer containing polyvinylpyrrolidone or a vinylpyrrolidone unit and another monomer (c-1) unit.
- Examples of the other monomer (c-1) include the same monomers as the (meth) acrylic acid ester contained in the poly (meth) acrylic acid ester segment in the macromonomer (b1). These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the mass average molecular weight relative to the total area value of the peak area of the chromatogram obtained by GPC measurement using an RI detector in terms of the physical properties of the porous film of the present invention is preferable.
- the molecular weight distribution of the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units can be controlled by the polymerization time when obtaining a polymer containing vinylpyrrolidone units. That is, when the polymerization time is 0.5 to 24 hours, the polymer (C) having the molecular weight distribution as described above can be obtained.
- the polymer (C) containing a vinylpyrrolidone unit having the above molecular weight distribution By using the polymer (C) containing a vinylpyrrolidone unit having the above molecular weight distribution, it exhibits good detergency (removability) as a phase separation control agent, and fine cracks are present in the structure of the porous membrane of the present invention. Therefore, the filtration performance of the porous membrane of the present invention tends to be improved.
- the polymer (C) containing a vinylpyrrolidone unit is a porous film described later. Easy to remove from the precursor, and the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units remains in the porous membrane, so that the porous membrane swells with water and the pores are not easily blocked, and the porous membrane has good water permeability. 5 mass% is preferable at the point which has, 6 mass% is more preferable, and 7 mass% is still more preferable. Moreover, as an upper limit of content of the said high molecular polymer, 20 mass% is more preferable.
- the polymer (C) containing a vinylpyrrolidone unit has a mass average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more and the content of the polymer is 5% by mass or more, the filtration characteristics particularly when used as a filtration membrane for sewage drainage. Tends to be improved.
- the mixing ratio of each component may be adjusted as appropriate so that a highly transparent solution is obtained.
- the content of the film-forming polymer (A) is 0.1 to 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass as a total of the film-forming polymer (A), the polymer (B), the polymer (C) containing the vinylpyrrolidone unit and the solvent (III). Is preferred. Further, the content of the polymer (B) with respect to the total amount of 100 parts by mass is preferably 0.1 to 40 parts by mass. Further, the content of the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units with respect to the total amount of 100 parts by mass is preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by mass.
- the content of the solvent (III) with respect to the total amount of 100 parts by mass is preferably 70 to 99.7 parts by mass.
- a highly transparent solution does not cause phase separation over time and has little change over time.
- the solution of the present invention only needs to be uniform and maintain transparency even if some of the constituent components are dispersed without dissolving.
- the film-forming stock solution comprises a resin composition comprising a film-forming polymer (A), a polymer (B) and a polymer (C) comprising vinylpyrrolidone units, THF, DMF, DMAc, DMSO, and It is preferable to include at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of NMP.
- the film-forming stock solution is transparent in that the film-forming polymer (A), the polymer (B) and the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units are uniformly dissolved in the solvent (III) and the like.
- a transparent solution is a state in which polymer molecules are dispersed or dissolved in a size that does not cause scattering in the visible light region, does not cause macro phase separation, and has little change over time.
- the film-forming stock solution preferably has a transmittance of 70% or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm.
- the solution has a transmittance of 70% or more, there is a tendency that a porous film with reduced defects and less lot fluctuation is obtained.
- the upper limit of the transmittance is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is obtained, and is preferably 100% or less.
- the film-forming stock solution of the present invention can be obtained by mixing the polymer (B) with a film-forming polymer (A), a resin composition containing a polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units, and a solvent (III). .
- the content of the film-forming polymer (A) is 0.1 to 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass as a total of the film-forming polymer (A), the polymer (B), the polymer (C) containing the vinylpyrrolidone unit and the solvent (III). Is preferred. Further, when the total amount is 100 parts by mass, the content of the polymer (B) with respect to the total amount is preferably 0.1 to 40 parts by mass. The content of the solvent (III) with respect to the total amount of 100 parts by mass is preferably 70 to 99.7 parts by mass.
- a highly transparent film-forming stock solution does not cause phase separation with time and has little change with time.
- the film-forming stock solution of the present invention is uniform and transparent even when a part of the constituent components is dispersed without being dissolved, that is, the transmittance of the film-forming stock solution with light having a wavelength of 400 nm is 70% or more. As long as it can be maintained.
- Examples of the method for preparing a film-forming stock solution of the present invention include, for example, a method in which a film-forming polymer (A), a polymer (B), and a polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units are mixed together in a solvent (III) and dissolved. And a method in which the film-forming polymer (A), the polymer (B), and the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units are dissolved little by little in the solvent (III).
- the film-forming stock solution of the present invention when obtaining the film-forming stock solution of the present invention, if the solvent (III) is not evaporated and released outside the system, the film-forming polymer (A) and the polymer (B) are heated while the solvent (III) is heated. And the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units can be dissolved. Moreover, the film-forming stock solution of this invention can be cooled as needed.
- Examples of the solvent (III) include those similar to the solvent (II).
- film-forming polymer (A), polymer (B), and polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units are composed of THF, DMF, DMAc, DMSO, and NMP in terms of solubility and ease of handling. At least one solvent selected from the group is preferred. These solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the porous membrane is obtained by a production method including a step of removing a part or all of the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units from the film-forming stock solution of the present invention.
- the porous film contains a film-forming polymer (A) and a polymer (B). The method for producing the porous membrane of the present invention will be described later.
- the content of the film-forming polymer (A) in the porous film of the present invention is 20 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the film-forming polymer (A) and the polymer (B) forming the porous film. ⁇ 95 parts by mass is preferred. If the content of the film-forming polymer (A) in the porous film is 20 parts by mass or more, it tends to be a porous film. Further, when the content of the film-forming polymer (A) is 95 parts by mass or less, the contact angle with respect to pure water on the surface of the porous film tends to be low, that is, 1 to 75 °.
- the lower limit of the content of the film-forming polymer (A) is more preferably 25 parts by mass, still more preferably 30 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 40 parts by mass.
- the upper limit of the content of the film-forming polymer (A) is more preferably 92 parts by mass, still more preferably 90 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 85 parts by mass.
- the content of the film-forming polymer (A) in the porous film is based on the total amount of the film-forming polymer (A) and the polymer (B) forming the porous film. It is preferably 20 to 95 parts by mass, more preferably 30 to 90 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 40 to 85 parts by mass.
- the surface of the porous membrane of the present invention is hydrophilized by containing the polymer (B) and does not necessarily require treatment with a conventional hydrophilizing agent.
- At least one monomer of the macromonomer (b1) and the other monomer (b2) is a hydrophilic group such as a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group.
- the monomer having a hydrophilic functional group such as a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group
- (meth) acrylic acid a (meth) acrylic acid ester having a polyethylene glycol unit in the side chain
- It is preferably at least one (meth) acrylic acid ester selected from the group consisting of (meth) acrylic acid esters having a hydroxyl group.
- the other monomer (b2) includes (meth) acrylic acid, a (meth) acrylic acid ester having a polyethylene glycol unit in the side chain, and a (meth) acrylic acid ester having a hydroxyl group.
- the upper limit of the contact angle with respect to pure water on the surface of the porous membrane of the present invention is more preferably 70 °, and even more preferably 65 °.
- the lower limit of the contact angle with respect to pure water on the surface of the porous membrane is preferably as low as possible and is generally 1 °.
- the lower limit value of the contact angle with respect to pure water on the surface of the porous membrane of the present invention varies depending on the type of the polymer (A) used, but 20 ° is generally used when PVDF is used as the polymer (A). It is.
- Examples of the method for producing the porous membrane of the present invention include the following methods.
- the membrane forming stock solution of the present invention is coagulated in a coagulating solution to obtain a porous membrane precursor.
- the solvent (III) remaining in the porous membrane precursor is removed by washing to obtain a porous membrane precursor after the solvent washing.
- the porous membrane precursor after the solvent washing is washed with a chemical solution containing an oxidizing agent such as a sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution and an alkali such as sodium hydroxide to decompose the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units.
- the method includes a step of decomposing and removing the component (C) remaining in the porous membrane precursor after coagulating the film-forming stock solution to obtain a porous membrane precursor A porous membrane obtained by the method is preferred.
- a method for decomposing and removing the component (C) a method of washing the porous membrane precursor with a solution containing an oxidizing agent or an alkali is preferable.
- the coagulating liquid used for obtaining the porous membrane precursor is preferably a 0.1 to 50% by mass aqueous solution of the solvent (III) used for the membrane-forming stock solution from the viewpoint of controlling the pore diameter of the membrane.
- the temperature of the coagulation liquid is preferably 10 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the coagulating liquid is 10 ° C. or higher, the water permeability of the porous membrane of the present invention tends to be improved, and when it is 90 ° C. or lower, the mechanical strength of the porous membrane of the present invention tends not to be impaired.
- a method of cleaning the obtained porous membrane precursor As a method of cleaning the obtained porous membrane precursor, a method of removing the solvent (III) by immersion in hot water at 60 to 100 ° C. and cleaning is preferable. At this time, a part of the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units can be removed at the same time.
- the temperature of hot water is 60 ° C. or higher, a high cleaning effect tends to be obtained on the porous membrane precursor, and when the temperature of hot water is 100 ° C. or lower, the porous membrane precursor tends to be difficult to fuse.
- the porous membrane precursor after washing with the solvent is washed with a chemical solution such as a sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution.
- a chemical solution such as a sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution.
- the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units inside the porous membrane is decomposed and removed.
- most of the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units can be removed.
- the concentration is preferably 10 to 120,000 mg / L.
- the porous membrane obtained at a sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution concentration of 10 mg / L or more tends to increase the water permeation flow rate, which is preferable.
- There is no upper limit to the concentration of the aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution but 120,000 mg / L is sufficient for practical use.
- the porous membrane precursor it is preferable to wash the porous membrane precursor after the chemical solution washing several times in hot water at 60 ° C. to 100 ° C. Thereby, it exists in the tendency which can remove the polymer (C) containing the vinylpyrrolidone unit which remains.
- the porous membrane precursor after washing with hot water is preferably dried at 60 ° C. to 120 ° C. for 1 minute to 24 hours. Since the drying temperature of the porous membrane precursor after hot water cleaning is 60 ° C. or higher, the drying treatment time is short, and the production cost is suppressed, which is preferable for industrial production. In addition, the drying temperature of the porous membrane precursor after the hot water cleaning is 120 ° C. or less, and the porous membrane precursor after the hot water cleaning in the drying process tends not to shrink too much, There is a tendency that minute cracks do not occur, which is preferable.
- Examples of the form of the porous membrane of the present invention include a flat membrane and a hollow fiber membrane.
- the thickness is preferably 10 to 1,000 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is 10 ⁇ m or more, the elasticity and durability of the porous membrane of the present invention tend to be good, and when the thickness is 1,000 ⁇ m or less, the porous membrane of the present invention tends to be produced at low cost.
- the lower limit value of the thickness is more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 30 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the thickness is more preferably 900 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 800 ⁇ m or less.
- the “thickness of the flat film” is a value obtained by measuring the shortest distance between the outer surface and the inner surface in the cross section of the porous film using a scanning electron microscope.
- examples of the internal structure of the membrane include an inclined structure in which the size of the pores increases in a specific direction in the cross section of the membrane, or a structure having homogeneous pores.
- the porous membrane is a hollow fiber membrane, it is preferable that one surface of the hollow fiber membrane is the most dense and an inclined structure of pores is provided toward the other surface because a suitable separation function can be obtained.
- the porous film of the present invention can have a macrovoid or spherulite structure in the film.
- one aspect of the present invention is a hollow fiber membrane composed of the porous membrane.
- the outer diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 20 to 2,000 ⁇ m.
- the hollow fiber membrane has an outer diameter of 2,000 ⁇ m or less and tends to maintain a hollow shape, and tends to be flattened even when external pressure is applied.
- the lower limit value of the outer diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is more preferably 30 ⁇ m and even more preferably 40 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit value of the outer diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is more preferably 1,800 ⁇ m, and further preferably 1,500 ⁇ m.
- the “outer diameter of the hollow fiber membrane” refers to the diameter of the cross section of the hollow fiber membrane, and is a value measured using a scanning electron microscope or the like.
- the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 5 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the lower limit of the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 15 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit value of the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane is more preferably 480 ⁇ m, still more preferably 450 ⁇ m.
- the “thickness of the hollow fiber membrane” refers to the thickness from the outer surface to the inner surface in the cross section of the hollow fiber membrane, and is a value measured using an electron microscope or the like.
- the electrolyte support is one in which an electrolyte is supported in the porous membrane of the present invention. That is, one aspect of the present invention is an electrolyte support including an electrolyte and a porous membrane. One aspect of the present invention is the use of the porous membrane as an electrolyte support, or a method for producing an electrolyte support using the porous membrane as a raw material.
- Examples of the electrolyte include a polymer solution containing lithium ions.
- examples of the method for producing an electrolyte support include a production method including a step of preparing a lithium ion electrolyte and a step of impregnating the porous membrane of the present invention with a lithium ion electrolyte.
- the electrolyte support of the present invention can be used for various batteries such as a gel battery and a solid battery.
- the porous membrane of the present invention is used as a separation membrane for separating a positive electrode and a negative electrode in a battery such as a lithium ion battery. That is, one aspect of the present invention is the use of the porous membrane as a separator or a method for producing a battery such as a lithium ion battery including the porous membrane.
- Water treatment equipment One aspect of the present invention is the use of the porous membrane in a water treatment apparatus.
- the porous membrane of this invention can be used suitably for water treatment apparatuses, such as drinking water manufacture, water purification treatment, and waste water treatment.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a water treatment apparatus 1 according to one embodiment of a porous membrane which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the water treatment apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes a membrane module unit 3 provided in the membrane separation layer 2 and an aeration device 4 for membrane cleaning.
- a suction pump 5 is connected to the membrane module unit 3
- a blower (not shown) is connected to the air diffuser 4.
- the air diffuser 4 includes a plurality of air diffusers 6 that are provided below the membrane module unit 3 and are tubular bodies that communicate with the blower.
- the membrane module unit 3 includes a plurality of liquid-permeable hollow fiber membranes 7 arranged in a sheet shape, a first housing 8 that fixes the upper end side of the hollow fiber membrane 7 and is disposed above, A plurality of flat hollow fiber membrane elements 10 having a lower end side of the hollow fiber membrane 7 fixed and a second housing 9 disposed below are provided, and these flat hollow fiber membrane elements 10 are juxtaposed on a rack 11. Configured.
- the hollow fiber membrane 7 is comprised from the porous membrane of this invention. That is, the water treatment device 1 in FIG. 1 is a first sheet in which a plurality of hollow fiber membranes 7 which are one form of the porous membrane of the present invention are arranged into a sheet shape, and this sheet-like material is provided with a water intake port 12.
- the second housings 8 and 9 are fixed up and down to form an element.
- Each of the first and second housings 8 and 9 has a long rectangular shape when viewed from the front.
- the left end of the first housing 8 is provided with a water intake 12 that protrudes to the left and allows filtered water to flow.
- One end of a pipe member 13 that is cranked in a U-shape is connected to the water intake 12.
- the other end of the piping member 13 is connected to a water collection header 14 disposed above the rack 11.
- the membrane module unit 3 the water to be treated in the membrane separation tank 2 is subjected to suction filtration through the pores of the hollow fiber membrane 7 by the suction pump 5 to separate the water to be treated in a solid-liquid manner.
- the treated water treated by each flat hollow fiber membrane element 10 is collected together by a water collection header 14 through a piping member 13.
- a porous membrane (flat membrane) on a film which is another form of the porous membrane of the present invention, is replaced with a sheet-like material in which a plurality of hollow fiber membranes 7 are arranged. ) May be used.
- the flat hollow fiber membrane element 10 is fixed to a rack 11, and as shown in FIG. Is composed of a plurality of frame members.
- the rack 11 has a cross frame 26 installed on the upper portions of the left and right standing frames 25L and 25R rising from the left and right sides of the air diffuser 4, and the upper left frame 27 extending from the upper portion of the left standing frame 25L in the connecting direction of the elements.
- a water treatment apparatus using a porous membrane as one embodiment of the present invention as a hollow fiber membrane has a high water permeability (flux), and therefore has an excellent water treatment capacity per unit time.
- Resin composition (X) containing the following (A) component, (B) component, and (C) component;
- a polymer (B) obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition comprising: (C) Component: Polyvinylpyrrolidone Film-forming stock solution (Y) containing the resin composition (X) and a solvent capable of dissolving the film-forming polymer (A);
- composition and structure of the macromonomer (b1) and the polymer, the Mw of the polymer and the Mn and Mw / Mn of the macromonomer (b1) and the polymer were evaluated by the following methods.
- part and “%” indicate “part by mass” and “% by mass”, respectively.
- Composition and structure of macromonomer (b1) and polymer The composition and structure of macromonomer (b1) and polymer were analyzed by 1 H-NMR (manufactured by JEOL Ltd., product name: JNM-EX270).
- Mw of film-forming polymer (A) The Mw of the film-forming polymer (A) was determined using GPC (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation, “HLC-8020” (trade name)) under the following conditions.
- Eluent LiBr 20 mM DMF solution Measurement temperature: 40 ° C.
- Mn and Mw / Mn of macromonomer (b1), polymer (B) and polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units Mn and Mw / Mn of the macromonomer (b1) were determined using GPC (“HLC-8220” (trade name) manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) under the following conditions.
- the porous membrane was placed on the sample table of a contact angle measuring device (manufactured by Kruss, product name: DSA-10). Next, the state of the water droplet 3 seconds after the water droplet (10 ⁇ L) of pure water (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., for LC / MS) was dropped on the surface of the porous film, the CCD attached to the device Photographed using a camera. The contact angle of water droplets in the obtained photograph was determined by automatic measurement using an image processing program incorporated in the contact angle measuring device.
- the porous membrane test piece was cut into a circular shape having a diameter of 4.2 cm, and immersed in ethanol (made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., reagent special grade) for 20 minutes to be impregnated with ethanol. Subsequently, the porous membrane test piece impregnated with ethanol was immersed in deionized water for 2 hours or more, and a stainless steel holder with a tank (manufactured by Avantec Co., Ltd., KST-47 (trade name), effective membrane area 12, 5 cm 2 ).
- Synthesis Example 1 Synthesis of Cobalt Chain Transfer Agent CoBF-1 Cobalt acetate (II) tetrahydrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Wako special grade) in a reactor equipped with a stirrer under a nitrogen atmosphere 1.00 g, 1.93 g of diphenylglyoxime (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., EP grade) and 80 mL of diethyl ether (made by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd., special grade) which has been deoxygenated by replacing with nitrogen for 30 minutes or more And stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to obtain a mixture.
- CoBF-1 Cobalt acetate (II) tetrahydrate
- diphenylglyoxime manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., EP grade
- diethyl ether made by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd., special grade
- the macromonomer (b1-2) had Mn of 11,000 and Mw / Mn of 2.0. The introduction rate of terminal double bonds in the macromonomer (b1-2) was almost 100%.
- R in the above formula (1) was a methyl group.
- MMA Methyl methacrylate (Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., trade name: Acryester M)
- HEA 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Wako first grade)
- 4HBA 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate (manufactured by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Co., Ltd.)
- PME-400 Nippon Yushi Co., Ltd., Bremer PME-400 (trade name)
- solution means “film forming stock solution”.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Wako Special Grade)
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., reagent grade)
- DMAc N, N-dimethylacetamide (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Wako First Grade)
- Examples 2 to 37 A solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer (B) and the solvent (III) shown in Table 2 were used. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Example 2 since MMA was used instead of the macromonomer (b-1), a transparent solution with poor compatibility could not be obtained.
- Comparative Example 3 because MMA was used instead of the macromonomer (b-1), a transparent solution with poor compatibility could not be obtained.
- Comparative Example 4 since MMA was used instead of the macromonomer (b-1), a transparent solution with poor compatibility could not be obtained.
- Comparative Example 5 because MMA was used instead of the macromonomer (b-1), a transparent solution with poor compatibility could not be obtained.
- Comparative Example 6 since MMA was used instead of the macromonomer (b-1), a transparent solution with poor compatibility could not be obtained.
- Example 38 Using the solution 26 prepared in Example 26, the solution 26 was applied on a glass substrate to a thickness of 125 ⁇ m using a bar coater. After being held at room temperature for 3 minutes, it was immersed in hot water at 80 ° C., which is a poor solvent, to remove the solvent (III), thereby producing a porous membrane precursor. The porous membrane precursor was thoroughly washed with pure water and then dried all day and night. The contact angle with respect to the pure water of the porous membrane precursor obtained by drying was measured.
- Example 8 A porous membrane precursor and a porous membrane were used in the same manner as in Example 35 except that instead of the solution 26, a PVDF 14.6% solution obtained by dissolving only Kynar 301F (trade name) manufactured by Arkema in DMAc was used. And the contact angle with respect to pure water was measured. The evaluation results are shown in Table 4.
- the obtained porous film did not contain the polymer (B) and the polymer (C) containing vinylpyrrolidone units, and thus showed low hydrophilicity and a high contact angle.
- Example 42 A porous membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 38 except that the solution 11 prepared in Example 11 was used and a 5% aqueous solution of DMF was used as a poor solvent instead of hot water. When the surface of the obtained porous film was observed, holes having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more were not recognized, and a highly uniform porous film was obtained. The evaluation results are shown in Table 5. [Examples 32 to 49] A porous membrane was produced in the same manner as in Example 38 except that the solution and poor solvent shown in Table 5 were used. The evaluation results are shown in Table 5. [Comparative Examples 10 to 12] A porous membrane was produced in the same manner as in Example 38 except that the solution and poor solvent shown in Table 5 were used. The evaluation results are shown in Table 5.
- Comparative Example 10 a porous membrane was prepared using the solution 1 ′ of Comparative Example 1 which was not compatible and transparent, using MMA instead of the macromonomer (b-1), and therefore a large hole having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more was formed. As a result, a highly uniform porous film could not be obtained.
- Comparative Example 11 a porous film was prepared using the solution 2 ′ of Comparative Example 2 that was not compatible and was not transparent because MMA was used instead of the macromonomer (b-1), so that a large hole having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more was formed. As a result, a highly uniform porous film could not be obtained.
- Comparative Example 12 a porous film was prepared using the solution 6 ′ of Comparative Example 6 which was not compatible and was not transparent, using MMA instead of the macromonomer (b-1). As a result, a highly uniform porous film could not be obtained.
- Examples 51 to 53 Using the porous membranes prepared in Examples 48 to 50, the rejection rate was measured. The evaluation results are shown in Table 6.
- Comparative Example 13 The rejection rate was measured in the same manner as in Example 51 except that the porous membrane shown in Table 6 was used. The evaluation results are shown in Table 6. In Comparative Example 13, there was a large hole having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more, and the porous film of Example 12 in which a highly uniform porous film could not be obtained was used. Therefore, 0.132 ⁇ m latex particles were completely removed. It could not be blocked, and the blocking rate was as low as 64.3%.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、2013年3月15日に日本国に出願された特願2013-052690号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
[1] 下記(A)、(B)及び(C)含む溶液。
(A):膜形成ポリマー
(B):下式(1)で示される(メタ)アクリル酸エステルマクロモノマー(b1)及びその他のモノマー(b2)を含むモノマー組成物を重合して得られるポリマー
(C):ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー
X1~Xnは、それぞれ独立に、水素原子又はメチル基である。
Zは、末端基である。
nは、3~10,000の自然数である。
[2] 400nmにおける透過率が70%以上である[1]に記載の溶液。
[3] 膜形成ポリマー(A)が、フッ素含有ポリマー、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリスチレン、ポリスチレン誘導体、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン及びセルロースアセテートから選ばれる少なくとも1種である[1]~[2]のいずれかに記載の溶液。
[4] 膜形成ポリマー(A)が、フッ素含有ポリマー、ポリエチレン及びポリエーテルスルホンから選ばれる少なくとも1種である[1]~[2]のいずれかに記載の溶液。
[5] 膜形成ポリマー(A)が、フッ素含有ポリマーである[1]~[2]のいずれかに記載の溶液。
[6] フッ素含有ポリマーが、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン-co-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、エチレン-co-クロロトリフルオロエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニル及びポリテトラフルオロエチレンから選ばれる少なくとも1種である[2]~[5]のいずれかに記載の溶液。
[7] ポリマー(B)中の、マクロモノマー(b1)単位及びその他のモノマー(b2)単位の合計に対するマクロモノマー(b1)単位の比率が5~99質量%である[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の溶液。
[8] その他のモノマー(b2)が(メタ)アクリル酸、ポリエチレングリコール単位を側鎖に有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、及び水酸基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステルを少なくとも1つ含む(メタ)アクリル酸エステルである[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の溶液。
[9] [1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の溶液から、ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C)を取り除くことによって得られる多孔質膜。
[10] [9]に記載の多孔質膜を使用した電解質支持体。
[11] [10]に記載の多孔質膜を使用したセパレーター。
<1>下記(A)成分、(B)成分、及び(C)成分を含む樹脂組成物;
(A)成分:膜形成ポリマー
(B)成分:下記式(1)で表される(メタ)アクリル酸エステルマクロモノマー(b1)と、その他のモノマー(b2)とを含むモノマー組成物を重合して得られるポリマー
(C)成分:ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー
<2>前記(A)成分が、フッ素原子、又は塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーである<1>に記載の樹脂組成物;
<3>前記フッ素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーが、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、エチレン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体、及びポリテトラフルオロエチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーである、<2>に記載の樹脂組成物;
<4>前記塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーが、ポリ塩化ビニル、及びポリ塩素化塩化ビニルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーである、<2>に記載の樹脂組成物;
<5>前記成分(A)が、ポリオレフィン、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、セルロース、又はこれらの誘導体である、<1>に記載の樹脂組成物;
<6>前記(B)成分中の、前記マクロモノマー(b1)のモノマー単位、及び前記その他のモノマー(b2)のモノマー単位の合計質量に対する、前記マクロモノマー(b1)のモノマー単位の割合が、5~99質量%である<1>~<5>のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物;
<7>前記その他のモノマー(b2)が、(メタ)アクリル酸、ポリエチレングリコール単位を側鎖に有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、及び水酸基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの(メタ)アクリル酸エステルである、<1>~<6>のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物;
<8>前記(A)成分、(B)成分、(C)成分の合計量100質量部に対する前記(C)成分の含有量が、0.1~50質量部である<1>~<7>のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物;
<9><1>~<8>のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物と、前記(A)成分を溶解可能な溶剤とを含む、製膜原液;
<10>波長400nmの可視光の透過率が70%以上である、<9>に記載の製膜原液;
<11><9>又は<10>に記載の製膜原液を用いて多孔質膜前駆体を得る工程と、前記前駆体から(C)成分の一部、または全部を取り除く工程とを含む製造方法によって得られる多孔質膜;
<12><11>に記載の多孔質膜から構成されている中空糸膜;
<13><11>に記載の多孔質膜と、電解質とを含む、電解質支持体;
<14><11>に記載の多孔質膜を用いたセパレーター;
<15><11>に記載の多孔質膜を用いた水処理装置。
本発明の1つの態様において、樹脂組成物は、下記(A)成分、(B)成分、及び(C)成分を含むものである。
(A)成分:膜形成ポリマー
(B)成分:下記式(1)で表される(メタ)アクリル酸エステルマクロモノマー(b1)と、その他のモノマー(b2)とを含むモノマー組成物を重合して得られるポリマー
(C)成分:ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー
また、上記式(1)においてR2からRnまでの間には、R3、R4、R5、・・・、Rn-1の置換基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸単位が並んでいる。X2からXnまでの間も同様である。
以下、各成分について順次説明する。
成分(A)は、膜形成ポリマーであり、前記膜形成ポリマー(以下、「膜形成ポリマー(A)」と言うこともある)は、本発明の製膜原液、及び多孔質膜を構成する成分の一つである。
また、本発明の1つの態様において、膜形成ポリマー(A)としては、フッ素原子、又は塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーが好ましい。
また、本発明の1つの態様において、膜形成ポリマー(A)の塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーとしては、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)、及びポリ塩素化塩化ビニルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーが好ましい。これら塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーとしては、例えば、質量平均分子量が10,000~2,000,000のものを用いることが好ましい。
また、本発明の1つの態様において、膜形成ポリマー(A)としては、ポリオレフィン、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、セルロース、又はこれらの誘導体であることが好ましい。これらポリマーとしては、例えば、質量平均分子量が10,000~2,000,000のものを用いることが好ましい。
また本明細書において、「ポリ塩素化塩化ビニル」とは、ポリ塩化ビニルを塩素化したポリマーのことを指す。
ここで「溶解可能」とは、溶剤100質量部に対してポリマー0.1質量部以上が溶解している状態のことを意味する。
前記質量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィを用いて、東ソー(株)製のポリスチレンスタンダード(Mp(ピークトップ分子量)が76,969,900、2,110,000、1,260,000、775,000、355,000、186,000、19,500、1,050及びNSスチレンモノマー(株)製のスチレンモノマー(M=104)の9種)を用いて作成した検量線を使用して求めた値のことを指す。
すなわち、本発明の1つの態様において、膜形成ポリマー(A)の前述のMwは、1種類のポリマーのMwであってもよく、2種類以上のポリマーを併用する場合は、それぞれのポリマーのMwの平均値であってもよい。Mwが2種類以上のポリマーの平均値である場合、その算出方法としては、例えば、併用した全ポリマーの合計100質量部に対する各ポリマー質量部を百分率で掛け合わせ、得られたMwを合計する方法が挙げられる。
本発明の1つの態様において、樹脂組成物に含まれる(B)成分は、上記式(1)で表される(メタ)アクリル酸エステルマクロモノマー(b1)(以下、「マクロモノマー(b1)」と言うこともある)と、その他のモノマー(b2)とを含むモノマー組成物を重合して得られるポリマーである。
本発明の1つの態様において、モノマー組成物とは、マクロモノマー(b1)及びその他のモノマー(b2)を含む。
モノマー組成物中のマクロモノマー(b1)とその他のモノマー(b2)の合計質量を100質量部とした際、前記合計質量に対するマクロモノマー(b1)の含有量は、5~99質量部が好ましい。マクロモノマー(b1)の含有量が5質量部以上であれば、本発明の製膜原液の透明性が良好となる傾向にある。また、マクロモノマー(b1)の含有量が99質量部以下であれば、本発明の多孔質膜の純水に対する接触角が良好、すなわち、接触角が1~75°となる傾向にある。
ここで「多孔質膜の純粋に対する接触角」とは、接触角測定装置を用いて、多孔質膜の表面に純水の水滴を滴下してから3秒後の水滴の状態をCCDカメラで撮影し、得られた写真の水滴の接触角を接触角測定装置に組み込まれた画像処理プログラムで計測することにより求めることができる。
すなわち、本発明の1つの態様において、モノマー組成物中のマクロモノマー(b1)の含有量は、マクロモノマー(b1)とその他のモノマー(b2)の合計質量を100質量部とした際、前記合計質量に対して5~99質量部が好ましく、20~98質量部がより好ましく、40~98質量部が更に好ましく、40~95質量部が更に好ましく、50~95質量部が特に好ましい。
(メタ)アクリル酸エステルマクロモノマー(b1)は、本発明の製膜原液、及び多孔質膜に含有されるポリマー(B)を構成するための原料の一つである。
すなわち、本発明の1つの態様において、マクロモノマー(b1)とは、その他のモノマー(b2)とラジカル重合可能な不飽和二重結合を一方の末端に有する、上記式(1)で表されるポリ(メタ)アクリル酸エステルのことを指す。
ここで「マクロモノマーの末端」とは、分子鎖の最も長い部分をモノマーの主鎖とした場合、その主鎖の端部のことを意味する。
ここで、R及びR1~Rnが置換基を有するとは、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アリール基、又は複素環基の少なくとも1つの水素原子が、後述する基に置き換えられていることを意味する。
すなわち、本発明の1つの態様において、マクロモノマー(b1)を溶液重合法にて重合する場合、前述の溶剤(I)と、(メタ)アクリル酸エステルと、重合開始剤と、連鎖移動剤とを、25~200℃の反応温度で、0.5~24時間反応させる工程を含む方法であることが好ましい。
本発明の1つの態様において、その他のモノマー(b2)は、本発明の製膜原液、及び多孔質膜に含有されるポリマー(B)を構成するための原料の一つである。
本発明の1つの態様において、ポリマー(B)は、本発明の多孔質膜及び製膜原液の構成成分の一つである。
また反応時間としては、0.5~24時間がより好ましい。
ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C)は、本発明の樹脂組成物、及び製膜原液の構成成分の一つである。
本明細書において、ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマーとは、その分子内に、ビニルピロリドンのモノマーユニットを有するポリマーのことを指す。
本発明の1つの態様において、製膜原液は、膜形成ポリマー(A)、ポリマー(B)及びビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C)を含む樹脂組成物と、THF、DMF、DMAc、DMSO、及びNMPからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の溶媒とを含むことが好ましい。
透明性の高い製膜原液は時間の経過と共に相分離が生じることがなく、経時変化も少ない。尚、本発明の製膜原液は、構成成分の一部が溶解せずに分散していても、均一であり、透明性、すなわち、製膜原液の波長400nmの光における透過率が70%以上を維持できていればよい。
本発明の1つの態様において、多孔質膜は、本発明の製膜原液からビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C)の一部、または全部を取り除く工程を含む製造方法によって得られる。また、前記多孔質膜は、膜形成ポリマー(A)及びポリマー(B)を含む。
本発明の多孔質膜の製造方法については後述する。
また、膜形成ポリマー(A)の含有量が95質量部以下で、多孔質膜の表面の純水に対する接触角を低く、すなわち、1~75°にすることができる傾向にある。
本発明の1つの態様において、多孔質膜中の膜形成ポリマー(A)の含有量は、多孔質膜を形成している膜形成ポリマー(A)及びポリマー(B)の合計量に対して、20~95質量部が好ましく、30~90質量部がより好ましく、40~85質量部が特に好ましい。
また、本発明の1つの態様において、前記その他のモノマー(b2)が、(メタ)アクリル酸、ポリエチレングリコール単位を側鎖に有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、及び水酸基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の(メタ)アクリル酸エステルであることが好ましい。
上記のコポリマーを使用して多孔質膜を得ることにより、多孔質膜の表面に効率的に親水性の官能基を有するポリマーセグメントを偏在化させたものを得ることができる傾向にある。
すなわち、本発明の1つの態様において、前記製膜原液を凝固して多孔質膜前駆体を得たのち、前記多孔質膜前駆体中に残存する(C)成分を分解除去する工程を含む製造方法により得られる多孔質膜であることが好ましい。
また、(C)成分を分解除去する方法としては、前記多孔質膜前駆体を酸化剤や、アルカリを含む溶液で洗浄する方法が好ましい。
ここで「平膜の厚み」とは、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて多孔質膜の断面における外表面と内表面の最短距離を測定した値である。
また、本発明の1つの態様は、前記多孔質膜から構成される中空糸膜である。
本発明の多孔質膜が中空糸膜の場合、中空糸膜の外径は、20~2,000μmが好ましい。多孔質膜の外径が20μm以上で製膜時に糸切れが発生しにくい傾向にある。また、中空糸膜の外径が2,000μm以下で中空形状を保ちやすく、外圧がかかっても扁平化しにくい傾向にある。中空糸膜の外径の下限値は、30μmがより好ましく、40μmが更に好ましい。また、中空糸膜の外径の上限値は、1,800μmがより好ましく、1,500μmが更に好ましい。
ここで、「中空糸膜の外径」とは、中空糸膜断面の直径のことを指し、走査型電子顕微鏡等を用いて測定した値である。
ここで、「中空糸膜の肉厚」とは、中空糸膜断面における外表面から内表面にかけての厚みのことを指し、電子顕微鏡等を用いて測定した値である。
本発明の1つの態様において、電解質支持体は、電解質を本発明の多孔質膜中に担持させたものである。すなわち、本発明の1つの態様は、電解質と、多孔質膜とを含む電解質支持体である。
また、本発明の1つの側面は、前記多孔質膜の電解質支持体としての使用、もしくは前記多孔質膜を原料として用いた電解質支持体の製造方法である。
本発明のセパレーターは、本発明の多孔質膜がリチウムイオンバッテリー等の電池内の正極と負極を分離するための分離膜として使用されているものである。
すなわち、本発明の1つの態様は、前記多孔質膜のセパレーターとしての使用、もしくは前記多孔質膜を含むリチウムイオンバッテリー等の電池の製造方法である。
本発明の1つの態様は、前記多孔質膜の水処理装置への使用である。本発明の多孔質膜は、飲料水製造、浄水処理、排水処理等の水処理装置に好適に用いることができる。
図1に示す水処理装置は、膜分離層2内に設けられた膜モジュールユニット3と、膜洗浄用の散気装置4とを備え、膜モジュールユニット3には、吸引ポンプ5が接続され、散気装置4には、図示しないブロワーが接続されている。散気装置4は、膜モジュールユニット3の下方に設けられ、上記ブロワーと連通する管状体である散気管6を複数備えている。
すなわち、図1の水処理装置1は、本発明の多孔質膜の1形態である中空糸膜7を複数本引きそろえてシート状とし、このシート状物を、取水口12を設けた第1、第2ハウジング8、9で上下に固定してエレメントとしている。
膜モジュールユニット3では、吸引ポンプ5により膜分離槽2内の被処理水を中空糸膜7の細孔を介して吸引ろ過することで被処理水を固液分離する。各平型中空糸膜エレメント10で処理された処理水は、配管部材13を通して集水ヘッダー14でまとめて集水されるようになっている。
なお、本発明の1つの態様においては、中空糸膜7を複数本引きそろえたシート状物に変えて、本発明の多孔質膜の別の形態である、フィルム上の多孔質膜(平膜)を用いてもよい。
以下の(A)成分、(B)成分、及び(C)成分を含む、樹脂組成物(X);
(A)成分:質量平均分子量が100,000~2,000,000のPVDFポリマー、
(B)成分:メタクリル酸メチルセグメントの末端に不飽和二重結合を有する、数平均分子量が1,000~1,000,000のマクロモノマー(b1)と、アクリル酸2-ヒドロキシエチル(b2)からなるモノマー組成物を重合して得られるポリマー(B)、
(C)成分:ポリビニルピロリドン
前記樹脂組成物(X)と、前記膜形成ポリマー(A)、を溶解可能な溶剤とを含む、製膜原液(Y);
前記製膜原液(Y)を凝固して得られる多孔質膜前駆体から、ポリビニルピロリドンを除去することによって得られる、多孔質膜(Z);
前記多孔質膜(Z)の中空糸膜、電解質支持体、セパレーター、又は水処理装置への使用。
(1)マクロモノマー(b1)及びポリマーの組成及び構造
マクロモノマー(b1)及びポリマーの組成及び構造を1H-NMR(日本電子(株)製、製品名:JNM-EX270)により解析した。
(2)膜形成ポリマー(A)のMw
膜形成ポリマー(A)のMwは、GPC(東ソー(株)製、「HLC-8020」(商品名))を使用して以下の条件で求めた。
・カラム:TSK GUARD COLUMN α(7.8mmφ×40mm)と3本のTSK-GEL α-M(7.8mmφ×300mm)を直列に接続
・溶離液:LiBr 20mM DMF溶液
・測定温度:40℃
・流速:0.1mL/分
尚、Mwは、東ソー(株)製のポリスチレンスタンダード(Mp(ピークトップ分子量)が76,969,900、2,110,000、1,260,000、775,000、355,000、186,000、19,500、1,050及びNSスチレンモノマー(株)製のスチレンモノマー(M=104)の9種)を用いて作成した検量線を使用して求めた。
マクロモノマー(b1)のMn及びMw/Mnは、GPC(東ソー(株)製、「HLC-8220」(商品名))を使用して以下の条件で求めた。
・カラム:TSK GUARD COLUMN SUPER HZ-L(4.6mmφ×35mm)と2本のTSK-GEL SUPER HZM-N(6.0mmφ×150mm)を直列に接続
・溶離液:LiBr 20mM DMF溶液
・測定温度:40℃
・流速:0.6mL/分
尚、Mw及びMnは、Polymer Laboratories製のポリメタクリル酸メチル(Mp(ピークトップ分子量)が141,500、55,600、10,290及び1,590の4種)を用いて作成した検量線を使用して求めた。
紫外線可視分光光度計((株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製、製品名:U-3300)を用い、調製した溶液を縦1cm×横1cmの内径を有するキュベットに加え、400nmの透過率測定を実施した。溶液の透明性を以下の基準で評価した。
○:溶液の透過率が90%以上
△:溶液の透過率が70%以上90%未満
×:溶液の透過率が70%未満
(5)接触角
多孔質膜の純水に対する接触角を以下の方法で測定した。
走査型電子顕微鏡(日立電子(株)製、製品名:JSM-7400)を用い、多孔質膜の表面の任意の500μm×500μmの範囲を5箇所選択し、それらの中の穴の状態について下記基準で評価した。
○:直径1μm以上の穴は確認されなかった。
×:直径1μm以上の穴が1つ以上確認された。
多孔質膜試験片を直径4.2cmの円形に裁断し、エタノール(和光純薬(株)製、試薬特級)に20分間浸漬しエタノールを含浸させた。次いで、エタノールを含浸させた多孔質膜試験片を脱イオン水に2時間以上浸漬し、タンク付ステンレスホルダー(Advantec(株)社製、KST-47(商品名)、有効膜面積12、5cm2)に挟み込んだ。
次いで、脱イオン水に平均粒径0.132μmのポリスチレンラテックス粒子((株)マグスフェア製、公称粒径0.132μm)を25ppmの濃度になるように分散させてなる評価原液をタンク内に充填させて、挟み込んだ多孔質膜で測定圧力0.1MPaでろ過し、評価原液とろ過液の波長320nmの吸光度から
Rjc = [(A1-A2)/A1]×100
Rjc:微粒子阻止率(%)
A1:評価原液の吸光度(abs)
A2:ろ過液の吸光度(abs)
によって求めた。
吸光度測定は、分光光度計(パーキンエルマー製 LAMBDA850)を用いた。
撹拌装置を備えた反応装置中に、窒素雰囲気下で、酢酸コバルト(II)四水和物(和光純薬(株)製、和光特級)1.00g、ジフェニルグリオキシム(東京化成(株)製、EPグレード)1.93g及び30分以上窒素で置換し、脱酸素を行ったジエチルエーテル(関東化学(株)製、特級)80mLを入れ、室温で30分間攪拌し、混合物を得た。次いで、得られた混合物に三フッ化ホウ素ジエチルエーテル錯体(東京化成(株)製、EPグレード)10mLを加え、更に6時間攪拌し、反応物を得た。得られた反応物をろ過し、固体をジエチルエーテル(関東化学(株)製、特級)で洗浄し、15時間真空乾燥して、赤褐色固体であるコバルト連鎖移動剤CoBF-1を2.12g得た。
撹拌機、冷却管及び温度計を備えた反応装置中に、17%水酸化カリウム水溶液61.6部、メタクリル酸メチル(三菱レイヨン(株)製、商品名:アクリエステルM)19.1部及び脱イオン水19.3部を仕込んだ。次いで、反応装置内の液を室温にて撹拌し、発熱ピークを確認した後、更に4時間撹拌し、反応液を得た。この後、反応液を室温まで冷却してメタクリル酸カリウム水溶液を得た。
冷却管付フラスコに、メタクリル酸メチル(三菱レイヨン(株)製、商品名:アクリエステルM)100部、トルエン100部(和光純薬工業(株)製、和光一級)、CoBF-1、0.00075部を仕込んだ。フラスコ内の液を70℃に加温した状態でCoBF-1を溶解させ、窒素バブリングによりフラスコ内部を窒素置換した。次いで、AIBN、1部を加えた後、内温を70℃に保った状態で、6時間保持し、重合を完結させ、重合反応物を得た。この後、重合反応物を大量のn-ヘキサン(和光純薬(株)、試薬特級)で再沈殿させた。再沈殿によって析出したポリマーを回収し、50℃及び50mmHg(6.67kPa)以下で真空乾燥して、マクロモノマー(b1-1)を得た。マクロモノマー(b1-1)のMnは12,200、Mw/Mnは1.8であった。マクロモノマー(b1-1)の末端二重結合の導入率はほぼ100%であった。マクロモノマー(b1-1)は、前記の式(1)において、Rはメチル基であった。
冷却管付フラスコに、メタクリル酸メチル(三菱レイヨン(株)製、商品名:アクリエステルM)100部、脱イオン水150部、硫酸ナトリウム1.39部、分散剤1:1.53部、CoBF-1:0.00075部を仕込んだ。フラスコ内の液を70℃に加温した状態でCoBF-1を溶解させ、窒素バブリングにより内部を窒素置換した。次いで、AIBN、1部を加えた後、内温を70℃に保った状態で、6時間保持し、重合を完結させ、重合反応物を得た。この後、重合反応物を室温まで冷却し、更にろ過して重合体を回収した。得られた重合体を水洗後、50℃で一晩真空乾燥することによりマクロモノマー(b1-2)を得た。マクロモノマー(b1-2)のMnは11,000、Mw/Mnは2.0であった。マクロモノマー(b1-2)の末端二重結合の導入率はほぼ100%であった。マクロモノマー(b1-2)は、前記の式(1)において、Rはメチル基であった。
冷却管付フラスコに、1-ビニル-2-ピロリドン(和光純薬(株)製、和光一級)500部及びジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬(株)製、和光一級)750部を投入し、窒素バブリングにより内部を窒素置換した。次いで、AIBN、0.5部(和光純薬(株)、和光特級)を加えた後、内温を70℃に保った状態で4時間保持し、次いで80℃に昇温して30分間保持し、重合を完結させ、重合反応物を得た。重合反応物を室温まで冷却し、大量の酢酸エチル(和光純薬(株)、試薬特級)で再沈殿させた。再沈殿によって析出したポリマーを回収し、50℃及び50mmHg(6.67kPa)以下の条件で一晩真空乾燥してビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C-1)としてポリビニルピロリドンを得た。ポリビニルピロリドンのMnは66,000、Mw/Mnは2.5であった。
冷却管付フラスコに、マクロモノマー(b1-1)95部、その他のモノマー(b2)としてHEA(アクリル酸2-ヒドロキシエチル(和光純薬(株)製、和光一級))5部及び溶剤(II)としてDMAc(N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、和光純薬(株)製、和光特級)150部を含有するモノマー組成物を投入し、窒素バブリングにより内部を窒素置換した。次いで、モノマー組成物を加温して内温を70℃に保った状態で、ラジカル重合開始剤としてAIBN:0.1部(和光純薬(株)、和光特級)をモノマー組成物に加えた後、4時間保持し、次いで80℃に昇温して30分間保持し、重合を完結させ、重合反応物を得た。この後、重合反応物を室温まで冷却し、大量のヘキサン(和光純薬(株)、試薬特級)で再沈殿させた。再沈殿によって析出したポリマーを回収し、50℃及び50mmHg(6.67kPa)以下の条件で一晩真空乾燥してポリマー(B-1)を得た。得られたポリマー(B-1)の収率は、ほぼ100%であった。ポリマー(B-1)のMnは4,600であり、Mw/Mnは4.6であった。評価結果を表1に示す。
MMA:メタクリル酸メチル(三菱レイヨン(株)製、商品名:アクリエステルM)
HEA:アクリル酸2-ヒドロキシエチル(和光純薬(株)製、和光一級)
4HBA:アクリル酸4-ヒドロキシブチル(日本合成化学(株)製)
PME-400(日本油脂(株)製、ブレンマーPME-400(商品名))
なお、表1~5に記載の、「溶液」とは「製膜原液」のことを指す。
表1に示す組成のモノマー組成物を使用する以外は合成例6と同様の方法にてポリマーB-2)~(B-10)、及び(B’-1)~(B’-5)を得た。得られたポリマー(B-2)~(B-10)、及び(B’-1)~(B’-5)の収率は、ほぼ100%であった。ポリマー(B-2)~(B-10)及び(B’-1)~(B’-5)の評価結果を表1に示す。
膜形成ポリマー(A)としてKynar301F(アルケマ社製、PVDFホモポリマー、商品名、Mw=550,000)20部、ポリマー(B)としてポリマー(B-1)0.4部、ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C)としてポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)4部及び溶剤(III)としてDMF(和光純薬(株)製、試薬特級)70部をガラス容器に配合し、50℃で、スターラーで10時間攪拌して溶液を調製した。得られた溶液の透過率を測定した結果、400nmにおける全光線透過率が90%以上と良好な透明性を示した。評価結果を表2に示す。
Kynar301F:PVDFホモポリマー(アルケマ社製、商品名、Mw=600,000)
NMP:N-メチルピロリドン(和光純薬(株)製、和光特級)
DMF:N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬(株)製、試薬特級)
DMAc:N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド(和光純薬(株)製、和光一級)
ポリマー(B)及び溶剤(III)として表2に示すものを使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして溶液を得た。評価結果を表2に示す。
膜形成ポリマー(A)としてKynar301F、16部、ポリマー(B’)としてポリマー(B’-4)0.8部、ビニルピロリドン単位を含むポリマー(C)としてポリビニルピロリドン4部及び溶剤(III)としてDMF70部をガラス容器に添加し、50℃で、スターラーで10時間攪拌して溶液を調製した。得られた溶液の透過率を測定した結果、400nmにおける全光線透過率が70%未満と良好な透明性を示さず、白濁した溶液であった。評価結果を表3に示す。
Kynar301F:PVDFホモポリマー(アルケマ社製、商品名、Mw=600,000)
NMP:N-メチルピロリドン(和光純薬(株)製、和光特級)
DMF:N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬(株)製、試薬特級)
DMAc:N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド(和光純薬(株)製、和光特級)
[比較例2~6]
ポリマー(B’)及び溶剤(ハ)として表3に示すものを使用した以外は比較例1と同様にして溶液を得た。評価結果を表3に示す。
比較例3では、マクロモノマー(b-1)の変わりにMMAを使用したため、相溶性が悪く透明な溶液を得ることが出来なかった。
比較例4では、マクロモノマー(b-1)の変わりにMMAを使用したため、相溶性が悪く透明な溶液を得ることが出来なかった。
比較例5では、マクロモノマー(b-1)の変わりにMMAを使用したため、相溶性が悪く透明な溶液を得ることが出来なかった。
比較例6では、マクロモノマー(b-1)の変わりにMMAを使用したため、相溶性が悪く透明な溶液を得ることが出来なかった。
実施例26で調製した溶液26を用い、溶液26をバーコーターを用いてガラス基板上に125μmの厚みになるように塗工した。室温で3分問保持した後、貧溶媒である80℃ の熱水中に浸漬し、溶剤(III)を取り除き、多孔質膜前駆体を作製した。この多孔質膜前駆体を純水で充分に洗浄した後、一昼夜乾燥させた。乾燥して得られた多孔質膜前駆体の純水に対する接触角を測定した。次いで、多孔質膜前駆体を次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液(和光純薬(株)製、有効塩素濃度5.0+%)に6時間浸漬し、その後流水で洗浄することによりポリビニルピロリドンを分解洗浄処理し、多孔質膜を作製した。該多孔質膜について純水に対する接触角を測定した。評価結果を表4に示す。
[実施例39~41]
溶液26の代わりに表4に示した溶液を用いた以外は実施例38と同様にして多孔質膜前駆体、多孔質膜を作製し、それぞれ純水に対する接触角を測定した。評価結果を表4に示す。
[比較例7および比較例9]
溶液26の代わりに表4に示した溶液を用いた以外は実施例38と同様にして多孔質膜前駆体、多孔質膜を作製し、それぞれ純水に対する接触角を測定した。評価結果を表4に示す。
比較例9で得られた多孔質膜は、用いた溶液にポリマー(B)を含んでいなかったために良好な親水性を示さず、接触角は88°と実施例37と比べて高かった。
溶液26の代わりに、アルケマ社製のKynar301F(商品名)のみをDMAcに溶解させて得られたPVDF14.6%溶液を用いた以外は実施例35と同様に多孔質膜前駆体、多孔質膜を作製し、それぞれ純水に対する接触角を測定した。評価結果を表4に示す。
実施例11で調製した溶液11を用い、熱水の代わりに貧溶媒としてDMFの5%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例38と同様にして多孔質膜を得た。得られた多孔質膜の表面観察を行ったところ、直径1μm以上の穴は認められず、均一性の高い多孔質膜が得られた。評価結果を表5に示す。
[実施例32~49]
表5に示す溶液と貧溶媒を用いた以外は実施例38と同様にして多孔質膜を作製した。評価結果を表5に示す。
[比較例10~12]
表5に示す溶液と貧溶媒を用いた以外は実施例38と同様にして多孔質膜を作製した。評価結果を表5に示す。
[実施例51~53]
実施例48~50で調製した多孔質膜を用いて、阻止率測定を行った。評価結果を表6に示す。
[比較例13]
表6に示した多孔質膜を用いた以外は、実施例51と同様の方法で阻止率測定を行った。評価結果を表6に示す。
比較例13では、直径1μm以上の大きな穴があいてしまい、均一性の高い多孔質膜を得ることが出来なかった実施例12の多孔質膜を用いたため、0.132μmのラテックス粒子を完全に阻止することができず、阻止率が64.3%と低い値を示した。
2 膜分離層
3 膜モジュールユニット
4 散気装置
5 吸引ポンプ
6 散気管
7 中空糸膜
8 第1ハウジング
9 第2ハウジング
10 平型中空糸膜エレメント
12 取水口
Claims (15)
- 前記(A)成分が、フッ素原子、又は塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーである、請求項1に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記フッ素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーが、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、エチレン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体、及びポリテトラフルオロエチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーである、請求項2に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記塩素原子を分子内に含有するポリマーが、ポリ塩化ビニル、及びポリ塩素化塩化ビニルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーである、請求項2に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記(A)成分が、ポリオレフィン、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、セルロース、又はこれらの誘導体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーである、請求項1に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記(B)成分中の、前記マクロモノマー(b1)のモノマー単位、及び前記その他のモノマー(b2)のモノマー単位の合計質量に対する、前記マクロモノマー(b1)のモノマー単位の割合が、5~99質量%である請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記その他のモノマー(b2)が、(メタ)アクリル酸、ポリエチレングリコール単位を側鎖に有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、及び水酸基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの(メタ)アクリル酸エステルである、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記(A)成分、(B)成分、(C)成分の合計量100質量部に対する前記(C)成分の含有量が、0.1~50質量部である請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物と、前記(A)成分を溶解可能な溶剤とを含む、製膜原液。
- 波長400nmの可視光の透過率が70%以上である、請求項9に記載の製膜原液。
- 請求項9又は10に記載の製膜原液を用いて多孔質膜前駆体を得る工程と、前記前駆体から(C)成分の一部、または全部を取り除く工程とを含む製造方法によって得られる多孔質膜。
- 請求項11に記載の多孔質膜から構成されている中空糸膜。
- 請求項11に記載の多孔質膜と、電解質とを含む、電解質支持体。
- 請求項11に記載の多孔質膜を用いたセパレーター。
- 請求項11に記載の多孔質膜を用いた水処理装置。
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| CN110600657B (zh) * | 2019-09-27 | 2022-04-19 | 宁德卓高新材料科技有限公司 | 丝状偏氟乙烯聚合物复合涂覆隔膜的制备方法 |
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| CN110635090B (zh) * | 2019-09-27 | 2022-04-29 | 宁德卓高新材料科技有限公司 | 高耐热性偏氟乙烯聚合物混涂隔膜的制备方法 |
| CN117624953A (zh) * | 2023-12-14 | 2024-03-01 | 中国海诚工程科技股份有限公司 | 一种脱氮膜用涂料、含有该涂料的超疏水膜及其制备方法 |
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| JPWO2016190416A1 (ja) * | 2015-05-27 | 2017-06-08 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 多孔質膜 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2974786A4 (en) | 2016-04-20 |
| CN105209162B (zh) | 2017-08-22 |
| EP2974786A1 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
| KR101785184B1 (ko) | 2017-10-12 |
| JPWO2014142311A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
| US10583403B2 (en) | 2020-03-10 |
| CN105209162A (zh) | 2015-12-30 |
| JP5858154B2 (ja) | 2016-02-10 |
| KR20150128976A (ko) | 2015-11-18 |
| EP2974786B1 (en) | 2017-05-10 |
| US20160038884A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 |
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