Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
  • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
  • H01B3/56—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances gases
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
  • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
  • H01B3/20—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils
  • H01B3/24—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils containing halogen in the molecules, e.g. halogenated oils
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
  • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
  • H01H33/02—Details
  • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
  • H01H33/22—Selection of fluids for arc-extinguishing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
  • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
  • H01H33/02—Details
  • H01H33/53—Cases; Reservoirs, tanks, piping or valves, for arc-extinguishing fluid; Accessories therefor, e.g. safety arrangements, pressure relief devices
  • H01H33/56—Gas reservoirs
  • H01H33/563—Gas reservoirs comprising means for monitoring the density of the insulating gas
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02B—BOARDS, SUBSTATIONS OR SWITCHING ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE SUPPLY OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02B13/00—Arrangement of switchgear in which switches are enclosed in, or structurally associated with, a casing, e.g. cubicle
  • H02B13/02—Arrangement of switchgear in which switches are enclosed in, or structurally associated with, a casing, e.g. cubicle with metal casing
  • H02B13/035—Gas-insulated switchgear
  • H02B13/055—Features relating to the gas

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method and device for mixing fluid components to yield an insulation fluid mixture and for filling this insulation fluid mixture into an electrical apparatus, in particular into a gas-insulated medium or high-voltage switchgear.
• Dielectric insulation media in liquid and/or gaseous states are widely applied to insulate an electrically active part in a variety of electrical apparatuses such as gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) .
• GIS gas-insulated switchgear
• the electrically active part in medium or high voltage metal-encapsulated switchgear is arranged in a gas-tight compartment which encloses an insulation gas with a pressure of several bars, which electrically separates the compartment of the apparatus from its electrically active part.
• the insulation gas does not allow the passage of electrical current from the electrically active part to the compartment.
• a commonly used dielectric insulation gas is sulfur hexafluoride (SFg) , which exhibits excellent insulation and electric arc extinguishing capabilities.
• SFg sulfur hexafluoride
• SFg is a strong contributor to the green-house effect and thus has a high global warming potential. Therefore alternative insulation fluids should be found.
• insulation fluids have been identified. Some of these alternatives comprise multi-component fluid mixtures, i.e. they comprise more than one molecular or atomic species. It is found that certain properties of such insulation fluid mixtures are compulsory to the safe operation of the electrical apparatus. As an example, the dielectric break-down strength of the insulation fluid is strongly dependent on local concentration ratios of the mixture fluid components and on to- tal fluid pressure. In order to achieve and upkeep the mixture' s insulating features and thus the safety and functionality of the electrical apparatus, the fluid components need to be carefully mixed and delivered to the electrical apparatus.
• US 2011/0297149 Al discloses a veterinary anesthesia monitor which establishes, maintains, and reports upon anesthesia gas mixtures.
• EP 0 894 506 A2 relates to a medical anesthesia delivery system for providing flows of breathing and anesthesia gases to a patient.
• the anesthesia delivery system comprises a feedback and control circuit to analyze and regulate the mixing ratio of patient inhaled gases .
• the disclosed methods and devices have the disadvantage, however, that they are not suitable for controlled filling of electrical apparatuses, in particular for delivering well-defined mixing ratios at pressures above atmospheric pressure.
• a method for filling a first amount of an insulation fluid which comprises at least a first fluid component and a second fluid component into a compartment of a fluid-insulated electrical apparatus comprises a method element of
• first amount of the insulation fluid This is done at a first mixing ratio, i.e. at a desired mixing ratio for the first amount of the insulation fluid.
• first amount of mixed insulation fluid is yielded.
• the mixing-step as well as the other method elements in the method are carried out at a filling temperature Tf ⁇ i ⁇ r e.g at ambient temperature, e.g. 20°C during commissioning of the electrical apparatus .
• the method further comprises a method element of
• the first mixing ratio of the first amount of the insulation fluid i.e. an actual mixing ratio of the first amount of the insulation fluid that can deviate from a desired first mixing ratio during the mixing step.
• a first sensor such as a gas chromatograph, an optical sensor, and/or a p-T-p-sensor (see below) .
• information indicative of the actual first mixing ratio of the first amount of the insulation fluid is obtained.
• the method further comprises a method element of
• a second sensor which can, e.g., be an integral part of the electrical apparatus or which can only be temporarily arranged in the compartment of the electrical apparatus.
• the mixing ratio of the insulation fluid that is already in the compartment of the electrical apparatus i.e. the second mixing ratio of the second amount of the insulation fluid
• the second sensor can, e.g., comprise a gas chromatograph, an optical sensor, and/or a p-T-p-sensor (see below) .
• the method comprises a further method element of
• this first amount of insulation fluid is actively (e.g. via a fan) or passively (e.g. via diffusion) mixed with the optional second amount of the insulation fluid that is already in the compartment (if any) .
• the total amount of insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus is increased while information indicative of the first and/or the second mixing ratio (s) prior to and/or after filling is available.
• the first mixing ratio of the first amount of the insulation fluid is controlled such, or - in other words - the amount of the first component and the amount of the second component that are mixed to yield the first amount of the insulation fluid are controlled such, that condensation temperatures of the first and second fluid components in the first amount (i.e. in the insulation fluid that is to be filled into the compartment) are below the filling temperature Tf-Qj.
• the first mixing ratio is controlled in a way that no condensation of one or more fluid components takes place during the mixing and filling of the insulation fluid into the electrical apparatus.
• the first mixing ratio of the first amount and the first amount of the insulation fluid itself are furthermore controlled using the second mixing ratio and the second amount of the insulation fluid which is already in the compartment (if any) .
• the first mixing ratio and the first amount of still-to-be filled insulation fluid is controlled depending on the second mixing ratio and the second amount of insulation fluid that is already in the compartment of the electrical apparatus.
• the first mixing ratio of the first amount and the first amount of the insulation fluid itself are controlled using a target mixing ratio and a target amount of insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus .
• target mixing ratio and “target amount” refer to a mixing ratio or an amount of insulation fluid, respectively, that is or are to be reached after completion of the filling process or at least at a later stage during the filling process, e.g. at the end of the commissioning procedure of the electrical apparatus.
• target amount By controlling the first mixing ratio and the first amount using the second mixing ratio and the second amount and/or a target mixing ratio and a target amount, the compartment of the electrical apparatus can be more easily filled with the right amount (i.e. "target amount”) of insulation fluid with the right mixing ratio (i.e. "target mixing ratio”) for reliable operation of the electrical apparatus.
• a filling pressure (which is, in other words, an equivalent to the "target amount" for a fixed volume of the compartment) of the insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus after the above described filling step is above 1 bar, preferably above 2 bars, more preferably above 5 bars (measured at an insulation fluid temperature of 20°C, which can also be the filling temperature of the electrical apparatus of the electrical apparatus Tf-Q i ) .
• an insulation fluid temperature of 20°C which can also be the filling temperature of the electrical apparatus of the electrical apparatus Tf-Q i
• the first and second fluid components are brought into (e.g. by a heater) - or, alternatively, it is ensured that they already are in - gaseous states, advantageously prior to carrying out the above described mixing step.
• the first mixing ratio can more easily be controlled, e.g. by controlling and/or measuring flow rates of at least one fluid component, in particular of both fluid components.
• the first fluid component is in a liquid state at the filling temperature (Tf ⁇ u) and at a pressure of 1 bar and the second fluid component is in a gaseous state at the filling temperature (Tfj_]_]_) and at a pressure between 5 bar and 200 bar.
• the first fluid component (A) is then brought into a gaseous state (e.g. by heating) and it is ensured that the second fluid component is in a gaseous state and the fluid components are subsequently mixed at the filling temperature ( f-QjJ and at a pressure between 3 bar and 10 bar.
• the method comprises a further method element of
• the method comprises a further method element of
• This or these homogenization step(s) is or are preferably carried out prior to deriving the first and/or second mixture ratio (s) and lead(s) to a more homogeneous mixture and/or density of the fluid components in the respective amounts of insulation fluid and thus to a more reliable derivation of the first and/or second mixture ratio (s). Furthermore, due to the reduction of local mixture and/or density fluctuations, a more reliable filling and operation of the electrical apparatus is achieved or simplified.
• the method comprises a further method element of
• the (second) amount of insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus is reduced or removed before the (first) amount of the insulation fluid is filled into the compartment. This is, e.g., very useful if during revision of the electrical apparatus the "old" insulation fluid needs to be fully or partially removed from the compartment (e.g. due to contamination) prior to filling the (first) amount of "freshly mixed” insulation fluid into the compartment.
• the method comprises a further method element of
• a filling gas e.g. air or nitrogen
• a filling gas can at least partially be removed from the compartment before the first amount of insula- tion fluid is filled into the compartment. This is, e.g., very useful, if during commissioning of the electrical apparatus ambient air that is present in the compartment needs to be fully or at least partially removed from the compartment prior to filling the first amount of "fresh" insulation fluid into the compartment.
• This step has or these steps have the advantage that a "target amount” and/or “target mixing ratio” of insulation fluid can be as clean as possible and as precisely controlled as possible, which leads to a better insulation performance and thus to a more reliable operation of the electrical apparatus.
• the above mentioned steps are repeated as long as the compartment of the electrical apparatus is not sufficiently filled with insulation fluid, or, in other words, as long as the "target mixing ratio” and/or the "target amount” of insulation fluid in the compartment is/are not yet reached.
• the term “repeatedly” as used herein refers to both a repeated execution of the above mentioned steps one-after-another with discernible start- and stop-points of all single steps as well as to a (timewise) continuous execution of at least some of the steps or method elements.
• the mixing and filling steps can be carried out continuously while the mixing-ratio- derivation-step ( s ) is or are carried out, e.g., once or twice every second. Then, if the second mixing ratio and/or the second amount of insulation fluid is or are within a preset band around the target mixing ratio and/or target amount of the insulation fluid in the compartment (e.g. not differing by more than 5% from the target mixing ratio and/or from the target amount), the mixing and filling is stopped and the electrical apparatus is (at least as far as its fluid-insulation is concerned) ready for operation.
• the filling steps are preferably carried out against increasing second amounts of the insulation fluid in the compartment (or, equivalently, against increasing insulation fluid pressures in the compartment) .
• the total amount of insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus increases over time due to the repeated filling of freshly mixed first amounts of insulation fluid into the compartment.
• the target mixing ratio and/or the target amount of insulation fluid in the compartment can be reached using repeated (i.e. discernible and/or continuous) mixing and filling steps.
• the first sensor and/or the second sensor (each) comprises at least one of the group of
• gas chromatographic measurement herein relates to an experimental quantification of a physical property (e.g. a retention time) of at least one fluid component of the insulation fluid comprising interactions between atoms or molecules of the insulation fluid and a carrier fluid called the "mobile phase” and a fixed material called the "station- ary phase". This stationary phase can, e.g., be located in a column of a gas chromatograph .
• optical measurement herein relates to an experimental quantification of a physical property of at least one fluid component of the insulation fluid comprising interactions between atoms or molecules of the insulation fluid and photons. Examples are
• fluorescence measurements e.g., at at least one fluorescence excitation wavelength between 100 nm and 400 nm and/or at at least one fluorescence emission wavelength between 350 nm and 600 nm.
• a photoacoustic sensor for carrying out a photoacoustic measurement on the first and/or second amount of the insulation fluid.
• a photoacoustic measurement comprises optical excitation of at least one fluid component of the insulation fluid, e.g. in the wavelength range between 0.2 ⁇ and 20 ⁇ , followed by detection of the acoustic response of the insulation fluid using, e.g., a microphone.
• acoustic sensors relying on other measurement principles can be used.
• More than three-parameter-sensor-systems can be used for error reduction and/or for more complex insulation fluid mixtures (e.g. comprising more than two fluid components) .
• the respective mixing ratios of the first and/or second amount of the insulation fluid (or even the concentrations of the first and second fluid components in the first and/or the second amounts) can, e.g., be derived using an equation of state (i.e. a "thermodynamic equation describing the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions" (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state as accessed on May 03, 2012) which is, e.g., selected from the group consisting of:
• a quantity (with units) which is indicative of an amount per volume unit e.g. a particle number per volume unit, moles per volume unit, or a number density, or
• - a number (without units) which is indicative of a ratio such as a mole fraction, a pressure-normalized partial pressure, a volume fraction, a mass fraction, or a density fraction.
• the advantage of using a sensor or sensors as described above is that information indicative of the first and/or second mixing ratio (s) is easier to obtain. Specifically, the signals from the sensor (s) are used to derive the actual first and/or second mixing ratio (s), and the desired first mixing ratio is controlled using this information. This simplifies the process of reaching the correct target mixing ratio as well as target amount of insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus .
• the method comprises a further method element of
• the first fluid component is selected from the group consisting of:
• ethers in particular hydrofluoroethers , hydrofluoro monoethers, hy- drofluoro monoethers containing at least 3 carbon atoms, perfluoro monoethers, or perfluoro monoethers containing at least 4 carbon atoms,
• ketones in particular hydrofluoro monoketones, perfluoro mono- ketones, perfluoro monoketones comprising at least 5 carbon atoms, or perfluoro monoketones comprising exactly 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 carbon atoms, and
• the second fluid component B is selected from the group consisting of:
• the first fluid component is selected from the group consisting of: cyclic and/or aliphatic fluoropentanones , preferably cyclic and/or aliphatic perfluoropentanones, more preferably 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4-heptafluoro-3- (tri-fluoro- methyl ) butan-2-one,
• cyclic and/or aliphatic fluorohexanones preferably cyclic and/or aliphatic perfluorohexanones, more preferably 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , , 5 , 5 , 5-nonafluoro-4- (tri- fluoromethyl) pentan-3-one,
• cyclic and/or aliphatic fluoroheptanones preferably cyclic and/or aliphatic perfluoroheptanones
• the second fluid component consists of:
• the first fluid component A comprises at least one of the group consisting of:
• the second fluid component comprises
• the first fluid component (A) comprises 1,1,1,3,4,4, -heptafluoro-3- (tri-fluoromethyl) butane-one with a partial pressure between 0.25 bar and 0.5 bar and/or the fluid component 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5- nona-fluoro-4- (tri-fluoromethyl ) pentan-3-one with a partial pressure between 0.02 bar and 0.3 bar at a temperature of 20°C.
• the method comprises a further method element of
• the method comprises a further method element of
• This information can, e.g., be derived using a sensor arrangement as discussed above in the electrical apparatus and/or using integrated mass flow measurements of the filled amounts of the first fluid components.
• the fluid component concentrations of the insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus are derivable.
• the method further comprises a method element of deriving a dielectric break-down strength Ej-, ⁇ of a or the second amount of the insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus. This is achieved using a or the first concentration of the first fluid component of the insulation fluid and using a or the second concentration of the second fluid component of the insulation fluid, and, e.g., using the following equation
• E cr j_ ⁇ - ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ -)- ⁇ ⁇ are fluid component specific critical field strengths of the first fluid component A and the second fluid component B; c3 ⁇ 4 and eg are the first and second concentrations of the first and second fluid components A and B; S(c3 ⁇ 4, C-Q) is a synergy parameter; and i is an index running over the fluid components A and B.
• the dielectric break-down strength of the insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus is derivable and it can be compared to a target dielectric breakdown strength. As soon as this target dielectric breakdown strength is reached, the mixing and/or filling can be stopped and the electrical apparatus is (at least as far as its fluid-insulation is concerned) ready for operation.
• the method comprises a further method element of
• This operating state can be selected from a group of possible operating states consisting of:
• one fluid component from the second. amount of the insulation fluid e.g. a state transition from gaseous to liguid state or vice versa of only one or at least preferentially one fluid component (A or B) of the second amount of the insulation fluid in the compartment of the electrical apparatus,
• one fluid component (A or B) of the second amount of the insulation fluid e.g., on a component of the electrical apparatus, e.g., on an inner surface of the compartment of the electrical apparatus,
• the new fluid component is a contaminant, i.e. an undesired substance in the insulation fluid
• a plurality of different operating scenarios for the electrical apparatus can be distinguished and, e.g., troubleshooting in the case of malfunctions is enabled or simplified.
• An identification of the operating state is possible by, e.g., comparing the first and second fluid component concentrations in the second amount of the insulation fluid to already filled first amounts of the insulation fluid as, e.g., known from integrated mass flow measurements.
• an insulation fluid filler i.e. a filling device for filling at least a first amount of an insulation fluid into a compartment of a fluid-insulated electrical apparatus (in particular gas-insulated medium or high voltage switchgear) as described above comprises
• This mixer can be an active (e.g. comprising a fan) or a passive (e.g. relying on diffusion) mixer.
• the insulation fluid filler comprises
• the insulation fluid filler comprises
• the electrical apparatus comprises a second sensor for deriving this second mixing ratio of the second amount of insulation fluid and transmits a sensor signal indicative of this second mixing ratio via the interface to the insulation fluid filler.
• the insulation fluid filler comprises - a fluid connector for establishing connection for insulation fluid between the insulation fluid filler and the electrical apparatus and for transferring the first (newly mixed) amount of the insulation fluid from the insulation fluid filler to the electrical apparatus .
• the insulation fluid filler comprises
• an analysis and control unit which is adapted and structured to carry out the method elements of a method as described above.
• the analysis and control unit of the insulation fluid filler comprises a computer program element comprising computer program code means for, when executed by a processing unit of the insulation fluid filler, implementing a method as described above.
• Fig. 1 shows an insulation fluid filling apparatus or filler 30 according to the invention as well an electrical apparatus 1;
• Fig. 2 shows a schematic of an optical fluorescence sensor
• Fig. 3 shows a schematic of an optical absorb- ance sensor 100, 200
• Fig. 4 shows a schematic of a gas chromatograph 100, 200 comprising two columns and a mass spectrometer behind one column;
• Fig. 5 shows a chromatogram illustrating the separation of insulation fluid components "N2/O2" and "C5" and “C6";
• Fig. 6 shows two chromatograms illustrating loss of a specific fluid component "gas 4"
• Fig. 7 shows two chromatograms illustrating detection of a contaminant
• Fig. 8 shows an absorption diagram illustrating characteristic optical absorbance signatures of insulation fluid components "C5" and "C6" in the infrared region
• Fig. 9 shows absorption diagrams illustrating the detection of a contaminant "HF" of the insulation fluid
• Fig. 10 shows an absorption diagram in the near UV range for "acetone”, "C5", and "C6";
• Fig. 11 shows an infrared absorption spectrum illustrating characteristic optical absorbance signatures of an insulation fluid component "C5";
• Fig. 12 shows infrared absorption spectra illustrating the characteristic optical absorbance signatures of the insulation fluid component "C5" of Fig. 11 as well as characteristic optical absorbance signatures of a contaminant "CF4";
• Fig. 14 shows infrared absorption spectra illustrating the characteristic optical absorbance signatures of the insulation fluid component "C5" of Fig. 11 as well as characteristic optical absorbance signatures of a contaminant heptafluoropropane "CF3CFHCF3";
• Fig. 15 shows a schematic of an optical absorb- ance measurement comprising a spectrometer;
• Fig. 16 shows an "optical absorption” vs. "C5 pressure” diagram as recorded by an optical setup of Fig. 15 /
• Fig. 17 shows a schematic of an optical absorb- ance measurement comprising a non-dispersive photodetec- tor and a band-pass filter;
• Fig. 18 shows a "transmitted intensity” vs. "C5 pressure” diagram as recorded by an optical setup of Fig. 17;
• Fig. 19 illustrates the dependence of UV absorption of the insulation fluid component "C5" on different insulation fluid mixture ratios and/or pressures
• Fig. 20 shows a photoionization detector 100
• Fig. 21 shows a pTp detector 100, 200 in bypass configuration .
• Fig. 1 shows a schematic of an insulation fluid filler or filling apparatus 30 according to the invention.
• the insulation fluid filler 30 operates at a filling temperature Tf-Q]_ which corresponds to the ambient temperature of, e.g., 20°C.
• the insulation fluid filler 30 comprises two fluid component reservoirs 301 and 302 for holding fluid components A and B, respectively.
• fluid component A comprises a perfluoro- ketone C5 which is a liquid at room temperature and at a pressure of 1 bar.
• a pump 303 conveys a stream (upper bold arrow) of liquid fluid component A to a mixer 31.
• the flux of the liquid fluid component A is monitored and controlled by a mass flow meter and regulator 35.
• the mass flow meter and regulator 35 measures and regulates the mass flux of fluid component A that enters the mixer 31.
• Information about the mass flux is transmitted to an analysis and control unit 34 of the insulation fluid filler 30 and mass flux regulation commands are received from this analysis and control unit 34.
• mass flux information also a closed-loop operation of the pump 303, e.g. a variable pump speed controlled by the mass flow meter and regulator 35 that maintains a desired mass flux, is possible (indicated by the upper curved arrow in Fig. 1) .
• Fluid component B consists of a pressurized gas mixture consisting of, e.g., 95% carbon dioxide and 5% oxygen at a total overpressure of 15 bars and is gaseous at ambient temperature. Due to the overpressure and a pressure gradient, a flow of gaseous fluid component B (lower bold arrow) automatically reaches the mixer 31 of the insulation fluid filler 30 after passing through a pressure regulator 304 which downregulates the fluid component pressure to 10 bars and through a mass flow meter and regulator 36 which measures and regulates the mass flux of fluid component B that enters the mixer 31. This information is again transmitted to the analysis and control unit 34 and regulation control commands are received from the analysis and control unit 34 of the insulation fluid filler 30. As discussed above, closed loop operation of the pressure regulator 304 and the mass flow meter and regulator 36 is possible (lower curved arrow) .
• the liquid fluid component A is vaporized by a heater 310 and mixed with the gaseous fluid component B in a turbulent jet mixing zone (curved arrows in 31) .
• the first amount Ml of insulation fluid 10 is yielded. Due to the controlled amounts of fluid components A and B that are mixed in the mixer 31, the first amount of the insulation fluid 10 has a first mixing ratio Rl, or - equivalently - the first fluid component A has a first concentration c3 ⁇ 4 and the second fluid component B has a second concentration eg.
• the mixing and thus yielding of the first amount Ml, measuring of mixing ratios, and filling of the first amount Ml of the insulation fluid 10 can be continuous processes (see above) .
• the first amount Ml of the insulation fluid 10 is transferred to the compartment 2 of the electrical apparatus 1 via a fluid connector 33 of the insulation fluid filler 30 and via suitable tubing (bold arrows) .
• the first mixing ratio Rl and/or the first amount Ml is derived using a first sensor 100, which is an optical fluorescence sensor as described in Fig. 2 below and/or a mass flow sensor.
• a first sensor 100 which is an optical fluorescence sensor as described in Fig. 2 below and/or a mass flow sensor.
• an optical absorbance sensor from Fig. 3 a photoionization sensor from Fig. 20, a pTp sensor from Fig. 21, or any other suitable sensor or sensor combination can be used.
• the information indicative of the first mixing ratio Rl from the first sensor 100 is transmitted to the analysis and control unit 34 and compared to the mixing ratio as determined by the mass fluxes of the single fluid components A and B (see above) .
• the detection of failure states such as condensation in simplified.
• the second mixing ratio R2 and the second amount M2 of the insulation fluid 10 which is already in the compartment 2 of the electrical apparatus are also measured by a second sensor 200 (e.g. comprising any of the sensors mentioned above, or combinations thereof) and transmitted to the analysis and control unit 34 via an interface 32.
• a second sensor 200 e.g. comprising any of the sensors mentioned above, or combinations thereof
• the transferred first amount Ml of the insulation fluid 10 with the first mixing ratio Rl is then mixed with the already present second amount M2 of the insulation fluid 10 which has (before mixing) a second mixing ratio R2 (see above) .
• This mixing is accelerated by a circulator 305.
• the circulator 305 homogenizes the density and/or the mixture of the insulation fluid components A and B.
• the total amount of insulation fluid 10 in the compartment 2 of the electrical apparatus is increased.
• condensation temperatures of the fluid components A and B of the insulation fluid 10 are below the filling temperature f-Qi- In other words, it is ensured that no condensation takes place.
• the first mixing ratio Rl and the first amount Ml of the insulation fluid 10 that is transferred into the compartment 2 are further controlled using
• a target mixing ratio R e.g. 5.5 % per- fluoroketone C5, 94.5 % C02-02 ⁇ mixture
• a target amount M e.g. equivalent to 7.7 bar at 20°C
• the analysis and control unit 34 derives how much (i.e. the first amount Ml) insulation fluid 10 at which mixture (i.e. the first mixing ratio Rl) needs to be filled into the compartment 2 so that the target amount M at target mixing ratio R are reached.
• the analysis and control unit 34 can then optionally in addition derive an operating state 0 of the electrical apparatus 1. Specifically, dielectric breakdown strength of the insulation fluid 10 is derived according to
• the operating state 0 is derived which is indicative of the availability of the electrical apparatus for normal operation, e.g. current conduction or high-voltage switching.
• the insulation fluid filler 30 can stop the filling procedure as soon as a threshold of the dielectric breakdown strength is reached or exceeded.
• Fig. 2 shows a schematic of an optical fluorescence sensor 100, 200 as it can be used in the insulation fluid filler 30 of Fig. 1 or in the electrical apparatus 1.
• fluorescence excitation light from a light source 23 e.g. a laser, LED, VCSEL
• a lens 24 passes a dichroic beam splitter 28. It then passes through the wall of a glass tube whose inner volume is filled with to-be-measured insulation fluid 10, either from a by-pass-arrangement at an insulation fluid tubing or from an extraction of a small amount (e.g. 1 ml at 1 bar at room temperature) of insulation fluid 10.
• This glass tube forms the measurement cell 21 of the optical sensor 100.
• the measurement cell 21 of the optical sensor 200 can be formed by the compartment 2 of the electrical apparatus 1 itself, i.e. fluorescence is then measured inside the compartment 2.
• the fluorescence excitation light then excites molecules of the insulation fluid 10 and resulting fluorescence emission light is in part travelling back towards the beam splitter 28.
• a mirror 27 is arranged on a side of the glass tube opposing the beam splitter 28. Fluorescence emission photons are then deflected by the dichroic beam splitter 28, pass an emission filter 26 (which blocks leftover excitation light), and are focused onto a detector 25 (e.g. an avalanche photodiode or a photomultiplier tube) by a collection lens 24.
• a detector 25 e.g. an avalanche photodiode or a photomultiplier tube
• the electrical fluorescence signal (indicative of c ⁇ and eg) from the detector 25 is then read out, optionally preprocessed (not shown) , and transmitted to the analysis and control unit 34 of the insulation fluid filler 30 for further processing.
• different light sources and optical setups are possible, e.g. monochromatic light at one or more wavelengths (e.g. at 305 nm) from one or more laser (s) 23, narrow spectrum light from a narrow band LED light source 23 (e.g. in the near UV range), or polychromatic or white light (optionally with a monochromator such as a grating) from a conventional light source 23. It is also possible to use different optical sensors 100, 200 for the different fluid components A and B.
• Fig. 3 shows a schematic of an optical absorb- ance sensor 100, 200 as it can be used in the insulation fluid filler 30 from Fig. 1 or in the electrical apparatus 1.
• light is monochromized inside a light source 23 by a grating (only schematically shown) and split into two beams by a e.g. 50:50 beam splitter 28.
• One light beam is guided through a reference cell 21a with a known absorbance per wavelength.
• the other light beam is guided through a measurement cell 21 of the optical sensor which comprises the insulation fluid 10 which is to be measured optically.
• bypass configurations (arrows) or extractions of small amounts of insulation fluid 10 are possible.
• both light beams are propagated through band-pass filters 29 and focused onto photodetec- tors 25 (e.g. avalanche photodiodes) by lenses 24.
• photodetec- tors 25 e.g. avalanche photodiodes
• an absorb- ance spectrum of the insulation fluid 10 over wavelength which is indicative of the fluid component concentrations c3 ⁇ 4 and c- Q (or the mixing ratio) is measured.
• the fluorescence optical sensor 100, 200 it should again be noted that different light sources and optical setups are possible as it is obvious to the person skilled in the art.
• Fig. 4 shows a schematic of a gas chromatograph 100, 200 as it can be used in the insulation fluid filler 30 from Fig. 1 or in the electrical apparatus 1.
• the gas chromatograph 100, 200 comprises a carrier gas reservoir 331 and a sample injector 332 which accepts a small amount (e.g. 0.5 ml at 1 bar at 20°C) of the insulation fluid 10 from the first or the second amount of the insulation fluid 10.
• This insulation fluid 10 is then injected into the flowing carrier gas and propagated through two columns 333 onto detectors 334 (e.g. thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, or electron capture detector, electron impact ionization detector) .
• detectors 334 e.g. thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, or electron capture detector, electron impact ionization detector
• the concentrations values c j and C- Q can be measured.
• the column Fluorocol from the company Supelco can separate a mixture of N2/O2 and C5/C6.
• a mass spectrometer 335 is arranged be- hind one column 333 for carrying out an additional mass spectrometric measurement for detecting and/or discriminating contaminants (i.e. undesired substances) in the insulation fluid 10.
• Advantages of using a gas chromatographic measurement for deriving the fluid component concentrations c3 ⁇ 4 and CQ (or the mixing ratios of the insulation fluid 10) are: (i) good separation and quantification capability to individual fluid components, (ii) very good sensitivity, and (iii) the ability to diagnose unknown contaminants, e.g. by optionally using an additional mass spectrometer (see below) .
• Fig. 5 shows a chromatogram (i.e. a chromato- graph detector signal as a function of retention time in the column) illustrating the separation of insulation fluid components "N2/O2" (technical air) and "C5" and “C6", which all appear as single separate peaks in the chromatogram.
• a Fluorocol column from the manufacturer Supelco can, e.g., be used for separation.
• Fig. 6 shows two chromatograms illustrating electrical stress-induced loss of a specific fluid component (gas 4, peak drops, see arrow and dotted lines) .
• An FC column can, e.g., be used for such a measurement.
• Fig. 7 shows two chromatograms illustrating detection of a contaminant of the insulation fluid 10.
• An additional peak (arrow, dotted circle) appears after a fresh insulation gas mixture (fresh gas mixture) has undergone electrical stress (aged gas mixture) .
• An FC column can, e.g., be used for such a measurement.
• Fig. 8 shows an infrared absorption spectrum illustrating characteristic signatures of insulation fluid components C5 and C6 in the infrared region.
• the use of infrared spectroscopy offers an easy, specific, and accurate method for the determination (type and concentration) and monitoring of the fluid components that make up the insulation fluid 10.
• Many molecules such as e.g C5 (i.e. C5-fluoroketone) and C6 (i.e. C6-fluoroketone ) show characteristic spectral signatures (spectral fingerprint) in the infrared region which are, e.g., due to vibrational excitation.
• Fig. 9 shows absorption diagrams illustrating the detection of a contaminant "HF” in the insulation fluid 10. Specifically, after electrical stress induced aging of an insulation fluid component "C5", clear absorption signatures of the contaminant "HF” can be seen in the spectrum. An HF reference spectrum is given for comparison. Using calibrated HF spectra, the concentration of the contaminant HF can also be derived. Analogous procedures exist for other contaminants.
• Fig. 10 shows an absorption diagram in the UV range for acetone, C5, and C6 together with reference data for acetone.
• Fig. 11 shows an infrared absorption spectrum illustrating characteristic optical absorption signatures of an insulation fluid component "C5". It is found that the insulation fluid component "C5" shows absorption peaks that do not overlap with spectral signatures of contaminants (indicated by, e.g., the arrow, see below). Therefore, by selecting such an appropriate spectral signature, the insulation fluid component "C5" can be unambiguously monitored without cross-sensitivity to contaminants .
• Fig. 12 shows infrared absorption spectra illustrating the characteristic optical absorbance signatures of the insulation fluid component "C5" of Fig. 11 as well as characteristic optical absorbance signatures of a contaminant "CF4" (as indicated by the arrow). Because these peaks do not overlap, they allow an unambiguous detection of the contaminant "CF4", even in the presence of "C5".
• Fig. 14 shows infrared absorption spectra illustrating the characteristic optical absorbance signatures of the insulation fluid component "C5" of Fig. 11 as well as characteristic optical absorbance signatures of a contaminant heptafluoropropane "CF3CFHCF3". Similar to the situation in Figs. 12 and 13, these signatures allow an unambiguous detection of the contaminant heptafluoropropane "CF3CFHCF3", even in the presence of "C5".
• Fig. 15 shows a schematic of an optical absorbance measurement comprising a spectrometer, i.e. a wavelength-discriminating or dispersive photodetector 25.
• a light source 23 e.g. a deuterium light source
• a measurement cell 21 comprising the insulation fluid 10.
• photodetector 25 a part of the light that has not been absorbed in the measurement cell 21 is detected by photodetector 25.
• Fig. 16 shows an "optical absorption” vs. "C5 pressure” diagram as recorded by an optical setup of Fig. 15.
• absorption A in arbitrary units is plotted versus pressure p in mbar of pure insulation fluid component C5.
• Each data point corresponds to the area of the absorption peak for the respective "C5" concentration.
• the inset shows a typical absorption spectrum (i.e. wavelength in nm on x-axis, wavelength-dependent absorption in arbitrary units a.u.
• the used equipment comprises: Light source 22: Deuterium light source, DT-MINI-2-GS, Ocean Optics. Gas cell 21: Stainless steel cell (with optical path length 47cm) "Expando" from Solvias . Fiber-optic cables 23: length 0.5 m, core diameter 600 ⁇ , UV- 0.5m/1204191 from Solvias. Detector 25: High-resolution spectrometer, HR4000 from Ocean Optics.
• Fig. 17 shows a schematic of an optical absorb- ance measurement comprising a non-dispersive photodetector 25 and a band-pass filter 29.
• a light source 23 e.g. a deuterium light source
• a measurement cell 21 comprising the insulation fluid 10.
• a part of the light that has not been absorbed in the measurement cell 21 propagates through a band-pass filter 29 and is detected in a non-wavelength- discriminating-fashion by photodetector 25.
• Fig. 18 shows a "transmitted intensity” vs. "C5 pressure” diagram as recorded by an optical setup of fig. 17.
• transmitted intensity I in ⁇ is plotted versus pressure p in mbar of pure insulation fluid component C5.
• Each data point corresponds to the total integrated intensity I measured by the silicon photodetector 25.
• the used equipment comprises: Light source 22: Deuterium light source, DT-MINI-2-GS, Ocean Optics. Gas cell 21: Stainless steel cell (with optical path length 47cm) «Expando» from Solvias. Fiber-optic cables 23: length 0.5 m, core diameter 600 pm, UV-0.5m/120 191 from Solvias. Filter 29: UG-11 from Schott. Detector 25: Si Photodiode, UV-818 from Newport.
• Fig. 19 illustrates the dependence of UV absorption of the insulation fluid component "C5" on insulation fluid mixtures and/or on insulation fluid pressure.
• the absorption of pure insulation fluid component "C5" in gaseous form and of two different insulation fluid mixtures consisting of insulation fluid component "C5" and insulation fluid component of, e.g., "synthetic air” with different mixture ratios and total pressures is acquired with the optical setup of Fig. 19.
• the absolute amount of insulation fluid component "C5" for all 3 samples i.e. 3 graphs, only two are distinguishable here
• p(C5) 91.5 mbar.
• the amount of synthetic air differs between 0 and 5775 mbar.
• the used equipment comprises: Light source 22: Deuterium light source, DT-MINI-2-GS , Ocean Optics.
• Gas cell 21 Stainless steel cell (with optical path length 47cm) "Expando" from Solvias.
• Detector 25 High-resolution spectrometer, HR4000 from Ocean Optics.
• Fig. 20 shows a photoionization detector 100, 200 as it can be used in the insulation fluid filler 30 from fig. 1 or in the electrical apparatus 1.
• UV light from a light source 23 is propagated through the measurement cell 21 to ionize molecules of the insulation fluid 10.
• the degree of ionization can then be measured as an ion current by electrodes 22 and thus the mixing ratio can be derived.
• Fig. 21 shows a pTp detector 100, 200 in bypass configuration, as it can be used in the insulation fluid filler 30 from Fig. 1 or - in a different configuration - also inside the electrical apparatus 1.
• the pressure p, the temperature T, and the density p of a static, isothermal (cf. the heaters, diagonal lines) gas sample of the insulation fluid 10 are measured and the fluid component concentrations c3 ⁇ 4 and eg (or the mixing ratio) can thus be determined.
• the valves 337 are periodically opened and closed to measure a fresh insulation fluid sample.
• such a pTp detector 100, 200 can also be used in an in-line configuration. With regard to this Fig. 21, this means that, one valve 337 could be closed permanently or alternately to the other valve 337, or that only a single flange connection would be required.
• air herein shall include “technical air”, i.e. pressurized and dried ambient air, or “synthetic air”, i.e. mixtures of nitrogen (3 ⁇ 4) and oxygen (O2) with various mixing ratios, or ambient air.
• aliphatic herein shall relate to both “linear aliphatic” and “branched aliphatic”.
• fluid herein shall relate to "a substance, such as a liquid [and/] or gas, that can flow, has no fixed shape, and offers little resistance to an external stress" (from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ fluid, accessed on 9/11/2011) .
• high-voltage herein shall relate to voltages larger than 50 kV.
• the term "medium-voltage" herein shall relate to voltages larger than 1 kV.
• hydrofluoroethers herein relates to specific partially or fully fluorinated ethers as, e.g., available from 3M.
• the compound "C5" herein particularly relates to a fluoroketone selected from the group consisting of the compounds defined by the following structural formulae in which at least one hydrogen atom, preferably all hydrogen atoms, is/are substituted with a fluorine atom/ fluorine atoms :
• the compound "C6" herein particularly relates to a fluoroketone selected from the group consisting of the compounds defined by the following structural formulae in which at least one hydrogen atom, preferably all hydrogen atoms, is/are substituted with a fluorine atom/ fluorine atoms :
• the compound "C7" herein particularly relates to a fluoroketone selected from the group consisting of the compounds defined by the following structural formulae in which at least one hydrogen atom, preferably all hydrogen atoms, is/are substituted with a fluorine atom/ fluorine atoms :
• C5 or "C5", C6 or “C6", C7 or “C7” etc. denote partially or fully fluorinated fluoroketones that have 5, 6, 7 etc. interconnected carbon atoms.

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• 2012
  • 2012-09-04 WO PCT/EP2012/067222 patent/WO2014037031A1/fr not_active Ceased

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