WO2014003036A1 - 複合活物質、固体電池および複合活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
複合活物質、固体電池および複合活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014003036A1 WO2014003036A1 PCT/JP2013/067445 JP2013067445W WO2014003036A1 WO 2014003036 A1 WO2014003036 A1 WO 2014003036A1 JP 2013067445 W JP2013067445 W JP 2013067445W WO 2014003036 A1 WO2014003036 A1 WO 2014003036A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite active material having good electronic conductivity.
- a commercially available lithium battery uses an organic electrolyte solution that uses a flammable organic solvent, it has a structure to prevent the installation of a safety device and to prevent a short circuit. Improvements in materials are necessary.
- a solid battery in which the liquid electrolyte is changed to a solid electrolyte does not use a flammable organic solvent in the battery, and thus it is considered that the safety device can be simplified and the manufacturing cost and productivity are excellent. .
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrode body (positive electrode layer) containing a positive electrode active material coated with lithium niobate and a solid electrolyte containing sulfide. Further, Patent Document 1 discloses that the electrode body may contain a conductive agent such as acetylene black and ketjen black.
- the reaction between the active material and the solid electrolyte material can be suppressed.
- ion conductive oxides such as lithium niobate have low electronic conductivity, the use of an active material coated with a coating layer increases the resistance of the battery.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has as its main object to provide a composite active material having good electronic conductivity.
- an active material a coat layer formed on the surface of the active material, composed of an ion conductive oxide, having an average thickness of less than 100 nm, and the active material
- a composite active material comprising carbon particles formed on a surface of a material and penetrating the coating layer.
- the composite active material having good electron conductivity can be obtained. Further, since the average thickness of the coat layer is very thin, an increase in resistance due to the coat layer can be minimized.
- the average length of the carbon particles in the normal direction of the surface of the active material is preferably 150 nm or less. This is because the carbon particles are easily held on the surface of the active material, and the possibility of slipping is reduced.
- the present invention also includes a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, Provided is a solid state battery in which at least one of the negative electrode active material layers contains the composite active material described above.
- a battery having low resistance can be obtained by using the composite active material described above.
- carbon particles are supported on the surface of the active material to form the carbon particle-supporting active material, and a coating layer forming solution is used to form the carbon particle-supporting active material.
- a method for producing a composite active material is provided.
- the composite active material having high adhesion between the active material and the carbon particles can be obtained by supporting the carbon particles on the surface of the active material before forming the coat layer. Furthermore, by using a fluidized bed coating method, a precursor layer is formed on the surface of the active material portion in the carbon particle-supporting active material, and at the same time, a precursor layer is formed on the surface of the carbon particle portion in the carbon particle-supporting active material. Can not be formed. Therefore, a composite active material comprising carbon particles that penetrate the coat layer can be obtained efficiently.
- the active material is formed by a mixed solution forming step of forming a mixed solution containing carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays and a coating layer forming raw material, and the fluidized bed coating method using the mixed solution.
- a composite active material having high adhesion between the active material and the carbon particles can be obtained by using carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays. Furthermore, by using the fluidized bed coating method, a precursor layer can be formed on the surface of the active material, and at the same time, the precursor layer can not be formed on the surface of the carbon particles supported by the active material. Therefore, a composite active material comprising carbon particles that penetrate the coat layer can be obtained efficiently.
- the specific surface area of the said carbon particle is 39 m ⁇ 2 > / g or more. This is because carbon particles having a large specific surface area have many irregularities on the surface and are easily supported on the surface of the active material.
- the composite active material of the present invention has an effect of having good electronic conductivity.
- the composite active material of the present invention comprises an active material, a coat layer formed on the surface of the active material, composed of an ion conductive oxide, having an average thickness of less than 100 nm, and the active material. And carbon particles formed on the surface and penetrating the coat layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of the composite active material of the present invention.
- the composite active material 10 in FIG. 1 (a) is formed on the surface of the active material 1, the active material 1, is made of an ion conductive oxide, and the coat layer 2 has an average thickness in a predetermined range.
- carbon particles 3 formed on the surface of the active material 1 and penetrating the coat layer 2.
- the composite active material having good electron conductivity can be obtained.
- the average thickness of the coat layer is very thin, an increase in resistance due to the coat layer can be minimized. Specifically, when the ion conductivity of the coat layer is low, an increase in resistance due to the low ion conductivity of the coat layer can be suppressed by making the average thickness very thin.
- a mechanical coating method such as a ball mill is known, but it is difficult to obtain a coating layer having an average thickness of, for example, less than 100 nm.
- a coating layer having a very thin average thickness can be obtained by using a fluidized bed coating method described later.
- the adhesiveness of an active material and carbon particles can be improved by using the manufacturing method which is mentioned later. Therefore, even when the average thickness of the coat layer is very thin, the carbon particles can be held on the surface of the active material with good adhesion. Furthermore, since the adhesiveness between the active material and the carbon particles is high, a composite active material having good electron conductivity can be obtained.
- the composite active material of the present invention will be described for each configuration.
- the type of active material in the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably selected as appropriate according to the type of battery.
- the active material in the present invention is preferably an oxide active material. This is because a high-capacity active material can be obtained.
- the oxide active material and the sulfide solid electrolyte material easily react, and both react to form a high resistance layer.
- by providing a coat layer on the surface of the oxide active material there is an advantage that the reaction between them can be suppressed.
- the shape of the active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the form of particles, for example.
- Examples of the shape of the particles include a true sphere and an elliptic sphere.
- the average particle size of the active material is preferably in the range of 500 nm to 100 ⁇ m, for example, and more preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- Coat layer is a layer which is formed on the surface of the said active material, is comprised from an ion conductive oxide, and an average thickness is less than 100 nm.
- the coat layer is made of an ion conductive oxide.
- the composition of the ion conductive oxide is not particularly limited. For example, an oxide containing a Group 1 or Group 2 element and a Group 3 to Group 6, or Group 13 to Group 15 element. Is preferred. Among these, a Li-containing oxide containing lithium as a Group 1 element is more preferable.
- the ion conductive oxide includes elements of Group 3 to Group 6, Group 13 to Group 15, such as B, Si, Ti, Zr, V, P, Al, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, And at least one element selected from W.
- the ion conductive oxide may be a Li-containing oxide composite compound.
- a Li-containing oxide composite compound any combination of the above-described Li-containing oxides can be employed.
- Li 3 PO 4 —Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 3 BO 3 —Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 3 PO 4- Li 4 GeO 4 and the like can be mentioned.
- Other examples of the ion conductive oxide include Li 2 O—B 2 O 3 —P 2 O 5 , Li 2 O—SiO 2 , Li 2 O—B 2 O 3 , Li 2 O—B 2.
- Crystalline oxidation of amorphous oxides such as O 3 —ZnO, LiI—Al 2 O 3 , Li 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6 BaLa 2 Ta 2 O 12 And the like.
- the ion conductivity (25 ° C.) of the ion conductive oxide is preferably 10 ⁇ 9 S / cm to 10 ⁇ 3 S / cm, for example.
- the electron conductivity (25 ° C.) of the ion conductive oxide is preferably 10 ⁇ 8 S / cm to 10 ⁇ 1 S / cm, for example.
- the average thickness of the coat layer is usually less than 100 nm. Especially, it is preferable that the said average thickness is 30 nm or less, and it is more preferable that it is 15 nm or less. This is because if the average thickness is too large, the increase in resistance due to the coat layer may not be sufficiently suppressed.
- the average thickness is, for example, preferably 1 nm or more, and more preferably 5 nm or more. This is because if the average thickness is too small, the reaction between the active material and the solid electrolyte material may not be sufficiently suppressed.
- the said average thickness can be calculated
- the number of samples is preferably 10 or more.
- the average coverage of the coat layer with respect to the active material is preferably, for example, 50% or more, and more preferably 80% or more.
- the coat layer may cover the entire surface of the active material.
- the average coverage of the coat layer can be measured using, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or the like.
- the number of samples is preferably 10 or more.
- Carbon particle The carbon particle in this invention is formed on the surface of the said active material, and penetrates the said coating layer. Since one surface of the carbon particles is in contact with the active material and the other surface of the carbon particles is exposed through the coat layer, a good electron conduction path can be formed.
- the type of carbon particles is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include crystalline carbon (carbon capable of defining substantially all atomic positions), microcrystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, and the like. Microcrystalline carbon or amorphous carbon is preferred. This is because it is harder than crystalline carbon and easily forms a structure penetrating the coat layer.
- Examples of the carbon particles corresponding to microcrystalline carbon or amorphous carbon include carbon black, activated carbon, hard carbon, soft carbon, and mesoporous carbon. Among these, carbon black is preferable. This is because it has a structure structure and is easily carried on the surface of the active material.
- a structure structure means the structure which exists in the state which particle
- the carbon particles in the present invention preferably have a structure structure.
- Carbon black can be roughly divided into two types depending on the synthesis method. Specifically, it can be roughly classified into incomplete combustion carbon black and pyrolytic carbon black.
- the incomplete combustion carbon black include furnace black (Ketjen black) using petroleum as a raw material and channel black using natural gas as a raw material.
- the pyrolytic carbon black include acetylene black using acetylene as a raw material, and thermal black using natural gas as a raw material.
- the carbon particles in the present invention are preferably acetylene black. This is because the ratio of the carbon component is high and the electron conductivity is also high.
- the specific surface area of the carbon particles is preferably large. This is because carbon particles having a large specific surface area have many irregularities on the surface and are easily supported on the surface of the active material. In particular, during the process of forming a carbon particle-supporting active material described later, carbon particles having a large specific surface area have an advantage that an active surface tends to appear and adhesion to the active material is increased. Further, when the specific surface area of the carbon particles is large, there is an advantage that an effect of improving dispersibility by ultraviolet irradiation described later is easily obtained.
- the specific surface area of the carbon particles is, for example, preferably 39 m 2 / g or more, and more preferably 200 m 2 / g or more.
- the shape of the carbon particles is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a true spherical shape and an elliptical spherical shape.
- the average particle diameter of the carbon particles is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 150 nm, for example, and more preferably in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm.
- the average particle diameter can be obtained from image analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the number of samples is preferably 100 or more.
- the average length of the carbon particles 3 in the normal direction N of the surface of the active material 1 was a T 1, the average thickness of the coating layer 2 and T 2.
- the value of T 1 include, but are not particularly limited, but is preferably for example at 150nm or less, and more preferably 50nm or less. This is because if the value of T 1 is too large, it is difficult to be held on the surface of the active material, and the possibility of sliding off increases.
- the value of T 1 is preferably, for example, 1nm or more.
- the value of T 1 can be determined in the same manner as the average particle size of the above-mentioned carbon particles.
- the value of T 2 are, as described above typically less than 100 nm.
- the value of T 2 / T 1 is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 10% or more, preferably 50% or more, and more preferably 80% or more. This is because the sliding of the carbon particles can be sufficiently suppressed.
- the ratio of the carbon particles to the active material varies greatly depending on the size of the carbon particles, but the carbon particles may be in the range of 0.1 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the active material. Preferably, it is in the range of 0.3 to 1 part by weight.
- Composite Active Material The composite active material of the present invention is usually used for a battery, and preferably used for a solid battery. Moreover, since the manufacturing method of the composite active material of this invention is demonstrated in "C. manufacturing method of composite active material", description here is abbreviate
- the solid battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, At least one of the negative electrode active material layers contains the composite active material described above.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of the solid state battery of the present invention.
- the solid battery 20 of the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer 11 containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material layer 12 containing a negative electrode active material, a positive electrode active material layer 11 and a negative electrode active material.
- a battery case 16 for housing members.
- the present invention is greatly characterized in that at least one of the positive electrode active material layer 11 and the negative electrode active material layer 12 contains the composite active material described in “A. Composite active material”.
- a battery having low resistance can be obtained by using the composite active material described above.
- the solid state battery of the present invention will be described for each configuration.
- Positive electrode active material layer is a layer containing at least a positive electrode active material, and may contain at least one of a solid electrolyte material, a conductive material and a binder, if necessary. good. Especially, in this invention, it is preferable that a positive electrode active material layer contains the composite active material mentioned above.
- the positive electrode active material layer preferably contains a solid electrolyte material, and more preferably contains a sulfide solid electrolyte material. This is because a positive electrode active material layer having high ion conductivity can be obtained. Further, for example, when an oxide active material and a sulfide solid electrolyte material are used in combination, they react to form a high resistance layer at the interface between them. On the other hand, since the composite active material mentioned above has a coat layer, there exists an advantage that both reaction can be suppressed.
- the solid electrolyte material used for the positive electrode active material layer can be the same material as the solid electrolyte material used for the solid electrolyte layer described later.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is, for example, preferably 10% by weight or more, and more preferably in the range of 20% by weight to 90% by weight.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain a conductive material.
- a conductive material By adding a conductive material, the electronic conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer can be improved.
- the conductive material include acetylene black, ketjen black, and carbon fiber.
- the positive electrode active material layer may contain a binder. Examples of the type of binder include fluorine-containing binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- Negative electrode active material layer is a layer containing at least a negative electrode active material, and may contain at least one of a solid electrolyte material, a conductive material and a binder, if necessary. good. Especially, in this invention, it is preferable that a negative electrode active material layer contains the composite active material mentioned above.
- the negative electrode active material layer preferably contains a solid electrolyte material, and more preferably contains a sulfide solid electrolyte material. This is because a negative electrode active material layer having high ion conductivity can be obtained.
- the solid electrolyte material used for the negative electrode active material layer can be the same material as the solid electrolyte material used for the solid electrolyte layer described later.
- the negative electrode active material layer may contain a general negative electrode active material. Examples of common negative electrode active materials include metal active materials and carbon active materials. Examples of the metal active material include In, Al, Si, and Sn.
- examples of the carbon active material include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), highly oriented graphite (HOPG), hard carbon, and soft carbon.
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- HOPG highly oriented graphite
- hard carbon hard carbon
- soft carbon soft carbon.
- the content of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode active material layer is, for example, preferably 10% by weight or more, and more preferably in the range of 20% by weight to 90% by weight.
- the conductive material and the binder used for the negative electrode active material layer are the same as those in the positive electrode active material layer described above.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the solid electrolyte layer in this invention is a layer formed between a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode active material layer.
- the solid electrolyte layer contains at least a solid electrolyte material.
- the solid electrolyte material include a sulfide solid electrolyte material and an oxide solid electrolyte material.
- Examples of the sulfide solid electrolyte material having Li ion conductivity include Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 —LiI, Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 —Li 2 O, Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 —Li 2 O—LiI, Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —LiI, Li 2 S—SiS 2 —LiBr, Li 2 S—SiS 2 —LiCl, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -B 2 S 3 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -P 2 S 5 -LiI, Li 2 S-B 2 S 3, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 -Z m S n ( provided that , M, n are positive numbers, Z is any one of Ge, Zn, and Ga.), Li 2 S—GeS 2 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —Li 3 PO 4 , Li 2
- examples of the oxide solid electrolyte material having Li ion conductivity include a compound having a NASICON structure.
- a compound having a NASICON type structure a compound (LAGP) represented by the general formula Li 1 + x Al x Ge 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), a general formula Li 1 + x Al x Ti 2
- LAGP compound represented by the general formula Li 1 + x Al x Ge 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2)
- LATP compound represented by -x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2)
- oxide solid electrolyte material examples include LiLaTiO (for example, Li 0.34 La 0.51 TiO 3 ), LiPON (for example, Li 2.9 PO 3.3 N 0.46 ), LiLaZrO (for example, mention may be made of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ) or the like.
- the content of the solid electrolyte material in the solid electrolyte layer is preferably 60% by weight or more, more preferably 70% by weight or more, and still more preferably 80% by weight or more.
- the solid electrolyte layer may contain a binder or may be composed only of a solid electrolyte material.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer is, for example, preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m.
- the solid battery of the present invention has at least a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a solid electrolyte layer. Furthermore, it usually has a positive electrode current collector for collecting current of the positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector for collecting current of the negative electrode active material layer.
- Examples of the material for the positive electrode current collector include SUS, aluminum, nickel, iron, titanium, and carbon.
- examples of the material for the negative electrode current collector include SUS, copper, nickel, and carbon.
- the thickness, shape, and the like of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector are preferably appropriately selected according to the use of the battery.
- the battery case of a general battery can be used for a battery case. Examples of the battery case include a SUS battery case.
- Solid Battery As the solid battery of the present invention, a lithium battery, a sodium battery, a magnesium battery, a calcium battery, and the like can be given. Among these, a lithium battery is preferable. Furthermore, the solid battery of the present invention may be a primary battery or a secondary battery, but among them, a secondary battery is preferable. This is because it can be repeatedly charged and discharged and is useful, for example, as an in-vehicle battery. Examples of the shape of the battery include a coin shape, a laminate shape, a cylindrical shape, and a square shape.
- the method for producing a composite active material of the present invention can be roughly divided into two embodiments. Hereinafter, the manufacturing method of the composite active material of this invention is divided and demonstrated to a 1st embodiment and a 2nd embodiment.
- a method for producing a composite active material according to a first embodiment uses a supporting step of supporting carbon particles on the surface of an active material to form a carbon particle-supporting active material, and a coating layer forming solution.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the method for producing a composite active material according to the first embodiment.
- carbon particles are supported on the surface of the active material to form a carbon particle-supported active material (supporting step).
- the precursor active material which has a precursor layer on the surface in the active material part of the carbon particle carrying
- support active material on the surface of the part which is not a carbon particle
- precursor active material forming step by the fluidized-layer coating method using the solution for coat layer formation Form
- precursor active material forming step by the fluidized-layer coating method using the solution for coat layer formation Form
- a desired coat layer is formed by performing heat treatment on the precursor layer (heat treatment step). Thereby, a composite active material is obtained.
- the composite active material having high adhesion between the active material and the carbon particles can be obtained by supporting the carbon particles on the surface of the active material before forming the coat layer. Furthermore, by using a fluidized bed coating method, a precursor layer is formed on the surface of the active material portion in the carbon particle-supporting active material, and at the same time, a precursor layer is formed on the surface of the carbon particle portion in the carbon particle-supporting active material. Can not be formed. Therefore, a composite active material comprising carbon particles that penetrate the coat layer can be obtained efficiently.
- the reason why the precursor layer can be selectively formed on the surface of the active material portion in the carbon particle-supporting active material is as follows. That is, in the fluidized bed coating method, the particles rub against each other or the particles and the rotor or inner wall of the apparatus come into contact with each other. For this reason, even if a precursor layer is formed on the surface of the carbon particles arranged in a protruding shape on the surface of the active material, the precursor layer is preferentially removed by a phenomenon of rubbing. As a result, a precursor layer can be selectively formed on the surface of the active material portion. Further, in the fluidized bed coating method, the coating layer forming solution is dried in a thinly stretched state due to the phenomenon of rubbing.
- the precursor layer can be formed without generating a granulated body (secondary particle body including a plurality of particles).
- a granulated body may be formed or carbon particles penetrating the coat layer may not be formed.
- the supporting step in the first embodiment is a step of forming carbon particle-supporting active material by supporting carbon particles on the surface of the active material.
- the adhesion between the active material and the carbon particles can be increased.
- the supporting method for supporting the carbon particles on the surface of the active material is preferably a method for supporting the active material so as to have high adhesion. Specifically, a method in which a mechanical force is applied and the active material and carbon particles are combined in a solid phase is preferable.
- a supporting method for example, a method using a dispersion crushing apparatus using media, represented by a ball mill, a bead mill, etc., a method using a revolving mixer without using media, Nobilta NOB (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), a hybridization system Examples thereof include a method using a surface modification device such as Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.
- Various conditions in the supporting method are preferably adjusted so that a desired carbon particle-supporting active material is obtained.
- the precursor active material forming step in the first embodiment uses the coating layer forming solution and the surface of the active material constituting the carbon particle-supporting active material by a fluidized bed coating method. It is a step of forming a precursor active material having a precursor layer thereon.
- the coating layer forming solution contains a coating layer forming raw material and a solvent.
- the raw material for forming the coat layer is not particularly limited as long as the above-described coat layer (ion conductive oxide) can be obtained.
- the raw material for coat layer formation contains an alkoxide compound at least. This is because a desired coat layer can be easily obtained by utilizing the sol-gel reaction.
- the coating layer forming raw material contains a Li-containing compound and an A-containing compound.
- the Li-containing compound include Li alkoxides such as ethoxylithium and methoxylithium, lithium acetate, and lithium hydroxide.
- the A-containing compound include alkoxides containing A, acetates containing A, hydroxides containing A, and the like.
- Nb-containing compounds include pentaethoxyniobium, pentamethoxyniobium, penta-i-propoxyniobium, penta-n-propoxyniobium, and penta-i-butoxyniobium.
- Nb alkoxides such as penta-n-butoxyniobium and penta-sec-butoxyniobium, niobium acetate and niobium hydroxide.
- Examples of the solvent used in the coating layer forming solution include a polar solvent having a polar functional group such as a hydroxyl group.
- a polar solvent having a polar functional group such as a hydroxyl group.
- alcohol is preferable.
- examples of the alcohol include ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol and the like.
- the amount of water contained in the solvent is, for example, preferably 0.005% by weight or less, more preferably 0.0025% by weight or less, and even more preferably 0.00025% by weight or less.
- a fluidized bed coating method is usually used.
- the fluidized bed coating method is a film coating technique using a fluidized bed granulation / coating apparatus, and a uniform coating can be applied by repeating spraying and drying of liquid on particles. Examples of such an apparatus include a multiplex manufactured by Paulex and a flow coater manufactured by Freund Corporation.
- a multiplex manufactured by Paulex and a flow coater manufactured by Freund Corporation.
- the fluidized bed coating method when the coating layer forming solution is sprayed and dried, an air current is generated in the container to rotate the active material, and a rotor or the like is rotated as necessary. Airflow conditions, rotor rotation conditions, and the like may be set as appropriate and are not particularly limited.
- the airflow temperature (gas flow temperature) in the container is preferably 80 ° C. or higher.
- Heat treatment step in the first embodiment is a step of performing a heat treatment on the precursor layer to form a coat layer composed of an ion conductive oxide and having an average thickness of less than 100 nm.
- the heat treatment temperature in this step is not particularly limited as long as the target coat layer can be formed, but is preferably in the range of 300 ° C. to 500 ° C., for example, 350 ° C. to 450 ° C. More preferably, it is within the range of 350C, and particularly preferably within the range of 350C to 400C. If the heat treatment temperature is too low, sufficient heat treatment cannot be performed, and the target coat layer may not be obtained. If the heat treatment temperature is too high, deterioration of the active material or the like may occur. It is.
- the atmosphere during the heat treatment is not particularly limited, but is preferably an atmosphere containing oxygen so that oxidation is promoted. Specifically, it is preferable to perform the heat treatment in an air atmosphere.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.5 hours or more, preferably within a range of 0.5 hours to 48 hours, and within a range of 1 hour to 20 hours. Is more preferable.
- Examples of the heating method include a method using a firing furnace.
- Examples of the firing furnace include a muffle furnace.
- the composite active material obtained by the production method of the first embodiment is the same as that described in “A. Composite active material”.
- the carbon particles are supported on the surface of the active material, so that the components of the coat layer are detected between the active material and the carbon particles. Not. Therefore, there exists an advantage that electronic conductivity is more favorable.
- a method for producing a composite active material according to the second embodiment uses a mixed solution forming step of forming a mixed solution containing carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays and a coating layer forming raw material, and the above mixed solution.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method for producing a composite active material according to the second embodiment.
- a mixed solution containing carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays and a coating layer forming raw material is formed (mixed solution forming step).
- a precursor active material having a precursor layer and carbon particles is formed on the surface of the active material by a fluidized bed coating method (precursor active material forming step).
- a desired coat layer is formed by performing heat treatment on the precursor layer (heat treatment step). Thereby, a composite active material is obtained.
- a composite active material having high adhesion between the active material and the carbon particles can be obtained by using the carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays. Furthermore, by using the fluidized bed coating method, a precursor layer can be formed on the surface of the active material, and at the same time, a precursor layer can not be formed on the surface of the carbon particles supported on the active material. Therefore, a composite active material comprising carbon particles that penetrate the coat layer can be obtained efficiently. The reason why the precursor layer can be selectively formed on the surface of the active material is as described above.
- the mixed solution is sprayed little by little, and the sprayed mist directly collides with the active material and is immediately dried.
- the carbon particles are dispersed with good wettability on the surface of the active material.
- the fluidized bed coating method has an advantage that carbon particles are easily fixed on the surface of the active material because spraying and drying of mist are repeated.
- the spray dryer method is not a method in which spraying and drying of mist are repeated, so that carbon particles may not be fixed on the surface of the active material.
- the manufacturing method of the composite active material of a 2nd embodiment is demonstrated for every process.
- the mixed solution formation process in a 2nd embodiment is a process of forming the mixed solution containing the carbon particle which irradiated the ultraviolet-ray, and the raw material for coat layer formation.
- Carbon particles that have been irradiated with ultraviolet rays are usually more hydrophilic than before the irradiation with ultraviolet rays.
- carbon particles that have been irradiated with ultraviolet rays may be used, or the carbon particles may be irradiated with ultraviolet rays to make the carbon particles hydrophilic.
- the carbon particles are irradiated with ultraviolet rays, the irradiation may be performed once or a plurality of ultraviolet rays, but the latter is preferable. This is because there is a possibility that sufficient hydrophilicity may not be achieved even if a desired hydrophilicity is achieved by one ultraviolet irradiation.
- the carbon particles are heated, and the stability of the hydroxyl group present on the surface may be lowered.
- Intensity of ultraviolet radiation per one time for example, preferably in the range of 10mW / cm 2 ⁇ 300mW / cm 2, and more preferably in the range of 30mW / cm 2 ⁇ 150mW / cm 2.
- the time of ultraviolet irradiation per one time is preferably within 60 minutes, and more preferably within 5 minutes.
- a UV lamp, an excimer UV lamp, or the like can be used as a light source for ultraviolet irradiation.
- the mixed solution in the second embodiment has carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays, the amount of the dispersing agent for dispersing the carbon particles can be reduced.
- the mixed solution preferably does not have a dispersing material for dispersing the carbon particles. This is because the dispersion material adversely affects the formation of the coat layer.
- a polymer may be used as a dispersing material for dispersing carbon particles. However, such a polymer inhibits a coating layer formation reaction (for example, a sol-gel reaction), and a coating layer having low ionic conductivity is formed.
- carbon particles are usually hydrophobic, they are not dispersed in a polar solvent (hydrophilic solvent) such as alcohol.
- the second embodiment has an advantage that carbon particles can be dispersed in a solvent without using a dispersing material by using carbon particles that have been hydrophilicized by irradiating ultraviolet rays.
- the preparation method of the mixed solution in the second embodiment is not particularly limited, but the first solution containing the carbon particles irradiated with ultraviolet rays and the second solution containing the coating layer forming raw material are mixed. Thus, it is preferable to prepare a mixed solution.
- the reaction of the second solution can be controlled while maintaining high dispersibility of the carbon particles by mixing with the second solution in a state where the dispersibility of the carbon particles contained in the first solution is sufficiently high. Because you can.
- the ultrasonic dispersion treatment may be performed on the first solution, or the ultrasonic dispersion treatment may be performed on the mixed solution.
- Precursor active material forming step For the precursor active material layer forming step in the second embodiment, the precursor active material in the first embodiment, except that a mixed solution was used instead of the coating layer forming solution. Since it is the same as that of a formation process, description here is abbreviate
- Heat treatment step The heat treatment step in the second embodiment is the same as the heat treatment step in the first embodiment, and a description thereof will be omitted here.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
- Example 1 (Production of carbon particle-supporting active material) Positive electrode active material (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , manufactured by Nichia Corporation) and carbon particles (acetylene black, average particle size 48 nm, specific surface area 39 m 2 / g, HS-100, electricity Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was prepared. Next, 92 g of the positive electrode active material and 0.92 g of carbon particles (1% by weight with respect to the positive electrode active material) were further charged into a surface reformer (NOB-MINI, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron). Thereafter, a composite treatment was performed at 2900 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain a carbon particle-supporting active material. This operation was repeated several times.
- a surface reformer NOB-MINI, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron
- Li 2 S manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- P 2 S 5 manufactured by Aldrich
- Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 are weighed so as to have a molar ratio of 75Li 2 S ⁇ 25P 2 S 5 (Li 3 PS 4 , ortho composition).
- VGCF conductive material
- the obtained mixture was put into heptane to obtain a negative electrode slurry.
- the negative electrode slurry was dispersed with an ultrasonic homogenizer, coated on a copper foil, dried at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes, and punched out at 1 cm 2 . This obtained the negative electrode.
- sulfide solid electrolyte material was added to cylindrical ceramics having an inner diameter cross-sectional area of 1 cm 2 and pressed at 1 ton to obtain a solid electrolyte layer.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode were arranged on both surfaces, and pressed at 4.3 ton for 1 minute.
- the obtained power generation element was constrained with a stainless steel rod at 1 ton to obtain an evaluation battery.
- Example 2 A battery for evaluation was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that ketjen black (average particle size 40 nm, specific surface area 800 m 2 / g, EC300J, manufactured by Lion Corporation) was used instead of acetylene black.
- ketjen black average particle size 40 nm, specific surface area 800 m 2 / g, EC300J, manufactured by Lion Corporation
- Example 1 A battery for evaluation was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 500 g of a positive electrode active material (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ) was used instead of 505 g of the carbon particle-supporting active material. .
- a positive electrode active material LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- Example 2 A battery for evaluation was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the precursor layer was formed by dipping and drying without using a coating apparatus.
- Example 3 A carbon particle-supporting active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF, specific surface area 13 m 2 / g) was used instead of acetylene black. However, VGCF was not supported on the active material, and no carbon particle-supported active material was obtained. The reason is presumed that it is difficult for carbon fiber to be strongly adhered to the active material due to its shape.
- VGCF vapor-grown carbon fiber
- a carbon particle-supporting active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that carbon nanotubes (CNT, specific surface area 498 m 2 / g) were used instead of acetylene black. In this case, CNT was supported on the active material, and a carbon particle-supported active material was obtained. Further, a composite active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained carbon particle-supporting active material. However, a structure in which CNT penetrates the coating layer was not obtained. This is presumably because the aspect ratio was high and the CNTs could not be oriented so as to penetrate the coating layer.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- the cross section of the composite active material produced in Comparative Example 1 was observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Specifically, TEM observation was performed on a sample processed by the focused ion beam method (FIB) method. The result is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 6, in Comparative Example 1, a coat layer was formed as in Example 1. Moreover, the cross section of the composite active material produced in Comparative Example 2 was observed with SEM. The result is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 7, in Comparative Example 2, a coating layer was formed on the surface of the carbon particles, and the carbon particles did not penetrate the coating layer.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- Example 1 The internal resistance of the battery for evaluation obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 was measured. Specifically, the evaluation battery was charged to 4.55 V, then discharged to 2.5 V, and then the internal resistance at 3.6 V was measured. The result is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, in Example 1, it was confirmed that the internal resistance was lower than that in Comparative Example 1.
- Example 3 (Preparation of carbon particle dispersion)
- the carbon particles (acetylene black) used in Example 1 were irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 5 minutes 6 times in the same manner as in Reference Example 1.
- 5 g of these carbon particles were added to 300 g of dehydrated ethanol (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and dispersed with an ultrasonic disperser. Thereby, a carbon particle dispersion solution was obtained.
- Example 1 (Production of composite active material)
- the positive electrode active material (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ) used in Example 1 was caused to flow in a coating apparatus (multiplex MP-01mini, manufactured by Pou Lec Co., Ltd.), and in this state, a mixed solution Supplied. Thereby, a precursor layer and carbon particles were formed on the surface of the active material.
- the operating conditions of the coating apparatus are the same as in Example 1. Thereafter, firing was performed in an air atmosphere at 350 ° C. for 5 hours. Thereby, a composite active material was obtained.
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Description
本発明の複合活物質は、活物質と、上記活物質の表面上に形成され、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層と、上記活物質の表面上に形成され、上記コート層を貫通する炭素粒子と、を有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、本発明の複合活物質について、構成ごとに説明する。
本発明における活物質の種類は、特に限定されるものではなく、電池の種類に応じて適宜選択することが好ましい。例えばリチウム電池に用いられる活物質としては、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)、LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMn2O4)、Li1+xMn2-x-yMyO4(x+y=2、M=Al、Mg、Co、Fe、Ni、及びZnから選ばれる少なくとも1種)で表わされる異種元素置換Li-Mnスピネル、チタン酸リチウム(LiおよびTiを含む酸化物)、リン酸金属リチウム(LiMPO4、M=Fe、Mn、Co、及びNiから選ばれる少なくとも1種)、遷移金属酸化物(例えば、酸化バナジウムV2O5、酸化モリブデンMoO3等)、硫化チタン(TiS2)、炭素材料(例えば、グラファイト、ハードカーボンなど)、リチウムコバルト窒化物(LiCoN)、リチウムシリコン酸化物(LiおよびSiを含む酸化物)、リチウム金属(Li)、リチウム合金(例えば、LiM;M=Sn、Si、Al、Ge、Sb、P等)、リチウム貯蔵性金属間化合物(例えば、MgおよびMを含む貯蔵性金属間化合物;M=Sn、Ge、Sb等、及び、NおよびSbを含む貯蔵性金属間化合物;N=In、Cu、Mn等)及びこれらの誘導体等を挙げることができる。
本発明におけるコート層は、上記活物質の表面上に形成され、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満である層である。活物質の表面上にコート層を設けることで、活物質と固体電解質材料との反応を抑制することができる。
本発明における炭素粒子は、上記活物質の表面上に形成され、上記コート層を貫通するものである。炭素粒子の一方の表面が活物質と接触し、炭素粒子の他方の表面がコート層を貫通し露出していることから、良好な電子伝導パスを形成できる。
本発明の複合活物質は、通常、電池に用いられるものであり、中でも、固体電池に用いられることが好ましい。また、本発明の複合活物質の製造方法については、「C.複合活物質の製造方法」において説明するので、ここでの記載は省略する。
次に、本発明の固体電池について説明する。本発明の固体電池は、正極活物質層と、負極活物質層と、上記正極活物質層および上記負極活物質層の間に形成された固体電解質層とを有し、上記正極活物質層および上記負極活物質層の少なくとも一つが、上述した複合活物質を含有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、本発明の固体電池について、構成ごとに説明する。
本発明における正極活物質層は、少なくとも正極活物質を含有する層であり、必要に応じて、固体電解質材料、導電化材および結着材の少なくとも一つを含有していても良い。中でも、本発明においては、正極活物質層が上述した複合活物質を含有することが好ましい。
本発明における負極活物質層は、少なくとも負極活物質を含有する層であり、必要に応じて、固体電解質材料、導電化材および結着材の少なくとも一つを含有していても良い。中でも、本発明においては、負極活物質層が上述した複合活物質を含有することが好ましい。
本発明における固体電解質層は、正極活物質層および負極活物質層の間に形成される層である。固体電解質層は、少なくとも固体電解質材料を含有する。固体電解質材料としては、例えば、硫化物固体電解質材料および酸化物固体電解質材料等を挙げることができる。Liイオン伝導性を有する硫化物固体電解質材料としては、例えば、Li2S-P2S5、Li2S-P2S5-LiI、Li2S-P2S5-Li2O、Li2S-P2S5-Li2O-LiI、Li2S-SiS2、Li2S-SiS2-LiI、Li2S-SiS2-LiBr、Li2S-SiS2-LiCl、Li2S-SiS2-B2S3-LiI、Li2S-SiS2-P2S5-LiI、Li2S-B2S3、Li2S-P2S5-ZmSn(ただし、m、nは正の数。Zは、Ge、Zn、Gaのいずれか。)、Li2S-GeS2、Li2S-SiS2-Li3PO4、Li2S-SiS2-LixMOy(ただし、x、yは正の数。Mは、P、Si、Ge、B、Al、Ga、Inのいずれか。)等を挙げることができる。なお、上記「Li2S-P2S5」の記載は、Li2SおよびP2S5を含む原料組成物を用いてなる硫化物固体電解質材料を意味し、他の記載についても同様である。
本発明の固体電池は、正極活物質層、負極活物質層および固体電解質層を少なくとも有する。さらに通常は、正極活物質層の集電を行う正極集電体、および負極活物質層の集電を行う負極集電体を有する。正極集電体の材料としては、例えばSUS、アルミニウム、ニッケル、鉄、チタンおよびカーボン等を挙げることができる。一方、負極集電体の材料としては、例えばSUS、銅、ニッケルおよびカーボン等を挙げることができる。正極集電体および負極集電体の厚さや形状等については、電池の用途等に応じて適宜選択することが好ましい。また、電池ケースには、一般的な電池の電池ケースを用いることができる。電池ケースとしては、例えばSUS製電池ケース等を挙げることができる。
本発明の固体電池としては、リチウム電池、ナトリウム電池、マグネシウム電池およびカルシウム電池等を挙げることができ、中でも、リチウム電池が好ましい。さらに、本発明の固体電池は、一次電池であっても良く、二次電池であっても良いが、中でも二次電池であることが好ましい。繰り返し充放電でき、例えば車載用電池として有用だからである。電池の形状としては、例えば、コイン型、ラミネート型、円筒型および角型等を挙げることができる。
次に、本発明の複合活物質の製造方法について説明する。本発明の複合活物質の製造方法は、2つの実施態様に大別できる。以下、本発明の複合活物質の製造方法について、第一実施態様および第二実施態様に分けて説明する。
第一実施態様の複合活物質の製造方法は、活物質の表面上に炭素粒子を担持させ、炭素粒子担持活物質を形成する担持工程と、コート層形成用溶液を用い、流動層コーティング法により、上記炭素粒子担持活物質を構成する上記活物質の表面上に前駆体層を有する前駆体活物質を形成する前駆体活物質形成工程と、上記前駆体層に熱処理を行い、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層を形成する熱処理工程と、を有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、第一実施態様の複合活物質の製造方法について、工程ごとに説明する。
第一実施態様における担持工程は、活物質の表面上に炭素粒子を担持させ、炭素粒子担持活物質を形成する工程である。コート層を形成する前に、活物質の表面上に炭素粒子を担持させることで、活物質および炭素粒子の密着性を高くできる。
第一実施態様における前駆体活物質形成工程は、コート層形成用溶液を用い、流動層コーティング法により、上記炭素粒子担持活物質を構成する上記活物質の表面上に前駆体層を有する前駆体活物質を形成する工程である。
第一実施態様における熱処理工程は、上記前駆体層に熱処理を行い、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層を形成する工程である。
第一実施態様の製造方法により得られる複合活物質については、「A.複合活物質」に記載した内容と同様である。中でも、第一実施態様の製造方法においては、コート層を形成する前に、活物質の表面上に炭素粒子を担持させるため、活物質と炭素粒子との間には、コート層の成分は検出されない。そのため、電子伝導性がより良好であるという利点がある。
第二実施態様の複合活物質の製造方法は、紫外線を照射した炭素粒子、および、コート層形成用原料を含有する混合溶液を形成する混合溶液形成工程と、上記混合溶液を用い、流動層コーティング法により、上記活物質の表面上に前駆体層および上記炭素粒子を有する前駆体活物質を形成する前駆体活物質形成工程と、上記前駆体層に熱処理を行い、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層を形成する熱処理工程と、を有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、第二実施態様の複合活物質の製造方法について、工程ごとに説明する。
第二実施態様における混合溶液形成工程は、紫外線を照射した炭素粒子、および、コート層形成用原料を含有する混合溶液を形成する工程である。
第二実施態様における前駆体活物質層形成工程については、コート層形成用溶液の代わりに混合溶液を用いたこと以外は、第一実施態様における前駆体活物質形成工程と同様であるので、ここでの記載は省略する。
第二実施態様における熱処理工程については、第一実施態様における熱処理工程と同様であるので、ここでの説明は省略する。
第二実施態様の製造方法により得られる複合活物質については、「A.複合活物質」に記載した内容と同様である。中でも、第二実施態様の製造方法においては、活物質表面に機械的な強い力を加えることなく複合化合物を製造することができるため、力学的に弱い活物質を使用することができるという利点がある。
(炭素粒子担持活物質の作製)
正極活物質(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2、日亜化学工業社製)および炭素粒子(アセチレンブラック、平均粒径48nm、比表面積39m2/g、HS-100、電気化学工業社製)を用意した。次に、表面改質装置(NOB-MINI、ホソカワミクロン社製)に、正極活物質を92g投入し、さらに炭素粒子を0.92g(正極活物質に対して1重量%)投入した。その後、2900rpm、30分間の条件で複合化処理を行い、炭素粒子担持活物質を得た。この操作を複数回繰り返した。
エトキシリチウム(高純度化学社製)10.83gを脱水エタノール(和光純薬社製)500gに添加し、混合した。その後、リチウムおよびニオブがモル比で1:1になるようにペンタエトキシニオブ(高純度化学社製)を66.27g添加し、混合した。これにより、コート層形成用溶液を得た。
炭素粒子担持活物質505g(正極活物質500gに相当)を、コーティング装置(マルチプレックス MP-01mini、パウレック社製)内で流動させ、その状態でコート層形成用溶液を供給した。これにより、炭素粒子担持活物質を構成する活物質の表面上に前駆体層を形成した。コーティング装置の運転条件は、吸気ガスを窒素ガスとし、吸気温度80℃、吸気風量0.3m3/h、ローター回転数400rpm、噴霧速度1.5g/minの条件とした。その後、大気雰囲気下、350℃の条件で5時間焼成を行った。これにより、複合活物質を得た。
出発原料として、Li2S(日本化学工業社製)とP2S5(アルドリッチ社製)とを用いた。次に、Ar雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、Li2SおよびP2S5を、75Li2S・25P2S5のモル比(Li3PS4、オルト組成)となるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢で5分間混合し、原料組成物2g(Li2S=0.7656g、P2S5=1.2344g)を得た。この原料組成物2gを、遊星型ボールミルの容器(45cc、ZrO2製)に投入し、脱水ヘプタン(水分量30ppm以下、4g)を投入し、さらにZrO2ボール(φ=5mm、53g)を投入し、容器を完全に密閉した(Ar雰囲気)。この容器を遊星型ボールミル機(フリッチュ製P7)に取り付け、台盤回転数370rpmで40時間メカニカルミリングを行った。その後、得られた試料を真空乾燥し、ガラス状の硫化物固体電解質材料を得た。
複合活物質および硫化物固体電解質材料を、複合活物質:硫化物固体電解質材料=6:4(体積比)となるように混合した。さらに、複合活物質に対して3重量%となるように、導電化材(VGCF、昭和電工社製)を添加した。得られた混合物を、ヘプタン中に投入し、正極スラリーを得た。次に、正極スラリーを超音波ホモジナイザーで分散させ、アルミニウム箔上に塗工し、100℃、30分間乾燥させ、1cm2で打ち抜いた。これにより、正極を得た。
アセチレンブラックの代わりに、ケッチェンブラック(平均粒径40nm、比表面積800m2/g、EC300J、ライオン社製)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして評価用電池を得た。
炭素粒子担持活物質505gの代わりに、正極活物質(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)500gを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして評価用電池を得た。
コーティング装置を用いず、浸漬および乾燥により前駆体層を形成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして評価用電池を得た。
アセチレンブラックの代わりに、気相成長炭素繊維(VGCF、比表面積13m2/g)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして炭素粒子担持活物質の作製を行った。しかしながら、VGCFは活物質上に担持されず、炭素粒子担持活物質は得られなかった。その理由は、炭素繊維では、その形状により、活物質に強く密着させることが困難であるためだと推測される。
アセチレンブラックの代わりに、カーボンナノチューブ(CNT、比表面積498m2/g)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして炭素粒子担持活物質の作製を行った。この場合、CNTは活物質上に担持され、炭素粒子担持活物質が得られた。さらに、得られた炭素粒子担持活物質を用いて、実施例1と同様にして複合活物質の作製を行った。しかしながら、CNTがコート層を貫通した構造は得られなかった。その理由は、アスペクト比が高く、コート層を貫通するようにCNTが配向できなかったためであると推測される。
(断面観察)
実施例1で作製した複合活物質の断面を、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した。具体的には、複合活物質を樹脂に包埋し、クロスセクションポリッシャーにて加工した試料に対して、SEM観察を行った。その結果を図5に示す。図5に示されるように、活物質の表面上には、コート層と、そのコート層を貫通する炭素粒子とが形成されていた。コート層の平均厚さは7nmであり、コート層の平均被覆率は91%でった。さらに、活物質の表面の法線方向における炭素粒子の平均長さは62nmであった。
実施例1および比較例1で得られた評価用電池の内部抵抗を測定した。具体的には、評価用電池を4.55Vまで充電し、次に2.5Vまで放電し、その後、3.6Vでの内部抵抗を測定した。その結果を図8に示す。図8に示されるように、実施例1では、比較例1よりも内部抵抗が低いことが確認できた。
(炭素材料の分散性評価)
実施例1で用いた炭素粒子(アセチレンブラック)と、比較例3で用いた気相成長炭素繊維(VGCF)とを用意した。これらの炭素材料に、下記表1の条件で紫外線照射を行った。なお、光源にはエキシマUVランプを用い、1回当たりの紫外線照射の強度は140mW/cm2とした。その後、炭素材料0.1gを、10ccのエタノールに添加し、沈殿の有無から分散性を評価した。沈殿が生じていない状態を○とし、沈殿が生じている状態を×とした。
(炭素粒子分散溶液の作製)
実施例1で用いた炭素粒子(アセチレンブラック)に対して、参考例1と同様に、5分間の紫外線照射を6回行った。この炭素粒子5gを、脱水エタノール(和光純薬社製)300gに添加し、超音波分散機で分散させた。これにより、炭素粒子分散溶液を得た。
得られた炭素粒子分散溶液と、実施例1で調製したコート層形成用溶液とを混合し、十分に撹拌することで、混合溶液を得た。
実施例1で用いた正極活物質(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)を、コーティング装置(マルチプレックス MP‐01mini、パウレック社製)内で流動させ、その状態で混合溶液を供給した。これにより、活物質の表面上に前駆体層および炭素粒子を形成した。なお、コーティング装置の運転条件は、実施例1と同様である。その後、大気雰囲気下、350℃の条件で5時間焼成を行った。これにより、複合活物質を得た。
得られた複合活物質を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして評価用電池を得た。
(断面観察)
実施例3で作製した複合活物質の断面をTEMで観察した。その結果を図9に示す。図9に示されるように、活物質の表面上には、コート層と、そのコート層を貫通する炭素粒子とが形成されていた。コート層の平均厚さは12nmであり、コート層の平均被覆率は89%でった。さらに、活物質の表面の法線方向における炭素粒子の平均長さは26nmであった。
実施例3および比較例1で得られた評価用電池の直流抵抗を測定した。具体的には、評価用電池を4.55Vまで充電し、次に2.5Vまで放電し、その後、3.6Vでの直流抵抗を測定した。その結果を図10に示す。図10に示されるように、実施例3では、比較例1よりも直流抵抗が低いことが確認できた。
2 … コート層
3 … 炭素粒子
10 … 複合活物質
11 … 正極活物質層
12 … 負極活物質層
13 … 固体電解質層
14 … 正極集電体
15 … 負極集電体
16 … 電池ケース
20 … 固体電池
Claims (6)
- 活物質と、
前記活物質の表面上に形成され、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層と、
前記活物質の表面上に形成され、前記コート層を貫通する炭素粒子と、
を有することを特徴とする複合活物質。 - 前記活物質の表面の法線方向における前記炭素粒子の平均長さが、150nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の複合活物質。
- 正極活物質層と、負極活物質層と、前記正極活物質層および前記負極活物質層の間に形成された固体電解質層とを有し、
前記正極活物質層および前記負極活物質層の少なくとも一つが、請求項1または請求項2に記載の複合活物質を含有することを特徴とする固体電池。 - 活物質の表面上に炭素粒子を担持させ、炭素粒子担持活物質を形成する担持工程と、
コート層形成用溶液を用い、流動層コーティング法により、前記炭素粒子担持活物質を構成する前記活物質の表面上に前駆体層を有する前駆体活物質を形成する前駆体活物質形成工程と、
前記前駆体層に熱処理を行い、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層を形成する熱処理工程と、
を有することを特徴とする複合活物質の製造方法。 - 紫外線を照射した炭素粒子、および、コート層形成用原料を含有する混合溶液を形成する混合溶液形成工程と、
前記混合溶液を用い、流動層コーティング法により、前記活物質の表面上に前駆体層および前記炭素粒子を有する前駆体活物質を形成する前駆体活物質形成工程と、
前記前駆体層に熱処理を行い、イオン伝導性酸化物から構成され、平均厚さが100nm未満であるコート層を形成する熱処理工程と、
を有することを特徴とする複合活物質の製造方法。 - 前記炭素粒子の比表面積が、39m2/g以上であることを特徴とする請求項4または請求項5に記載の複合活物質の製造方法。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE112013003243B4 (de) | 2024-04-18 |
| JP2014011028A (ja) | 2014-01-20 |
| JP5828304B2 (ja) | 2015-12-02 |
| DE112013003243T5 (de) | 2015-04-02 |
| CN104364942A (zh) | 2015-02-18 |
| KR20150018562A (ko) | 2015-02-23 |
| KR20160150118A (ko) | 2016-12-28 |
| CN104364942B (zh) | 2017-06-27 |
| US20150311507A1 (en) | 2015-10-29 |
| US9887417B2 (en) | 2018-02-06 |
| DE112013003243B8 (de) | 2024-07-11 |
| KR102016080B1 (ko) | 2019-08-29 |
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