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WO2014074198A2 - Procédé de fabrication de produits balistiques à partir de préformes de titane - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication de produits balistiques à partir de préformes de titane Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014074198A2
WO2014074198A2 PCT/US2013/055680 US2013055680W WO2014074198A2 WO 2014074198 A2 WO2014074198 A2 WO 2014074198A2 US 2013055680 W US2013055680 W US 2013055680W WO 2014074198 A2 WO2014074198 A2 WO 2014074198A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
molten
preform
titanium
thickness
reacted
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2013/055680
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2014074198A3 (fr
Inventor
Gopal Subray REVANKAR
Kenneth Edward Johnson
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NI Industries Inc
Original Assignee
NI Industries Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NI Industries Inc filed Critical NI Industries Inc
Publication of WO2014074198A2 publication Critical patent/WO2014074198A2/fr
Publication of WO2014074198A3 publication Critical patent/WO2014074198A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
    • C23C2/36—Elongated material
    • C23C2/38—Wires; Tubes
    • C23C2/385—Tubes of specific length
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/005—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like with heating or cooling means
    • B22D41/01—Heating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
    • C23C2/12—Aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
    • C23C2/36—Elongated material
    • C23C2/40—Plates; Strips
    • C23C2/405—Plates of specific length

Definitions

  • Metal intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites such as Ti-Ti aluminide, have been fabricated using alternating Ti and Al metal foil layers.
  • MIL composite is the Ti- T1AI 3 composite which is made by stacking alternate layers of Ti and Al foils and treating the stack under heat and pressure for extended periods of time.
  • atomic diffusion and the associated metallurgical reaction at the Ti-Al interface result in the formation of a region of titanium aluminide (T1AI 3 ) on the Ti metal under select process (primarily temperature) conditions.
  • Titanium preform Usually a 1-3 mm thick titanium part with a desired shape and geometrical dimensions, which is immersed into molten Al bath to form a surface layer of the intermetallic compound T1AI3.
  • solids of titanium such as rods, tubes, gears and other parts are included in this definition.
  • Titanium sheet This definition is the same as the Titanium preform definition except that this definition refers to a flat sheet.
  • Titanium perform/sheet after formation of
  • Final product The final product for commercial application formed by stacking reacted Titanium sheets and interfacially welding them to form a product which is many times thicker than a single reacted Titanium sheet. It may also be a product used as reacted and used without interfacial welding, such as rod or tube
  • Titanium foil A thin sheet of titanium which is 0.2 mm or less thick.
  • Aluminum foil A thin sheet of aluminum which is 0.2 mm or less thick.
  • the disclosed apparatus and method are therefore envisioned to make the resulting products (armor plate, for example) more commercially acceptable, and applicable to a variety of shapes, material compositions and thicknesses.
  • the process uses Ti preforms with starting thicknesses greater than those of Ti foils used in the previous art, while still maintaining desired quality of the final MIL product. These reacted Ti preforms are then interfacially welded to form the required thickness of the final product.
  • one (1) processing embodiment places a titanium preform in a molten Al bath. Once the titanium preform is submerged in the molten Al bath, an intermetallic reaction occurs over time at the surface of titanium. This reaction results in the formation of a titanium aluminide surface layer integrated into the underlying titanium metal. The formation of the titanium aluminide surface layer causes a noticeable increase to the starting thickness of the titanium preforms. This thickness increase due to the Ti-Al reaction can be accommodated since the thickness changes can be predicted for a given part of titanium under a given set of process parameters, and therefore, the starting preform thickness can be chosen to obtain the final desired thickness.
  • This (final) net thickness so obtained would be such that the processed sheet (or other performs) typically would not need any additional forming or modification in order to fabricate a final part, such as an armor plate or a shaped panel for armored protection of a vehicle, as examples.
  • the disclosed process (or method) and apparatus include the use of a heated crucible containing molten aluminum (Al).
  • molten aluminum (Al) One or more titanium (Ti) preforms (in the form of sheets of various thicknesses and shapes are suspended in the molten Al.
  • the heated crucible becomes a containment vessel for the molten Al and for the Ti forms which are suspended in the melt.
  • the thickness and shape of preforms are not limited by the disclosed process.
  • the apparatus and the process are able to accommodate a wide variety of sizes, and shapes including flat, honeycombed, curved, rods, sheets and any other complex forms.
  • a metallurgical reaction between Al and Ti is allowed to take place over a period of time.
  • the temperature of the molten Al bath is held at the desired level.
  • This metallurgical reaction creates a titanium aluminide surface layer which forms an integral part of the titanium preform.
  • a noticeable or measurable dimensional increase to the titanium preform occurs uniformly over the entire surface in contact with the molten Al, due to formation of titanium aluminide.
  • This dimensional increase can be calculated and controlled so that the dimensions (primarily thickness) for the starting titanium preform can be selected to yield a net desired dimension (primarily thickness) of the preform at the end of the reaction period.
  • the metallurgical reaction is allowed to continue until the Al or Ti is consumed, either partially or completely, in order to obtain the desired product.
  • the desired product of this related embodiment is based on the intended application and the process can be controlled to produce one (1) of two (2) MIL composites Al + TiAl 3 and Ti + TiAl 3 , or only TiAl 3 .
  • the prior art relating to Ti-Al composites contemplates the use of very thin sheets (foils) of Ti and Al, or their alloys, which are stacked in alternating sequence, in order to form a thicker stack.
  • This stack of alternating foil layers is held under pressure and is heated in air in order to melt the Al.
  • the individual Al foil layers are intended to react with their adjacent Ti foil layers in order to form the TiAl 3 intermetallic compound.
  • the reaction continues until the Al is consumed in whole or in part and the final product is a composite consisting of alternating layers of Ti metal and TiAl 3 intermetallic compound.
  • This fabricated stack would form a flat panel to be used for ballistic products such as armor plates.
  • the prior art processes for making these Ti-TiAl 3 MIL composites are affected by factors such as difficulty in maintaining uniformity of temperature and pressure, especially in thick stacks, problems in material selection (since all materials cannot be produced in the form of thin foils) and unacceptably long processing times, and make these prior art processes and methodologies expensive and less attractive for commercial applications.
  • the only required control for the process of the present disclosure is that of temperature of the molten Al. This type of temperature control is simpler and easier to maintain and results in a better quality control for the disclosed process as compared to prior art process.
  • the proposed process does not have restrictions regarding material selection unlike the prior art process which requires materials in the form of thin foils.
  • the Ti preforms of various shapes for the disclosed process are suspended in molten Al.
  • the diffusion rate of Al into Ti, and TiAl 3 , and the reaction rate between Al and Ti, and hence the TiAl 3 formation rate are expected to be much improved.
  • This aspect is expected to reduce the process time required for the formation of a given thickness of TiAl 3 region on the Ti surface.
  • the prior art processes are rather long, approximately 40 hours, which may be, in part, due to decreasing Al concentration at the Ti or TiAl 3 surface, as the TiAl 3 formation process continues.
  • One of the features of the disclosed process is the stirring of the molten Al bath which is considered unique and which results in uniform bath temperature and hence promotes uniform thickness of T1AI 3 region on the entire Ti surface submerged in the molten Al. Additionally, the disclosed process allows several Ti preform shapes such as sheets, rods and cylindrical tubes to be simultaneously suspended in the molten Al bath. Further, the size and shape of those various Ti preforms are not a limiting factor in the disclosed process. Also, the proposed process allows use of preforms with a porous structure where the porous preform is made by compacting the required proportions of Ti and Al powders for the composite formation.
  • Such porous compacts would facilitate penetration of liquid Al metal into the compact, inter-diffusion between Al and Ti particles and consequently the Ti- T1AI 3 reaction rate thus speeding up T1AI 3 formation. It would be nearly impossible to produce similar porous Ti-Al foils for use in the current process.
  • Another advantage of the proposed process is that the process would not be limited to the use of only Ti-Al pair, but can use other pairs of metals such as Ni-Al, Fe-Al and Co-Al where the heavier metals such as Ni, Fe, and Co cannot be easily made into thin foils and are therefore beyond the scope of the current process.
  • FIG. 1 is a front elevational view with a titanium preform submerged in a molten Al bath, according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 is a front elevation sectional view of an apparatus which is suitable to be used for the disclosed process.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a Ti preform which may be submerged in the molten Al of the FIG. 2 apparatus.
  • FIG. 4 shows an alternate Ti preform which may be suspended in the molten Al of the FIG. 2 apparatus.
  • FIG. 5 shows an alternate Ti preform which may be suspended in the molten Al of the FIG. 2 apparatus.
  • FIG.1 there is illustrated one embodiment of the structural basics of apparatus 10 which is suitable for performing the process which is described herein.
  • the described process produces reacted Ti sheets suitable for making armor plate, starting with titanium preforms with a near net thickness.
  • apparatus 10 the structural basics of this apparatus, in a broad sense, includes a crucible 12 and a volume of molten aluminum (Al) contained in the crucible, i.e. a molten Al bath 14.
  • a titanium preform 16 is submerged into the molten Al bath 14.
  • the preform 16 may be virtually any type, style or shape of part which is initially fabricated into a "near" net shape (including both thickness and shape) that would produce the final reacted sheets with the desired thickness and shape after the intermetallic reaction is completed.
  • net shape refers to the final shape and thickness of the reacted sheet which is intended to be produced. These net shape parts would be used “as is” or after some minor modification, for further processing such as production of thick armor plates by stacking them and metallurgically bonding them.
  • the "final” shape is also referred to as the "net” shape and these two (2) adjectives may be used interchangeably.
  • a "near" net shape refers to a part which is not yet at its desired or intended “net” shape. While the part contours and shape characteristics are all nearly preserved while going through the aluminide reaction process, the thickness of the reacted part is typically slightly larger than the starting "near net” part thickness. In some applications it might be required to remove some of the surface material before using the reacted parts for interfacial welding, to obtain the desired "net” thickness of the final product. In the present disclosure a slight but noticeable increase in the initial titanium preform thickness occurs due to the reaction between titanium and aluminum, and the above mentioned surface material removal would compensate for this dimensional (thickness) increase.
  • “near net” refers to the titanium preform being of smaller thickness than that of the same part after the Ti- Al reaction in the Al bath.
  • the final product such as armor plate which is to be produced from the disclosed process has a target size and shape and a
  • the titanium aluminide layer on the titanium preform which results from the Ti-Al reaction, provides an increased level of hardness, impact resistance, and also structural rigidity. These properties enable the reacted part which is produced from the titanium preform to be suitable for use in special applications such as an armored panel for a vehicle.
  • the titanium preform embodiment as disclosed herein allows for a wide variety of shapes, such as flat, honeycombed and curved, to be fabricated during a single reaction cycle.
  • the processed (reacted) parts such as sheets for making armor plate which are generally at their desired net shape within the permissible tolerance range, will typically not need any additional forming or modification in order to form a stack and interfacially weld them to have an acceptable armor plate.
  • the titanium preform can be fabricated by a wide variety of methods using the existing technology.
  • the titanium preform can be fabricated by means of machining, casting, welding or mechanically fastening other shapes and forms together in order to create the desired near net shape configuration with the desired dimensions.
  • the titanium preform is fabricated, it is to be cleaned and then immersed in the molten Al bath and held at certain temperatures for prescribed periods of time. These prescribed periods of time and temperatures will determine the reacted thickness of titanium (or, alternatively, thickness of T1AI 3 region). The reaction will initiate at the surface boundaries of the titanium preform and the molten Al bath and then continue penetrating into the Ti preform until the desired T1AI 3 reaction composition is reached.
  • FIG. 2 there is illustrated another embodiment of a suitable apparatus 20 for performing the process which is described herein.
  • the FIG. 2 embodiment includes additional equipment details over the more generic form of the FIG. 1 embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 also illustrates how more than one part 28 can be submerged in the molten Al at the same time.
  • the FIG. 2 embodiment is simplified in terms of the form of the titanium part.
  • a simple flat sheet 28 is used.
  • T1AI 3 is an intermetallic compound which is one (1) of several possible titanium aluminide compounds.
  • One contemplated and suitable for commercial application is the T1AI 3 type intermetallic compound for forming the Ti- T1AI 3 composites used in the production of armor plates or other ballistic applications. These armor plates are constructed to be suitable for military vehicles, as one example.
  • an "intermetallic compound” refers to a material composed of two (2) or more types of metal atoms, which exists as a homogeneous material and differs in structure and properties from those of the constituent metals.
  • intermetallic compound The properties of intermetallic compounds are distinct from those of the constituent elements and do not have a smooth transition into those of the elements. These compounds form distinct crystalline phases separated by phase boundaries from their metallic components.
  • aluminum possesses a face centered cubic (FCC) lattice structure and titanium a hexagonal Close Packed lattice structure
  • T1AI 3 possesses a unique tetragonal lattice structure unlike the structure of either of the two parent metals.
  • titanium aluminide refers to an intermetallic compound formed from the metal atoms of titanium (Ti) and aluminum (Al). There are four (4) main intermetallic compounds which are generically referred to as titanium aluminide. These four (4) intermetallic compounds are T1AI 3 , T1 3 AI, TiAl 2 and TiAl.
  • Apparatus 20 includes a heated crucible 22 which functions as a containment vessel and contains a volume 24 of molten aluminum (Al).
  • crucible 22 which functions as a containment vessel and contains a volume 24 of molten aluminum (Al).
  • Al molten aluminum
  • Ti titanium
  • these variables are influenced by the size and shape of the Ti preforms 28 to be submerged in the molten Al volume 24 as well as by the number of such Ti preforms to be submerged at a time.
  • FIG. 3 shows one option for a Ti preform which may be submerged in the molten Al volume of FIG. 2 and this Ti preform is in the shape of a generally rectangular, flat sheet 28 which is of particular interest in making armor plates.
  • Another Ti preform is illustrated in FIG. 4 in the shape of a solid rod 28a.
  • Another Ti preform is illustrated in FIG. 5 in the shape of a generally cylindrical hollow tube 28b, wherein opening 29 may extend through the entire length (L) of tube 28b or only partway.
  • Other Ti preforms 28 are contemplated including irregular shapes and complex geometries for specific industrial and military applications.
  • Reference number 28 in FIG. 2 is being used generically to denote all styles of Ti preforms.
  • Apparatus 20 in FIG. 2 further includes hollow tube 30 which is constructed and arranged for the introduction of an inert gas into the molten Al for stirring the molten Al.
  • Thermocouple 32 may be inserted into the molten Al in order to monitor and maintain a desired temperature for the liquid Al. The desired temperature may be maintained via a feedback connection from thermocouple 32 to the crucible heating element 34 which is represented by block 34 in FIG. 2.
  • a support 36 is used to suspend the Ti preforms 28 into the volume 24 of molten Al.
  • a suitable flux layer 38 may be maintained on the upper surface 40 of volume 24 of molten Al though an inert gas atmosphere over the molten Al may be used in place of the flux layer 38.
  • any portion of any Ti preform 28 which is not submerged into the molten Al will not have the formation of Ti aluminide on its surface unlike the submerged part of the same Ti preform according to the disclosed process. Consequently, those portions of the Ti preforms which are not submerged in the molten Al would typically be machined off or otherwise removed prior to final processing.
  • the final processing means stacking individual reacted sheets and welding them together to form a usable thick armor plate.
  • the process produces Ti-TiAl 3 composite sheets so as to form a thick armor plate as mentioned above, without resorting to the use of the alternating thin foils of Al and Ti or their alloys, as disclosed in the prior art.
  • One intended benefit of the disclosed process is to be able to increase the temperature of the molten Al as required, to increase the rate of reaction between the Ti surface layer and the molten Al, and thus improve the rate of T1AI 3 formation.
  • the higher temperature of the molten Al is also expected to further improve the reaction rate due to increased rate of Al diffusion into i) the Ti preform and ii) the T1AI 3 layer formed on the Ti perform.
  • the metallurgical modifications to the starting Ti preforms 28 result in an intermetallic compound surface layer as part of the Ti preform due to reaction between Ti and Al.
  • There is a metallurgical modification of the portions of the Ti preform which are exposed to the molten Al, and all of Ti surfaces which are submerged will have a relatively uniform intermetallic compound layer of T1AI 3 . If, however, any dimensional changes do occur during the process they can be managed by selecting the starting dimensions such that they would produce the final desired dimensions, as mentioned above.
  • the disclosed process begins with the fabrication of apparatus 20 including a suitable volume 24 of molten Al and the process "controls" including stirring tube 30, thermocouple 32, heating element 34 and flux layer 38.
  • the next step in the described process is to select the number and style or shape of Ti preforms 28 to be submerged into the volume 24 of molten Al.
  • These Ti preforms 28 are attached to support 36 and submerged into the volume 24 of molten Al.
  • virtually any type of Ti preform 28 can be selected and submerged, including irregular shapes and more complex geometries, including the examples of FIGS. 4 and 5 which show a rod and a tube.
  • the two (2) illustrated Ti preforms 28 are rectangular sheets (see FIG. 3).
  • These generally rectangular sheets are considered to be “thick” in the comparative context relative to the prior art which uses alternating “thin” foils of the Al and Ti metals. While a “foil” is typically thought of as being of a thickness which is less than 0.2 mm, the "thick" sheet 28 of FIG. 3 may have a thickness of approximately 2 .0 mm or slightly greater without imposing limitations on the process results, and this exemplary thickness is not limiting. However this exemplary thickness may depend of the application of the final product.
  • the temperature of the molten Al which is contained within crucible 22 is monitored and closely controlled by means of thermocouple 32 and heating element 34.
  • the molten Al may be protected from direct contact with ambient air by the use of a suitable flux layer 38.
  • An alternative to the use of flux layer 38 is to use a non-reacting gas shield. Whichever approach is used, either a suitable flux layer or a non-reacting gas shield, or a combination thereof, the objective is to protect the molten Al from direct access of ambient air, mainly oxygen, in order to reduce Al oxidation as much as possible.
  • the flux which is used to create flux layer 38 is provided in a sufficient volume based on the size of the exposed upper surface 40 so as to result in a layer thickness for the flux which does not break open due to moderate surface turbulence.
  • the gas bubbles, which are used for stirring the molten bath of Al exit from stirring tube 30, and may need to escape through the flux layer 38. However, if the flux layer has a sufficient thickness it will close back as the gas bubbles escape and any exposure of the molten Al to ambient air is kept to a minimum.
  • the molten Al may be stirred using a jet flow of a suitable inert gas via stirring tube 30. As the gas exits from the lower end of the stirring tube 30, turbulence is created within the molten Al and this imparts a stirring motion to the molten Al so as to continuously expose the outer surface of each Ti preform 28 which is submerged, to a "fresh" supply of molten Al, thus maintaining a uniform temperature of Ti surface submerged in the molten Al.
  • Another option for imparting a stirring motion to the molten Al is to use a ceramic stirrer which is powered by either compressed air or by electric power, both of which can be arranged outside of the embodiment 20 in FIG. 2.
  • each Ti preform 28 which is submerged in the molten Al is held there during the metallurgical reaction. Since, in the proposed process, the temperature of the molten Al can be quickly and uniformly increased as desired it is recognized that the diffusion rate of Al i) into Ti in the early stages of the Ti- T1AI 3 reaction, and ii) through the initial T1AI 3 reaction layer once the latter is formed, is increased and hence the overall T1AI 3 formation rate is also improved. As such, the process time for the formation of T1AI 3 can be reduced as compared to the corresponding process time for the prior art using alternating Al and Ti foil layers.
  • the rate of T1AI 3 formation in the early stage of the formation process is controlled by the Ti- T1AI 3 reaction rate, and is then controlled mostly by the rate of Al diffusion through the initially formed T1AI 3 layer, to the Ti- T1AI 3 interface; both these rates are facilitated by higher temperatures of the Al melt.
  • higher temperatures of the Al melt the overall process time for the formation of the required T1AI 3 layer thickness can be reduced.
  • higher reaction temperatures or changing temperatures of foil stack during the reaction process would not be practical in the prior art process.
  • the described apparatus and process of the exemplary embodiment permits several Ti sheets, rods, tubes (see FIGS. 3-5) and other Ti preforms 28 to be simultaneously suspended in the molten Al (see FIG. 2).
  • the size, shape and number of Ti preforms which can be suspended in a volume of molten Al are not limited and only require a suitable crucible 22 and a sufficient volume of molten Al.
  • the option of having and using various Ti preforms of random shapes and sizes, some of which could be at or close to a final form, is not available in the prior art which is limited generally to alternating Al and Ti flat foil layers of a similar geometrical size. Since the outer surface portions of the Ti preform 28 which are actually submerged are subjected to the reaction, a single TiAl 3 surface layer is formed as part of the Ti preform 28 at the end of the process. This single layer covers all of the exposed surfaces of the Ti preforms 28 which are submerged, thereby creating a uniform covering layer regardless of the shape of the Ti preform 28.
  • a more complex part shape 16 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a starting titanium preform.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil et un procédé qui sont utilisés dans la production d'un produit balistique tel qu'une plaque balistique, qui commence avec une préforme de titane sous la forme d'une feuille épaisse et qui est immergée dans un bain d'Al fondu. Par immersion de la préforme de Ti dans un volume d'Al fondu, une couche d'aluminure de titane (TiAl3) de composé intermétallique est formée dans la préforme de Ti, entraînant une augmentation dimensionnelle (principalement l'épaisseur) ; cette augmentation dimensionnelle (épaisseur) est due à une densité légèrement inférieure de l'aluminure de titane (TiAl3) par comparaison à celle du métal de titane. Il est par conséquent requis de choisir des dimensions de départ (principalement l'épaisseur) de la préforme de titane pour adapter les changements dimensionnels de façon à obtenir une forme nette finale (principalement l'épaisseur) pour le produit balistique.
PCT/US2013/055680 2012-08-30 2013-08-20 Procédé de fabrication de produits balistiques à partir de préformes de titane Ceased WO2014074198A2 (fr)

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US201261694937P 2012-08-30 2012-08-30
US61/694,937 2012-08-30

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4792431A (en) * 1984-09-27 1988-12-20 Aluminum Company Of America Production of intermetallic particles
US4847047A (en) * 1987-05-29 1989-07-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Enhancement of titanium-aluminum alloying by ultrasonic treatment
JPH08199322A (ja) * 1995-01-24 1996-08-06 Wakamatsu Netsuren Kk 金属溶湯部材
US6645270B2 (en) * 2001-12-18 2003-11-11 C. Edward Eckert Method of heating a crucible for molten aluminum
JP4189350B2 (ja) * 2003-06-27 2008-12-03 株式会社神戸製鋼所 チタン材、その製造方法および排気管

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