WO2014069543A1 - 耐熱性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼板 - Google Patents
耐熱性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼板 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a material for a thin plate structure used at a high temperature, and particularly to a ferritic stainless steel that is not easily embrittled by being used at a high temperature as well as corrosion resistance at a normal temperature, such as an automobile exhaust system material. is there.
- Ferritic stainless steel is inferior in workability, toughness and high-temperature strength compared to austenitic stainless steel, but it is inexpensive because it does not contain a large amount of Ni, and its thermal expansion is small. It is used for applications where thermal distortion becomes a problem, such as materials and automotive exhaust system parts that become hot. Particularly when used as an exhaust system part material for automobiles, high temperature strength, corrosion resistance at normal temperature, and high toughness associated with high temperature use are important.
- steel types such as SUH409L, SUS429, SUS430LX, SUS436J1L, SUS432, and SUS444 are used as ferritic stainless steel suitable for these applications.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a material having a high temperature strength increased by using 0.05 to 2% of Sn.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for improving the surface quality of a stainless steel plate by adding 0.005 to 0.10% Sn. In recent years, a large amount of Sn exceeding 0.05% has been contained in stainless steel as an unavoidable impurity by using scrap iron including a surface-treated steel sheet as a raw material.
- JP 2000-169943 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-92872
- An object of the present invention is to provide a ferritic stainless steel that does not deteriorate toughness at room temperature even when exposed to a high temperature for a long time, such as an automobile exhaust system material.
- the present inventors have made various studies on the reduction in toughness at room temperature after high-temperature and long-term aging of Sn-containing ferritic stainless steel.
- SUS430LX contained 0.3% of Sn
- the toughness drop was caused by using in any temperature range, and it was found that the temperature was 500 to 800 ° C.
- the temperature at which the toughness drop occurs particularly in a short time is 700 ° C., and the toughness drop significantly occurs in only 1 hour.
- the fracture surface form in which brittle fracture occurred was different from a general cleavage fracture surface and had a characteristic of showing a grain boundary fracture surface.
- the ferritic stainless steel sheet of the present invention is as follows.
- the grain boundary Sn concentration when the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities, and the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 600 to 750 ° C. so that the L value represented by Formula 3 is 1.91 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- the stainless steel having the composition described in (1) (3) or (4) is annealed at a cold-rolled sheet annealing temperature of 850 ° C. to 1100 ° C., and then cooled from the cold-rolled plate annealing temperature,
- the ferritic stainless steel containing Sn of the present invention since the stabilizing elements Nb and Ti are optimized, the stainless steel is excellent in corrosion resistance with little deterioration in toughness even when used at high temperatures. A steel plate can be obtained.
- the ferritic stainless steel and comparative steel in this embodiment were subjected to a Charpy impact test after being heat-treated at 700 ° C. for 1 hour with a hot rolled annealed sheet having a thickness of 4.0 mm. It is a fracture surface photograph of a test piece. After subjecting the ferritic stainless steel and the comparative steel in this embodiment to a hot-rolled annealed sheet having a thickness of 4.0 mm and a hot-rolled annealed sheet held at 700 ° C. for 1 hour, a V-notch Charpy impact test is performed. It is the graph which showed the ductile-brittle transition temperature measured with the subsize test piece of plate
- the V-notch Charpy impact test piece is a sub-size test piece having a thickness of 4.0 mm. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the ductility-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and the parameter
- DBTT ductility-brittle transition temperature
- GBSV parameter
- the Sn concentration at the grain boundary fracture surface is measured by AES, and the Charpy impact test is performed. It is a graph which measures the ductility-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), and shows the relationship between Sn density
- DBTT ductility-brittle transition temperature
- the upper limit is made 0.015%.
- the lower limit may be 0.001%. From the viewpoint of corrosion resistance, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.002% and the upper limit is 0.009%.
- N 0.020% or less N, like C, deteriorates formability, corrosion resistance, and hot-rolled sheet toughness, so the smaller the content, the more preferable, so 0.02% or less.
- the lower limit should be 0.001%.
- the upper limit is preferably set to 0.018%, and more preferably set to 0.015%.
- Si 1.5% or less Excessive addition of Si lowers the room temperature ductility, so the upper limit is made 1.5%.
- Si is an element that is also useful as a deoxidizer and is an element that improves high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance. The deoxidation effect is improved with an increase in the amount of Si, and the effect is manifested at 0.01% or more and stable at 0.05% or more. Therefore, the lower limit may be set to 0.01%.
- Mn 1.5% or less
- Mn is an element added as a deoxidizer and an element contributing to an increase in high-temperature strength in the middle temperature range.
- Mn-based oxides form on the surface layer during long-time use, and are also elements that contribute to the adhesion of scale (oxide) and the effect of suppressing abnormal oxidation.
- Mn may be added so that the Mn content of the stainless steel of the present invention is 0.01% or more. In consideration of high temperature ductility, scale adhesion, and suppression of abnormal oxidation, it is more desirable to set the lower limit to 0.1 and the upper limit to 1.0%.
- P 0.035% or less
- P is an element having a large solid solution strengthening ability, but it is a ferrite stabilizing element and is also an element harmful to corrosion resistance and toughness.
- P is contained as an impurity in ferrochrome which is a raw material of stainless steel. Since it is very difficult to remove P from the molten steel, it may be 0.010% or more.
- the P content is almost determined by the purity and amount of the ferrochrome raw material to be used.
- the content of P in the ferrochrome raw material is preferably low. However, since low P ferrochrome is expensive, it is set to 0.035% or less, which is a range in which the material and corrosion resistance are not greatly deteriorated. In addition, Preferably it is 0.030% or less.
- the S content is preferably as small as possible, and the upper limit is made 0.015% in consideration of the range that does not affect the corrosion resistance. Further, the smaller the S content, the better the corrosion resistance. However, the lowering of the S content increases the desulfurization load and the manufacturing cost, so the lower limit may be 0.001%. Preferably, the lower limit is 0.001% and the upper limit is 0.008%.
- Cr 13.0-21.0%
- Cr is an essential element for ensuring oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. If it is less than 13.0%, these effects do not appear. On the other hand, if it exceeds 21.0%, workability and toughness are deteriorated, so the lower limit is 13.0 and the upper limit is 21.0%. To do. Furthermore, if manufacturability and high temperature ductility are taken into consideration, it is desirable that the upper limit be 18.0%.
- Sn 0.01 to 0.50%
- Sn is an element effective for improving corrosion resistance and high temperature strength.
- the lower limit is made 0.01%.
- the contribution to the high-temperature strength is stably expressed by addition of 0.05% or more, so the preferable lower limit is made 0.05%.
- the upper limit is made 0.50%.
- the lower limit is preferably 0.1%.
- the upper limit is preferably set to 0.3%.
- the development of the embrittlement phenomenon at high temperature use becomes remarkable when 0.05% or more of Sn is contained, but the embrittlement phenomenon caused by the inclusion of Sn can be suppressed by adding Nb described below in combination. .
- the upper limit of the Sn content is more preferably 0.21%.
- Nb 0.05 to 0.60%
- Nb is an element having an effect of suppressing sensitization due to precipitation of chromium carbonitride in stainless steel and deterioration of corrosion resistance by forming carbonitride. This effect is manifested at 0.05% or more.
- the present inventors have found that it has an effect of suppressing grain boundary embrittlement in Sn-containing steel. Since both effects of improving corrosion resistance and suppressing grain boundary embrittlement are manifested at 0.05% or more, the lower limit is made 0.05%. In order to obtain the effect more reliably, it is preferably set to 0.09% or more, and if it is 0.2% or more, the effect can be obtained almost certainly.
- the upper limit of Nb is set to 0.60%. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of weldability and workability with a thin plate, the lower limit may be 0.3% and the upper limit may be 0.5%. Moreover, the grain boundary embrittlement suppressing effect in the Sn-containing steel can be obtained even when Ti and Nb are added in combination. Also in this case, the effect is obtained when the amount of Nb added is 0.05% or more. However, it is necessary to adjust the CI value, which will be described later, to be within a predetermined range both when adding Nb alone and when adding Ti and Nb.
- Ti and Nb form carbonitrides and suppress deterioration of corrosion resistance due to formation and sensitization of chromium carbonitrides. That is, the addition amount corresponding to the amount of C and N in steel is necessary.
- the CI value is an index for precipitating C and N in steel as Ti and Nb carbonitrides to suppress sensitization, and as the CI value increases, sensitization is suppressed.
- CI In order to stably suppress precipitation of chromium carbonitride even in a welding heat cycle, CI is required to be 8 or more. However, if Ti and Nb are added excessively, large inclusions are formed and the workability is lowered, so the CI is made 26 or less. In order to ensure stable corrosion resistance and workability, the CI is preferably 10 or more and 20 or less.
- GBSV Sn + Ti-2Nb-0.3Mo-0.2 is 0 or less.
- GBSV Sn-2Nb-0.2 is set to 0 or less.
- GBSV is an index indicating the grain boundary segregation tendency of Sn, and the grain boundary segregation becomes more prominent as the value is larger.
- the coefficient of the elements constituting GBSV is an evaluation of the effect on grain boundary segregation.
- Sn is an element effective for high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance, but lowers the toughness of the material at 400 ° C. or lower due to grain boundary segregation.
- Nb and Mo have the effect of increasing the grain boundary strength in addition to the action of suppressing the grain boundary segregation of Sn, and the action of suppressing embrittlement due to the grain boundary segregation of Sn.
- the ductility-brittle transition temperature decreases, and when the GBSV becomes 0 or less, the ductile-brittle transition temperature is 150 in a hot-rolled annealed sheet having a thickness of 4.0 mm. It can be seen that the toughness is greatly improved at a temperature below °C. For this reason, GBSV was made 0 or less.
- the Sn concentration (atomic%) of the grain boundary fracture surface was used as an index of the grain boundary segregation of Sn, and the relationship with the ductile brittle transition temperature was examined. As shown in FIG. 4, it was found that when the Sn concentration at the grain boundary exceeds 2.0 atomic%, the ductile-brittle transition temperature increases rapidly and the grain boundary embrittlement is likely to occur. Even in a high temperature use environment, it is important for the Sn concentration at the grain boundary to be 2.0 atomic% or less in order to suppress grain boundary embrittlement due to Sn.
- an L value represented by Formula 3 that is usually used as an evaluation index for heat treatment was introduced.
- heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 600 to 750 ° C. so that the L value shown in Formula 3 is 1.91 ⁇ 10 4 or more
- Sn segregation to the grain boundary is noticeably observed when Ti is added.
- the present inventors have found that the Sn segregation of N will adversely affect the characteristics (transition temperature).
- the present inventors also confirmed that the grain boundary Sn concentration is 2 atomic% or less when heat treatment is performed with an L value of 1.91 ⁇ 10 4 or more in the case of the component composition in the present invention. did.
- the grain boundary Sn concentration after heat treatment at 700 ° C. for 1 hour is preferably 2.0 atomic% or less.
- the Sn concentration of the grain boundary is measured by breaking in an AES apparatus under ultra high vacuum. Since Auger electrons are emitted not only from the surface but also from atoms within several nm from the surface, this value does not represent only the Sn concentration at the grain boundary. Moreover, the analysis accuracy differs for each apparatus. However, in principle, the Sn concentration at the cleavage fracture surface is the same as the average Sn concentration of the base material. Therefore, the Sn concentration at the grain boundary was determined by calibrating the measured value of the Sn concentration on the cleavage fracture surface so that the Sn concentration measured on the cleavage fracture surface becomes the average Sn concentration of the base material.
- the Sn concentration at the grain boundary In order to stably reduce grain boundary embrittlement, it is preferable to set the Sn concentration at the grain boundary to 1.7 atomic% or less. Moreover, since it is difficult to make it below the Sn concentration of the base material, it is preferable to set 0.02 atomic% as the lower limit.
- Ti 0.32% or less Ti is an element that suppresses deterioration of sensitization and corrosion resistance due to precipitation of chromium carbonitride in stainless steel by forming carbonitride similarly to Nb.
- Nb since it has a greater effect of promoting grain boundary embrittlement in Sn-containing steel than Nb, it is an element to be reduced in Sn-containing steel. The influence of Sn on grain boundary segregation appears when the Ti content exceeds 0.05%.
- Nb is contained, adverse effects due to Ti can be reduced. In the case of adding Nb in combination, it was confirmed that the Sn grain boundary concentration was 2.0 atomic% or less in the heat treatment if the upper limit was 0.32%.
- a preferable upper limit in the case of containing Nb is 0.15%.
- Ni 1.5% or less Ni is mixed as an inevitable impurity in the alloy raw material of ferritic stainless steel and is generally contained in the range of 0.03 to 0.10%. Moreover, it is an element effective in suppressing the progress of pitting corrosion, and the effect is stably exhibited by addition of 0.05% or more. Therefore, the lower limit is preferably 0.05%. More preferably, the lower limit is 0.1%. On the other hand, since a large amount of addition may cause material hardening due to solid solution strengthening, the upper limit is made 1.5%. In consideration of the alloy cost, the upper limit is preferably 1.0%. More preferably, the upper limit is 0.5%. From the above, Ni is preferably 0.1 to 0.5%.
- Ni is an element that improves the corrosion resistance by a synergistic effect with Sn. It is useful to add together with Sn. Further, Ni also has an effect of improving the decrease in workability (elongation, r value) accompanying the addition of Sn. When combined with Sn, it is preferable that the lower limit of Ni is 0.2 and the upper limit is 0.4%.
- Cu 1.5% or less
- Cu is effective in improving the corrosion resistance. This is particularly effective in reducing the rate of progress after crevice corrosion. It is desirable to contain 0.1% or more in order to improve corrosion resistance. However, excessive addition deteriorates workability. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Cu with a lower limit of 0.1 and an upper limit of 1.5%.
- Cu is an element that improves the corrosion resistance by a synergistic effect with Sn. It is useful to add together with Sn. Further, Cu also has an effect of improving a decrease in workability (elongation, r value) accompanying the addition of Sn. When combined with Sn, it is preferable to contain Cu with a lower limit of 0.1 and an upper limit of 0.5%.
- Cu is also an element necessary for increasing the high-temperature strength required for use as a high-temperature environment member typified by a high-temperature exhaust system of an automobile.
- Cu mainly exhibits precipitation strengthening ability at 500 to 750 ° C., and at higher temperatures, it suppresses plastic deformation of the material by solid solution strengthening and exhibits a function of improving thermal fatigue characteristics.
- Such precipitation hardening effect and solid solution strengthening of Cu are manifested by addition of 0.2% or more.
- the upper limit is made 1.5%.
- the lower limit is 0.5 and the upper limit is 1.0%.
- Mo 2.0% or less Mo may be added as necessary in order to improve the high temperature strength and thermal fatigue characteristics.
- the lower limit is preferably made 0.01%.
- excessive addition may cause the generation of a Laves phase, which may cause a reduction in hot-rolled sheet toughness.
- the upper limit of Mo is set to 2.0%. Further, from the viewpoint of productivity and manufacturability, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.05% and the upper limit is 1.5%.
- V 0.3% or less V is mixed as an inevitable impurity in ferritic stainless steel alloy raw materials and is difficult to remove in the refining process, so it is generally contained in the range of 0.01 to 0.1%. Is done. Moreover, since it has the effect which forms a fine carbonitride and a precipitation strengthening effect
- action produces and contributes to a high temperature strength improvement, it is an element also added intentionally as needed. Since the effect is stably manifested by addition of 0.03% or more, the lower limit is preferably 0.03%. On the other hand, if added excessively, the precipitates may be coarsened. As a result, the high-temperature strength decreases and the thermal fatigue life decreases, so the upper limit is made 0.3%. In view of manufacturing cost and manufacturability, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.03% and the upper limit is 0.1%.
- Al 0.3% or less
- Al is an element that improves oxidation resistance. Further, it is useful as a solid solution strengthening element for improving the strength at 600 to 700 ° C. Since the action is stably expressed from 0.01%, the lower limit is preferably set to 0.01%. On the other hand, excessive addition hardens and significantly reduces the uniform elongation, and also significantly reduces the toughness, so the upper limit is made 0.3%. Furthermore, considering the occurrence of surface flaws, weldability and manufacturability, the lower limit is preferably 0.01% and the upper limit is preferably 0.07%.
- B 0.0020% or less B is effective for fixing N which is harmful to workability and improving secondary workability, and is added at 0.0003% or more as necessary. Further, even if added over 0.0020%, the effect is saturated, and the workability deterioration and corrosion resistance due to B are reduced, so 0.0003 to 0.002% is added. In consideration of workability and manufacturing cost, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.0005% and the upper limit is 0.0015%.
- W 0.20% or less W is effective in improving the high-temperature strength, and is added at 0.01% or more as necessary. Further, if added over 0.20%, the solid solution strengthening is too large and the mechanical properties are lowered, so 0.01 to 0.20% is added. Considering the manufacturing cost and hot-rolled sheet toughness, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.02% and the upper limit is 0.15%.
- Zr 0.20% or less Zr is added in an amount of 0.01% or more as necessary in order to form a carbonitride and suppress the formation of Cr carbonitride and improve the corrosion resistance like Nb and Ti. To do. Further, even if added over 0.20%, the effect is saturated and the formation of large oxides may cause surface defects, so 0.01% to 0.20% is added. Since it is an expensive element compared with Ti and Nb, considering the manufacturing cost, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.02% and the upper limit is 0.05%.
- Sb 0.5% or less Sb is effective in improving sulfuric acid resistance, and is added at 0.001% or more as necessary. Even if added over 0.5%, the effect is saturated and embrittlement occurs due to segregation of Sb grain boundaries, so 0.001 to 0.20% is added. In consideration of workability and manufacturing cost, it is desirable to set the lower limit to 0.002% and the upper limit to 0.05%.
- Co 0.5% or less Co is effective for improving wear resistance and high-temperature strength, and is added at 0.01% or more as necessary. Moreover, even if added over 0.5%, the effect is saturated, and mechanical properties are deteriorated due to solid solution strengthening, so 0.01 to 0.5% is added. From the viewpoint of production cost and high temperature strength stability, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.05% and the upper limit is 0.20%.
- Ca 0.01% or less Ca is an important desulfurization element in the steelmaking process, and also has a deoxygenating effect, so is added at 0.0003% or more as necessary. Further, even if added over 0.01%, the effect is saturated, resulting in a decrease in corrosion resistance due to Ca granulated materials and a deterioration in workability due to oxides. Add in%. Considering manufacturability such as slag treatment, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.0005% and the upper limit is 0.0015%.
- Mg 0.01% or less Mg is an element effective for refining the solidified structure in the steel making process, and is added in an amount of 0.0003% or more as necessary. Even if added over 0.01%, the effect is saturated, and the corrosion resistance due to Mg sulfide or oxide tends to be reduced. Therefore, it is added at 0.0003 to 0.01%.
- the lower limit is preferably 0.0005% and the upper limit is preferably 0.0015%.
- REM 0.1% or less REM is effective in improving oxidation resistance, and is added at 0.001% or more as necessary. Further, even if added over 0.1%, the effect is saturated and the corrosion resistance is lowered due to the REM granulated material, so 0.001 to 0.1% is added. Considering the workability and manufacturing cost of the product, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.002% and the upper limit is 0.05%.
- the grain size number after cold rolling annealing is set to 5.0 or more and 9.0 or less.
- the toughness is not completely reduced.
- grain boundary embrittlement can be alleviated by increasing the area of grain boundaries where Se segregates.
- the crystal grain size number needs to be 5 or more.
- the mechanical properties become low ductility and high strength due to fine graining, so 5.0 or more and 9.0 or less.
- the value be 6.0 or more and 8.5 or less.
- the cold-rolled sheet annealing temperature is set to 850 ° C. or more at which Sn grain boundary segregation does not easily occur, and is set to 1100 ° C. or less at which crystal grain size coarsening hardly occurs. It is desirable that the cooling rate is 5 ° C./s or higher in the temperature range.
- steels having the component compositions shown in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2 were melted and cast into slabs.
- the slab was heated to 1190 ° C. and then hot-rolled to a sheet thickness of 4 mm with a finishing temperature in the range of 800 to 950 ° C. to obtain a hot-rolled steel sheet.
- Table 1-1 and Table 1-2 values outside the scope of the present invention are underlined.
- the hot-rolled steel sheet was cooled to 500 ° C. by air-water cooling and then wound into a coil.
- examples of the present invention and comparative examples that do not contain Ti and Mo have Ti and Mo contents indicated by a symbol “-”.
- the CI and GBSV values of the inventive examples and comparative examples not containing Ti and Mo were calculated based on the above-described formulas 1 and 2, respectively. Further, the CI and GBSV values of the inventive examples and comparative examples containing Ti and Mo were calculated based on the above-described formulas 1 'and 2', respectively.
- the hot rolled coil was annealed at 900 to 1100 ° C. and cooled to room temperature. At this time, the average cooling rate in the range of 800 to 550 ° C. was set to 20 ° C./s or more. Subsequently, the hot-rolled annealed plate was pickled and cold-rolled to obtain a thin plate having a thickness of 1.5 mm, and then the cold-rolled plate was annealed and pickled to obtain a thin plate product. No. in Table 1-1. 1 to 34 are examples of the present invention, No. 1 in Table 1-2. 35 to 56 are comparative examples.
- the hot-rolled annealed sheet thus obtained was heat-treated at 700 ° C. for 1 hour (L value: 19460), and then subjected to a Charpy impact test in accordance with JIS Z 2242 to obtain a ductile-brittle transition.
- the temperature (DBTT) was measured.
- Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 The measurement results are shown in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2.
- the test piece in a present Example is a subsize test piece with the plate
- the hot-rolled annealing board in each Example is obtained by dividing absorbed energy by a cross-sectional area (unit cm 2 ).
- the toughness was compared and evaluated.
- the evaluation criteria of toughness made ductility-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) 150 degrees C or less favorable.
- test piece of 14 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 mm was prepared from the hot-rolled annealed plate for Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).
- a notch having a depth of 1 mm and a width of 0.2 mm was placed in the center of the test piece in the longitudinal direction.
- AES apparatus In ultra-high vacuum in the AES apparatus, it was cooled with liquid nitrogen, ruptured by impact, and the Sn concentration at the grain boundary fracture surface was measured. The measurement results are shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-2 as “grain boundary Sn concentration (at%)”.
- SAM-670 PHI, FE type
- the beam size was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- the concentration was calibrated so that the analytical value on the cleavage plane was the same as the concentration of the base material. Auger electrons are emitted not only from the outermost surface of the grain boundary fracture surface, but also from a depth of several nanometers. In this method, the Sn concentration of the grain boundary is not accurate, but this method is used as a general measurement value. 2 atomic% (at%) or less was considered good.
- the hot-rolled annealed sheet is cold-rolled to 1.5 mm, pickled after annealing at 840 to 980 ° C. for 100 seconds, Mig bead-on-plate welding is performed on the cold-rolled annealed sheet, and is specified in JIS G 0575.
- the stainless steel was subjected to a sulfuric acid / copper sulfate corrosion test to investigate the presence or absence of sensitization in the welded HAZ part. However, the sulfuric acid concentration was 0.5%, and the test time was 24 hours. Those in which intergranular corrosion was observed were considered to have failed corrosion resistance. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-2 as the “improved Strauss test”.
- Table 3 shows the results of tests similar to the items described in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2, with different heat treatment conditions for the hot-rolled annealed sheet. Some steels shown in Table 3 were evaluated by a wet and dry repeated test.
- test tube Semi-immersed.
- the test tube was put in a warm bath at 80 ° C., and a sample completely dried after 24 hours was lightly washed with distilled water. Then, the test solution was again filled in the newly washed test tube, and the sample was half-immersed again. And holding for 24 hours was performed 14 cycles.
- Table 4 shows the results of a V-notch Charpy impact test with the plate thickness changed after changing the annealing conditions of the cold-rolled annealed plate to a 1.5 mm thin plate product and aging treatment at 600 ° C. for 1 week. Indicated. At this time, the condition where the ductile-brittle transition temperature was ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower was regarded as acceptable.
- no. 35, 39 to 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 have GBSV larger than 0, and the grain boundary Sn segregation amount after heat treatment at 700 ° C. for 1 hour is larger than 2 at% by AES measurement.
- -It has low toughness so that the brittle transition temperature is over 150 ° C.
- No. 36, 37, 38, 52, 53, and 51 had high Si, Mn, P, Ni, Cu, and Mo, respectively, and their mechanical properties were poor because elongation decreased due to solid solution strengthening.
- No. No. 39 has a high S. No.
- No. 40 has low Cr.
- No. 42 has a low Sn. Since 55 had a high B, the corrosion resistance evaluated in the salt spray test was poor. No. Since No. 42 had low Sn, toughness was good even when GBSV was larger than 0.
- No. No. 45 has a high Nb. 47, 45, 50 are Ti, No. No. 54 had a high V, so wrinkles caused by large inclusions were generated, and the quality was judged to be poor.
- No. 41 is Cr, No. No. 56 was judged to be of poor quality because Al was high and hot rolling occurred.
- Symbols a1 to a3 in Table 3 indicate that the DBTT exceeds 150 ° C. because the grain boundary Sn concentration is 2 atomic% or more after the heat treatment with an L value of 1.91 ⁇ 10 4 or more. And toughness was poor. Further, as in a4, when the L value is less than 1.91 ⁇ 10 4 , Sn does not segregate at the grain boundary, so DBTT is as low as 80 ° C. However, when the L value increases, Sn segregates at the grain boundary. From the fact that DBTT becomes high, it was confirmed that Sn segregation at the grain boundary must be evaluated at an L value of 1.91 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- the maximum corrosion depth of all the steels in the range of the present invention was 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the maximum corrosion depth was 20 ⁇ m or less, indicating a result of extremely excellent corrosion resistance.
- the thin plate to which the component composition to which the present invention is applied, the grain size number after cold rolling annealing, the cold rolling plate annealing temperature, and the cooling rate are applied has a low ductile-brittle transition temperature and is good. Showed toughness.
- the symbol b1 has a cold-rolled sheet annealing temperature of 1100 ° C. or higher, and the crystal grain size number defined by the steel-crystal grain size microscopic test method defined in JIS G0551 is less than 5.0.
- the cooling rate at 20 ° C. was 20 ° C./s, but the ductile-brittle transition temperature was high.
- the symbol b2 had a cold rolled sheet annealing temperature of less than 850 ° C. and a crystal grain size number exceeding 9.0, so the mechanical properties were poor.
- b3 and b6 had a cooling rate of less than 5 ° C./s at 800 to 500, the annealing temperature was appropriate and the crystal grain size number was 8.0, but the ductile-brittle transition temperature was high. Further, since b4 and b5 were comparative example components, the cold-rolled sheet annealing temperature, cooling rate, and crystal grain size number were within the proper ranges, but the ductile-brittle transition temperature was high.
- the ferritic stainless steel containing Sn of the present invention since the stabilizing elements Nb and Ti are optimized, the toughness is deteriorated even when used at a high temperature. It is possible to manufacture a stainless steel plate that is small and excellent in corrosion resistance of a thin plate. Further, by applying the material to which the present invention is applied to exhaust system members of automobiles and two-wheeled vehicles in particular, it becomes possible to extend the life of parts and increase the social contribution. In other words, the present invention has sufficient industrial applicability.
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Abstract
Description
(1)質量%で、Cr:13.0~21.0%、Sn:0.01~0.50%、Nb:0.05~0.60%を含有し、C:0.015%以下、Si:1.5%以下、Mn:1.5%以下、N:0.020%以下、P:0.035%以下、及びS:0.015%以下に制限され、式1および式2を満足し、残部がFe及び不可避的不純物であり、かつ、600~750℃の温度で、式3で示すL値が1.91×104以上となる熱処理を施した時の粒界Sn濃度が2原子%以下であることを特徴とするフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
8≦CI=0.52Nb/(C+N)≦26・・・(式1)
GBSV=Sn-2Nb-0.2≦0・・・(式2)
L=(273+T)(log(t)+20)・・・(式3)
ここで、T:温度(℃)、t:時間(h)
但し、式1および式2に替えて、式1’および式2’とする。
8≦CI=(Ti+0.52Nb)/(C+N)≦26・・・(式1’)
GBSV=Sn+Ti-2Nb-0.3Mo-0.2≦0・・・(式2’)
Cは、成形性と耐食性、熱延板靭性を劣化させるため、その含有量は少ないほど好ましいので、上限を0.015%とする。但し、過度の低減は精錬コストの増加をもたらすので下限は0.001%であっても良い。また、耐食性の観点から考えると、下限を0.002%とし、上限を0.009%とすることが望ましい。
Nは、Cと同様、成形性と耐食性、熱延板靭性を劣化させるので、その含有量は少ないほど好ましいため、0.02%以下とする。但し、過度の低減は精錬コストの増加に繋がるため、下限を0.001%とするとよい。耐食性低下、靭性劣化の回避をより確実にするため、上限を0.018%とすることが好ましく、より好ましくは上限を0.015%とするとよい。
Siの過度の添加は常温延性を低下させるため、上限を1.5%とする。但し、Siは、脱酸剤としても有用な元素であるとともに、高温強度や耐酸化性を改善させる元素である。脱酸効果は、Si量の増加とともに向上し、その効果は0.01%以上で発現し、0.05%以上で安定するため、下限を0.01%としても良い。なお、耐酸化性を考慮してSiを添加する場合、下限を0.1%とし、上限を0.7%とすることが更に望ましい。
Mnの過度な添加は、γ相(オーステナイト相)の析出による熱延板靭性の低下を生じる他、MnSを形成して耐食性を低下させるため、上限を1.5%とする。一方、Mnは、脱酸剤として添加される元素であるとともに、中温域での高温強度上昇に寄与する元素である。また、長時間使用中にMn系酸化物が表層に形成し、スケール(酸化物)の密着性や異常酸化の抑制効果に寄与する元素でもある。このような効果を発現させるために、本発明のステンレス鋼のMnの含有量が0.01%以上になるようにMnを添加しても良い。なお、高温延性やスケールの密着性、異常酸化の抑制を考慮すると、下限を0.1とし、上限を1.0%とすることが更に望ましい。
Pは、固溶強化能の大きな元素であるが、フェライト安定化元素であり、しかも耐食性や靭性に対しても有害な元素であるため、可能な限り少ないほうが好ましい。
Pは、ステンレス鋼の原料であるフェロクロムに不純物として含まれる。ステンレス鋼の溶鋼から脱Pすることは非常に困難であるため、0.010%以上であってもよい。また、Pの含有量は、使用するフェロクロム原料の純度と量でほぼ決定される。フェロクロム原料のPの含有量は低いほうが好ましいが、低Pのフェロクロムは高価であるため、材質や耐食性を大きく劣化させない範囲である0.035%以下とする。なお、好ましくは0.030%以下である。
Sは、硫化物系介在物を形成し、鋼材の一般的な耐食性(全面腐食や孔食)を劣化させる。そのため、Sの含有量は可能な限り少ないほうが好ましく、耐食性に影響を与えない範囲を考慮して、上限を0.015%とする。また、Sの含有量は少ないほど耐食性は良好となるが、低S化には脱硫負荷が増大し、製造コストが増大するので、その下限は0.001%であってもよい。なお、好ましくは下限を0.001%とし、上限を0.008%とすることである。
Crは、本発明において、耐酸化性や耐食性確保のために必須な元素である。13.0%未満では、これらの効果は発現せず、一方で、21.0%超では加工性の低下や靭性の劣化をもたらすため、下限を13.0とし、上限を21.0%とする。更に製造性や高温延性を考慮すると、上限を18.0%とすることが望ましい。
Snは、耐食性や高温強度の向上に有効な元素である。また、常温の機械的特性を大きく劣化させない効果もある。耐食性への効果は0.01%以上で発現するため、下限は0.01%とする。高温強度への寄与は、0.05%以上の添加で安定して発現するため好ましい下限を0.05%とする。一方、過度に添加すると製造性や溶接性が著しく劣化するため、上限を0.50%とする。なお、耐酸化性等を考慮すると、下限を0.1%とすることが望ましい。また、溶接性等を考慮すると、上限を0.3%とすることが望ましい。高温使用における脆化現象の発現はSnを0.05%以上含有することで顕著になるが、以下に述べるNbを複合添加することにより、Sn含有に起因する脆化現象を抑制することができる。また、DBTT(延性-脆性遷移温度)を50℃未満にするにはSnの含有量の上限を0.21%とすることが更に好ましい.
Nbは、炭窒化物を形成する事でステンレス鋼におけるクロム炭窒化物の析出による鋭敏化や耐食性の低下を抑制する効果のある元素である。この効果は、0.05%以上で発現する。更に、Sn含有鋼における粒界脆化を抑制する効果も有することを本発明者らは知見した。耐食性向上と粒界脆化の抑制の両効果は0.05%以上で発現するため、下限を0.05%とする。より確実に効果を得るために、好ましくは0.09%以上とし、0.2%以上であればほぼ確実に効果を得ることができる。一方、過度の添加は、Laves相の生成に起因する製造性の低下が問題になる。これらを考慮し、Nbの上限を0.60%とする。更に、薄板での溶接性や加工性の観点から、下限を0.3%とし、上限を0.5%とすることがある。また、Sn含有鋼における粒界脆化抑制効果は、TiとNbとを複合添加する場合でも得ることができる。この場合もNb添加量は0.05%以上で効果が得られる。しかし、Nb単独添加においてもTiとNbの複合添加においても、後述するCI値が所定の範囲になるよう調整する必要がある。
なお、L値による熱処理条件の規定をより簡略化した条件として、700℃で1時間熱処理を施した後の、粒界Sn濃度が2.0原子%以下とする事が好ましい。
粒界脆化を安定して低減するためには、粒界のSn濃度を1.7原子%以下にする事が好ましい。また、母材のSn濃度以下にする事は困難であるため、0.02原子%を下限とする事が好ましい。
Tiは、Nbと同様に炭窒化物を形成する事で、ステンレス鋼におけるクロム炭窒化物の析出による鋭敏化や耐食性の低下を抑制する元素である。しかしながら、Nbに較べてSn含有鋼における粒界脆化を助長する効果が大きいため、Sn含有鋼に於いては、低減すべき元素である。Snの粒界偏析に対する影響は、Tiの含有量が0.05%超から現れるようになる。ただし、Nbを含有する場合には、Tiによる悪影響を低減できる。Nbと複合添加する場合には上限を0.32%とすれば、上記熱処理においてもSnの粒界濃度が2.0原子%以下となることを確認した。Nbを含有する場合の好ましい上限は0.15%である。なお、原料から不可避的不純物として混入することから過度に低減することは困難であるため、Tiの含有量を0.001%以上とすることが好ましい。介在物低減による加工性向上の観点からは、下限を0.001とし、上限を0.03%とすることが更に好ましい。
Niは、フェライト系ステンレス鋼の合金原料中に不可避的不純物として混入し、一般的に0.03~0.10%の範囲で含有される。また、孔食の進展抑制に有効な元素であり、その効果は0.05%以上の添加で安定して発揮されるため下限を0.05%とすることが好ましい。更に好ましくは、下限0.1%である。
一方、多量の添加は、固溶強化による材質硬化を招くおそれがあるため、その上限を1.5%とする。なお、合金コストを考慮すると上限は1.0%が望ましい。更に望ましくは、上限は0.5%である。以上より、Niは0.1~0.5%が好適である。
本発明においてNiは、Snとの相乗効果により耐食性を向上させる元素である。Snと複合添加することは有用である。更に、Niは、Snの添加に伴う加工性(伸び,r値)の低下を改善する作用も持つ。Snと複合添加する場合、Niの下限を0.2とし、上限を0.4%とすることが好ましい。
Cuは耐食性を向上する上で有効である。特に、すきま腐食発生後の進展速度を低減させるうえで有効である。耐食性向上のために0.1%以上含有させることが望ましい。しかしながら、過剰の添加は、加工性を劣化させる。したがって、下限を0.1とし、上限を1.5%として、Cuを含有させるのが望ましい。
Cuは、Snとの相乗効果により耐食性を向上させる元素である。Snと複合添加することは有用である。更に、Cuは、Snの添加に伴う加工性(伸び,r値)の低下を改善する作用も持つ。Snと複合添加する場合には、下限を0.1とし、上限を0.5%として、Cuを含有することが好ましい。
以上より、本発明においては、SnとNiおよび/またはCuを複合添加することは耐食性を向上するうえで有用である。
また、Cuは、自動車の高温排気系などに代表される高温環境用部材として使用するために必要とされる高温強度を高めるために必要な元素でもある。Cuは、500~750℃では主に析出強化能を発揮し、それ以上の温度に於いては固溶強化によって材料の塑性変形を抑制し、熱疲労特性を高める働きを示す。このようなCuの析出硬化作用や固溶強化は0.2%以上の添加により発現する。一方、過度な添加は、熱延加熱時に異常酸化を生じ表面疵の原因ともなるため、上限を1.5%とする。Cuの高温強化能を活かし、安定して表面疵を抑制するためには、下限を0.5とし、上限を1.0%とすることが望ましい。
Moは、高温強度や熱疲労特性を向上させるために必要に応じて添加すれば良く、これらの効果を発揮させるため、下限を0.01%とすることが好ましい。
一方、過度の添加は、Laves相の生成を生じさせて、熱延板靭性の低下を生じるおそれがある。これらを考慮し、Moの上限を2.0%とする。更に、生産性や製造性の観点から、下限を0.05%とし、上限を1.5%とすることが望ましい。
Vは、フェライト系ステンレス鋼の合金原料に不可避的不純物として混入し、精錬工程における除去が困難であるため、一般的に0.01~0.1%の範囲で含有される。また、微細な炭窒化物を形成し、析出強化作用が生じて高温強度向上に寄与する効果を有するため、必要に応じて、意図的な添加も行われる元素である。その効果は0.03%以上の添加で安定して発現するため、下限を0.03%とすることが好ましい。
一方、過剰に添加すると、析出物の粗大化を招くおそれがあり、その結果、高温強度が低下し、熱疲労寿命が低下してしまうため、上限を0.3%とする。なお、製造コストや製造性を考慮すると、下限を0.03%とし、上限を0.1%とすることが望ましい。
Alは、脱酸元素として添加される他、耐酸化性を向上させる元素である。また、固溶強化元素として600~700℃における強度向上に有用である。その作用は0.01%から安定して発現するため、下限を0.01%とすることが好ましい。
一方、過度の添加は、硬質化して均一伸びを著しく低下させる他、靭性を著しく低下させるため、上限を0.3%とする。更に、表面疵の発生や溶接性、製造性を考慮すると、下限を0.01%とし、上限を0.07%が望ましい。
Bは、加工性に有害なNの固定や、二次加工性改善に有効であり、必要に応じて0.0003%以上で添加する。また、0.0020%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、Bによる加工性劣化や耐食性が低下するため、0.0003~0.002%で添加する。加工性や製造コストを考慮すると、下限を0.0005%とし、上限を0.0015%とすることが望ましい。
Wは、高温強度の向上に有効であり、必要に応じて0.01%以上で添加する。また、0.20%を超えて添加すると固溶強化が大きすぎて機械的性質が低下するため、0.01~0.20%で添加する。製造コストや熱延板靭性を考慮すると、下限を0.02%とし、上限を0.15%とすることが望ましい。
Zrは、NbやTiなどと同様に炭窒化物を形成してCr炭窒化物の形成を抑制し耐食性を向上させるため、必要に応じて0.01%以上で添加する。また、0.20%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、大型酸化物の形成により表面疵の原因にもなるため、0.01~0.20%で添加する。Ti,Nbに較べると高価な元素でありため製造コストを考慮すると、下限を0.02%とし、上限を0.05%とすることが望ましい。
Sbは、耐硫酸性の向上に有効であり、必要に応じて0.001%以上で添加する。また、0.5%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、Sbの粒界偏析による脆化を生じるため、0.001~0.20%で添加する。加工性や製造コストを考慮すると、下限を0.002%とし、上限を0.05%とすることが望ましい。
Coは、耐摩耗性の向上や高温強度の向上に有効であり、必要に応じて0.01%以上で添加する。また、0.5%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、固溶強化による機械的性質の劣化を生じるため、0.01~0.5%で添加する。製造コストや高温強度の安定性の点から、下限を0.05%とし、上限を0.20%とすることが望ましい。
Caは、製鋼工程における重要な脱硫元素であり、脱酸素効果も有するため、必要に応じて0.0003%以上で添加する。また、0.01%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、Caの粒化物に起因する耐食性の低下や、酸化物に起因する加工性劣化を生じるため、0.0003~0.01%で添加する。スラグ処理等の製造性を考慮すると、下限を0.0005%とし、上限を0.0015%とすることが望ましい。
Mgは、製鋼工程における凝固組織の微細化に有効な元素であり、必要に応じて0.0003%以上で添加する。また、0.01%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、Mgの硫化物や酸化物に起因する耐食性の低下を生じ易くなるため、0.0003~0.01%で添加する。製鋼工程におけるMg添加はMgの酸化燃焼が激しく歩留まりが低くなりコストの増加が大きいことを考慮すると、下限を0.0005%とし、上限を0.0015%とすることが望ましい。
REMは、耐酸化性の向上に有効であり、必要に応じて0.001%以上で添加する。また、0.1%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和し、REMの粒化物による耐食性低下を生じるため、0.001~0.1%で添加する。製品の加工性や製造コストを考慮すると、下限を0.002%とし、上限を0.05%とすることが望ましい。
Sn添加鋼を高温環境にさらした場合、GBSV値による成分制御を行っても、靭性の低下は皆無にはならないことが考えられる。その場合、Snが偏析する粒界の面積を増やす事で粒界脆化の緩和が可能である。そのためには結晶粒径番号を5以上にすることが必要である。但し、結晶粒度番号を大きくしすぎると細粒化により機械的性質が低延性で高強度になるため、5.0以上、9.0以下にする。深絞り性向上を支配するランクフォード値の最適化や加工時の肌荒れ低減等を考慮すると、6.0以上8.5以下にすることが望ましい。
以下、実施例により本発明の効果を説明するが、本発明は、以下の実施例で用いた条件に限定されるものではない。
また、本発明範囲の鋼は、いずれも最大腐食深さは50μm以下となった。なお,本発明範囲のNiやCuを含有する鋼の場合には、最大腐食深さが20μm以下と、耐食性にきわめて優れる結果を示した。
Claims (6)
- 質量%で、
Cr:13.0~21.0%、
Sn:0.01~0.50%、
Nb:0.05~0.60%、
を含有し、
C:0.015%以下、
Si:1.5%以下、
Mn:1.5%以下、
N:0.020%以下、
P:0.035%以下、及び
S:0.015%以下、
に制限され、
残部がFe及び不可避的不純物であり、
式1および式2を満足し、
かつ、600~750℃の温度で、式3で示すL値が1.91×104以上となる熱処理を施した時の粒界Sn濃度が2原子%以下であることを特徴とするフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
8≦CI=0.52Nb/(C+N)≦26・・・(式1)
GBSV=Sn-2Nb-0.2≦0・・・(式2)
L=(273+T)(log(t)+20)・・・(式3)
ここで、T:温度(℃)、t:時間(h) - 前記熱処理が700℃で1時間であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 更に、質量%で、
Ti:0.32%以下、
Ni:1.5%以下、
Cu:1.5%以下、
Mo:2.0%以下、
V:0.3%以下、
Al:0.3%以下、
B:0.0020%以下
の1種または2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
但し、式1および式2に替えて、式1’および式2’とする。
8≦CI=(Ti+0.52Nb)/(C+N)≦26・・・式1’
GBSV=Sn+Ti-2Nb-0.3Mo-0.2≦0・・・式2’ - 更に、質量%で、
W:0.20%以下、
Zr:0.20%以下、
Sb:0.5%以下、
Co:0.5%以下、
Ca:0.01%以下、
Mg:0.01%以下、
REM:0.1%以下、
の1種または2種以上を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。 - 冷延板焼鈍後の結晶粒度番号を5.0以上、9.0以下とすることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 請求項1、3または4に記載の組成のステンレス鋼を、冷延板焼鈍温度を850℃~1100℃とし、その後冷延板焼鈍温度からの冷却に際し、800~500℃の温度範囲において冷却速度を5℃/s以上とすることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法。
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| JP2012193392A (ja) * | 2011-03-14 | 2012-10-11 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corp | 耐銹性と防眩性に優れた高純度フェライト系ステンレス鋼板 |
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| ES2230227T3 (es) * | 2000-12-25 | 2005-05-01 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Lamina de acero inoxidable ferritico con buena trabajabilidad y metodo para su fabricacion. |
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- 2013-10-30 BR BR112015009634-4A patent/BR112015009634B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2013-10-30 CN CN201380056855.XA patent/CN104769144B/zh active Active
- 2013-10-30 KR KR1020157010546A patent/KR101690441B1/ko active Active
- 2013-10-30 TW TW102139702A patent/TWI504763B/zh active
- 2013-10-30 JP JP2014544565A patent/JP6223351B2/ja active Active
- 2013-10-30 EP EP13851279.3A patent/EP2915894B1/en active Active
- 2013-10-30 US US14/439,456 patent/US20150292068A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-10-30 WO PCT/JP2013/079461 patent/WO2014069543A1/ja not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2016052528A1 (ja) * | 2014-09-29 | 2016-04-07 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | 穴拡げ性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼鈑及びその製造方法 |
| JP2016069677A (ja) * | 2014-09-29 | 2016-05-09 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | 穴広げ性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼鈑及びその製造方法 |
| JPWO2016068139A1 (ja) * | 2014-10-31 | 2017-08-31 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | フェライト系ステンレス鋼板、鋼管およびその製造方法 |
| US10752973B2 (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2020-08-25 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation | Ferrite-based stainless steel with high resistance to corrosiveness caused by exhaust gas and condensation and high brazing properties and method for manufacturing same |
| US11427881B2 (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2022-08-30 | Nippon Steel Stainless Steel Corporation | Ferrite-based stainless steel plate, steel pipe, and production method therefor |
| JP2016156072A (ja) * | 2015-02-25 | 2016-09-01 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | 穴拡げ性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼鈑及びその製造方法 |
| JP2020063472A (ja) * | 2018-10-16 | 2020-04-23 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | 磁気特性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼 |
| JP2020100866A (ja) * | 2018-12-21 | 2020-07-02 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | 耐水素脆性と耐低温脆性に優れたCr系ステンレス鋼 |
| WO2023089693A1 (ja) * | 2021-11-17 | 2023-05-25 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | フェライト系ステンレス鋼板 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR101690441B1 (ko) | 2016-12-27 |
| ES2787353T3 (es) | 2020-10-15 |
| CN104769144A (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
| EP2915894A4 (en) | 2016-10-26 |
| BR112015009634A2 (pt) | 2017-07-04 |
| US20150292068A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
| EP2915894A1 (en) | 2015-09-09 |
| TWI504763B (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
| TW201422828A (zh) | 2014-06-16 |
| JP6223351B2 (ja) | 2017-11-08 |
| JPWO2014069543A1 (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
| BR112015009634B1 (pt) | 2019-08-20 |
| EP2915894B1 (en) | 2020-03-04 |
| CN104769144B (zh) | 2017-10-10 |
| KR20150056656A (ko) | 2015-05-26 |
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