WO2014065226A1 - 透明電極、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 - Google Patents
透明電極、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transparent electrode, an electronic device, and an organic electroluminescent element, and particularly includes a transparent electrode capable of suppressing high light transmittance, low sheet resistance value, and sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage, and the transparent electrode.
- the present invention relates to an electronic device and an organic electroluminescence element that are excellent in light transmittance and can reduce voltage change under a driving voltage and a constant current.
- organic electroluminescence element also referred to as “organic EL element” or “organic electroluminescence element” using an organic material electroluminescence (hereinafter abbreviated as EL) is about several V to several tens V. It is a thin-film, completely solid element that can emit light at a low voltage, and has many excellent features such as high brightness, high luminous efficiency, thinness, and light weight. For this reason, it has been attracting attention in recent years as surface light emitters such as backlights for various displays, display boards such as signboards and emergency lights, and illumination light sources.
- Such an organic EL element has a structure in which a light emitting layer made of an organic material is sandwiched between two electrodes, and emitted light generated in the light emitting layer is transmitted through the electrode and taken out to the outside. For this reason, at least one of the two electrodes is configured as a transparent electrode.
- an oxide semiconductor material such as indium tin oxide (SnO 2 —In 2 O 3 : Indium Tin Oxide: ITO) is generally used. Studies have been made on materials aiming at resistance (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2). However, since ITO uses rare metal indium, the material cost is high, and it is necessary to anneal at about 300 ° C. after film formation in order to reduce resistance.
- a thin film is formed using Zn and Sn as raw materials, and a technology that achieves both transmittance and conductivity by forming a thin film using an alloy of silver and Mg having high electrical conductivity.
- Techniques have been proposed (see, for example, Patent Documents 3 and 4).
- the resistance value of the obtained thin film is insufficient at about 100 ⁇ / ⁇ , and the deterioration with time is remarkable because Mg is easily oxidized. was there.
- a sufficient resistance value cannot be obtained.
- a ZnO-based thin film containing Zn is likely to react with water and its performance is likely to fluctuate.
- the SnO 2 -based thin film had problems such as being difficult to etch.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and the problem to be solved is a transparent electrode capable of realizing high light transmittance, low sheet resistance value, and suppression of sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage, It is an object to provide an electronic device and an organic electroluminescence element that are excellent in light transmissivity provided with the transparent electrode and can reduce a voltage change under a driving voltage and a constant current.
- the present inventors include a conductive layer and an intermediate layer provided adjacent to the conductive layer in the process of examining the cause of the problem, and the transparent electrode
- the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more, the sheet resistance value is 20 ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the intermediate layer contains an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair,
- a transparent electrode comprising a conductive layer and an intermediate layer provided adjacent to the conductive layer,
- the transparent electrode has a light transmittance of 50% or more at a wavelength of 550 nm and a sheet resistance value of 20 ⁇ / ⁇ or less
- the intermediate layer contains an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair
- the said conductive layer contains silver as a main component,
- the transparent electrode characterized by the above-mentioned.
- the said organic compound is represented by following General formula (1) which has a bivalent sulfur atom,
- R ⁇ 1 > and R ⁇ 2 > represents a substituent.
- Item 6 The structure according to any one of Items 1 to 5, wherein a second intermediate layer is further provided on the conductive layer, and the conductive layer is sandwiched between two intermediate layers.
- An electronic device comprising the transparent electrode according to any one of items 1 to 6.
- An organic electroluminescence device comprising the transparent electrode according to any one of items 1 to 6.
- a transparent electrode capable of realizing high light transmittance, low sheet resistance value, and suppression of sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage.
- an electronic device and an organic electroluminescence element that are excellent in light transmittance, include a transparent electrode, have a low driving voltage, and can reduce voltage change under a constant current.
- the expression mechanism or action mechanism of the effect of the present invention is not clear, but is presumed as follows. That is, in the transparent electrode of the present invention, a conductive layer containing silver as a main component is provided on the upper part of the intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer contains atoms having an affinity for silver atoms.
- the silver atoms constituting the conductive layer are contained in the intermediate layer “an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair”.
- the diffusion distance of silver atoms on the surface of the intermediate layer is reduced, and the aggregation of silver at specific locations is suppressed. That is, the silver atom first forms a two-dimensional nucleus on the surface of the intermediate layer containing the “organic compound containing a sulfur atom” having an affinity with the silver atom, and a two-dimensional single crystal layer centering on the nucleus.
- the film is formed by single-layer growth type (Frank-van der Merwe: FM type) film growth.
- an island-shaped growth type (Volume-Weber) in which silver atoms attached on the surface of the intermediate layer are bonded while diffusing the surface to form a three-dimensional nucleus and grow into a three-dimensional island shape. : VW type)
- the film is easily formed into an island shape, but in the present invention, the “organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair” contained in the intermediate layer It is presumed that the growth on the islands is prevented and the monolayer growth is promoted. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a conductive layer having a uniform film thickness even though the film thickness is small. As a result, it is possible to obtain a transparent electrode that has a low sheet resistance value and can suppress a change in sheet resistance value under high-temperature storage while maintaining light transmittance with a thinner film thickness.
- Schematic sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the transparent electrode of the present invention Schematic sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the transparent electrode of the present invention
- Schematic sectional view showing a first example of an organic EL element to which the transparent electrode of the present invention is applied Schematic sectional view showing a second example of an organic EL element to which the transparent electrode of the present invention is applied
- the schematic sectional drawing which shows an example of the illuminating device which enlarged the light emission surface using the organic EL element provided with the transparent electrode of this invention.
- the transparent electrode of the present invention is a transparent electrode comprising a conductive layer and an intermediate layer provided adjacent to the conductive layer, and the transparent electrode has a light transmittance of 50% or more at a wavelength of 550 nm.
- the sheet resistance value is 20 ⁇ / ⁇ or less
- the intermediate layer contains an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair
- the conductive layer contains silver as a main component. It is characterized by being.
- This feature is a technical feature common to the inventions according to claims 1 to 9.
- the organic compound is represented by the above general formula (1) having a divalent sulfur atom. It is preferable from the point of suppression of resistance value and sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage.
- the organic compound is represented by the general formula (2) from the viewpoints of improvement in light transmittance, low sheet resistance value, and suppression of change in sheet resistance value under high temperature storage.
- the organic compound is represented by the above general formula (3) from the viewpoint of improvement in light transmittance, low sheet resistance value, and suppression of sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage.
- the organic compound is represented by the general formula (4) from the viewpoint of improvement in light transmittance, low sheet resistance value, and suppression of sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage.
- the second intermediate layer is further provided on the conductive layer, and the conductive layer is sandwiched between the two intermediate layers to improve light transmission, low sheet resistance, and high temperature storage. It is preferable from the viewpoint of suppression of sheet resistance value change.
- the electronic device of the present invention is characterized in that the transparent electrode is provided. As a result, an electronic device having excellent light transmittance, a low driving voltage, and a reduced voltage change under a constant current can be obtained.
- the organic electroluminescence element of the present invention is characterized in that the transparent electrode is provided. As a result, an organic electroluminescence element that is excellent in light transmittance, has a low driving voltage, and can reduce voltage change under a constant current can be obtained.
- ⁇ is used to mean that the numerical values described before and after it are included as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the transparent electrode of the embodiment.
- the transparent electrode 1 has a two-layer structure in which an intermediate layer 1 a and a conductive layer 1 b formed on the intermediate layer 1 a are stacked.
- the intermediate layer 1 a is formed on the base 11.
- the conductive layer 1b is provided in this order.
- the intermediate layer 1a is a layer containing an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair
- the conductive layer 1b is a layer containing silver as a main component.
- the term “transparent” in the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention means that the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more. Further, the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention has a sheet resistance value of 20 ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- the sheet resistance value is a value measured using a resistivity meter (MCP-T610 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) by a four-terminal four-probe method and a constant current application method.
- the “main component of the conductive layer” refers to a component having the highest constituent ratio among the components constituting the conductive layer.
- the conductive layer according to the present invention is mainly composed of silver, and the composition ratio is preferably 60% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 80 mass% or more, More preferably, it is 90 mass% or more, Most preferably, it is 98 mass% or more.
- the substrate 11 on which the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention is formed examples include, but are not limited to, glass and plastic. Moreover, the base material 11 may be transparent or opaque. When the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention is used in an electronic device that extracts light from the substrate 11 side, the substrate 11 is preferably transparent. Examples of the transparent substrate 11 that is preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film.
- the glass examples include silica glass, soda lime silica glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, and alkali-free glass. From the viewpoints of adhesion to the intermediate layer 1a, durability, and smoothness, the surface of these glass materials may be subjected to physical treatment such as polishing, if necessary, and from inorganic or organic substances. Or a hybrid film obtained by combining these films may be formed.
- polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP), cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones Cycloolefin resins such as polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic or polyarylate, Arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or Appel (trade name, manufactured by J
- a film made of an inorganic material or an organic material or a hybrid film combining these films may be formed on the surface of the resin film.
- Such coatings and hybrid coatings have a water vapor transmission rate (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity 90 ⁇ 2% RH) measured by a method according to JIS-K-7129-1992 of 0.01 g / ( m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less of a barrier film (also referred to as a barrier film or the like) is preferable.
- the oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS-K-7126-1987 is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 hours ⁇ atm) or less, and the water vapor permeability is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇
- a high barrier film of 5 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less is preferable.
- the material for forming the barrier film as described above may be any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of water or oxygen that causes deterioration of the organic EL element, such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and the like. Can be used. Furthermore, in order to improve the brittleness of the barrier film, it is more preferable to have a laminated structure of these inorganic layers and layers (organic layers) made of an organic material. Although there is no restriction
- the method for forming the barrier film is not particularly limited.
- the vacuum deposition method, the sputtering method, the reactive sputtering method, the molecular beam epitaxy method, the cluster ion beam method, the ion plating method, the plasma polymerization method, the atmospheric pressure plasma weighting For example, a plasma CVD method (CVD: Chemical Vapor Deposition), a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used. Is particularly preferred.
- the base material 11 is opaque, for example, a metal substrate such as aluminum or stainless steel, a film, an opaque resin substrate, a ceramic substrate, or the like can be used.
- the intermediate layer 1a is a layer configured to contain an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair.
- the film forming method includes a method using a wet process such as a coating method, an inkjet method, a coating method, a dip method, or a vapor deposition method. Examples thereof include a method using a dry process such as resistance heating, EB method (electron beam method), sputtering method, CVD method, or the like. Of these, the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.
- the intermediate layer 1a contains an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair.
- the organic compound containing a sulfur atom a compound used as an organic electroluminescent element material or a photographic photosensitive material is preferably used.
- the organic compound used in the present invention is preferably represented by the following general formula (1), general formula (2), general formula (3) or general formula (4) having a divalent sulfur atom.
- R 1 and R 2 represent a substituent.
- substituent represented by R 1 and R 2 include a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group. These hydrocarbon groups may contain one or more oxygen atoms and phosphorus atoms. Examples of the unsubstituted hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group and an aryl group.
- alkyl group examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, dodecyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxyethyl, trifluoromethyl, and benzyl.
- aryl group examples include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group.
- Examples of the group that can be substituted with a hydrocarbon group include a hydroxy group, a halogen compound, a carboxylic acid group, a carboxylate group, a sulfinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfate group, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphate group, and a cyano group.
- Other substituents include alkyl groups (eg, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl).
- cycloalkyl group eg, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.
- alkenyl group eg, vinyl group, allyl group, etc.
- alkynyl group eg, ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon group also called aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc., for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl Group, pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group, etc.), aromatic heterocyclic group For example, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyra
- R 3 and R 4 represents a substituent.
- Examples of the substituent represented by R 3 and R 4 include the same substituents as R 1 .
- R 5 represents a substituent.
- Examples of the substituent represented by R 5 include the same substituents as R 1 .
- R 6 represents a substituent.
- Examples of the substituent represented by R 6 include the same substituents as R 1 .
- organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair examples include the following compounds S-1 to S-10.
- the conductive layer 1b is a layer containing silver as a main component and formed on the intermediate layer 1a.
- a method for forming such a conductive layer 1b a method using a wet process such as a coating method, an ink jet method, a coating method, a dip method, a vapor deposition method (resistance heating, EB method, etc.), a sputtering method, or a CVD method is used. And a method using a dry process such as Of these, the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.
- the conductive layer 1b is formed on the intermediate layer 1a, so that the conductive layer 1b is sufficiently conductive even without a high-temperature annealing process (for example, a heating process at 150 ° C. or higher) after the formation of the conductive layer.
- a high-temperature annealing process for example, a heating process at 150 ° C. or higher
- it is characterized by having, it may have been subjected to high-temperature annealing treatment after film formation, if necessary.
- the conductive layer 1b may be composed of an alloy containing silver (Ag).
- an alloy containing silver examples include silver / magnesium (Ag / Mg), silver / copper (Ag / Cu), silver, and the like.
- -Palladium (Ag * Pd), silver * palladium * copper (Ag * Pd * Cu), silver * indium (Ag * In), etc. are mentioned.
- the silver content needs to be 60% by mass or more, preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 98% by mass or more.
- the conductive layer 1b according to the present invention may have a configuration in which a layer containing silver as a main component is divided into a plurality of layers as necessary.
- the conductive layer 1b preferably has a thickness in the range of 5 to 20 nm, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 8 nm.
- a film thickness of less than 20 nm is more preferable because the absorption component or reflection component of the layer is reduced and the transmittance of the transparent electrode is improved. Further, it is preferable that the film thickness is larger than 5 nm because the conductivity of the layer becomes sufficient.
- the transparent electrode 1 having a laminated structure including the intermediate layer 1a and the conductive layer 1b formed thereon the upper portion of the conductive layer 1b may be covered with a protective film. And another electroconductive layer may be laminated
- the protective film and another conductive layer have light transmittance so that the light transmittance of the transparent electrode 1 is not impaired.
- the transparent electrode 1 has a conductive material containing silver as a main component on the intermediate layer 1a formed using an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair. It is the structure which provided the layer 1b.
- the silver compound constituting the conductive layer 1b contains an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair constituting the intermediate layer 1a; By interacting, the diffusion distance of silver atoms on the surface of the intermediate layer 1a is reduced, and the formation of silver aggregation can be suppressed.
- the conductive layer 1b containing silver as a main component since a thin film is grown by a nucleus growth type (Volume-Weber: VW type), silver particles are formed in an island shape. When it is easily isolated and the film thickness is thin, it becomes difficult to obtain conductivity, and the sheet resistance value becomes high. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the film thickness to some extent in order to ensure conductivity. However, if the film thickness is increased, the light transmittance is lowered, which is not suitable as a transparent electrode.
- a nucleus growth type Volume-Weber: VW type
- the transparent electrode 1 having the configuration defined in the present invention, since aggregation of silver is suppressed on the intermediate layer 1a as described above, in forming the conductive layer 1b containing silver as a main component. Is a single-layer growth type (Frank-van der Merwe: FM type) thin film growth.
- transparent electrode 1 means that the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more.
- each of the materials used as the intermediate layer 1a is mainly composed of silver.
- the film is a good film having sufficient light transmittance.
- the conductivity of the transparent electrode 1 is ensured mainly by the conductive layer 1b. Therefore, as described above, the conductive layer 1b containing silver as a main component has a smaller thickness and the conductivity is ensured, so that the light transmittance of the transparent electrode 1 is improved and low. It becomes possible to suppress the sheet resistance value and the sheet resistance value change under high temperature storage.
- the transparent electrode 1 may have a second additional intermediate layer 1c laminated on the conductive layer 1b.
- the second intermediate layer 1c is a layer formed using an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair, similar to the intermediate layer 1a.
- the conductive layer 1b is sandwiched between the intermediate layer 1a and the second intermediate layer 1c, so that the silver atoms constituting the conductive layer 1b constitute the non-layers constituting the intermediate layer 1a and the second intermediate layer 1c.
- the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention having the above configuration can be used for various electronic devices.
- Examples of electronic devices include organic EL elements, LEDs (light emitting diodes), liquid crystal elements, solar cells, touch panels, etc.
- the present invention is used as an electrode member that requires light transmission.
- the transparent electrode 1 can be used.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram illustrating a first example of an organic EL element including the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention as an example of the electronic device of the present invention.
- the configuration of the organic EL element will be described with reference to FIG.
- the organic EL element 100 shown in FIG. 3 is provided on a transparent substrate (base material) 13, and in order from the transparent substrate 13 side, the light emitting functional layer 3 configured using the transparent electrode 1, an organic material, and the like, and The counter electrode 5a is laminated in this order.
- the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above is used as the transparent electrode 1.
- the organic EL element 100 is configured to extract the generated light (hereinafter referred to as emission light h) from at least the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the layer structure of the organic EL element 100 is demonstrated below, it is not limited to these structural examples illustrated, A general layer structure may be sufficient.
- the transparent electrode 1 functions as an anode (that is, an anode)
- the counter electrode 5a functions as a cathode (that is, a cathode).
- the light-emitting functional layer 3 includes a hole injection layer 3a / a hole transport layer 3b / a light-emitting layer 3c / an electron transport layer 3d / an electron injection layer in order from the transparent electrode 1 side that is an anode.
- the hole injection layer 3a and the hole transport layer 3b may be provided as a hole transport / injection layer.
- the electron transport layer 3d and the electron injection layer 3e may be provided as an electron transport / injection layer.
- the electron injection layer 3e may be made of an inorganic material.
- the light-emitting functional layer 3 may have a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, or the like laminated as necessary.
- the light emitting layer 3c may have a structure in which each color light emitting layer that generates emitted light in each wavelength region is laminated, and each of these color light emitting layers is laminated via a non-light emitting intermediate layer.
- the intermediate layer may function as a hole blocking layer and an electron blocking layer.
- the counter electrode 5a which is a cathode, may also have a laminated structure as necessary. In such a configuration, only a portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5 a becomes a light emitting region in the organic EL element 100.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the conductive layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1.
- the organic EL element 100 having the above configuration is sealed with a sealing material 17 described later on the transparent substrate 13 for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3 formed using an organic material or the like. ing.
- the sealing material 17 is fixed to the transparent substrate 13 side with an adhesive 19.
- the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a are provided on the transparent substrate 13 so as to be exposed from the sealing material 17 while being insulated from each other by the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the transparent substrate 13 is the base material 11 on which the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above is provided, and the transparent base material 11 having light transmittance among the base materials 11 described above is used.
- the transparent electrode 1 (anode: anode) is the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above, and has a configuration in which the intermediate layer 1a and the conductive layer 1b are sequentially formed from the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the transparent electrode 1 functions as an anode (anode), and the conductive layer 1b is a substantial anode.
- the counter electrode 5a (cathode: cathode) is an electrode film that functions as a cathode (cathode) for supplying electrons to the light emitting functional layer 3, and includes, for example, a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, or a mixture thereof. It is composed of Specifically, aluminum, silver, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, indium, lithium / aluminum mixture, rare earth metal, ITO, ZnO, TiO 2 , An oxide semiconductor such as SnO 2 can be given.
- the counter electrode 5a can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5a is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected within the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably within the range of 5 nm to 200 nm.
- the counter electrode is made of a conductive material having a good light transmission property selected from the above-described conductive materials. 5a should just be comprised.
- the light emitting layer 3c used in the present invention contains a light emitting material, and among them, a phosphorescent light emitting compound is preferably contained as the light emitting material.
- the light emitting layer 3c is a layer that emits light by recombination of electrons injected from the electrode or the electron transport layer 3d and holes injected from the hole transport layer 3b, and the light emitting portion is the light emitting layer 3c. Even within the layer, it may be the interface between the light emitting layer 3c and the adjacent layer.
- the light emitting layer 3c is not particularly limited in its configuration as long as the light emitting material contained satisfies the light emission requirements. Moreover, there may be a plurality of layers having the same emission spectrum and emission maximum wavelength. In this case, it is preferable to have a non-light emitting auxiliary layer between the light emitting layers 3c.
- the total thickness of the light emitting layer 3c is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and more preferably in the range of 1 to 30 nm because a lower driving voltage can be obtained.
- the sum total of the film thickness of the light emitting layer 3c is a film thickness also including the said auxiliary layer, when a nonluminous auxiliary layer exists between the light emitting layers 3c.
- the film thickness of each light emitting layer is preferably adjusted within the range of 1 to 50 nm, more preferably within the range of 1 to 20 nm.
- the plurality of stacked light emitting layers correspond to blue, green, and red light emitting colors, there is no particular limitation on the relationship between the film thicknesses of the blue, green, and red light emitting layers.
- the light emitting layer 3c configured as described above is formed by forming a light emitting material or a host compound, which will be described later, by a known thin film forming method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method, or an ink jet method. Can be formed.
- a known thin film forming method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method, or an ink jet method. Can be formed.
- the light emitting layer 3c may be configured by mixing a plurality of light emitting materials, and is configured by mixing a phosphorescent light emitting material and a fluorescent light emitting material (hereinafter also referred to as a fluorescent dopant or a fluorescent compound). May be.
- the light emitting layer 3c it is preferable to contain a host compound (also referred to as a light emitting host) and a light emitting material (also referred to as a light emitting dopant compound or a dopant compound) to cause the light emitting material to emit light.
- a host compound also referred to as a light emitting host
- a light emitting material also referred to as a light emitting dopant compound or a dopant compound
- ⁇ Host compound> As the host compound contained in the light emitting layer 3c, a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission at room temperature (25 ° C.) of less than 0.1 is preferable. More preferably, the phosphorescence quantum yield is less than 0.01. Moreover, it is preferable that the volume ratio in the layer is 50% or more among the compounds contained in the light emitting layer 3c.
- a known host compound may be used alone, or a plurality of types may be used.
- a plurality of types of host compounds it is possible to adjust the movement of charges, and the organic EL element can be made highly efficient.
- a plurality of kinds of light emitting materials described later it is possible to mix different light emission, thereby obtaining an arbitrary light emission color.
- the host compound used may be a conventionally known low molecular compound, a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, or a low molecular compound having a polymerizable group such as a vinyl group or an epoxy group (evaporation polymerizable light emitting host). .
- the known host compound a compound having a hole transporting ability and an electron transporting ability while preventing the emission of light from being increased in wavelength and having a high Tg (glass transition temperature) is preferable.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) here is a value obtained by a method based on JIS-K-7121 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).
- H1 to H79 Specific examples (H1 to H79) of host compounds that can be used in the present invention are shown below, but are not limited thereto.
- x and y represent the ratio of the random copolymer
- p, q, and r represent the ratio of the random copolymer.
- Light emitting material examples include phosphorescent compounds (also referred to as phosphorescent compounds and phosphorescent materials).
- a phosphorescent compound is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed. Specifically, it is a compound that emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.) and is defined as a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of 0.01 or more at 25 ° C., but a preferable phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more. It is.
- the phosphorescence quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectroscopic II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of the Fourth Edition Experimental Chemistry Course 7.
- the phosphorescent quantum yield in the solution can be measured using various solvents. However, when using a phosphorescent compound in the present invention, the phosphorescent quantum yield is 0.01 or more in any solvent. It only has to be achieved.
- phosphorescent compound There are two types of light emission principles of the phosphorescent compound.
- One method is that the recombination of carriers occurs on the host compound to which carriers are transported to generate an excited state of the host compound, and this energy is transferred to the phosphorescent compound to emit light from the phosphorescent compound.
- Energy transfer type Another method is a carrier trap type in which a phosphorescent compound becomes a carrier trap, carrier recombination occurs on the phosphorescent compound, and light emission from the phosphorescent compound is obtained. In any case, it is a condition that the excited state energy of the phosphorescent compound is lower than the excited state energy of the host compound.
- the phosphorescent compound can be appropriately selected from known compounds used for the light emitting layer of a general organic EL device, and preferably contains a metal of group 8 to 10 in the periodic table of elements. It is a complex compound. More preferred are iridium compounds, osmium compounds, platinum compounds (platinum complex compounds), and rare earth complexes, and most preferred are iridium compounds.
- At least one light emitting layer 3c may contain two or more phosphorescent compounds, and the concentration ratio of the phosphorescent compound in the light emitting layer 3c varies in the thickness direction of the light emitting layer 3c. It may be an embodiment.
- the phosphorescent compound is preferably in the range of 0.1% by volume or more and less than 30% by volume with respect to the total amount of the light emitting layer 3c.
- the light emitting layer 3c according to the present invention preferably contains a compound represented by the following general formula (A) as the phosphorescent compound.
- the phosphorescent compound represented by the following general formula (A) (also referred to as a phosphorescent metal complex) is preferably contained in the light emitting layer 3c of the organic EL element 100 as a light emitting dopant.
- the light emitting functional layer other than the light emitting layer 3c may be contained.
- P and Q each represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom
- a 1 represents an atomic group that forms an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring together with P—C.
- a 2 represents an atomic group that forms an aromatic heterocycle with QN.
- P 1 -L 1 -P 2 represents a bidentate ligand
- P 1 and P 2 each independently represents a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom.
- L 1 represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with P 1 and P 2 .
- j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3
- j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2
- j1 + j2 is 2 or 3.
- M 1 represents a group 8-10 transition metal element in the periodic table.
- P and Q each represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring that A 1 forms with PC include a benzene ring, a biphenyl ring, a naphthalene ring, an azulene ring, an anthracene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a pyrene ring, and a chrysene ring.
- Naphthacene ring triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m-terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring , Picene ring, pyrene ring, pyranthrene ring, anthraanthrene ring and the like.
- These rings may further have a substituent.
- substituents include an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group).
- examples of the aromatic heterocycle formed by A 1 together with PC include furan ring, thiophene ring, oxazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine Ring, benzimidazole ring, oxadiazole ring, triazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, phthalazine ring, carbazole ring, And azacarbazole ring.
- the azacarbazole ring represents one in which at least one carbon atom of the benzene ring constituting the carbazole ring is replaced with a nitrogen atom.
- the aromatic heterocycle formed by A 2 together with QN includes an oxazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an oxatriazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a tetrazole ring, a thiadiazole ring, a thiatriazole ring, Examples include isothiazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, and triazole ring.
- P 1 -L 1 -P 2 represents a bidentate ligand
- P 1 and P 2 each independently represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom
- L 1 represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with P 1 and P 2 .
- Examples of the bidentate ligand represented by P 1 -L 1 -P 2 include phenylpyridine, phenylpyrazole, phenylimidazole, phenyltriazole, phenyltetrazole, pyrazabol, acetylacetone, and picolinic acid.
- j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3
- j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2
- j1 + j2 represents 2 or 3
- j2 is preferably 0. .
- M 1 is a transition metal element belonging to Group 8 to 10 in the periodic table of elements (also simply referred to as a transition metal), and among them, iridium is preferable.
- Z represents a hydrocarbon ring group or a heterocyclic group.
- P and Q each represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom
- a 1 represents an atomic group that forms an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring together with P—C.
- R 01 , R 02 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- P 1 -L 1 -P 2 represents a bidentate ligand
- P 1 and P 2 each independently represents a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom.
- L 1 represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with P 1 and P 2 .
- j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3
- j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2
- j1 + j2 is 2 or 3.
- M 1 represents a group 8-10 transition metal element in the periodic table.
- examples of the hydrocarbon ring group represented by Z include a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group, and examples of the non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group include a cyclopropyl group. , Cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like. These groups may be unsubstituted or have a substituent described later.
- aromatic hydrocarbon ring group examples include, for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl. Group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group and the like.
- These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent.
- substituents include a substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in General Formula (A) may have. The same thing as a group is mentioned.
- examples of the heterocyclic group represented by Z include a non-aromatic heterocyclic group and an aromatic heterocyclic group.
- Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include, for example, epoxy ring, aziridine ring, thiirane ring, oxetane ring, azetidine ring, thietane ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, dioxolane ring, pyrrolidine ring, pyrazolidine ring, imidazolidine ring, oxazolidine ring, tetrahydrothiophene Ring, sulfolane ring, thiazolidine ring, ⁇ -caprolactone ring, ⁇ -caprolactam ring, piperidine ring, hexahydropyridazine ring, hexahydropyrimidine ring, piperazine ring, morpholine ring, tetrahydropyran ring, 1,3
- These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent.
- substituents include a substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in General Formula (A) may have. The same thing as a group is mentioned.
- aromatic heterocyclic group examples include a pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, benzoimidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazolyl group (for example, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl).
- oxazolyl group 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group, etc.
- benzoxazolyl group thiazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, furazanyl group, thienyl group, quinolyl group, benzofuryl group, dibenzofuryl group , Benzothienyl group, dibenzothienyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, carbolinyl group, diazacarbazolyl group (representing one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring of the carbolinyl group replaced by a nitrogen atom), quinoxalinyl Group, pyridazinyl group, triazinyl group, Nazoriniru group, phthalazinyl group, and the like.
- These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent.
- substituents include a substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in General Formula (A) may have. The same thing as a group is mentioned.
- the group represented by Z is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or an aromatic heterocyclic group.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon ring that A 1 forms with PC includes benzene ring, biphenyl ring, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, naphthacene Ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m-terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, picene And a ring, a pyrene ring, a pyranthrene ring, and an anthraanthrene ring.
- These rings may further have a substituent, such as the substituent of the general formula (A) similar to the substituent which may be possessed by the ring represented by A 1 in Is mentioned.
- the aromatic heterocycle formed by A 1 together with P—C includes a furan ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, and a triazine ring.
- the azacarbazole ring represents one in which at least one carbon atom of the benzene ring constituting the carbazole ring is replaced with a nitrogen atom.
- These rings may further have a substituent, such as the substituent of the general formula (A) similar to the substituent which may be possessed by the ring represented by A 1 in Is mentioned.
- R 01 , R 02 each has the same definition as the substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in formula (A) may have.
- examples of the bidentate ligand represented by P 1 -L 1 -P 2 include phenylpyridine, phenylpyrazole, phenylimidazole, phenyltriazole, phenyltetrazole, pyrazabol, acetylacetone, picolinic acid, and the like. Is mentioned.
- J1 represents an integer of 1 to 3
- j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2
- j1 + j2 represents 2 or 3
- j2 is preferably 0.
- transition metal element of group 8 to 10 in the periodic table of elements represented by M 1 is the element periodic table represented by M 1 in general formula (A).
- R 03 represents a substituent
- R 04 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent
- a plurality of R 04 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- n01 represents an integer of 1 to 4.
- R 05 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and a plurality of R 05 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- n02 represents an integer of 1 to 2.
- R 06 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and may combine with each other to form a ring.
- n03 represents an integer of 1 to 4.
- Z 1 represents an atomic group necessary for forming a 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle together with C—C.
- Z 2 represents an atomic group necessary for forming a hydrocarbon ring group or a heterocyclic group.
- P 1 -L 1 -P 2 represents a bidentate ligand, and P 1 and P 2 each independently represents a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom.
- L 1 represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with P 1 and P 2 .
- j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3
- j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2
- j1 + j2 is 2 or 3.
- M 1 represents a group 8-10 transition metal element in the periodic table.
- R 03 and R 06 , R 04 and R 06, and R 05 and R 06 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- each of the substituents represented by R 03 , R 04 , R 05 , and R 06 is a substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in the general formula (A) may have. It is synonymous with.
- examples of the 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring formed by Z 1 together with C—C include a benzene ring.
- These rings may further have a substituent, and examples of the substituent of the general formula (A) similar to the substituent which may be possessed by the ring represented by A 1 in Is mentioned.
- examples of the 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle formed by Z 1 together with C—C include an oxazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an oxatriazole ring, an isoxazole ring, and a tetrazole ring.
- These rings may further have a substituent, and examples of the substituent of the general formula (A) similar to the substituent which may be possessed by the ring represented by A 1 in Is mentioned.
- examples of the hydrocarbon ring group represented by Z 2 include a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group.
- examples of the non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclopentyl group, and a cyclohexyl group. These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent. Examples of such a substituent include a substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in General Formula (A) may have. The same thing as a group is mentioned.
- aromatic hydrocarbon ring group examples include, for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl.
- phenyl group p-chlorophenyl group
- mesityl group tolyl group
- xylyl group naphthyl group
- anthryl group azulenyl.
- acenaphthenyl group fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group and the like.
- These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent. Examples of such a substituent include a substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in General Formula (A) may have. The same thing as a group is mentioned.
- examples of the heterocyclic group represented by Z 2 include a non-aromatic heterocyclic group and an aromatic heterocyclic group.
- Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include, for example, epoxy ring, aziridine ring, thiirane ring, oxetane ring, azetidine ring, thietane ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, dioxolane ring, pyrrolidine ring, pyrazolidine ring, imidazolidine ring, oxazolidine ring, tetrahydrothiophene Ring, sulfolane ring, thiazolidine ring, ⁇ -caprolactone ring, ⁇ -caprolactam ring, piperidine ring, hexahydropyridazine ring, hexahydropyrimidine ring, piperazine ring, morpholine ring, tetrahydropyran ring, 1,
- aromatic heterocyclic group examples include a pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, benzoimidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazolyl group (for example, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl).
- oxazolyl group 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group, etc.
- benzoxazolyl group thiazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, furazanyl group, thienyl group, quinolyl group, benzofuryl group, dibenzofuryl group , Benzothienyl group, dibenzothienyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, carbolinyl group, diazacarbazolyl group (representing one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring of the carbolinyl group replaced by a nitrogen atom), quinoxalinyl group , Pyridazinyl group, triazinyl group, key Zoriniru group, phthalazinyl group, and the like.
- These rings may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent.
- substituents include the substituent that the ring represented by A 1 in the general formula (A) may have. The same thing is mentioned.
- the group formed by Z 1 and Z 2 is preferably a benzene ring.
- bidentate ligand represented by P 1 -L 1 -P 2 is In formula (A), coordination of bidentate represented by P 1 -L 1 -P 2 Synonymous with rank.
- transition metal elements of group 8-10 of the periodic table represented by M 1 is In formula (A), the transition of 8-10 in the periodic table represented by M 1 Synonymous with metal element.
- the phosphorescent compound can be appropriately selected from known compounds used for the light emitting layer 3 c of the organic EL element 100.
- the phosphorescent compound according to the present invention is preferably a complex compound containing a group 8-10 metal in the periodic table of elements, more preferably an iridium compound, an osmium compound, or a platinum compound (platinum complex system). Compound) and rare earth complexes, and most preferred is an iridium compound.
- Pt-1 to Pt-3, A-1, Ir-1 to Ir-45 Specific examples (Pt-1 to Pt-3, A-1, Ir-1 to Ir-45) of phosphorescent compounds according to the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these.
- m and n represent the number of repetitions.
- Fluorescent materials include coumarin dyes, pyran dyes, cyanine dyes, croconium dyes, squalium dyes, oxobenzanthracene dyes, fluorescein dyes, rhodamine dyes, pyrylium dyes, perylene dyes, stilbene dyes Examples thereof include dyes, polythiophene dyes, and rare earth complex phosphors.
- the injection layers are layers provided between the electrode and the light emitting layer 3c in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the light emission luminance. It is described in detail in Volume 2, Chapter 2, “Electrode Materials” (pages 123-166) of the front line (published by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998), and the hole injection layer 3a and electron injection There is a layer 3e.
- the injection layer can be provided as necessary.
- the hole injection layer 3a may be present between the anode and the light emitting layer 3c or the hole transport layer 3b, and the electron injection layer 3e may be present between the cathode and the light emitting layer 3c or the electron transport layer 3d. .
- JP-A-9-45479 JP-A-9-260062, JP-A-8-288069 and the like.
- Specific examples thereof include phthalocyanine represented by copper phthalocyanine.
- examples thereof include a layer, an oxide layer typified by vanadium oxide, an amorphous carbon layer, and a polymer layer using a conductive polymer such as polyaniline (emeraldine) or polythiophene.
- the electron injection layer 3e Details of the electron injection layer 3e are described in JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, JP-A-10-74586, and the like, and specifically, strontium, aluminum and the like are represented. Examples thereof include a metal layer, an alkali metal halide layer typified by potassium fluoride, an alkaline earth metal compound layer typified by magnesium fluoride, and an oxide layer typified by molybdenum oxide.
- the electron injection layer 3e is preferably a very thin film, and the film thickness is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m, although it depends on the material.
- the hole transport layer 3b is made of a hole transport material having a function of transporting holes, and in a broad sense, the hole injection layer 3a and the electron blocking layer are also included in the hole transport layer 3b.
- the hole transport layer 3b can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the hole transport material has any of hole injection or transport and electron barrier properties, and may be either organic or inorganic.
- triazole derivatives oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives
- Examples thereof include stilbene derivatives, silazane derivatives, aniline copolymers, and conductive polymer oligomers, particularly thiophene oligomers.
- hole transport material those described above can be used, but it is preferable to use a porphyrin compound, an aromatic tertiary amine compound and a styrylamine compound, particularly an aromatic tertiary amine compound.
- aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds include N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminophenyl; N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′— Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diamine (abbreviation: TPD); 2,2-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) propane; -Bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane; N, N, N ', N'-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl; 1,1-bis (4-di-p -Tolylaminophenyl) -4-phenylcyclohexane; bis (4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl) phenylmethane; bis (4-di-p-tol
- polymer materials in which these materials are introduced into polymer chains or these materials are used as polymer main chains can also be used.
- inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC can also be used as the hole injection material and the hole transport material.
- a so-called p-type hole transport material as described in 139 can also be used. In the present invention, it is preferable to use these materials because a light-emitting element with higher efficiency can be obtained.
- the hole transport layer 3b is formed by thinning the hole transport material by a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method. be able to.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer 3b is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 5 to 200 nm.
- the hole transport layer 3b may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- the electron transport layer 3d is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons. In a broad sense, the electron injection layer 3e and a hole blocking layer (not shown) are also included in the electron transport layer 3d.
- the electron transport layer 3d can be provided as a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
- an electron transport material (also serving as a hole blocking material) constituting the layer portion adjacent to the light emitting layer 3c in the electron transport layer 3d having a single layer structure and the electron transport layer 3d having a multilayer structure
- electrons injected from the cathode are used. What is necessary is just to have the function to transmit to the light emitting layer 3c.
- any one of conventionally known compounds can be selected and used. Examples include nitro-substituted fluorene derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, thiopyran dioxide derivatives, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane, anthrone derivatives, and oxadiazole derivatives.
- a thiadiazole derivative in which an oxygen atom of the oxadiazole ring is substituted with a sulfur atom, and a quinoxaline derivative having a quinoxaline ring known as an electron withdrawing group are also used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d.
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- metal complexes of 8-quinolinol derivatives such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (abbreviation: Alq 3 ), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7-dibromo-8- Quinolinol) aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (abbreviation: Znq), etc., and the central metal of these metal complexes
- a metal complex in which In, Mg, Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb is replaced can also be used as the material of the electron transport layer 3d.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine or those having terminal ends substituted with alkyl groups or sulfonic acid groups can be preferably used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d.
- a distyrylpyrazine derivative exemplified also as a material of the light emitting layer 3c can be used as a material of the electron transport layer 3d, and n-type Si, n, like the hole injection layer 3a and the hole transport layer 3b.
- An inorganic semiconductor such as type-SiC can also be used as the material of the electron transport layer 3d.
- the electron transport layer 3d can be formed by thinning the above material by a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method.
- the film thickness of the electron transport layer 3d is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 5 to 200 nm.
- the electron transport layer 3d may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- the electron transport layer 3d can be doped with impurities to increase the n property. Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like. Furthermore, it is preferable that the electron transport layer 3d contains potassium, a potassium compound, or the like. As the potassium compound, for example, potassium fluoride can be used. Thus, when the n property of the electron carrying layer 3d is made high, the organic EL element of lower power consumption can be produced.
- the material (electron transporting compound) of the electron transport layer 3d the same material as that of the intermediate layer 1a described above may be used.
- the electron transport layer 3d also serving as the electron injection layer 3e, and the same material as that constituting the intermediate layer 1a described above may be used.
- the blocking layer (hole blocking layer, electron blocking layer) is provided as necessary in addition to the basic constituent layer of the organic compound thin film as described above. For example, it is described in JP-A Nos. 11-204258 and 11-204359, and “Organic EL elements and the forefront of industrialization (published by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998)” on page 237. There is a hole blocking (hole blocking) layer.
- the hole blocking layer has the function of the electron transport layer 3d in a broad sense.
- the hole blocking layer is made of a hole blocking material that has a function of transporting electrons but has a very small ability to transport holes, and recombines electrons and holes by blocking holes while transporting electrons. Probability can be improved.
- the structure of the electron carrying layer 3d mentioned later can be used as a hole-blocking layer as needed.
- the hole blocking layer is preferably provided adjacent to the light emitting layer 3c.
- the electron blocking layer has the function of the hole transport layer 3b in a broad sense.
- the electron blocking layer is made of a material that has the ability to transport holes and has a very small ability to transport electrons. By blocking holes while transporting holes, the probability of recombination of electrons and holes is improved. Can be made.
- the structure of the positive hole transport layer 3b mentioned later can be used as an electron blocking layer as needed.
- the film thickness of the hole blocking layer applied to the present invention is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 is provided for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1, and is provided in contact with the conductive layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1.
- the material forming the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably a metal having low resistance such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, or aluminum. Since these metals have low light transmittance, a pattern is formed in a range not affected by extraction of the emitted light h from the light extraction surface 13a.
- Examples of the method for forming the auxiliary electrode 15 include a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a printing method, an ink jet method, and an aerosol jet method.
- the line width of the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably 50 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of the aperture ratio for extracting light, and the thickness of the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of conductivity.
- the sealing material 17 covers the organic EL element 100 and may be a plate-shaped (film-shaped) sealing member that is fixed to the transparent substrate 13 side by the adhesive 19. It may be a sealing film. Such a sealing material 17 is provided so as to cover at least the light emitting functional layer 3 in a state where the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a in the organic EL element 100 are exposed. Moreover, an electrode may be provided on the sealing material 17 so that the transparent electrode 1 of the organic EL element 100 and the terminal portions of the counter electrode 5a are electrically connected to this electrode.
- the plate-like (film-like) sealing material 17 include a glass substrate, a polymer substrate, a metal substrate, and the like. These substrate materials may be used in the form of a thin film.
- the glass substrate include soda lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- the polymer substrate include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- the metal substrate include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, and tantalum.
- a thin film-like polymer substrate or metal substrate can be preferably used as the sealing material.
- the polymer substrate in the form of a film has an oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less, and JIS K 7129-1992.
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) measured by a method in accordance with the above is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less. It is preferable.
- the above substrate material may be processed into a concave plate shape and used as the sealing material 17.
- the above-described substrate member is subjected to processing such as sand blasting or chemical etching to form a concave shape.
- An adhesive 19 for fixing the plate-shaped sealing material 17 to the transparent substrate 13 side seals the organic EL element 100 sandwiched between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13. It is used as a sealing agent.
- Specific examples of such an adhesive 19 include photocuring and thermosetting adhesives having reactive vinyl groups of acrylic acid oligomers and methacrylic acid oligomers, moisture curing types such as 2-cyanoacrylates, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- examples of the adhesive 19 include an epoxy-based thermal and chemical curing type (two-component mixing). Moreover, hot-melt type polyamide, polyester, and polyolefin can be mentioned. Moreover, a cationic curing type ultraviolet curing epoxy resin adhesive can be mentioned.
- the adhesive 19 is preferably one that can be adhesively cured from room temperature to 80 ° C. Further, a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive 19.
- Application of the adhesive 19 to the bonding portion between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 may be performed using a commercially available dispenser or may be printed like screen printing.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a fluorine is used. It is preferable to inject an inert liquid such as activated hydrocarbon or silicon oil. A vacuum can also be used. Moreover, a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside.
- hygroscopic compound examples include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide) and sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate).
- metal oxides for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide
- sulfates for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate.
- metal halides eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.
- perchloric acids eg perchloric acid Barium, magnesium perchlorate, and the like
- anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides, and perchloric acids.
- the sealing material 17 when a sealing film is used as the sealing material 17, the light emitting functional layer 3 in the organic EL element 100 is completely covered and the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a in the organic EL element 100 are exposed.
- a sealing film is provided on the transparent substrate 13.
- Such a sealing film is configured using an inorganic material or an organic material.
- it is made of a material having a function of suppressing intrusion of a substance that causes deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3 in the organic EL element 100 such as moisture and oxygen.
- a material for example, an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, or silicon nitride is used.
- a laminated structure may be formed using a film made of an organic material together with a film made of these inorganic materials.
- the method for forming these films is not particularly limited.
- vacuum deposition method sputtering method, reactive sputtering method, molecular beam epitaxy method, cluster ion beam method, ion plating method, plasma polymerization method, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a polymerization method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided between the transparent substrate 13 and the organic EL element 100 and the sealing material 17.
- This protective film or protective plate is for mechanically protecting the organic EL element 100, and in particular, when the sealing material 17 is a sealing film, sufficient mechanical protection is provided for the organic EL element 100. Therefore, it is preferable to provide such a protective film or protective plate.
- a glass plate, a polymer plate, a thinner polymer film, a metal plate, a thinner metal film, a polymer material film or a metal material film is applied.
- a polymer film because it is light and thin.
- an intermediate layer 1a made of an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair on the transparent substrate 13 is deposited by a method such as vapor deposition so as to have a film thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 to 100 nm. Are selected as appropriate.
- a method such as vapor deposition so that the conductive layer 1b made of silver (or an alloy containing silver as a main component) has a thickness in the range of 5 to 20 nm, preferably in the range of 5 to 8 nm. is appropriately selected and formed on the intermediate layer 1a to produce the transparent electrode 1 serving as an anode.
- the hole injection layer 3a, the hole transport layer 3b, the light emitting layer 3c, the electron transport layer 3d, and the electron injection layer 3e are formed in this order on the transparent electrode 1 to form the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the film formation of each of these layers includes spin coating, casting, ink jet, vapor deposition, and printing, but vacuum vapor deposition is easy because a homogeneous film is easily obtained and pinholes are difficult to generate.
- the method or spin coating method is particularly preferred. Further, different film formation methods may be applied for each layer.
- the vapor deposition conditions vary depending on the type of compound used, but generally the boat heating temperature is in the range of 50 to 450 ° C., and the degree of vacuum is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 1 ⁇ .
- Each condition is appropriately selected within a range of 10 ⁇ 2 Pa, a deposition rate of 0.01 to 50 nm / second, a substrate temperature of ⁇ 50 to 300 ° C., and a thickness of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m. It is desirable.
- the counter electrode 5a serving as a cathode is formed thereon by appropriately selecting a film forming method such as a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
- the counter electrode 5 a is patterned in a shape in which a terminal portion is drawn from the upper side of the light emitting functional layer 3 to the periphery of the transparent substrate 13 while maintaining the insulating state with respect to the transparent electrode 1 by the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the organic EL element 100 is obtained.
- a sealing material 17 that covers at least the light emitting functional layer 3 is provided in a state where the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a in the organic EL element 100 are exposed.
- a desired organic EL element can be produced on the transparent substrate 13.
- the transparent substrate 13 is taken out from the vacuum atmosphere in the middle and is different.
- a film forming method may be applied. At that time, it is necessary to consider that the work is performed in a dry inert gas atmosphere.
- the transparent electrode 1 as an anode has a positive polarity
- the counter electrode 5a as a cathode has a negative polarity
- the voltage is 2 to 40 V.
- Luminescence can be observed when applied within the range.
- An alternating voltage may be applied.
- the alternating current waveform to be applied may be arbitrary.
- the organic EL element 100 described above has a configuration in which the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention having both conductivity and light transmittance is used as an anode, and a light emitting functional layer 3 and a counter electrode 5a serving as a cathode are provided above the transparent electrode 1. is there. For this reason, the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the transparent electrode 1 side is improved while applying a sufficient voltage between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a to realize high luminance light emission in the organic EL element 100. Thus, it is possible to increase the luminance. Further, in order to obtain a desired luminance, it is possible to improve the light emission lifetime by reducing the drive voltage.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram showing a second example of the organic EL element using the transparent electrode described above as an example of the electronic device of the present invention.
- the organic EL element 200 of the second example shown in FIG. 4 is different from the organic EL element 100 of the first example shown in FIG. 3 in that the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode.
- the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode.
- the organic EL element 200 shown in FIG. 4 is provided on the transparent substrate 13, and the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above is used as the transparent electrode 1 on the transparent substrate 13 as in the first example. Yes. For this reason, the organic EL element 200 is configured to extract the emitted light h from at least the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode (cathode), and the counter electrode 5b is used as an anode (anode).
- the layer structure of the organic EL element 200 configured as described above is not limited to the example described below, and may be a general layer structure as in the first example.
- an electron injection layer 3e / electron transport layer 3d / light emitting layer 3c / hole transport layer 3b / hole injection layer 3a are formed on the transparent electrode 1 functioning as a cathode.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 laminated in order is illustrated. However, among these, it is an essential condition to have at least the light emitting layer 3c made of an organic material.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 can incorporate various functional layers as necessary, as described in the first example. In such a configuration, only the portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5b becomes the light emitting region in the organic EL element 200, as in the first example.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the conductive layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1. Similar to the example.
- the counter electrode 5b used as the anode is composed of a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, or a mixture thereof.
- metals such as gold (Au), oxide semiconductors such as copper iodide (CuI), ITO, ZnO, TiO 2 , and SnO 2 .
- the counter electrode 5b composed of the materials as described above can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5b is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected within a range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably within a range of 5 to 200 nm.
- this organic EL element 200 is comprised so that emitted light h can be taken out also from the counter electrode 5b side, as a material which comprises the counter electrode 5b, favorable light transmittance is mentioned among the electrically conductive materials mentioned above.
- a suitable conductive material is selected and used.
- the organic EL element 200 having the above configuration is sealed with the sealing material 17 in the same manner as in the first example for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the detailed structure of the constituent elements other than the counter electrode 5b used as the anode and the method for producing the organic EL element 200 are the same as those in the first example. Therefore, detailed description is omitted.
- the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention having both conductivity and light transmittance is used as a cathode, and the light emitting functional layer 3 and the counter electrode 5b serving as the anode are formed on the upper portion.
- a sufficient voltage is applied between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5b to realize high-luminance light emission in the organic EL element 200, and light emitted from the transparent electrode 1 side. It is possible to increase the luminance by improving the extraction efficiency of h. Further, it is possible to improve the light emission life by reducing the drive voltage for obtaining a predetermined luminance.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram illustrating a third example of the organic EL element using the transparent electrode described above as an example of the electronic device of the present invention.
- the organic EL element 300 of the third example shown in FIG. 5 is different from the organic EL element 100 of the first example described with reference to FIG. 3 in that a counter electrode 5c is provided on the substrate 131 side, and a light emitting functional layer is formed thereon. 3 and the transparent electrode 1 are stacked in this order.
- the detailed description of the same components as those in the first example will be omitted, and the characteristic configuration of the organic EL element 300 in the third example will be described.
- the organic EL element 300 shown in FIG. 5 is provided on a substrate 131, and the counter electrode 5c serving as an anode, the light emitting functional layer 3, and the transparent electrode 1 serving as a cathode are laminated in this order from the substrate 131 side. .
- the transparent electrode 1 the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above is used.
- the organic EL element 300 is configured to extract the emitted light h from at least the transparent electrode 1 side opposite to the substrate 131.
- the layer structure of the organic EL element 300 configured as described above is not limited to the example described below, and may be a general layer structure as in the first example.
- a hole injection layer 3a / a hole transport layer 3b / a light emitting layer 3c / an electron transport layer 3d are formed on the counter electrode 5c functioning as an anode.
- stacked in order is illustrated. However, it is essential to have at least the light emitting layer 3c configured using an organic material.
- the electron transport layer 3d also serves as the electron injection layer 3e, and is provided as an electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties.
- the characteristic configuration of the organic EL element 300 shown as the third example is that an electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties is provided as the intermediate layer 1a in the transparent electrode 1. That is, in the third example, the transparent electrode 1 used as a cathode is composed of an intermediate layer 1a also serving as an electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties, and a conductive layer 1b provided on the intermediate layer 1a. It is.
- Such an electron transport layer 3d is configured by using the material constituting the intermediate layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 described above.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 can employ various functional layers as necessary, as described in the first example, but the intermediate layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 can be used.
- the electron injection layer and the hole blocking layer are not provided between the electron transport layer 3d serving also as the conductive layer 1b and the conductive layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1.
- the portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5c becomes the light emitting region in the organic EL element 300, as in the first example.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the conductive layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1. The same as in the example.
- the counter electrode 5c used as the anode is composed of a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, or a mixture thereof.
- metals such as gold (Au), oxide semiconductors such as copper iodide (CuI), ITO, ZnO, TiO 2 , and SnO 2 .
- the counter electrode 5c made of the material as described above can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5c is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 nm to 200 nm.
- this organic EL element 300 is comprised so that the emitted light h can be taken out also from the counter electrode 5c side, as a material which comprises the counter electrode 5c, light transmittance is favorable among the electrically conductive materials mentioned above.
- a suitable conductive material is selected and used.
- the substrate 131 is the same as the transparent substrate 13 described in the first example, and the surface facing the outside of the substrate 131 may be the light extraction surface 131a.
- the electron transporting layer 3d having the electron injecting property constituting the uppermost part of the light emitting functional layer 3 is used as the intermediate layer 1a, and the conductive layer 1b is provided thereon.
- the transparent electrode 1 comprising the intermediate layer 1a and the upper conductive layer 1b is provided as a cathode. Therefore, similarly to the first example and the second example, a sufficient voltage is applied between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5c to realize high-luminance light emission in the organic EL element 300, while the transparent electrode 1 side. It is possible to increase the luminance by improving the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the light source.
- the counter electrode 5c is made of a light-transmissive electrode material, the emitted light h can be extracted from the counter electrode 5c.
- the intermediate layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 has been described as also serving as the electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties.
- the intermediate layer 1a may also serve as the electron transport layer 3d that does not have electron injecting property, or the intermediate layer 1a may serve as the electron injection layer instead of the electron transport layer. Also good.
- the intermediate layer 1a may be formed as an extremely thin film that does not affect the light emitting function of the organic EL element. In this case, the intermediate layer 1a has electron transport properties and electron injection properties. Not.
- the intermediate layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 is formed as an ultrathin film that does not affect the light emitting function of the organic EL element
- the counter electrode on the substrate 131 side is used as a cathode, and the light emitting functional layer 3 is formed.
- the transparent electrode 1 may be an anode.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 is formed in order from the counter electrode 5c (cathode) side on the substrate 131, for example, electron injection layer 3e / electron transport layer 3d / light emitting layer 3c / hole transport layer 3b / hole injection layer 3a. Are stacked.
- a transparent electrode 1 having a laminated structure of an extremely thin intermediate layer 1a and a conductive layer 1b is provided as an anode on the top.
- the organic EL element which consists of each structure demonstrated with the said figure is a surface light emitter as mentioned above, it can be applied as various light emission sources.
- lighting devices such as home lighting and interior lighting, backlights for watches and liquid crystal display devices, lighting for billboard advertisements, light sources for traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, optical communication processors
- Examples include, but are not limited to, a light source and a light source of an optical sensor.
- the light source can be effectively used as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device combined with a color filter and an illumination light source.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be used as a kind of lamp for illumination or exposure light source, a projection device for projecting an image, or a type for directly viewing a still image or a moving image. It may be used as a display device (display).
- the light emitting surface may be enlarged by so-called tiling, in which light emitting panels provided with organic EL elements are joined together in a plane.
- the drive method when used as a display device for moving image reproduction may be either a simple matrix (passive matrix) method or an active matrix method.
- a color or full-color display device can be manufactured by using two or more organic EL elements of the present invention having different emission colors.
- a lighting device will be described as an example of the application, and then a lighting device having a light emitting surface enlarged by tiling will be described.
- Lighting device-1 The lighting device according to the present invention can include the organic EL element of the present invention.
- the organic EL element used in the lighting device according to the present invention may be designed such that each organic EL element having the above-described configuration has a resonator structure.
- the purpose of use of the organic EL element configured to have a resonator structure includes a light source of an optical storage medium, a light source of an electrophotographic copying machine, a light source of an optical communication processor, a light source of an optical sensor, etc. It is not limited to. Moreover, you may use for the said use by making a laser oscillation.
- the material used for the organic EL element of the present invention can be applied to an organic EL element that emits substantially white light (also referred to as a white organic EL element).
- a plurality of light emitting materials can simultaneously emit a plurality of light emission colors to obtain white light emission by color mixing.
- the combination of a plurality of emission colors may include three emission maximum wavelengths of the three primary colors of red, green and blue, or two using the complementary colors such as blue and yellow, blue green and orange. The thing containing the light emission maximum wavelength may be used.
- a combination of light emitting materials for obtaining a plurality of emission colors is a combination of a plurality of phosphorescent or fluorescent materials, a light emitting material that emits fluorescence or phosphorescence, and light from the light emitting material as excitation light. Any combination with a dye material that emits light may be used, but in a white organic EL element, a combination of a plurality of light-emitting dopants may be used.
- Such a white organic EL element is different from a configuration in which organic EL elements emitting each color are individually arranged in parallel to obtain white light emission, and the organic EL element itself emits white light. For this reason, a mask is not required for film formation of most layers constituting the element, and for example, an electrode film can be formed on one side by vapor deposition, casting, spin coating, ink jet, printing, etc., and productivity is improved. To do.
- any metal complex according to the present invention or a known light emitting material may be selected and combined to be whitened.
- the white organic EL element described above it is possible to produce a lighting device that emits substantially white light.
- FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional configuration diagram of a lighting device in which a plurality of organic EL elements having the above-described configurations are used to increase the light emitting surface.
- the lighting device 21 shown in FIG. 6 has a large light emitting surface by, for example, arranging a plurality of light emitting panels 22 provided with the organic EL elements 100 on the transparent substrate 13 on the support substrate 23 (that is, tiling). It is the structure which made the area.
- the support substrate 23 may also serve as a sealing material, and each light-emitting panel 22 is tied with the organic EL element 100 sandwiched between the support substrate 23 and the transparent substrate 13 of the light-emitting panel 22. Ring.
- An adhesive 19 may be filled between the support substrate 23 and the transparent substrate 13, thereby sealing the organic EL element 100.
- the edge part of the transparent electrode 1 which is an anode, and the counter electrode 5a which is a cathode are exposed around the light emission panel 21.
- FIG. only the exposed portion of the counter electrode 5a is shown in the drawing.
- the light emission functional layer 3 which comprises the organic EL element 100 on the transparent electrode 1, hole injection layer 3a / hole transport layer 3b / light emission layer 3c / electron transport layer 3d / electron injection layer
- a configuration in which 3e is sequentially laminated is shown as an example.
- each light emitting panel 22 is a light emitting area A, and a non-light emitting area B is generated between the light emitting panels 22.
- a light extraction member for increasing the light extraction amount from the non-light emitting region B may be provided in the non-light emitting region B of the light extraction surface 13a.
- a light collecting sheet or a light diffusion sheet can be used as the light extraction member.
- a transparent electrode 1 of a comparative example having a single layer structure was produced according to the method shown below.
- a transparent non-alkali glass substrate was fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus, and this was attached to a vacuum tank of the vacuum deposition apparatus.
- a resistance heating boat made of tungsten was filled with silver (Ag) and mounted in the vacuum chamber.
- the resistance heating boat is energized and heated to form silver on the base material within a deposition rate range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second.
- a single film of a conductive layer having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m was deposited to prepare the transparent electrode 1.
- Transparent electrodes 2 to 4 were prepared in the same manner except that the thickness of the conductive layer was changed to 8 nm, 10 nm, and 15 nm, respectively, in the production of the transparent electrode 1.
- transparent electrode 5 On a transparent base made of alkali-free glass, Alq 3 having the following structure was formed as an intermediate layer having a film thickness of 25 nm by sputtering, and a conductive layer was formed on the transparent electrode 1 on top of this.
- a transparent electrode 5 was produced by depositing a conductive layer made of silver (Ag) having a film thickness of 8 nm by the same method (vacuum vapor deposition method) used in the above.
- a transparent non-alkali glass base material is fixed to a base material holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus, ET-1 having the structure shown below is filled in a resistance heating boat made of tantalum, and the substrate holder and the heating boat are connected to each other. It attached to the 1st vacuum chamber of a vacuum evaporation system. Moreover, silver (Ag) was put into the resistance heating boat made from tungsten, and it attached in the 2nd vacuum chamber.
- the heating boat containing ET-1 was heated by energization, and the substrate was deposited within a deposition rate range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second.
- An intermediate layer made of ET-1 having a film thickness of 25 nm was formed by vapor deposition on the top.
- the base material on which the intermediate layer is formed is transferred to the second vacuum chamber while being in a vacuum state, and after the pressure of the second vacuum chamber is reduced to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, the heating boat containing silver is energized and heated, A conductive layer made of silver having a film thickness of 8 nm is vapor-deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second to obtain a transparent electrode 6 in which an intermediate layer and a conductive layer made of silver are laminated thereon. It was.
- transparent electrodes 7 and 8 In the production of the transparent electrode 6, transparent electrodes 7 and 8 were produced in the same manner except that the type of the intermediate layer forming material was changed from ET-1 to ET-2 and ET-3 having the structure shown below.
- transparent electrodes 56 to 58 In the production of the transparent electrodes 50, 28, and 29, transparent electrodes 56 to 58 were produced in the same manner except that the type of base material was changed from non-alkali crow to PET (polyethylene terephthalate).
- a transparent non-alkali glass base material is fixed to a base material holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus, compound S-1 is filled in a resistance heating boat made of tantalum, and these substrate holder and heating boat are connected to the vacuum deposition apparatus. Attached to the first vacuum chamber. Moreover, silver (Ag) was put into the resistance heating boat made from tungsten, and it attached in the 2nd vacuum chamber.
- the heating boat containing the compound S-1 was energized and heated, and the deposition rate was within the range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second.
- the intermediate layer 1a made of the compound S-1 having a film thickness of 25 nm was formed by vapor deposition on the material.
- the base material on which the intermediate layer 1a is formed is transferred to the second vacuum chamber in a vacuum state, and after the pressure of the second vacuum chamber is reduced to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, the heating boat containing silver is energized and heated.
- a conductive layer 1b made of silver having a thickness of 8 nm was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second.
- the base material on which the conductive layer 1b is formed is transferred to the first vacuum chamber in a vacuum state, and the first vacuum chamber is depressurized to 44 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, and then the heating boat containing the compound S-1 is added.
- the second intermediate layer 1c made of the compound S-1 having a film thickness of 15 nm was formed by depositing on the substrate at a deposition rate of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / sec.
- a transparent electrode 59 was obtained by laminating a conductive layer 1b made of silver on the intermediate layer 1a made of the compound S-1, and further laminating a second intermediate layer 1c made of the compound S-1 on the upper part.
- transparent electrodes 60 to 63 In the production of the transparent electrode 59, transparent electrodes 60 to 63 were produced in the same manner except that the forming materials of the intermediate layers 1a and 1c were changed to the compounds shown in Table 2, respectively.
- a light transmittance (%) at a wavelength of 550 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (U-3300, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.) with reference to the base material used for producing each transparent electrode.
- a conductive layer mainly composed of silver (Ag) is formed on an intermediate layer formed using an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair.
- the provided transparent electrodes 9 to 58 of the present invention all have a light transmittance of 52% or more and a sheet resistance value of 10.2 ⁇ / ⁇ or less. Further, the change ratio of the sheet resistance value under high temperature storage is suppressed to 80. This is because by forming the intermediate layer using an organic compound containing a sulfur atom having an unshared electron pair, aggregation of the silver film formed on the intermediate layer and generation of mottle can be suppressed.
- the sheet resistance value decreases as the film thickness of the conductive layer, which is a silver layer, increases, the formation of the conductive layer Decrease in light transmittance due to silver aggregation (motor) at the time becomes remarkable, and it is impossible to achieve both of light transmittance and sheet resistance value. Furthermore, the change ratio of the sheet resistance value under high temperature storage could not be measured. Further, even in the transparent electrodes 5 to 8 using Alq 3 and ET-1 to ET-3 as the intermediate layer, the light transmittance was low and the sheet resistance value could not be lowered to a desired condition. Furthermore, the change ratio of the sheet resistance value under high temperature storage was as large as 100 or more.
- Example 2 ⁇ Production of light emitting panel> [Preparation of light-emitting panel 1] Using the transparent electrode 1 produced in Example 1 as an anode, a double-sided light emitting panel 1 having the configuration shown in FIG. 7 (but not including the intermediate layer 1a) was produced according to the following procedure.
- the transparent substrate 13 having the transparent electrode 1 formed only with the conductive layer 1b produced in Example 1 is fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus, and the transparent electrode 1 (only the conductive layer 1b) is formed.
- a vapor deposition mask was placed opposite to the surface side.
- each material which comprises the light emission functional layer 3 was filled in each heating boat in a vacuum evaporation system in the optimal quantity for film-forming of each layer.
- a heating boat what was produced with the resistance heating material made from tungsten was used.
- the inside of the vapor deposition chamber of the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus is depressurized to a vacuum degree of 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, and each layer constituting the light emitting functional layer 3 shown below is heated by sequentially energizing and heating a heating boat containing each material. A film was formed.
- a hole-transporting / injecting layer that serves as both a hole-injecting layer and a hole-transporting layer made of ⁇ -NPD by energizing and heating a heating boat containing the following ⁇ -NPD as a hole-transporting injecting material 31 was formed on the conductive layer 1 b constituting the transparent electrode 1.
- the vapor deposition rate was in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second, and the vapor deposition was performed under the condition that the film thickness was 20 nm.
- the heating boat containing Exemplified Compound H4 as the host compound and the heating boat containing Exemplified Compound Ir-4 as the phosphorescent compound were energized independently, and the Exemplified Compound H4 as the host compound and phosphorescent emission
- Exemplary Compound Ir-4 100: 6
- the current-carrying conditions of the heating boat are appropriately adjusted so that the film thickness of the light emitting layer becomes 30 nm. I made it.
- a heating boat containing BAlq shown below as a hole blocking material was energized and heated to form a hole blocking layer 33 made of BAlq on the light emitting layer 3c.
- the deposition was performed under the condition that the deposition rate was in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second and the film thickness was 10 nm.
- a heating boat containing ET-4 shown below as an electron transporting material and a heating boat containing potassium fluoride were energized independently, and an electron transport layer composed of ET-4 and potassium fluoride. 3d was deposited on the hole blocking layer 33.
- the current-carrying conditions of the heating boat are appropriately adjusted so that the film thickness of the electron transport layer 3d is 30 nm. And deposited.
- a heating boat containing potassium fluoride as an electron injection material was energized and heated to form an electron injection layer 3e made of potassium fluoride on the electron transport layer 3d.
- deposition was performed so that the film thickness was 1 nm within a deposition rate range of 0.01 to 0.02 nm / second.
- the transparent substrate 13 formed up to the electron injection layer 3e was transferred from the vapor deposition chamber of the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus to the processing chamber of the sputtering apparatus to which an ITO target as a counter electrode material was attached while maintaining the vacuum state.
- a light-transmitting counter electrode 5a made of ITO having a film thickness of 150 nm was formed as a cathode in the processing chamber at a film formation rate of 0.3 to 0.5 nm / second.
- the organic EL element 400 was formed on the transparent substrate 13.
- the organic EL element 400 is covered with a sealing material 17 made of a glass substrate having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m, and the adhesive 19 (sealing material) is interposed between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 so as to surround the organic EL element 400.
- a sealing material 17 made of a glass substrate having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m
- the adhesive 19 (sealing material) is interposed between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 so as to surround the organic EL element 400. ).
- an epoxy photocurable adhesive (Lux Track LC0629B manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.) was used.
- the adhesive 19 filled between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 is irradiated with UV light from the glass substrate (sealing material 17) side to cure the adhesive 19 and seal the organic EL element 400. Stopped.
- an evaporation mask is used for forming each layer, and the central 4.5 cm ⁇ 4.5 cm of the 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm transparent substrate 13 is defined as the light emitting region A, and the entire circumference of the light emitting region A is formed.
- a non-light emitting region B having a width of 0.25 cm was provided.
- the transparent electrode 1 serving as the anode and the counter electrode 5a serving as the cathode are insulated from each other by the light emitting functional layer 3 from the hole transport / injection layer 31 to the electron injection layer 35. The part was formed in a drawn shape.
- the light-emitting panel 1 in which the organic EL element 400 was provided on the transparent substrate 13 and sealed with the sealing material 17 and the adhesive 19 was produced.
- the light emission h of each color generated in the light emitting layer 3c is extracted from both the transparent electrode 1 side, that is, the transparent substrate 13 side, and the counter electrode 5a side, that is, the sealing material 17 side. It has become.
- the light transmittance (%) in wavelength 550nm was measured using the base material used for preparation of each transparent electrode using the spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-3300).
- the front luminance is measured on both sides of the transparent electrode 1 side (that is, the transparent substrate 13 side) and the counter electrode 5a side (that is, the sealing material 17 side) of each of the produced light emitting panels, and the sum is 1000 cd / m 2.
- V drive voltage
- a spectral radiance meter CS-1000 manufactured by Konica Minolta Optics was used. It represents that it is so preferable that the numerical value of the obtained drive voltage is small.
- Each of the produced light emitting panels emits light continuously under a constant current condition of 2.5 mA / cm 2 at room temperature, and the voltage when the time ( ⁇ 1 / 2) required to reach half the initial luminance is reached. was compared with the initial voltage, and the amount of change (increase value) was expressed as a relative value with the measured value of the light-emitting panel 8 being 100.
- the light-emitting panels 9 to 63 of the present invention using the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention as the anode of the organic EL element each have a light transmittance of 51% or more. Yes, and the drive voltage is suppressed to 3.5V or less. Furthermore, the voltage change under a constant current is suppressed to 75 or less.
- the light-emitting panels 1 to 8 using the transparent electrode of the comparative example as the anode of the organic EL element have a light transmittance of less than 48%, and do not emit light even when a voltage is applied. Or even if it emitted light, the drive voltage was as high as 5.0V. Furthermore, the voltage change under a constant current was very large.
- the light-emitting panel including the organic EL element of the present invention using the transparent electrode having the configuration defined in the present invention has excellent light transmittance, low driving voltage, and voltage change under a constant current. It can be seen that it can be reduced.
- the present invention has a high light transmittance, a low sheet resistance value, and a transparent electrode capable of suppressing a change in sheet resistance value under high temperature storage, and is excellent in light transmittance provided with the transparent electrode. It is suitable for providing an electronic device and an organic electroluminescence element capable of reducing a change in voltage under a driving voltage and a constant current.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、銀とMgの合金を用いて薄膜を構成する技術にあっては、得られる薄膜の抵抗値が100Ω/□程度と不十分であり、しかもMgが酸化され易いため経時劣化が著しいという問題があった。また、ZnやSnを原料として薄膜を構成する技術にあっては、十分な抵抗値が得られない、Znを含有したZnO系の薄膜は水と反応して性能が変動し易い、Snを含有したSnO2系の薄膜はエッチングが困難である、等の問題があった。
しかしながら、上記特許文献5の場合、銀からなる蒸着膜の膜厚が厚いため、光透過性(透明度)が悪いという問題があった。そこで、マイグレーションをし易い銀の蒸着膜をさらに薄くした場合、シート抵抗値が高く、また、高温保存下でのシート抵抗値変化が大きくなり、電極特性を維持することができない。そして、このような電極を使用したOLEDは、駆動電圧が高く、定電流下での電圧変化が大きくなるという問題がある。
すなわち、本発明に係る上記課題は、以下の手段により解決される。
1.導電性層と、前記導電性層に隣接して設けられる中間層と、を備える透明電極であって、
前記透明電極は、波長550nmでの光透過率が50%以上で、かつ、シート抵抗値が20Ω/□以下であり、
前記中間層は、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物を含有し、
前記導電性層は、銀を主成分として含有していることを特徴とする透明電極。
本発明の効果の発現機構ないし作用機構については、明確にはなっていないが、以下のように推察している。
すなわち、本発明の透明電極は、中間層の上部に、銀を主成分として含有している導電性層が設けられており、かつ、当該中間層には、銀原子と親和性のある原子を有する化合物である「非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物」が含有されているという構成である。
これにより、中間層の上部に導電性層を成膜する際には、導電性層を構成する銀原子が、中間層に含有されている「非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物」と相互作用し、当該中間層表面上での銀原子の拡散距離が減少し、特異箇所での銀の凝集が抑えられる。
すなわち、銀原子は、まず銀原子と親和性のある「前記硫黄原子を含む有機化合物」を含有する中間層表面上で2次元的な核を形成し,それを中心に2次元の単結晶層を形成するという単層成長型(Frank-van der Merwe:FM型)の膜成長によって成膜されるようになる。
なお、一般的には、中間層表面において付着した銀原子が表面を拡散しながら結合し3次元的な核を形成し,3次元的な島状に成長するという島状成長型(Volumer-Weber:VW型)での膜成長により島状に成膜し易いと考えられるが、本発明では、中間層に含有されている「非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物」により、このような様式の島上成長が防止され、単層成長が促進されると推察される。
したがって、薄い膜厚でありながらも、均一な膜厚の導電性層が得られるようになる。この結果、より薄い膜厚として光透過率を保ちつつも、シート抵抗値が低く、かつ、高温保存下でのシート抵抗値変化を抑制することのできる透明電極とすることができる。
本発明の実施態様としては、本発明の効果発現の観点から、前記有機化合物が、2価の硫黄原子を有する上記一般式(1)で表されることが、光透過性の向上、低いシート抵抗値及び高温保存下でのシート抵抗値変化の抑制の点から好ましい。
図1は、実施形態の透明電極の構成の一例を示す概略断面図である。
なお、本発明の透明電極1でいう透明とは、波長550nmでの光透過率が50%以上であることをいう。また、本発明の透明電極1は、シート抵抗値が20Ω/□以下である。ここで、シート抵抗値とは、抵抗率計(三菱化学社製MCP-T610)を用い、4端子4探針法定電流印加方式によって測定した値である。
また、本願において、「導電性層の主成分」とは、導電性層を構成する成分のうち、構成比率が最も高い成分をいう。本発明に係る導電性層は、銀を主成分とし、その構成比率は、60質量%以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは、80質量%以上であり、さらに好ましくは90質量%以上であり、特に好ましくは98質量%以上である。
本発明の透明電極1が形成される基材11は、例えば、ガラス、プラスチック等を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されない。また、基材11は、透明であっても不透明であってもよい。本発明の透明電極1が、基材11側から光を取り出す電子デバイスに用いられる場合には、基材11は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な基材11としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。
また、さらには、JIS-K-7126-1987に準拠した方法で測定された酸素透過度が1×10-3ml/(m2・24時間・atm)以下、水蒸気透過度が1×10-5g/(m2・24時間)以下の高バリア性フィルムであることが好ましい。
さらに、当該バリア性フィルムの脆弱性を改良するために、これら無機層と有機材料からなる層(有機層)の積層構造を持たせることがより好ましい。無機層と有機層の積層順については特に制限はないが、両者を交互に複数回積層させることが好ましい。
中間層1aは、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物が含有されて構成されている層である。このような中間層1aが基材11上に成膜されたものである場合、その成膜方法としては、塗布法、インクジェット法、コーティング法、ディップ法などのウェットプロセスを用いる方法や、蒸着法(抵抗加熱、EB法(エレクトロンビーム法)など)、スパッタ法、CVD法などのドライプロセスを用いる方法などが挙げられる。なかでも蒸着法が好ましく適用される。
本発明の透明電極1において、中間層1aには、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物が含有されている。
前記硫黄原子を含む有機化合物は、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料または写真用感光材料として用いられる化合物が好適に用いられる。
本発明において用いられる前記有機化合物は、好ましくは2価の硫黄原子を有する下記一般式(1)、一般式(2)、一般式(3)又は一般式(4)で表される。
R1及びR2で表される置換基としては、置換又は無置換の炭化水素基が挙げられる。これらの炭化水素基では、1個以上の酸素原子、リン原子を含んでも良い。
無置換の炭化水素基としては、アルキル基又はアリール基が挙げられる。アルキル基としては、例えば、メチル、エチル、プロピル、i-プロピル、ブチル、t-ブチル、ペンチル、シクロペンチル、ヘキシル、シクロヘキシル、オクチル、ドデシル、ヒドロキシエチル、メトキシエチル、トリフルオロメチル、又はベンジル等の各基が挙げられる。アリール基としては、例えば、フェニル基、又はナフチル基等が挙げられる。
また、その他の置換基としては、アルキル基(例えば、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、tert-ブチル基、ペンチル基、ヘキシル基、オクチル基、ドデシル基、トリデシル基、テトラデシル基、ペンタデシル基等)、シクロアルキル基(例えば、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基等)、アルケニル基(例えば、ビニル基、アリル基等)、アルキニル基(例えば、エチニル基、プロパルギル基等)、芳香族炭化水素基(芳香族炭素環基、アリール基等ともいい、例えば、フェニル基、p-クロロフェニル基、メシチル基、トリル基、キシリル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基、アズレニル基、アセナフテニル基、フルオレニル基、フェナントリル基、インデニル基、ピレニル基、ビフェニリル基等)、芳香族複素環基(例えば、フリル基、チエニル基、ピリジル基、ピリダジニル基、ピリミジニル基、ピラジニル基、トリアジニル基、イミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、チアゾリル基、キナゾリニル基、カルバゾリル基、カルボリニル基、ジアザカルバゾリル基(前記カルボリニル基のカルボリン環を構成する任意の炭素原子の一つが窒素原子で置き換わったものを示す)、フタラジニル基等)、複素環基(例えば、ピロリジル基、イミダゾリジル基、モルホリル基、オキサゾリジル基等)、アルコキシ基(例えば、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロピルオキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基、オクチルオキシ基、ドデシルオキシ基等)、シクロアルコキシ基(例えば、シクロペンチルオキシ基、シクロヘキシルオキシ基等)、アリールオキシ基(例えば、フェノキシ基、ナフチルオキシ基等)、アルキルチオ基(例えば、メチルチオ基、エチルチオ基、プロピルチオ基、ペンチルチオ基、ヘキシルチオ基、オクチルチオ基、ドデシルチオ基等)、シクロアルキルチオ基(例えば、シクロペンチルチオ基、シクロヘキシルチオ基等)、アリールチオ基(例えば、フェニルチオ基、ナフチルチオ基等)、アルコキシカルボニル基(例えば、メチルオキシカルボニル基、エチルオキシカルボニル基、ブチルオキシカルボニル基、オクチルオキシカルボニル基、ドデシルオキシカルボニル基等)、アリールオキシカルボニル基(例えば、フェニルオキシカルボニル基、ナフチルオキシカルボニル基等)、スルファモイル基(例えば、アミノスルホニル基、メチルアミノスルホニル基、ジメチルアミノスルホニル基、ブチルアミノスルホニル基、ヘキシルアミノスルホニル基、シクロヘキシルアミノスルホニル基、オクチルアミノスルホニル基、ドデシルアミノスルホニル基、フェニルアミノスルホニル基、ナフチルアミノスルホニル基、2-ピリジルアミノスルホニル基等)、アシル基(例えば、アセチル基、エチルカルボニル基、プロピルカルボニル基、ペンチルカルボニル基、シクロヘキシルカルボニル基、オクチルカルボニル基、2-エチルヘキシルカルボニル基、ドデシルカルボニル基、フェニルカルボニル基、ナフチルカルボニル基、ピリジルカルボニル基等)、アシルオキシ基(例えば、アセチルオキシ基、エチルカルボニルオキシ基、ブチルカルボニルオキシ基、オクチルカルボニルオキシ基、ドデシルカルボニルオキシ基、フェニルカルボニルオキシ基等)、アミド基(例えば、メチルカルボニルアミノ基、エチルカルボニルアミノ基、ジメチルカルボニルアミノ基、プロピルカルボニルアミノ基、ペンチルカルボニルアミノ基、シクロヘキシルカルボニルアミノ基、2-エチルヘキシルカルボニルアミノ基、オクチルカルボニルアミノ基、ドデシルカルボニルアミノ基、フェニルカルボニルアミノ基、ナフチルカルボニルアミノ基等)、カルバモイル基(例えば、アミノカルボニル基、メチルアミノカルボニル基、ジメチルアミノカルボニル基、プロピルアミノカルボニル基、ペンチルアミノカルボニル基、シクロヘキシルアミノカルボニル基、オクチルアミノカルボニル基、2-エチルヘキシルアミノカルボニル基、ドデシルアミノカルボニル基、フェニルアミノカルボニル基、ナフチルアミノカルボニル基、2-ピリジルアミノカルボニル基等)、ウレイド基(例えば、メチルウレイド基、エチルウレイド基、ペンチルウレイド基、シクロヘキシルウレイド基、オクチルウレイド基、ドデシルウレイド基、フェニルウレイド基ナフチルウレイド基、2-ピリジルアミノウレイド基等)、スルフィニル基(例えば、メチルスルフィニル基、エチルスルフィニル基、ブチルスルフィニル基、シクロヘキシルスルフィニル基、2-エチルヘキシルスルフィニル基、ドデシルスルフィニル基、フェニルスルフィニル基、ナフチルスルフィニル基、2-ピリジルスルフィニル基等)、アルキルスルホニル基(例えば、メチルスルホニル基、エチルスルホニル基、ブチルスルホニル基、シクロヘキシルスルホニル基、2-エチルヘキシルスルホニル基、ドデシルスルホニル基等)、アリールスルホニル基またはヘテロアリールスルホニル基(例えば、フェニルスルホニル基、ナフチルスルホニル基、2-ピリジルスルホニル基等)、アミノ基(例えば、アミノ基、エチルアミノ基、ジメチルアミノ基、ブチルアミノ基、シクロペンチルアミノ基、2-エチルヘキシルアミノ基、ドデシルアミノ基、アニリノ基、ナフチルアミノ基、2-ピリジルアミノ基、ピペリジル基(ピペリジニル基ともいう)、2,2,6,6-テトラメチルピペリジニル基等)、ハロゲン原子(例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子等)、フッ化炭化水素基(例えば、フルオロメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基、ペンタフルオロエチル基、ペンタフルオロフェニル基等)、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ヒドロキシ基、メルカプト基、シリル基(例えば、トリメチルシリル基、トリイソプロピルシリル基、トリフェニルシリル基、フェニルジエチルシリル基等)、リン酸エステル基(例えば、ジヘキシルホスホリル基等)、亜リン酸エステル基(例えばジフェニルホスフィニル基等)、ホスホノ基等が挙げられる。
R3及びR4で表される置換基としては、R1と同様の置換基が挙げられる。
R5で表される置換基としては、R1と同様の置換基が挙げられる。
R6で表される置換基としては、R1と同様の置換基が挙げられる。
以下に、本発明に係る中間層1aに含有することができる、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物の具体例を示すが、これらに限定されるものではない。
本発明に係る導電性層1bは、銀を主成分として含有している層であって、中間層1a上に成膜された層である。このような導電性層1bの成膜方法としては、塗布法、インクジェット法、コーティング法、ディップ法などのウェットプロセスを用いる方法や、蒸着法(抵抗加熱、EB法など)、スパッタ法、CVD法などのドライプロセスを用いる方法などが挙げられる。なかでも蒸着法が好ましく適用される。
また、導電性層1bは、中間層1a上に成膜されることにより、導電性層成膜後の高温アニール処理(例えば、150℃以上の加熱プロセス)等がなくても十分に導電性を有することを特徴とするが、必要に応じて、成膜後に高温アニール処理等を行ったものであっても良い。
なお、銀の含有量は、60質量%以上であることを要し、好ましくは80質量%以上であり、より好ましくは90質量%以上であり、特に好ましくは98質量%以上である。
また、中間層1aの下部、すなわち中間層1aと基材11との間にも、必要に応じた層を設けた構成としても良い。
以上説明したように、本発明に係る透明電極1は、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物を用いて構成された中間層1a上に、銀を主成分として含有している導電性層1bを設けた構成である。これにより、中間層1aの上部に導電性層1bを成膜する際には、導電性層1bを構成する銀原子が中間層1aを構成する非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物と相互作用し、銀原子の中間層1a表面における拡散距離が減少し、銀の凝集の生成を抑制することができる。
したがって、上述のように、銀を主成分として含有している導電性層1bが、より薄い膜厚で導電性が確保されたものとなることにより、透明電極1の光透過性の向上、低いシート抵抗値及び高温保存下でのシート抵抗値変化の抑制を図ることが可能になるのである。
上記構成かるなる本発明の透明電極1は、各種電子デバイスに用いることができる。電子デバイスの例としては、有機EL素子、LED(light Emitting Diode)、液晶素子、太陽電池、タッチパネル等が挙げられ、これらの電子デバイスにおいて、光透過性を必要とされる電極部材として、本発明の透明電極1を用いることができる。
〔有機EL素子100の構成〕
図3は、本発明の電子デバイスの一例として、本発明の透明電極1を具備した有機EL素子の第1例を示す断面構成図である。以下、図3に基づいて有機EL素子の構成を説明する。
正孔注入層3a及び正孔輸送層3bは、正孔輸送・注入層として設けられていても良い。
電子輸送層3d及び電子注入層3eは、電子輸送・注入層として設けられていても良い。
また、これらの発光機能層3のうち、例えば、電子注入層3eは、無機材料で構成されているものとしても良い。
中間層は、正孔阻止層、電子阻止層として機能しても良い。さらに、カソードである対向電極5aも、必要に応じた積層構造であっても良い。このような構成においては、透明電極1と対向電極5aとで発光機能層3が挟持された部分のみが、有機EL素子100における発光領域となる。
この封止材17は、接着剤19を介して透明基板13側に固定されている。ただし、透明電極1及び対向電極5aの端子部分は、透明基板13上において発光機能層3によって互いに絶縁性を保った状態で封止材17から露出させた状態で設けられていることとする。
透明基板13は、先に説明した本発明の透明電極1が設けられる基材11であり、先に説明した基材11のうち、光透過性を有する透明な基材11が用いられる。
透明電極1(アノード:陽極)は、先に説明した本発明の透明電極1であり、透明基板13側から順に中間層1a及び導電性層1bを順に成膜した構成である。ここでは特に、透明電極1はアノード(陽極)として機能するものであり、導電性層1bが実質的なアノードとなる。
対向電極5a(カソード:陰極)は、発光機能層3に電子を供給するカソード(陰極)として機能する電極膜であり、例えば、金属、合金、有機若しくは無機の導電性化合物、又はこれらの混合物等から構成されている。
具体的には、アルミニウム、銀、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属、ITO、ZnO、TiO2、SnO2等の酸化物半導体などが挙げられる。
本発明に用いられる発光層3cは、発光材料が含有されているが、その中でも、発光材料として燐光発光化合物が含有されていることが好ましい。
発光層3cに含有されるホスト化合物としては、室温(25℃)における燐光発光の燐光量子収率が0.1未満の化合物が好ましい。さらに好ましくは、燐光量子収率が0.01未満である。また、ホスト化合物は、発光層3cに含有される化合物の中で、その層中での体積比が50%以上であることが好ましい。
ここでいうガラス転移温度(Tg)とは、DSC(Differential Scanning Colorimetry:示差走査熱量法)を用いて、JIS-K-7121に準拠した方法により求められる値である。
本発明で用いることのできる発光材料(発光ドーパント化合物、あるいはドーパント化合物)としては、燐光発光性化合物(燐光性化合物、燐光発光材料ともいう)が挙げられる。
溶液中での燐光量子収率は、種々の溶媒を用いて測定できるが、本発明において燐光発光性化合物を用いる場合、任意の溶媒のいずれかにおいて、上記燐光量子収率として0.01以上が達成されればよい。
もう一つの方法は、燐光発光性化合物がキャリアトラップとなり、燐光発光性化合物上でキャリアの再結合が生じ、燐光発光性化合物からの発光が得られるというキャリアトラップ型である。
いずれの場合においても、燐光発光性化合物の励起状態のエネルギーは、ホスト化合物の励起状態のエネルギーよりも低いことが条件となる。
本発明に係る発光層3cにおいては、燐光発光性化合物として、下記一般式(A)で表される化合物を含有することが好ましい。
A2は、Q-Nと共に芳香族複素環を形成する原子群を表す。
P1-L1-P2は、2座の配位子を表し、P1、P2は、各々独立に炭素原子、窒素原子又は酸素原子を表す。
L1は、P1、P2と共に2座の配位子を形成する原子群を表す。
j1は、1~3の整数を表し、j2は、0~2の整数を表すが、j1+j2は2又は3である。
M1は、元素周期表における8~10族の遷移金属元素を表す。
L1は、P1、P2と共に2座の配位子を形成する原子群を表す。
上記説明した一般式(A)で表される化合物の中でも、下記一般式(B)で表される化合物であることが、さらに好ましい。
A3は、-C(R01)=C(R02)-、-N=C(R02)-、-C(R01)=N-又は-N=N-を表し、R01、R02は、各々水素原子又は置換基を表す。
P1-L1-P2は、2座の配位子を表し、P1、P2は、各々独立に炭素原子、窒素原子、又は酸素原子を表す。
L1は、P1、P2と共に2座の配位子を形成する原子群を表す。
j1は、1~3の整数を表し、j2は、0~2の整数を表すが、j1+j2は、2又は3である。
M1は、元素周期表における8~10族の遷移金属元素を表す。
非芳香族複素環基としては、例えば、エポキシ環、アジリジン環、チイラン環、オキセタン環、アゼチジン環、チエタン環、テトラヒドロフラン環、ジオキソラン環、ピロリジン環、ピラゾリジン環、イミダゾリジン環、オキサゾリジン環、テトラヒドロチオフェン環、スルホラン環、チアゾリジン環、ε-カプロラクトン環、ε-カプロラクタム環、ピペリジン環、ヘキサヒドロピリダジン環、ヘキサヒドロピリミジン環、ピペラジン環、モルホリン環、テトラヒドロピラン環、1,3-ジオキサン環、1,4-ジオキサン環、トリオキサン環、テトラヒドロチオピラン環、チオモルホリン環、チオモルホリン-1,1-ジオキシド環、ピラノース環、ジアザビシクロ[2,2,2]-オクタン環等から導出される基を挙げられる。
本発明においては、上記一般式(B)で表される化合物の好ましい態様の一つとして、下記一般式(C)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
n01は、1~4の整数を表す。
R05は、水素原子又は置換基を表し、複数のR05は、互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。n02は、1~2の整数を表す。
R06は、水素原子又は置換基を表し、互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。
n03は、1~4の整数を表す。
Z1は、C-Cと共に6員の芳香族炭化水素環もしくは、5員又は6員の芳香族複素環を形成するのに必要な原子群を表す。
Z2は、炭化水素環基又は複素環基を形成するのに必要な原子群を表す。
P1-L1-P2は、2座の配位子を表し、P1、P2は各々独立に炭素原子、窒素原子又は酸素原子を表す。
L1は、P1、P2と共に2座の配位子を形成する原子群を表す。
j1は、1~3の整数を表し、j2は、0~2の整数を表すが、j1+j2は、2又は3である。
M1は、元素周期表における8~10族の遷移金属元素を表す。
R03とR06、R04とR06及びR05とR06は、互いに結合して環を形成していてもよい。
非芳香族炭化水素環基としては、シクロプロピル基、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基等が挙げられる。これらの基は、無置換でも良いし、置換基を有していても良く、そのような置換基としては、一般式(A)においてA1で表される環が有していても良い置換基と同様のものが挙げられる。
非芳香族複素環基としては、例えば、エポキシ環、アジリジン環、チイラン環、オキセタン環、アゼチジン環、チエタン環、テトラヒドロフラン環、ジオキソラン環、ピロリジン環、ピラゾリジン環、イミダゾリジン環、オキサゾリジン環、テトラヒドロチオフェン環、スルホラン環、チアゾリジン環、ε-カプロラクトン環、ε-カプロラクタム環、ピペリジン環、ヘキサヒドロピリダジン環、ヘキサヒドロピリミジン環、ピペラジン環、モルホリン環、テトラヒドロピラン環、1,3-ジオキサン環、1,4-ジオキサン環、トリオキサン環、テトラヒドロチオピラン環、チオモルホリン環、チオモルホリン-1,1-ジオキシド環、ピラノース環、ジアザビシクロ[2,2,2]-オクタン環等から導出される基を挙げることができる。これらの基は無置換でも良いし、置換基を有していても良く、そのような置換基としては、一般式(A)においてA1で表される環が有していても良い置換基と同様のものが挙げられる。
蛍光発光材料としては、クマリン系色素、ピラン系色素、シアニン系色素、クロコニウム系色素、スクアリウム系色素、オキソベンツアントラセン系色素、フルオレセイン系色素、ローダミン系色素、ピリリウム系色素、ペリレン系色素、スチルベン系色素、ポリチオフェン系色素、又は希土類錯体系蛍光体等が挙げられる。
注入層(正孔注入層3a、電子注入層3e)とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために電極と発光層3cの間に設けられる層のことで、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されており、正孔注入層3aと電子注入層3eとがある。
正孔輸送層3bは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する正孔輸送材料からなり、広い意味で正孔注入層3a、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層3bに含まれる。正孔輸送層3bは単層又は複数層設けることができる。
正孔輸送層3bの膜厚については特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μmの範囲内、好ましくは5~200nmの範囲内である。この正孔輸送層3bは、上記材料の1種又は2種以上からなる一層構造であってもよい。
電子輸送層3dは、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層3e、正孔阻止層(図示せず)も電子輸送層3dに含まれる。電子輸送層3dは単層構造又は複数層の積層構造として設けることができる。
このような材料としては従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができる。例えば、ニトロ置換フルオレン誘導体、ジフェニルキノン誘導体、チオピランジオキシド誘導体、カルボジイミド、フレオレニリデンメタン誘導体、アントラキノジメタン、アントロン誘導体及びオキサジアゾール誘導体等が挙げられる。
さらに、上記オキサジアゾール誘導体において、オキサジアゾール環の酸素原子を硫黄原子に置換したチアジアゾール誘導体、電子吸引基として知られているキノキサリン環を有するキノキサリン誘導体も、電子輸送層3dの材料として用いることができる。
さらにこれらの材料を高分子鎖に導入した、又はこれらの材料を高分子の主鎖とした高分子材料を用いることもできる。
また、発光層3cの材料としても例示されるジスチリルピラジン誘導体も電子輸送層3dの材料として用いることができるし、正孔注入層3a、正孔輸送層3bと同様にn型-Si、n型-SiC等の無機半導体も電子輸送層3dの材料として用いることができる。
電子輸送層3dの膜厚については特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μmの範囲内、好ましくは5~200nmの範囲内である。電子輸送層3dは上記材料の1種又は2種以上からなる一層構造であってもよい。
さらに、電子輸送層3dには、カリウムやカリウム化合物などを含有させることが好ましい。カリウム化合物としては、例えば、フッ化カリウム等を用いることができる。このように電子輸送層3dのn性を高くすると、より低消費電力の有機EL素子を作製することができる。
阻止層(正孔阻止層、電子阻止層)は、上記の如く有機化合物薄膜の基本構成層の他に、必要に応じて設けられるものである。例えば、特開平11-204258号公報、同11-204359号公報、及び「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の237頁等に記載されている正孔阻止(ホールブロック)層がある。
また、後述する正孔輸送層3bの構成を必要に応じて電子阻止層として用いることができる。
本発明に適用する正孔阻止層の膜厚としては、好ましくは3~100nmの範囲内であり、さらに好ましくは5~30nmの範囲内である。
補助電極15は、透明電極1の抵抗を下げる目的で設けられるものであって、透明電極1の導電性層1bに接して設けられる。補助電極15を形成する材料は、金、白金、銀、銅、アルミニウム等の抵抗が低い金属が好ましい。これらの金属は光透過性が低いため、光取り出し面13aからの発光光hの取り出しの影響のない範囲でパターン形成される。
このような補助電極15の形成方法としては、蒸着法、スパッタリング法、印刷法、インクジェット法、エアロゾルジェット法などが挙げられる。
補助電極15の線幅は、光を取り出す開口率の観点から、50μm以下であることが好ましく、補助電極15の厚さは、導電性の観点から、1μm以上であることが好ましい。
封止材17は、有機EL素子100を覆うものであって、板状(フィルム状)の封止部材であって、接着剤19によって透明基板13側に固定されるものであっても良く、封止膜であっても良い。
このような封止材17は、有機EL素子100における透明電極1及び対向電極5aの端子部分を露出させる状態で、少なくとも発光機能層3を覆う状態で設けられている。また、封止材17に電極を設け、有機EL素子100の透明電極1及び対向電極5aの端子部分と、この電極とを導通させるように構成されていても良い。
ガラス基板としては、特に、ソーダ石灰ガラス、バリウム・ストロンチウム含有ガラス、鉛ガラス、アルミノケイ酸ガラス、ホウケイ酸ガラス、バリウムホウケイ酸ガラス、石英等を挙げることができる。
また、ポリマー基板としては、ポリカーボネート、アクリル、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエーテルサルファイド、ポリサルフォン等を挙げることができる。
金属基板としては、ステンレス、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、マグネシウム、ニッケル、亜鉛、クロム、チタン、モリブデン、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルからなる群から選ばれる一種以上の金属又は合金からなるものが挙げられる。
このような接着剤19は、具体的には、アクリル酸系オリゴマー、メタクリル酸系オリゴマーの反応性ビニル基を有する光硬化及び熱硬化型接着剤、2-シアノアクリル酸エステル等の湿気硬化型等の接着剤を挙げることができる。
さらに、封止膜の脆弱性を改良するために、これら無機材料からなる膜と共に、有機材料からなる膜を用いて積層構造としても良い。
先に例示した図ではその記載を省略したが、透明基板13との間に有機EL素子100及び封止材17を挟んで保護膜もしくは保護板を設けても良い。この保護膜もしくは保護板は、有機EL素子100を機械的に保護するためのものであり、特に封止材17が封止膜である場合には、有機EL素子100に対する機械的な保護が十分ではないため、このような保護膜もしくは保護板を設けることが好ましい。
ここでは一例として、図3に示す有機EL素子100の製造方法について説明する。
次に、銀(又は銀を主成分とした合金)からなる導電性層1bを、5~20nmの範囲内、好ましくは5~8nmの範囲内の膜厚になるように、蒸着法等の方法を適宜選択して中間層1a上に形成し、アノードとなる透明電極1を作製する。
これらの各層の成膜に蒸着法を採用する場合、その蒸着条件は使用する化合物の種類等により異なるが、一般にボート加熱温度50~450℃の範囲内、真空度1×10-6~1×10-2Paの範囲内、蒸着速度0.01~50nm/秒の範囲内、基板温度-50~300℃の範囲内、膜厚0.1~5μmの範囲内で、各条件を適宜選択することが望ましい。
またその後には、有機EL素子100における透明電極1及び対向電極5aの端子部分を露出させた状態で、少なくとも発光機能層3を覆う封止材17を設ける。
以上説明した有機EL素子100は、導電性と光透過性とを兼ね備えた本発明の透明電極1をアノードとして用い、この上部に発光機能層3とカソードとなる対向電極5aとを設けた構成である。このため、透明電極1と対向電極5aとの間に十分な電圧を印加して有機EL素子100での高輝度発光を実現しつつ、透明電極1側からの発光光hの取り出し効率が向上することにより、高輝度化を図ることが可能である。さらに、所望の輝度を得るため、駆動電圧の低減による発光寿命の向上を図ることも可能になる。
〔有機EL素子の構成〕
図4は、本発明の電子デバイスの一例として、上述した透明電極を用いた有機EL素子の第2例を示す断面構成図である。
図4に示す第2例の有機EL素子200が、図3に示した第1例の有機EL素子100と異なるところは、透明電極1をカソードとして用いるところにある。以下、第1例と同様の構成要素についての重複する詳細な説明は省略し、第2例の有機EL素子200の特徴的な構成について、以下に説明する。
また、対向電極5bとしてのシート抵抗は、数百Ω/□以下が好ましく、膜厚は通常5nm~5μmの範囲内、好ましくは5~200nmの範囲内で選ばれる。
以上説明した図4で示す有機EL素子200は、導電性と光透過性とを兼ね備えた本発明の透明電極1をカソードとして用い、この上部に発光機能層3とアノードとなる対向電極5bとを設けた構成である。このため、第1例と同様に、透明電極1と対向電極5bとの間に十分な電圧を印加して有機EL素子200での高輝度発光を実現しつつ、透明電極1側からの発光光hの取り出し効率が向上することによる高輝度化を図ることが可能である。さらに、所定輝度を得るための駆動電圧の低減による発光寿命の向上を図ることも可能になる。
〔有機EL素子の構成〕
図5は、本発明の電子デバイスの一例として、上述した透明電極を用いた有機EL素子の第3例を示す断面構成図である。
図5に示す第3例の有機EL素子300が、図3を用いて説明した第1例の有機EL素子100と異なるところは、基板131側に対向電極5cを設け、この上部に発光機能層3と透明電極1とをこの順に積層したところにある。以下、第1例と同様の構成要素についての重複する詳細な説明は省略し、第3例の有機EL素子300の特徴的な構成を説明する。
また、対向電極5cとしてのシート抵抗は、数百Ω/□以下が好ましく、膜厚は通常5nm~5μm、好ましくは5nm~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。
以上説明した第3例で示す有機EL素子300は、発光機能層3の最上部を構成する電子注入性を有する電子輸送層3dを中間層1aとし、この上部に導電性層1bを設けることにより、中間層1aとこの上部の導電性層1bとからなる透明電極1をカソードとして設けた構成である。このため、第1例及び第2例と同様に、透明電極1と対向電極5cとの間に十分な電圧を印加して有機EL素子300での高輝度発光を実現しつつ、透明電極1側からの発光光hの取り出し効率が向上することによる高輝度化を図ることが可能である。さらに、所定輝度を得るための駆動電圧の低減による発光寿命の向上を図ることも可能になる。また、対向電極5cが光透過性を有する電極材料で構成されている場合には、対向電極5cからも発光光hを取り出すことができる。
上記図を交えて説明した各構成からなる有機EL素子は、上述したように面発光体であるため、各種の発光光源として適用することができる。例えば、家庭用照明や車内照明などの照明装置、時計や液晶表示装置用のバックライト、看板広告用照明、信号機の光源、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるが、これに限定するものではなく、特に、カラーフィルターと組み合わせた液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源の用途として有効に用いることができる。
本発明に係る照明装置では、本発明の有機EL素子を具備することができる。
図6には、上記各構成の有機EL素子を複数用いて発光面を大面積化した照明装置の断面構成図を示す。
図6で示す照明装置21は、例えば、透明基板13上に有機EL素子100を設けた複数の発光パネル22を、支持基板23上に複数配列する(すなわちタイリングする)ことによって発光面を大面積化した構成である。支持基板23は、封止材を兼ねるものであっても良く、この支持基板23と、発光パネル22の透明基板13との間に有機EL素子100を挟持する状態で、各発光パネル22をタイリングする。支持基板23と透明基板13との間には接着剤19を充填し、これによって有機EL素子100を封止しても良い。
なお、発光パネル21の周囲には、アノードである透明電極1及びカソードである対向電極5aの端部を露出させておく。ただし、図面においては対向電極5aの露出部分のみを図示した。
また、図6では、有機EL素子100を構成する発光機能層3としては、透明電極1上に、正孔注入層3a/正孔輸送層3b/発光層3c/電子輸送層3d/電子注入層3eを順次積層した構成を一例として示してある。
《透明電極の作製》
以下に示す方法に従って、透明電極1~63を、導電性領域の面積が5cm×5cmとなるように作製した。透明電極1~4は、単層構造の透明電極として作製し、透明電極5~63は、中間層と導電性層との積層構造からなる透明電極を作製した。
下記に示す方法に従って、単層構造からなる比較例の透明電極1を作製した。
上記透明電極1の作製において、導電性層の膜厚を、それぞれ8nm、10nm及び15nmに変更した以外は同様にして、透明電極2~4を作製した。
透明な無アルカリガラス製の基材上に、下記に構造を示すAlq3をスパッタ法により膜厚25nmの中間層として成膜し、この上部に、透明電極1の作製において、導電性層の形成に用いたのと同様の方法(真空蒸着法)で、膜厚が8nmの銀(Ag)からなる導電性層を蒸着成膜して透明電極5を作製した。
透明な無アルカリガラス製の基材を市販の真空蒸着装置の基材ホルダーに固定し、下記に示す構造のET-1をタンタル製抵抗加熱ボートに充填し、これらの基板ホルダーと加熱ボートとを真空蒸着装置の第1真空槽に取り付けた。また、タングステン製の抵抗加熱ボートに銀(Ag)を入れ、第2真空槽内に取り付けた。
上記透明電極6の作製において、中間層の形成材料の種類及び導電性層における銀層の膜厚を、それぞれ表1及び表2に記載の条件に変更した以外は同様にして、透明電極9~55を作製した。
上記透明電極50、28、29の作製において、基材の種類を無アルカリカラスからPET(ポリエチレンテレフタレート)に変更した以外は同様にして、透明電極56~58を作製した。
透明な無アルカリガラス製の基材を市販の真空蒸着装置の基材ホルダーに固定し、化合物S-1をタンタル製抵抗加熱ボートに充填し、これらの基板ホルダーと加熱ボートとを真空蒸着装置の第1真空槽に取り付けた。また、タングステン製の抵抗加熱ボートに銀(Ag)を入れ、第2真空槽内に取り付けた。
化合物S-1からなる中間層1aの上部に銀からなる導電性層1bを積層し、さらにこの上部に化合物S-1からなる第2の中間層1cを積層した透明電極59を得た。
透明電極59の作製において、中間層1a、1cの形成材料を表2に記載の化合物にそれぞれ変更した以外は同様にして、透明電極60~63を作製した。
上記作製した透明電極1~63について、下記の方法に従って、光透過率、シート抵抗値及び高温保存下でのシート抵抗値変化の測定を行った。
上記作製した各透明電極について、分光光度計(日立製作所製U-3300)を用い、各透明電極の作製に用いた基材をリファレンスとして、波長550nmにおける光透過率(%)を測定した。
上記作製した各透明電極について、抵抗率計(三菱化学社製MCP-T610)を用い、4端子4探針法定電流印加方式でシート抵抗値(Ω/□)の測定を行った。
上記作成した各透明電極について、大気下、120℃、300時間後のシート抵抗値の変化比率を測定した。
シート抵抗値の変化比率=(初期のシート抵抗値-300時間後のシート抵抗値)/初期のシート抵抗値×100
各透明電極のシート抵抗値の変化比率は、透明電極8の変化比率を100とする相対値で表示した。
これは、中間層を、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物を用いて形成することにより、その上に形成する銀膜の凝集やモトルの発生を抑制することができ、ある程度の厚さを有する銀膜を形成しても、銀の凝集が抑制され、高い光透過性、低いシート抵抗値及び高温保存下でのシート抵抗値変化の抑制の両立を果たすことができた。
さらに、導電性層を2層の中間層で狭持した構成とした透明電極59~63においても、より好ましい結果を得ることができることを確認することができた。
また、中間層としてAlq3、ET-1~ET-3を用いた透明電極5~8でも、光透過率が低く、かつシート抵抗値が所望の条件まで低下させることができなかった。さらに、高温保存下でのシート抵抗値の変化比率は100以上と大きかった。
《発光パネルの作製》
〔発光パネル1の作製〕
実施例1で作製した透明電極1をアノードとして用い、図7に記載の構成(ただし、中間層1aは有していない)の両面発光型の発光パネル1を、下記の手順に従って作製した。
上記発光パネル1の作製において、透明電極1に代えて、実施例1で作製した透明電極2~63をそれぞれ用いた以外は同様にして、発光パネル2~63を作製した。
上記作製した発光パネル1~63について、下記の方法に従って、光透過率及び駆動電圧の測定を行った。
上記作製した各発光パネルについて、分光光度計(日立製作所製U-3300)を用い、各透明電極の作製に用いた基材をリファレンスとして、波長550nmにおける光透過率(%)を測定した。
上記作製した各発光パネルの透明電極1側(すなわち透明基板13側)と、対向電極5a側(すなわち封止材17側)との両側での正面輝度を測定し、その和が1000cd/m2となるときの電圧を駆動電圧(V)として測定した。なお、輝度の測定には、分光放射輝度計CS-1000(コニカミノルタオプティクス社製)を用いた。得られた駆動電圧の数値が小さいほど、好ましい結果であることを表す。
上記作製した各発光パネルを室温下、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下による連続発光を行い、初期輝度の半分の輝度になるのに要する時間(τ1/2)に達した時の電圧を、初期電圧と比較し、その変化量(上昇値)を、発光パネル8の測定値を100とする相対値で表した。
これに対して、比較例の透明電極を有機EL素子のアノードに用いた発光パネル1~8は、光透過率が何れも48%未満であり、しかも、電圧を印加しても発光しないか、又は発光しても駆動電圧が5.0Vと高いものがあった。さらに、定電流下における電圧変化は非常に大きかった。
1a 中間層
1b 導電性層
3 発光機能層
3a 正孔注入層
3b 正孔輸送層
3c 発光層
3d 電子輸送層
3e 電子注入層
5a、5b、5c 対向電極
11 基材
13 透明基板(基材)
13a 光取り出し面
15 補助電極
17 封止剤
19 接着剤
22 発光パネル
23 支持基板
100、200、300、400 有機EL素子
131 基板
131a 光取り出し面
A 発光領域
B 非発光領域
h 発光光
Claims (8)
- 導電性層と、前記導電性層に隣接して設けられる中間層と、を備える透明電極であって、
前記透明電極は、波長550nmでの光透過率が50%以上で、かつ、シート抵抗値が20Ω/□以下であり、
前記中間層は、非共有電子対を有する硫黄原子を含む有機化合物を含有し、
前記導電性層は、銀を主成分として含有していることを特徴とする透明電極。 - 前記導電性層の上に更に第2の中間層を有し、2層の中間層により前記導電性層を挟持した構成であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の透明電極。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の透明電極が具備されていることを特徴とする電子デバイス。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の透明電極が具備されていることを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US14/436,260 US20150287953A1 (en) | 2012-10-23 | 2013-10-21 | Transparent electrode, electronic device, and organic electroluminescent element |
| JP2014543276A JP6295958B2 (ja) | 2012-10-23 | 2013-10-21 | 透明電極、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20150287953A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP6295958B2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2014065226A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014103102A (ja) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-06-05 | Konica Minolta Inc | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
| JPWO2015174154A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-16 | 2017-04-20 | パイオニア株式会社 | 発光装置 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017023440A1 (en) * | 2015-08-05 | 2017-02-09 | Proteq Technologies Llc | Light-emitting device |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000104056A (ja) * | 1998-09-25 | 2000-04-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 有機発光素子材料およびそれを使用した有機発光素子 |
| JP2009170408A (ja) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-30 | Shin Etsu Polymer Co Ltd | 導電性シートおよびその製造方法、ならびに入力デバイス |
| JP2011077028A (ja) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-04-14 | Hitachi Displays Ltd | 有機el表示装置 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005044613A (ja) * | 2003-07-28 | 2005-02-17 | Seiko Epson Corp | 発光装置の製造方法および発光装置 |
| EP2278636A1 (en) * | 2009-07-21 | 2011-01-26 | Sony Corporation | Uses of dithiocarbamate compounds |
-
2013
- 2013-10-21 US US14/436,260 patent/US20150287953A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-10-21 JP JP2014543276A patent/JP6295958B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-10-21 WO PCT/JP2013/078427 patent/WO2014065226A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000104056A (ja) * | 1998-09-25 | 2000-04-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 有機発光素子材料およびそれを使用した有機発光素子 |
| JP2009170408A (ja) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-30 | Shin Etsu Polymer Co Ltd | 導電性シートおよびその製造方法、ならびに入力デバイス |
| JP2011077028A (ja) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-04-14 | Hitachi Displays Ltd | 有機el表示装置 |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014103102A (ja) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-06-05 | Konica Minolta Inc | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
| JPWO2015174154A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-16 | 2017-04-20 | パイオニア株式会社 | 発光装置 |
| US10374188B2 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2019-08-06 | Pioneer Corporation | Light-emitting device with auxiliary electrode and adjacent insular conductive portions |
| US11502269B2 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2022-11-15 | Pioneer Corporation | Light-emitting device with auxiliary electrode and adjacent insular conductive portions |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150287953A1 (en) | 2015-10-08 |
| JPWO2014065226A1 (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
| JP6295958B2 (ja) | 2018-03-20 |
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