WO2014042090A1 - 共役系重合体、これを用いた電子供与性有機材料、光起電力素子用材料および光起電力素子 - Google Patents
共役系重合体、これを用いた電子供与性有機材料、光起電力素子用材料および光起電力素子 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conjugated polymer, an electron-donating organic material using the conjugated polymer, a photovoltaic element material, and a photovoltaic element.
- Solar cells are attracting attention as an environmentally friendly electrical energy source and an influential energy source for increasing energy problems.
- inorganic materials such as single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, and compound semiconductor are used as semiconductor materials for photovoltaic elements of solar cells.
- solar cells manufactured using inorganic semiconductors have not been widely used in general households because of high costs. The high cost factor is mainly in the process of manufacturing a semiconductor thin film under vacuum and high temperature. Therefore, organic solar cells using organic semiconductors and organic dyes such as conjugated polymers and organic crystals are being studied as semiconductor materials that are expected to simplify the manufacturing process.
- an organic solar cell using a conjugated polymer or the like has the biggest problem that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is lower than that of a conventional solar cell using an inorganic semiconductor, and has not yet been put into practical use.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of organic solar cells using conventional conjugated polymers is low because of the low absorption efficiency of sunlight and the bound state of exciton where electrons and holes generated by sunlight are difficult to separate. This is because a trap for trapping carriers (electrons and holes) is easily formed, and the generated carriers are easily trapped by the trap, and the mobility of carriers is slow.
- photoelectric conversion elements using organic semiconductors are currently Schottky-type, electron-accepting organic materials (n-type organic semiconductors) that join an electron-donating organic material (p-type organic semiconductor) and a metal having a low work function.
- an electron donating organic material p-type organic semiconductor
- p-type organic semiconductor can be classified into a heterojunction type. In these elements, only the organic layer (about several molecular layers) at the junction contributes to the photocurrent generation, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is low, and its improvement is a problem.
- n-type organic semiconductor an electron-accepting organic material
- p-type organic semiconductor an electron-donating organic material
- the conjugated polymer used as the electron donating organic material (p-type organic semiconductor) as the electron accepting organic material, a conductive polymer having a n-type semiconductor characteristics, a fullerene or fullerene derivatives such as C 60
- the bulk heterojunction photoelectric conversion element used has been reported.
- an electron-donating organic material with a narrow band gap is useful (for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). reference).
- a narrow band gap electron-donating organic material a copolymer combining a thieno [3,4-b] thiophene skeleton and a benzo [1,2-b: 4,5-b ′] dithiophene skeleton is particularly excellent. It has been reported to show photovoltaic characteristics, and many derivatives have been synthesized so far (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- the conventional electron-donating organic material obtained by copolymerization of the thieno [3,4-b] thiophene skeleton and the benzo [1,2-b: 4,5-b ′] dithiophene skeleton has a narrow band gap and is high. Carrier mobility and compatibility with electron-accepting materials typified by fullerene derivatives cannot be achieved, and sufficient conversion efficiency has not been obtained.
- the present invention provides an electron-donating organic material in which a narrow band gap, high carrier mobility, and compatibility with an electron-accepting material are achieved by selecting an optimal substituent and side chain, and has high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- An object is to provide a photovoltaic device.
- the present invention is a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1), an electron donating organic material, a photovoltaic element material and a photovoltaic element using the conjugated polymer.
- R 1 represents an alkoxycarbonyl group in which the alkyl group portion is linear alkyl or an alkanoyl group in which the alkyl group portion is linear alkyl, and these are substituted as long as the linear structure is maintained.
- R 2 may be the same or different and each represents an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, X represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, n represents the degree of polymerization, and 2 or more and 1 Represents an integer of 1,000 or less.
- a photovoltaic device with high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be provided.
- mode of the photovoltaic device of this invention The schematic diagram which showed another aspect of the photovoltaic element of this invention.
- the schematic diagram which showed another aspect of the photovoltaic element of this invention The schematic diagram which showed another aspect of the photovoltaic element of this invention.
- the voltage-current density curve of Example 1 (donor acceptor ratio 1: 1).
- the conjugated polymer of the present invention includes a structure represented by the general formula (1).
- R 1 represents an alkoxycarbonyl group in which the alkyl group portion is a linear alkyl group or an alkanoyl group in which the alkyl group portion is a linear alkyl group, and these are substituted as long as the linear structure is maintained. It does not matter.
- the HOMO level of the conjugated polymer can be deepened, and when used as an electron-donating organic material, It becomes possible to increase the open circuit voltage of the electromotive force element. Since a linear alkyl group can improve the packing property of a copolymer compared with a branched alkyl group, the carrier mobility of a conjugated polymer can be improved.
- R 2 s may be the same or different and each represents an optionally substituted heteroaryl group.
- the planarity of the copolymer can be enhanced and the carrier mobility of the conjugated polymer can be enhanced.
- alkoxycarbonyl group refers to an alkyl group via an ester bond.
- An alkanoyl group refers to an alkyl group via a ketone group.
- the linear alkyl group is, for example, a linear saturated aliphatic group such as propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, and dodecyl group. It is a hydrocarbon group, and may be unsubstituted or substituted as long as the linear structure is maintained. Further, as long as the straight chain structure is maintained, the substituent may be further substituted. Examples of the substituent in the case of substitution while maintaining a linear structure include an alkoxy group, a thioalkoxy group, and a halogen.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is preferably 4 or more and 10 or less, and particularly preferably 7 or more and 9 or less in order to achieve both sufficient solubility of the conjugated polymer and carrier mobility.
- Halogen as a substituent on the alkyl group has an effect of improving the aggregation state of the conjugated polymer, and fluorine having a small atomic radius is preferably used.
- the heteroaryl group is, for example, a heteroaromatic ring having an atom other than carbon such as thienyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, oxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazyl group, pyrimidyl group, and thienothienyl group. Indicates a group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the heteroaryl group used for R 2 is preferably 2 or more and 6 or less in order to maintain carrier mobility, and in order to suppress twisting with the benzodithiophene skeleton and improve packing properties, it is a 5-membered member having a small molecular size.
- a thienyl group or a furyl group having a ring structure is particularly preferably used.
- the substituent on the heteroaryl group is preferably an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms in order to achieve both solubility of the conjugated polymer and carrier mobility, and these are linear. Can also be branched.
- X represents a hydrogen atom or halogen.
- the halogen is any of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- fluorine having a small atomic radius is particularly preferably used.
- N represents the degree of polymerization and represents an integer of 2 or more and 1,000 or less.
- n is preferably less than 100.
- the degree of polymerization can be determined from the weight average molecular weight.
- the weight average molecular weight can be determined by measuring using GPC (gel permeation chromatography) and converting to a polystyrene standard sample.
- the orientation of the thieno [3,4-b] thiophene skeleton in the conjugated polymer may be random or regioregular.
- the electron donating organic material in the aforementioned bulk heterojunction type photovoltaic device includes a narrow band gap, high carrier mobility, solubility in organic solvents, and compatibility with electron accepting materials represented by fullerene derivatives. Many characteristics are required.
- the conjugated polymer having the structure represented by (1) can satisfy all of these characteristics and can be preferably used as an electron-donating organic material in a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device.
- n shows the integer of 2 or more and 1,000 or less.
- the structure represented by the general formula (1) satisfies the structure represented by the general formula (1).
- structures having different R 1 , R 2 , and X may be combined.
- the number attached to the repeating unit enclosed in parentheses represents the ratio of the repeating unit.
- n represents an integer of 2 or more and 1,000 or less.
- the conjugated polymer having the structure represented by the general formula (1) may be a copolymer further containing a divalent conjugated linking group.
- the divalent conjugated linking group is preferably 20% by weight or less with respect to the entire conjugated polymer.
- the divalent conjugated linking group is more preferably 10% by weight or less.
- Preferred examples of the divalent conjugated linking group include the following structures. Among these, a structure composed of a thieno [3,4-b] thiophene skeleton and a benzo [1,2-b: 4,5-b ′] dithiophene skeleton is preferable for maintaining the carrier mobility of the conjugated polymer.
- R 3 to R 53 may be the same or different and are selected from hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an alkylthioester group, an alkanoyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and a halogen.
- the conjugated polymer having the structure represented by the general formula (1) may be a method similar to the method described in Patent Document 1, Liang, D.C. Feng, Y .; Wu, S.W. -T. Tsai, G.A. Li, C.I. Ray, L.M. Yu, “Journal of the American Chemical Society”, 2009, 131, 7792; He, W.H. Wang, W.W. Chen, T.A. Xu, S.M. B. Darling, J.M. Strzalka, Y.M. Liu, L. It can be synthesized by a method similar to the method described in Yu, “Journal of the American Chemical Society”, 2011, Vol. 133, p. 3284.
- the photovoltaic device material of the present invention may be composed of only an electron-donating organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1), or other electron-donating organic material. May be included.
- electron-donating organic materials include polythiophene polymers, benzothiadiazole-thiophene derivatives, benzothiadiazole-thiophene copolymers, poly-p-phenylene vinylene polymers, poly-p-phenylene heavy polymers.
- Conjugated polymers such as polymers, polyfluorene polymers, polypyrrole polymers, polyaniline polymers, polyacetylene polymers, polythienylene vinylene polymers, H 2 phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc), copper phthalocyanine ( CuPc), phthalocyanine derivatives such as zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), porphyrin derivatives, N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-di (3-methylphenyl) -4,4′-diphenyl-1,1′-diamine ( TPD), N, N′-dinaphthyl-N, N′-diphenyl-4,4′-diphenyl -1,1′-diamine (NPD) and other triarylamine derivatives, 4,4′-di (carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl (CBP) and other carbazole derivatives, oligothiophene derivatives (terthiophene, quarterthiophene
- the conjugated polymer having the structure represented by the general formula (1) is an electron donating organic material exhibiting p-type semiconductor characteristics, and the photovoltaic device material of the present invention is intended to obtain higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. It is preferable to combine with an electron-accepting organic material (n-type organic semiconductor).
- Examples of electron-accepting organic materials exhibiting n-type semiconductor characteristics include 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxyl dianhydride (NTCDA), 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxyl dianhydride (PTCDA).
- NTCDA 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxyl dianhydride
- PTCDA 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxyl dianhydride
- fullerene compounds are preferably used because of their high charge separation speed and electron transfer speed.
- C 70 derivatives such as the above PC 70 BM are more preferable because they are excellent in light absorption characteristics and can obtain higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- an electron-donating organic material In a photovoltaic device material combining an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention, an electron-donating organic material and The content ratio (weight fraction) of the electron-accepting organic material is not particularly limited, but the content ratio (donor-acceptor ratio) of the electron-donating organic material and the electron-accepting organic material is in the range of 1:99 to 99: 1. More preferably, it is in the range of 10:90 to 90:10, and still more preferably in the range of 20:80 to 60:40.
- the electron-donating organic material and the electron-accepting organic material may be used as a mixture or stacked. Although it does not specifically limit as a mixing method, After adding to a solvent in a desired ratio, the method of making it melt
- the above-mentioned content ratio is the content ratio of the electron-donating organic material and the electron-accepting organic material contained in the single layer.
- the organic semiconductor layer has a laminated structure of two or more layers, it means the content ratio of the electron donating organic material and the electron accepting organic material in the whole organic semiconductor layer.
- an electron donating organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1) and a method for removing impurities from the electron accepting organic material are not particularly limited. Methods, recrystallization methods, sublimation methods, reprecipitation methods, Soxhlet extraction methods, molecular weight fractionation methods by GPC, filtration methods, ion exchange methods, chelate methods, and the like can be used. In general, a column chromatography method, a recrystallization method, and a sublimation method are preferably used for purification of a low molecular weight organic material.
- reprecipitation method for purification of high molecular weight compounds, reprecipitation method, Soxhlet extraction method, molecular weight fractionation method by GPC is preferably used when removing low molecular weight components, and reprecipitation method or the like when removing metal components.
- a chelate method or an ion exchange method is preferably used. A plurality of these methods may be combined.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of the photovoltaic element of the present invention.
- reference numeral 1 is a substrate
- reference numeral 2 is a positive electrode
- reference numeral 3 is an organic semiconductor layer containing the photovoltaic element material of the present invention
- reference numeral 4 is a negative electrode.
- the photovoltaic element of the present invention may be in the order of substrate 1 / negative electrode 4 / organic semiconductor layer 3 / positive electrode 2 as illustrated in FIG.
- the organic semiconductor layer 3 contains the photovoltaic element material of the present invention. That is, an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1) are included.
- the organic semiconductor layer 3 that is an organic power generation layer of the photovoltaic element includes an electron donating organic material and an electron accepting material, these materials may be mixed or stacked, but are mixed. It is preferable. That is, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, even if the organic semiconductor layer containing the photovoltaic element material is a layer in which an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material are mixed, FIGS.
- the organic semiconductor layer containing the photovoltaic element material may have a laminated structure of a layer having an electron-donating organic material and a layer having an electron-accepting organic material. It is preferable that the organic semiconductor layer containing is a layer in which an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material are mixed.
- a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device that increases the bonding surface between an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material that contribute to photoelectric conversion by mixing an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material is preferable.
- the organic semiconductor layer 3 which is this bulk heterojunction type organic power generation layer
- the electron donating organic material and the electron accepting organic material using the conjugated polymer having the structure represented by the general formula (1) are nanometers. It is preferable that phase separation is performed at a size of.
- the domain size of this phase separation structure is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1) are stacked, an electron-donating organic material exhibiting p-type semiconductor characteristics
- the layer having the material is preferably on the positive electrode side, and the layer having an electron-accepting organic material exhibiting n-type semiconductor characteristics is preferably on the negative electrode side.
- An example of the photovoltaic element in the case where the organic semiconductor layer 3 is thus laminated is shown in FIGS.
- Reference numeral 5 denotes a layer having an electron donating organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1)
- reference numeral 6 denotes a layer having an electron accepting organic material.
- the organic semiconductor layer preferably has a thickness of 5 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 30 nm to 300 nm.
- the layer having an electron-donating organic material of the present invention preferably has a thickness of 1 nm to 400 nm, more preferably 15 nm to 150 nm.
- the photovoltaic device of the present invention it is preferable that either the positive electrode 2 or the negative electrode 4 has light transmittance.
- the light transmittance of the electrode is not particularly limited as long as incident light reaches the organic semiconductor layer 3 and an electromotive force is generated.
- the light transmittance in the present invention is a value obtained by [transmitted light intensity (W / m 2 ) / incident light intensity (W / m 2 )] ⁇ 100 (%).
- the thickness of the electrode may be in a range having light transmittance and conductivity, and is preferably 20 nm to 300 nm although it varies depending on the electrode material.
- the other electrode is not necessarily light-transmitting as long as it has conductivity, and the thickness is not particularly limited.
- Electrode materials include gold, platinum, silver, copper, iron, zinc, tin, aluminum, indium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, scandium, vanadium, yttrium, indium, cerium, samarium, europium, terbium, ytterbium, etc.
- metal oxides such as indium, tin, molybdenum and nickel, composite metal oxides (indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), gallium zinc oxide ( GZO)), alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, specifically lithium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, and the like are also preferably used.
- an electrode made of an alloy made of the above metal or a laminate of the above metal is also preferably used.
- graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, carbon nanotubes, graphene, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, and electrodes containing polythiophene and derivatives thereof are also preferably used.
- at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is preferably transparent or translucent.
- the electrode material may be a mixed layer composed of two or more materials and a laminated structure.
- the conductive material used for the positive electrode 2 is preferably one that is in ohmic contact with the organic semiconductor layer 3. Furthermore, when a hole transport layer described later is used, it is preferable that the conductive material used for the positive electrode 2 is in ohmic contact with the hole transport layer.
- the conductive material used for the negative electrode 4 is preferably one that is in ohmic contact with the organic semiconductor layer 3 or the electron transport layer.
- a method for improving the bonding a method of introducing a metal fluoride such as lithium fluoride (LiF) or cesium fluoride as an electron extraction layer into the negative electrode can be mentioned. By introducing the electron extraction layer, it is possible to improve the extraction current.
- the substrate 1 is an inorganic substrate such as an alkali-free glass, quartz glass, aluminum, iron, copper, or an alloy such as stainless steel, on which an electrode material or an organic semiconductor layer can be laminated, depending on the type and application of the photoelectric conversion material.
- Films and plates produced by any method from organic materials such as materials, polyester, polycarbonate, polyolefin, polyamide, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyparaxylene polymethyl methacrylate, epoxy resin and fluorine-based resin can be used.
- each substrate described above has a light transmittance of 80% or more.
- a hole transport layer may be provided between the positive electrode 2 and the organic semiconductor layer 3.
- Materials for forming the hole transport layer include polythiophene polymers, poly-p-phenylene vinylene polymers, polyfluorene polymers, polypyrrole polymers, polyaniline polymers, polyfuran polymers, polypyridine polymers, polycarbazoles.
- Conductive polymers such as polymers, low molecular organic compounds exhibiting p-type semiconductor properties such as phthalocyanine derivatives (H 2 Pc, CuPc, ZnPc, etc.), porphyrin derivatives, acene compounds (tetracene, pentacene, etc.), graphene, Carbon compounds such as graphene oxide, molybdenum oxides such as MoO 3 (MoO x ), tungsten oxides such as WO 3 (WO x ), nickel oxides such as NiO (NiO x ), vanadium oxides such as V 2 O 5 (VO x) ), zirconium oxide such as ZrO 2 (ZrO x) Copper oxide such as Cu 2 O (CuO x), copper iodide, ruthenium oxide, such as RuO 4 (RuO x), inorganic compounds such as ruthenium oxide (ReO x), such as Re 2 O 7 is preferably used.
- phthalocyanine derivatives H 2
- the hole transport layer may be a layer made of a single compound, or a mixed layer made of two or more compounds and a laminated structure.
- the hole transport layer preferably has a thickness of 5 nm to 600 nm, more preferably 10 nm to 200 nm.
- an electron transport layer may be provided between the organic semiconductor layer 3 and the negative electrode 4.
- the material for forming the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but the above-described electron-accepting organic materials (NTCDA, PTCDA, PTCDI-C8H, oxazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, phosphine oxide derivatives, phosphine sulfide derivatives)
- NTCDA, PTCDA, PTCDI-C8H oxazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, phosphine oxide derivatives, phosphine sulfide derivatives
- Organic materials exhibiting n-type semiconductor properties such as quinoline derivatives, fullerene compounds, CNT, CN-PPV, and the like are preferably used.
- compounds having an ionic group such as ammonium salts, amine salts, pyridinium salts, imidazolium salts, phosphonium salts, carboxylates, sulfonates, phosphates, sulfate esters, phosphate ester salts, sulfates , Nitrates, acetonates, oxoacid salts, and metal complexes can also be used as the electron transport layer.
- an ionic group such as ammonium salts, amine salts, pyridinium salts, imidazolium salts, phosphonium salts, carboxylates, sulfonates, phosphates, sulfate esters, phosphate ester salts, sulfates , Nitrates, acetonates, oxoacid salts, and metal complexes can also be used as the electron transport layer.
- titanium oxide such as TiO 2 (TiO x ), zinc oxide such as ZnO (ZnO x ), silicon oxide such as SiO 2 (SiO x ), tin oxide such as SnO 2 (SnO x ), oxidation such as WO 3 Tungsten oxide (TaO x ) such as tungsten (WO x ), Ta 2 O 3, barium titanate (BaTi x O y ) such as BaTiO 3 , barium zirconate (BaZr x O y ) such as BaZrO 3 , ZrO 2, etc.
- TiO 2 TiO x
- zinc oxide such as ZnO (ZnO x )
- silicon oxide such as SiO 2 (SiO x )
- tin oxide such as SnO 2 (SnO x )
- oxidation such as WO 3 Tungsten oxide (TaO x ) such as tungsten (WO x ), Ta 2
- CdS x cadmium sulf
- a method of forming an electron transport layer with the inorganic material a method of forming a layer by applying a precursor solution such as a metal salt or metal alkoxide and then heating, or applying a nanoparticle dispersion on a substrate There are methods for forming layers. At this time, depending on the heating temperature and time, and the synthesis conditions of the nanoparticles, the reaction does not proceed completely, and it becomes an intermediate product by partially hydrolyzing or partially condensing. Or a mixture of a precursor, an intermediate organism, and an end product.
- a precursor solution such as a metal salt or metal alkoxide
- the phenanthroline derivative is not particularly limited.
- bathocuproin BCP
- bathophenanthrene Bphen
- 2-naphthalen-2-yl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Phenanthroline monomer compounds such as HNBphen
- 2,9-bisnaphthalen-2-yl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline NBphen
- phenanthroline multimeric compounds described in JP2012-39097A phenanthroline dimer compound
- the phenanthroline dimer compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (2), such as the compound described in JP 2012-39097 A.
- R 54 to R 60 may be the same or different and are selected from hydrogen, an alkyl group, and an aryl group.
- A is a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group.
- the substituents having two phenanthroline skeletons may be the same or different.
- the alkyl group represents a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group
- the aryl group represents, for example, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthryl group
- An aromatic hydrocarbon group such as an anthryl group is shown and may be unsubstituted or substituted.
- the alkyl group or aryl group preferably has about 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Further, the groups having two phenanthroline skeletons may be the same or different.
- the phosphine oxide derivative is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include phosphine compounds such as phenyl dipyrenyl phosphine oxide (POPy 2 ).
- the quinoline derivative is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include compounds such as 8-hydroxyquinolate lithium (Liq) and tris (8-hydroxyquinolate) aluminum.
- the energy barrier is reduced at the interface junction with the negative electrode, and the negative electrode interface of excitons generated in the electron-donating organic semiconductor and the electron-accepting organic semiconductor. It is considered that the electron extraction efficiency and the charge generation efficiency are improved by preventing the deactivation of the catalyst.
- phenanthroline derivatives are preferably used because of their electron transport properties and the ability to easily obtain a homogeneous film. Furthermore, a phenanthroline multimer compound is preferably used because a stable film having a high glass transition point can be easily obtained, and a phenanthroline dimer compound is more preferably used in consideration of easiness of synthesis.
- a in the general formula (2) is a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group or a substituted or non-substituted phenoxy group from the balance of sublimation property and thin film forming ability during thin film formation such as vacuum deposition. It is preferably a substituted naphthylene group.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is preferably 0.1 nm to 600 nm, more preferably 1 nm to 200 nm, and still more preferably 1 nm to 20 nm.
- the electron transport layer may be a layer made of a single compound or a layer made of two or more compounds. Further, the electron transport layer includes an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, specifically, a compound such as lithium, magnesium, calcium, or a metal fluoride such as lithium fluoride or cesium fluoride, and the material for the electron transport layer. It may be a mixed layer or a laminated structure with them.
- the photovoltaic element of the present invention may form a series junction by laminating two or more organic semiconductor layers via one or more intermediate electrodes.
- Such a configuration is sometimes called a tandem configuration.
- a tandem configuration of substrate / positive electrode / first organic semiconductor layer / intermediate electrode / second organic semiconductor layer / negative electrode can be given.
- a tandem configuration of substrate / negative electrode / first organic semiconductor layer / intermediate electrode / second organic semiconductor layer / positive electrode may be mentioned.
- the hole transport layer described above may be provided between the positive electrode and the first organic semiconductor layer and between the intermediate electrode and the second organic semiconductor layer, and between the first organic semiconductor layer and the intermediate electrode.
- the hole transport layer described above may be provided between the second organic semiconductor layer and the negative electrode.
- At least one of the organic semiconductor layers contains the photovoltaic device material of the present invention, and the other layers are represented by the general formula (1) in order not to reduce the short-circuit current.
- electron-donating organic materials include the above-mentioned polythiophene polymers, poly-p-phenylene vinylene polymers, poly-p-phenylene polymers, polyfluorene polymers, polypyrrole polymers, polyaniline.
- the material for the intermediate electrode used here is preferably a material having high conductivity, for example, the above-mentioned metals such as gold, platinum, chromium, nickel, lithium, magnesium, calcium, tin, silver, aluminum, and transparent Metal oxides such as indium, tin, and molybdenum, composite metal oxides (indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), etc.), alloys composed of the above metals, and laminates of the above metals , Polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), and those obtained by adding polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) to PEDOT.
- the intermediate electrode preferably has a light transmission property, but even a material such as a metal having a low light transmission property can often ensure a sufficient light transmission property by reducing the film thickness.
- a transparent electrode such as ITO (corresponding to a positive electrode in this case) is formed on the substrate by sputtering or the like.
- a solution is prepared by dissolving an electron donating organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1) and, if necessary, a material for a photoelectric conversion element containing an electron accepting organic material in a solvent,
- An organic semiconductor layer is formed by coating on the transparent electrode.
- the solvent used at this time is not particularly limited as long as the organic semiconductor can be appropriately dissolved or dispersed in the solvent, but an organic solvent is preferable, for example, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, Aliphatic hydrocarbons such as decalin and bicyclohexyl, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerin, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and isophorone, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate , Methyl lactate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, esters such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether,
- an organic semiconductor layer is formed by mixing an electron-donating organic material and an electron-accepting organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1)
- an electron-donating organic material and an electron A receptive organic material is added to a solvent in a desired ratio, dissolved by a method such as heating, stirring, and ultrasonic irradiation to form a solution, which is applied onto a transparent electrode.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic element can be improved by using a mixture of two or more solvents. This is presumably because the electron-donating organic material and the electron-accepting organic material undergo phase separation at the nano level, and a carrier path that forms a path for electrons and holes is formed.
- an optimal combination type can be selected depending on the types of the electron donating organic material and the electron accepting organic material to be used.
- preferred solvents to be combined include chloroform and chlorobenzene among the above.
- an organic semiconductor layer is formed by laminating an electron donating organic material and an electron accepting organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1), for example, an electron donating organic
- the electron-accepting organic material solution is applied to form a layer.
- the electron-donating organic material and the electron-accepting organic material are low molecular weight substances having a molecular weight of about 1000 or less, it is possible to form a layer using a vapor deposition method.
- the formation method may be selected according to the characteristics of the organic semiconductor layer to be obtained, such as film thickness control and orientation control.
- the concentration of electron donating organic material and electron accepting organic material using a conjugated polymer having a structure represented by the general formula (1) is 1 to 20 g / l (electron
- the weight of the electron donating organic material and the electron accepting organic material with respect to the volume of the solution containing the donating organic material, the electron accepting organic material, and the solvent is preferable. It is possible to easily obtain a homogeneous organic semiconductor layer.
- the formed organic semiconductor layer may be annealed under reduced pressure or under an inert atmosphere (in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere).
- a preferable temperature for the annealing treatment is 40 ° C to 300 ° C, more preferably 50 ° C to 200 ° C. Further, by performing the annealing process, the effective area where the stacked layers permeate and contact each other at the interface increases, and the short-circuit current can be increased. This annealing treatment may be performed after the formation of the negative electrode.
- a metal electrode such as Al (corresponding to a negative electrode in this case) is formed on the organic semiconductor layer by vacuum deposition or sputtering.
- the metal electrode is vacuum-deposited using a low molecular organic material for the electron transport layer, it is preferable that the metal electrode is continuously formed while maintaining the vacuum.
- a desired p-type organic semiconductor material such as PEDOT
- PEDOT p-type organic semiconductor material
- the solvent is removed using a vacuum thermostat or a hot plate to form a hole transport layer.
- a vacuum vapor deposition method using a vacuum vapor deposition machine.
- a desired n-type organic semiconductor material such as fullerene derivatives
- an n-type inorganic semiconductor material such as titanium oxide gel
- the solvent is removed using a vacuum thermostat or a hot plate to form an electron transport layer.
- a vacuum deposition method using a vacuum deposition machine.
- the photovoltaic element of the present invention can be applied to various photoelectric conversion devices using a photoelectric conversion function, an optical rectification function, and the like.
- photovoltaic cells such as solar cells
- electronic devices such as optical sensors, optical switches, and phototransistors
- optical recording materials such as optical memories
- ITO indium tin oxide
- PEDOT polyethylene dioxythiophene
- PSS polystyrene sulfonate
- PC 70 BM phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester
- Eg band gap HOMO: highest occupied molecular orbital
- Isc short circuit current density
- Voc open circuit voltage
- FF fill Factor ⁇ : photoelectric conversion efficiency
- E-1 to E-6 compound represented by the following formula
- the average molecular weight (number average molecular weight, weight average molecular weight) was calculated by an absolute calibration curve method using a GPC apparatus (manufactured by TOSOH Co., Ltd., which was supplied with chloroform, high-speed GPC apparatus HLC-8320GPC).
- the light absorption edge wavelength is an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (measurement wavelength) of a thin film formed on a glass with a thickness of about 60 nm using a U-3010 spectrophotometer manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. (Range: 300-900 nm).
- the band gap (Eg) was calculated from the light absorption edge wavelength by the following equation.
- the thin film was formed by spin coating using chloroform as a solvent.
- Eg (eV) 1240 / light absorption edge wavelength of thin film (nm)
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level is the surface analysis device (in-air ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer AC-2 type, manufactured by Riken Kikai Co., Ltd.) for thin films formed on ITO glass with a thickness of about 60 nm. ).
- the thin film was formed by spin coating using chloroform as a solvent.
- the material is an electron-donating organic material or an electron-accepting organic material, that is, p-type semiconductor characteristics or n-type semiconductor characteristics, can be evaluated by measuring the above-described thin film by FET measurement or energy level measurement.
- Synthesis example 1 Compound A-1 was synthesized by the method shown in Scheme 1. In addition, the compound (1-i) described in Synthesis Example 1 was obtained by referring to the method described in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, Vol. 131, pages 7792-7799. 1-p) was synthesized with reference to the method described in Angewante Chem International Edition, 2011, Vol. 50, pages 9697-9702.
- reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then heated and stirred at 60 ° C. for 6 hours. After completion of the stirring, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and 200 ml of water and 200 ml of ether were added. The organic layer was washed twice with water and saturated brine, and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was distilled under reduced pressure to obtain compound (1-n) as a colorless liquid (28.3 g, 36%).
- the measurement result of 1 H-NMR of the compound (1-n) is shown below.
- reaction solution was cooled to 0 ° C., and a solution of 39.2 g (175 mmol) of tin chloride dihydrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in 80 ml of 10% hydrochloric acid was added. Stir for hours. After completion of the stirring, 200 ml of water and 200 ml of diethyl ether were added, and the organic layer was washed twice with water and then with a saturated saline solution. After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound A-1 (85 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 25,000 and the number average molecular weight was 16,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 783 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.58 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was -4.95 eV.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound A-2 (105 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 18,000 and the number average molecular weight was 13,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 790 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.57 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was -5.01 eV.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound A-3 (102 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 36,000 and the number average molecular weight was 19,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 800 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.55 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was -5.00 eV.
- Synthesis example 4 Compound A-4 was synthesized by the method shown in Scheme 4. The compound (4-a) described in Synthesis Example 4 was synthesized with reference to the method described in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, Vol. 131, pages 7792-7799. .
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound A-4 (92 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 28,000, and the number average molecular weight was 17,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 784 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.58 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was -4.95 eV.
- Synthesis example 5 Compound B-1 was synthesized by the method shown in Scheme 5.
- the compounds (5-c) and (5-e) described in Synthesis Example 5 are prepared by the method described in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, Vol. 131, pages 7792-7799. Was synthesized with reference to FIG.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound B-1 (73 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 31,000 and the number average molecular weight was 13,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 754 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.64 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was ⁇ 5.09 eV.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound B-2 (82 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 22,000 and the number average molecular weight was 11,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 755 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.64 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was ⁇ 5.06 eV.
- Synthesis example 7 Compound B-3 was synthesized by the method shown in Scheme 7. The compound (7-a) described in Synthesis Example 7 was synthesized with reference to the method described in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, Vol. 131, pages 7792-7799. .
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound B-3 (80 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 35,000 and the number average molecular weight was 17,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 784 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.58 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was -4.91 eV.
- Synthesis example 8 Compound B-4 was synthesized by the method shown in Scheme 8. The compound (8-a) described in Synthesis Example 8 was synthesized with reference to the method described in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, Vol. 131, pages 15586-15588. .
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, passed through Celite (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), and then a silica gel column (eluent, chloroform), and then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
- the obtained solid was dissolved again in chloroform and then reprecipitated in methanol to obtain Compound B-4 (73 mg).
- the weight average molecular weight was 21,000 and the number average molecular weight was 11,000.
- the light absorption edge wavelength was 785 nm
- the band gap (Eg) was 1.58 eV
- the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was -4.92 eV.
- Example 1 A chloroform solution containing 1 mg of the above (A-1) and 1 mg of PC 70 BM (manufactured by Solenne) containing 1,8-diiodooctane (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at a volume concentration of 3% 0
- a glass substrate on which a 125 nm thick ITO transparent conductive layer serving as a positive electrode was deposited by sputtering was cut into 38 mm ⁇ 46 mm, and then ITO was patterned into a 38 mm ⁇ 13 mm rectangular shape by photolithography.
- the obtained substrate was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning for 10 minutes with an alkali cleaning solution (“Semico Clean” EL56 (trade name), manufactured by Furuuchi Chemical Co., Ltd.), and then washed with ultrapure water.
- an alkali cleaning solution (“Semico Clean” EL56 (trade name), manufactured by Furuuchi Chemical Co., Ltd.
- a PEDOT: PSS aqueous solution (0.8% by weight of PEDOT, 0.5% by weight of PPS) serving as a hole transport layer was formed on the substrate to a thickness of 60 nm by spin coating. did.
- the above solution A or solution B was dropped onto the PEDOT: PSS layer, and an organic semiconductor layer having a thickness of 130 nm was formed by spin coating.
- the substrate on which the organic semiconductor layer is formed and the cathode mask are placed in a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, and the vacuum in the apparatus is evacuated again to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less.
- a lithium fluoride layer was deposited to a thickness of 0.1 nm. Then, the aluminum layer used as a negative electrode was vapor-deposited with the thickness of 80 nm. As described above, a photovoltaic device having an area where the stripe-shaped ITO layer and the aluminum layer intersect each other was 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm was produced.
- the positive and negative electrodes of the photovoltaic device thus fabricated were connected to a Keithley 2400 series source meter, and simulated sunlight from the ITO layer side in the atmosphere (OTENTO-SUNIII, manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd., spectral shape) : AM1.5, intensity: 100 mW / cm 2 ), and the current value was measured when the applied voltage was changed from ⁇ 1V to + 2V.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the short-circuit current density at this time (the value of the current density when the applied voltage is 0 V) is 15.99 A / cm 2 , which is open
- the voltage (value of the applied voltage when the current density was 0) was 0.76 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.69
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 8.39%.
- the voltage-current density curve at this time is shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis is voltage
- the vertical axis is current density.
- the short circuit current density is 13.56 A / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.76 V
- the fill factor (FF) is The photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.01%.
- the fill factor and photoelectric conversion efficiency were calculated by the following equations.
- Fill factor IVmax (mA ⁇ V / cm 2 ) / (Short-circuit current density (mA / cm 2 ) ⁇ Open circuit voltage (V))
- IVmax is the value of the product of the current density and the applied voltage at the point where the product of the current density and the applied voltage becomes maximum when the applied voltage is between 0 V and the open circuit voltage value.
- Photoelectric conversion efficiency [(short circuit current density (mA / cm 2 ) ⁇ open voltage (V) ⁇ fill factor) / pseudo sunlight intensity (100 mW / cm 2 )] ⁇ 100 (%)
- the fill factor and photoelectric conversion efficiency in the following examples and comparative examples were all calculated by the above formula.
- Example 2 A photovoltaic device was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that A-2 was used in place of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using the solution having a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 13.71 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.81 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.65.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 7.22%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the solution with a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1.5 is 14.04 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.81 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.66.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.51%.
- Example 3 A photovoltaic device was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that A-3 was used in place of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using the solution having a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 13.71 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.73 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.68.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 6.81%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the donor acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1.5 is 13.94 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.73 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.68.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 6.92%.
- Example 4 A photovoltaic device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that A-4 was used instead of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using the solution having a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 13.75 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.76 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.68.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 7.11%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the solution whose donor-acceptor weight ratio is 1: 1.5 is 13.42 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.76 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.67
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 6.83%.
- Comparative Example 1 A photovoltaic device was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that B-1 was used instead of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using a solution with a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 11.20 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.74 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.59.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 4.89%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the solution whose donor-acceptor weight ratio is 1: 1.5 is 12.74 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.74 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.66.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 6.39%.
- Comparative Example 2 A photovoltaic device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that B-2 was used in place of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using a solution with a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 11.44 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.74 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.62.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 5.25%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the solution whose donor acceptor weight ratio is 1: 1.5 is 11.22 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.74 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.60.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 4.98%.
- Comparative Example 3 A photovoltaic device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that B-3 was used in place of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using the solution having a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 11.19 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.68 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.57.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 4.34%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the solution whose donor-acceptor weight ratio is 1: 1.5 is 12.56 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.68 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.55.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from the value was 4.70%.
- Comparative Example 4 A photovoltaic device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that B-4 was used instead of A-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density of the device using the solution having a donor-acceptor weight ratio of 1: 1 is 13.51 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage is 0.74 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.59.
- the calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency was 5.90%.
- the short circuit current density of the element using the solution whose donor-acceptor weight ratio is 1: 1.5 is 15.02 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage is 0.74 V
- the fill factor (FF) is 0.61.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 6.78%.
- the photovoltaic devices (Examples 1 to 4) prepared from the electron donating organic material using the conjugated polymer having the structure represented by the general formula (1) are the same.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency was higher than those of other photovoltaic devices (Comparative Examples 1 to 4) produced under the conditions described above.
- US-2 ultrasonic cleaner
- a photovoltaic device having an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a lithium fluoride layer was deposited to a thickness of 0.5 nm, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 14.08 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage was 0.77 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.69
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.52%.
- Example 6 A solution in which 20 mg of zinc acetate dihydrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is dissolved in 1 ml of ethanol / water mixed solvent (100: 1) after UV / ozone treatment of the washed substrate for 30 minutes. Was spin-coated at 1500 rpm and heated on a hot plate at 200 ° C. for 1 hour. After heating to room temperature, a solution of 0.5 mg sodium myristate (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) dissolved in 1 ml ethanol was spin-coated at 1000 rpm and heated on a hot plate at 110 ° C. for 10 minutes. An electron transport layer was formed.
- ethanol / water mixed solvent 100: 1 hour
- the solution C was dropped, and an organic semiconductor layer having a thickness of 130 nm was formed by spin coating. Thereafter, the substrate on which the organic semiconductor layer is formed and the cathode mask are placed in a vacuum evaporation apparatus, and the vacuum in the apparatus is exhausted again until the vacuum level becomes 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less. A molybdenum layer was deposited to a thickness of 10 nm. Then, the aluminum layer used as a negative electrode was vapor-deposited with the thickness of 80 nm. As described above, a photovoltaic device having an area where the stripe-shaped ITO layer and the aluminum layer intersect each other with an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was manufactured, and the current-voltage characteristics were measured. The short-circuit current density was 14.95 mA / cm 2 , the open-circuit voltage was 0.77 V, the fill factor (FF) was 0.66, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.63%.
- Synthesis Example 11 Compound E-6 was synthesized by the following method. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 11 g of 2,2′-biphenol was dissolved in 100 ml of dichloromethane and 23.8 ml of pyridine, and 35 g of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride was added dropwise at 0 ° C. The mixture was stirred at 0 ° C. for 2 hours and then treated in a conventional manner to obtain 26.3 g of 2,2′-bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyloxyphenyl) biphenyl.
- E-6 was obtained from 2.78 g of 2,2′-di (4-acetylphenyl) biphenyl and 2.78 g of 8-amino-7-quinolinecarbaldehyde by the same reaction treatment as in Synthesis Example 10.
- E-1 ⁇ ⁇ , E-2, and E-6 were used after sublimation purification.
- Example 7 A photovoltaic device having an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was fabricated in exactly the same manner as in Example 5 except that E-1 (5 nm) was used instead of lithium fluoride (0.1 nm), and the current-voltage characteristics were It was measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 14.89 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage was 0.79 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.69
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 8.13%.
- Example 8 A photovoltaic device having an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was produced in the same manner as in Example 7 except that E-2 was used instead of E-1, and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 14.63 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage was 0.78 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.72
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 8.17%.
- Example 9 A photovoltaic device having an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that E-2 was used instead of E-1 and silver was used instead of aluminum, and the current-voltage characteristics were It was measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 15.26 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage was 0.77 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.70
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 8.20%.
- Example 10 The area is 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm exactly as in Example 7, except that E-2 (5 nm) / LiF (0.5 nm) was used instead of E-1 (5 nm) and silver was used instead of aluminum.
- E-2 5 nm
- LiF 0.5 nm
- silver was used instead of aluminum.
- a photovoltaic device was fabricated and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 15.36 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage was 0.78 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.71
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 8.50%.
- Example 11 The area was 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm in the same manner as in Example 7, except that E-3 (8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium (Liq)) (2.5 nm) (2.5 nm) manufactured by Luminescence Technology was used instead of E-1 (5 nm). A photovoltaic device was fabricated and current-voltage characteristics were measured. The short-circuit current density was 14.55 mA / cm 2 , the open-circuit voltage was 0.78 V, the fill factor (FF) was 0.69, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.87%.
- E-3 8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium (Liq)
- Liq 8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium
- FF fill factor
- Example 12 The area is 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm in exactly the same manner as in Example 7 except that E-4 (Phenyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (PoPy2)) (2.5 nm) manufactured by Luminescence Technology is used instead of E-1 (5 nm).
- E-4 Phenyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (PoPy2)
- PoPy2 Phenyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
- Luminescence Technology Luminescence Technology
- a photovoltaic device was fabricated and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 14.17 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage was 0.76 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.72
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.79%.
- Example 13 instead of E-1 (5 nm), use E-5 (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenthroline (BCP)) (5 nm) / LiF (0.5 nm) manufactured by Luminescence Technology Otherwise, a photovoltaic device having an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and the current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 14.61 mA / cm 2
- the open circuit voltage was 0.78 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.70
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.93%.
- Example 14 The area is 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm exactly as in Example 7, except that E-5 (5 nm) / LiF (0.5 nm) is used instead of E-1 (5 nm) and silver is used instead of aluminum.
- a photovoltaic device was fabricated and current-voltage characteristics were measured.
- the short-circuit current density was 14.67 mA / cm 2
- the open-circuit voltage was 0.77 V
- the fill factor (FF) was 0.70
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 7.93%.
- Example 15 A photovoltaic device having an area of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that E-6 (5 nm) / LiF (0.5 nm) was used instead of E-1 (5 nm). Current-voltage characteristics were measured. The short-circuit current density was 14.96 mA / cm 2 , the open circuit voltage was 0.78 V, the fill factor (FF) was 0.70, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency calculated from these values was 8.15%.
- the photovoltaic elements (Examples 6 to 15) having the electron transport layer between the negative electrode and the material layer for the photovoltaic element are photovoltaic elements (Examples 6 to 15) ( The photoelectric conversion efficiency was higher than that in Example 5). Further, when a phenanthroline derivative is used for the electron transport layer material (Examples 7 to 10 and Examples 13 to 15), the photoelectric conversion is higher than when other materials are used for the electron transport layer (Examples 11 and 12). The conversion efficiency was shown, and when the phenanthroline dimer compound was used (Examples 7 to 10 and Example 15), particularly high photoelectric conversion efficiency was shown.
- Substrate 2 Positive electrode 3: Organic semiconductor layer 4: Negative electrode 5: Layer having an electron-donating organic material 6: Layer having an electron-accepting organic material
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Description
ITO:インジウム錫酸化物
PEDOT:ポリエチレンジオキシチオフェン
PSS:ポリスチレンスルホネート
PC70BM:フェニル C71 ブチリックアシッドメチルエステル
Eg:バンドギャップ
HOMO:最高被占分子軌道
Isc:短絡電流密度
Voc:開放電圧
FF:フィルファクター
η:光電変換効率
E-1~E-6:下記式で表される化合物
重合度n=[(重量平均分子量)/(繰り返しユニットの分子量)]
また、光吸収端波長は、ガラス上に約60nmの厚さに形成した薄膜について、日立製作所(株)製のU-3010型分光光度計を用いて測定した薄膜の紫外可視吸収スペクトル(測定波長範囲:300~900nm)から得た。
Eg(eV)=1240/薄膜の光吸収端波長(nm)
また、最高被占分子軌道(HOMO)準位は、ITOガラス上に約60nmの厚さに形成した薄膜について、表面分析装置(大気中紫外線光電子分光装置AC-2型、理研機器(株)製)を用いて測定した。なお、薄膜はクロロホルムを溶媒に用いてスピンコート法により形成した。
化合物A-1をスキーム1に示す方法で合成した。なお、合成例1記載の化合物(1-i)はジャーナルオブザアメリカンケミカルソサエティ(Journal of the American Chemical Society)、2009年、131巻、7792-7799頁に記載されている方法を参考に、化合物(1-p)はアンゲバンテケミ インターナショナルエディション(Angewandte Chem Internatioal Edition)、2011年、50巻、9697-9702頁に記載されている方法を参考にして合成した。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.71(s,1H),4.79(s,1H),4.59(s,1H),3.88(s,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.48(s,1H),4.19(t,J=3.0Hz,2H),4.05(t,J=3.0Hz,2H),3.87(s,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,DMSO-d6):7.46(s,1H),4.18(t,J=3.2Hz,2H),4.01(t,J=3.2Hz,2H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,DMSO-d6):13.31(brs,1H),4.20(t,J=3.0Hz,2H),4.03(t,J=3.0Hz,2H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):4.27(t,J=6.7Hz,2H),4.16(t,J=3.0Hz,2H),4.01(t,J=3.0Hz,2H),1.72(m,2H),1.5-1.3(m,12H),0.88(t,J=7.0Hz,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.65(d,J=2.7Hz,1H),7.28(dd,J=2.7Hz and 5.4Hz,1H),4.31(t,J=6.8Hz,2H),1.75(m,2H),1.42-1.29(m,12H),0.89(t,J=6.8Hz,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):4.32(t,J=6.5Hz,2H),1.75(m,2H),1.42-1.29(m,12H),0.89(t,J=6.8Hz,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.47(dd,J=3.2Hz and 1.0Hz,1H),7.32(dd,J=5.0Hz and 3.2Hz,1H),7.19(dd,J=5.0Hz and 1.0Hz,1H),3.43(brs,4H),1.20(t,J=6.5Hz,6H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.69(d,J=4.9Hz,2H),7.64(d,J=4.9Hz,2H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.11(d,4.9Hz,1H),6.92(dd,4.9Hz and 3.2Hz,1H),6.76(d,J=3.2Hz,1H),2.76(d,J=6.8Hz,2H),1.62(m,1H),1.4-1.3(m,8H),0.88(m,6H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.63(d,J=5.7Hz,1H),7.45(d,J=5.7Hz,1H),7.29(d,J=3.6Hz,1H),6.88(d,J=3.6Hz,1H),2.86(d,J=7.0Hz,2H),1.70-1.61(m,1H),1.56-1.41(m,8H),0.97-0.89(m,6H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.68(s,2H),7.31(d,J=3.2Hz,2H),6.90(d,J=3.2Hz,2H),2.87(d,J=6.2Hz,4H),1.69(m,2H),1.40-1.30(m,16H),1.0-0.9(m,12H),0.39(s,18H)ppm。
化合物A-2をスキーム2に示す方法で合成した。
上記化合物(2-a、粗精製物)のジクロロメタン溶液20mlをN-メトキシ-N-メチルアミンハイドロクロリド(和光純薬工業(株)製)2.7g(21mmol)およびトリエチルアミン(和光純薬工業(株)製)5.1g(50mmol)のジクロロメタン溶液40mlに室温で加え、6時間室温で撹拌した。反応溶液を1M塩酸で2回、水で1回、飽和食塩水で1回洗浄し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、溶媒を減圧留去した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(溶離液、クロロホルム)で精製することにより、化合物(2-b)を薄黄色固体(1.8g、収率62%)として得た。化合物(2-b)の1H-NMRの測定結果を以下に示す。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):4.17(s,2H),4.04(s,2H),3.73(s,1H),3.36(s,1H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):4.16(s,2H),4.01(s,2H),2.82(t,J=5.9Hz,2H),1.70(m,2H),1.4-1.2(m,14H),0.88(t,J=6.7Hz,3H)ppm。
上記化合物(2-c)1.0g(3.2mmol)の酢酸エチル溶液40mlに、メタクロロ安息香酸(ナカライテスク(株)製)600mg(3.4mmol)の酢酸エチル溶液10mlを0℃で加え、室温で5時間撹拌した。溶媒を減圧除去した後に無水酢酸30mlを加え、3時間加熱還流した。溶媒を再び減圧除去した後、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(溶離液、クロロホルム:ヘキサン=1:1)で精製することにより化合物(2-d)を薄黄色オイル(780mg、収率78%)として得た。化合物(2-d)の1H-NMRの測定結果を以下に示す。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.70(s,1H),7.27(s,1H),2.95(t,J=6.2Hz,2H),1.72(m,2H),1.4-1.2(m,14H),0.86(t,J=6.8Hz,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):2.93(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),1.72(m,2H),1.4-1.2(m,14H),0.88(t,J=7.0Hz,3H)ppm。
化合物(2-e)71mg(0.15mmol)および化合物(1-p)136mg(0.15mmol)をトルエン(和光純薬工業(株)製)4mlおよびジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬工業(株)製)1mlに溶解させたところに、テトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウム(東京化成工業(株)製)5mgを加え、窒素雰囲気下、100℃で15時間撹拌した。次いで、ブロモベンゼン(東京化成工業(株)製)15mgを加え、100℃にて1時間撹拌した。次いで、トリブチル(2-チエニル)すず(東京化成工業(株)製)40mgを加え、100℃にてさらに1時間撹拌した。撹拌終了後、反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、メタノール100mlに注いだ。析出した固体をろ取し、メタノール、水、アセトンの順に洗浄した。次いでソックスレー抽出器を用いてアセトン、ヘキサンの順で洗浄した。次に、得られた固体をクロロホルムに溶解させ、セライト(ナカライテスク(株)製)、次いでシリカゲルカラム(溶離液、クロロホルム)に通した後、溶媒を減圧留去した。得られた固体を再度クロロホルムに溶解させた後、メタノールに再沈殿し、化合物A-2(105mg)を得た。重量平均分子量は18,000、数平均分子量は13,000であった。また、光吸収端波長は790nm、バンドギャップ(Eg)は1.57eV、最高被占分子軌道(HOMO)準位は-5.01eVであった。
化合物A-3をスキーム3に示す方法で合成した。
上記化合物(3-a、粗精製物)のジクロロメタン溶液40mlをN-メトキシ-N-メチルアミンハイドロクロリド(和光純薬工業(株)製)4.7g(48mmol)およびトリエチルアミン(和光純薬工業(株)製)11.5g(115mmol)のジクロロメタン溶液100mlに室温で加え、6時間室温で撹拌した。反応溶液を1M塩酸で2回、水で1回、飽和食塩水で1回洗浄し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、溶媒を減圧留去した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(溶離液、クロロホルム)で精製することにより、化合物(3-b)を薄黄色固体(5.6g、収率91%)として得た。化合物(3-b)の1H-NMRの測定結果を以下に示す。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.64(s,1H),4.20(s,2H),4.07(s,2H),3.77(s,1H),3.36(s,1H)ppm
上記化合物(3-b)1.5g(6.5mmol)のテトラヒドロフラン溶液(60ml)にノニルマグネシウムブロミドジエチルエーテル溶液(1M、アルドリッチ社製)10ml(10mmol)を0℃で10分間かけて滴下し、0℃で1時間撹拌した。撹拌終了後、ジエチルエーテル80mlを加え水で2回、飽和食塩水で1回洗浄し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、溶媒を減圧留去した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(溶離液、クロロホルム:ヘキサン=1:2)で精製することにより、化合物(3-c)を薄黄色固体(1.7g、収率87%)として得た。化合物(3-c)の1H-NMRの測定結果を以下に示す。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.38(s,1H),4.20(s,2H),4.06(s,2H),2.81(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),1.70(m,2H),1.4-1.2(m,14H),0.88(t,J=7.0Hz,3H)ppm。
上記化合物(3-c)1.5g(5.1mmol)の酢酸エチル溶液60mlに、メタクロロ安息香酸(ナカライテスク(株)製)900mg(5.2mmol)の酢酸エチル溶液10mlを0℃で加え、室温で5時間撹拌した。溶媒を減圧除去した後に無水酢酸40mlを加え、3時間加熱還流した。溶媒を再び減圧除去した後、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(溶離液、クロロホルム:ヘキサン=1:1)で精製することにより化合物(3-d)を薄黄色オイル(1.2g、収率81%)として得た。化合物(3-d)の1H-NMRの測定結果を以下に示す。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.64(s,1H),7.60(s,1H),7.28(s,1H),2.90(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),1.76(m,2H),1.4-1.2(m,14H),0.88(t,J=6.7Hz,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.39(s,1H),2.90(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),1.75(m,2H),1.4-1.2(m,14H),0.88(t,J=7.0Hz,3H)ppm。
化合物(3-e)68mg(0.15mmol)および化合物(1-p)136mg(0.15mmol)をトルエン(和光純薬工業(株)製)4mlおよびジメチルホルムアミド(和光純薬工業(株)製)1mlに溶解させたところに、テトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウム(東京化成工業(株)製)5mgを加え、窒素雰囲気下、100℃で15時間撹拌した。次いで、ブロモベンゼン(東京化成工業(株)製)15mgを加え、100℃にて1時間撹拌した。次いで、トリブチル(2-チエニル)すず(東京化成工業(株)製)40mgを加え、100℃にてさらに1時間撹拌した。撹拌終了後、反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、メタノール100mlに注いだ。析出した固体をろ取し、メタノール、水、アセトンの順に洗浄した。次いでソックスレー抽出器を用いてアセトン、ヘキサンの順で洗浄した。次に、得られた固体をクロロホルムに溶解させ、セライト(ナカライテスク(株)製)、次いでシリカゲルカラム(溶離液、クロロホルム)に通した後、溶媒を減圧留去した。得られた固体を再度クロロホルムに溶解させた後、メタノールに再沈殿し、化合物A-3(102mg)を得た。重量平均分子量は36,000、数平均分子量は19,000であった。また、光吸収端波長は800nm、バンドギャップ(Eg)は1.55eV、最高被占分子軌道(HOMO)準位は-5.00eVであった。
化合物A-4をスキーム4に示す方法で合成した。なお、合成例4記載の化合物(4-a)はジャーナルオブザアメリカンケミカルソサエティ(Journal of the American Chemical Society)、2009年、131巻、7792-7799頁に記載されている方法を参考にして合成した。
化合物B-1をスキーム5に示す方法で合成した。なお、合成例5記載の化合物(5-c)および(5-e)はジャーナルオブザアメリカンケミカルソサエティ(Journal of the American Chemical Society)、2009年、131巻、7792-7799頁に記載されている方法を参考にして合成した。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.66(s,1H),7.28(s,1H),4.23(d,J=5.9Hz,2H),1.61(m,1H),1.5-1.2(m,8H),0.9(m,6H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):4.25(d,J=5.7Hz,2H),1.69(s,1H),1.5-1.2(m,6H),0.94(t,J=6.8Hz,3H),0.91(t,J=6.8Hz,3H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.47(d,J=5.7Hz,2H),7.36(d,J=5.7Hz,2H),4.18(d,J=5.1Hz,4H),1.9-0.8(m,34H)ppm。
1H-NMR(270MHz,CDCl3):7.51(s,2H),4.19(d,J=5.1Hz,4H),1.8-1.4(m,22H),1.03(t,J=7.3Hz,6H),0.94(t,J=7.3Hz,6H),0.44(s,18H)ppm。
化合物B-2をスキーム6に示す方法で合成した。
化合物B-3をスキーム7に示す方法で合成した。なお、合成例7記載の化合物(7-a)はジャーナルオブザアメリカンケミカルソサエティ(Journal of the American Chemical Society)、2009年、131巻、7792-7799頁に記載されている方法を参考にして合成した。
化合物B-4をスキーム8に示す方法で合成した。なお、合成例8記載の化合物(8-a)はジャーナルオブザアメリカンケミカルソサエティ(Journal of the American Chemical Society)、2009年、131巻、15586-15587頁に記載されている方法を参考にして合成した。
上記(A-1)1mg、PC70BM(Solenne社製)1mgを1,8-ジヨードオクタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)が3%の体積濃度の割合で含まれたクロロホルム溶液0.20mlに加え、溶液がはいった容器を超音波洗浄機((株)井内盛栄堂製US-2(商品名)、出力120W)中で30分間超音波照射することにより溶液A(ドナーアクセプター重量比=1:1)を得た。また、(A-1)1mg、PC70BM(Solenne社製)1.5mgを1,8-ジヨードオクタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)のクロロホルム溶液(3%体積濃度)0.25mlが入ったサンプル瓶の中に加え、超音波洗浄機((株)井内盛栄堂製US-2(商品名)、出力120W)中で30分間超音波照射することにより溶液B(ドナーアクセプター重量比=1:1.5)を得た。
フィルファクター=IVmax(mA・V/cm2)/(短絡電流密度(mA/cm2)×開放電圧(V))
(ここで、IVmaxは、印加電圧が0Vから開放電圧値の間で電流密度と印加電圧の積が最大となる点における電流密度と印加電圧の積の値である。)
光電変換効率=[(短絡電流密度(mA/cm2)×開放電圧(V)×フィルファクター)/擬似太陽光強度(100mW/cm2)]×100(%)
以下の実施例と比較例におけるフィルファクターと光電変換効率も全て上式により算出した。
A-1の代わりに上記A-2を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は13.71mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.81V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.65であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.22%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は14.04mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.81V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.66であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.51%であった。
A-1の代わりに上記A-3を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は13.71mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.73V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.68であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は6.81%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は13.94mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.73V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.68であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は6.92%であった。
A-1の代わりに上記A-4を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は13.75mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.76V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.68であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.11%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は13.42mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.76V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.67であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は6.83%であった。
A-1の代わりに上記B-1を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は11.20mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.74V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.59であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は4.89%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は12.74mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.74V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.66であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は6.39%であった。
A-1の代わりに上記B-2を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は11.44mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.74V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.62であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は5.25%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は11.22mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.74V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.60であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は4.98%であった。
A-1の代わりに上記B-3を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は11.19mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.68V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.57であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は4.34%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は12.56mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.68V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.55あり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は4.70%であった。
A-1の代わりに上記B-4を用いた他は実施例1と全く同様にして光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は13.51mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.74V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.59であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は5.90%であった。また、ドナーアクセプター重量比が1:1.5の溶液を用いた素子の短絡電流密度は15.02mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.74V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.61であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は6.78%であった。
上記(A-1)0.9mg、PC70BM(Solenne社製)1.1mgを1,8-ジヨードオクタン(和光純薬工業(株)製)が2%の体積濃度の割合で含まれたクロロホルム溶液0.20mlに加え、溶液がはいった容器を超音波洗浄機((株)井内盛栄堂製US-2(商品名)、出力120W)中で30分間超音波照射することにより溶液C(ドナーアクセプター重量比=1:1.2)を得た。
上記洗浄済み基板を30分間UV/オゾン処理した後に、基板上に酢酸亜鉛2水和物(和光純薬工業社製)20mgを1mlのエタノール・水混合溶媒(100:1)に溶解させた溶液を1500rpmでスピンコートして、ホットプレート上で200℃1時間加熱した。加熱後、室温にさました後、さらにミリスチン酸ナトリウム(東京化成工業社製)0.5mgを1mlのエタノールに溶解させた溶液を1000rpmでスピンコートし、ホットプレート上で110℃10分加熱して電子輸送層を形成した。上記電子輸送層上に、上記溶液Cを滴下し、スピンコート法により膜厚130nmの有機半導体層を形成した。その後、有機半導体層が形成された基板と陰極用マスクを真空蒸着装置内に設置して、装置内の真空度が1×10-3Pa以下になるまで再び排気し、抵抗加熱法によって、酸化モリブデン層を10nmの厚さに蒸着した。その後、負極となるアルミニウム層を80nmの厚さに蒸着した。以上のように、ストライプ状のITO層とアルミニウム層が交差する部分の面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.95mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.77V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.66であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.63%であった。
化合物E-1を以下の方法により合成した。1,10-フェナントロリン 9.64gをトルエン250ml中でフェニルリチウム(1.07M シクロヘキサン/エーテル溶液)100mlと0℃で1.5時間反応させ、常法で処理した。得られた生成物をジクロロメタン300ml中で、二酸化マンガン 93.0gと室温で56時間反応させ、常法で処理し、2-フェニル-1,10-フェナントロリンを9.44g得た。1,3-ジブロモベンゼン 0.34mlのTHF溶液25mlに-78℃でt-ブチルリチウム(1.53M ペンタン溶液)7.35mlを加え、1時間撹拌後、0℃に昇温した。この溶液を上記得られた2-フェニル-1,10-フェナントロリン 1.44gのTHF溶液85mlに加え、室温で20時間撹拌後、常法で処理した。得られた生成物をジクロロメタン85ml中で二酸化マンガン 8.50gと室温で23時間反応させ、常法で処理し、E-1を1.08g得た。
化合物E-2を以下の方法により合成した。1,3-ジアセチルベンゼン 5.0gと8-アミノー7-キノリンカルボアルデヒド 11.1gを窒素雰囲気下エタノール180mlに溶解し、撹拌しながら水酸化カリウム8.52gのエタノール130ml溶液を滴下した。11時間加熱還流後、常法で処理し、E-2を11.0g得た。
化合物E-6を以下の方法により合成した。窒素雰囲気下、2,2‘-ビフェノール 11gをジクロロメタン100ml、ピリジン23.8mlに溶解し、0℃でトリフルオロメタンスルホン酸無水物35gを滴下した。0℃で2時間撹拌後、常法で処理し、2,2’-ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルフォニルオキシフェニル)ビフェニルを26.3g得た。窒素雰囲気下、アセトニトリル100mlに2,2’-ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルフォニルオキシフェニル)ビフェニル 10g、4-アセチルフェニルボロン酸 10.92g、フッ化セシウム 16.78g、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム 1.28gを加え、2日間加熱還流し、常法で処理して、2,2‘-ジ(4-アセチルフェニル)ビフェニルを5.59g得た。2,2‘-ジ(4-アセチルフェニル)ビフェニルと8-アミノー7-キノリンカルボアルデヒド 2.78gから合成例10同様の反応処理によってE-6を4.9g得た。
フッ化リチウム(0.1nm)の代わりにE-1(5nm)を用いた他は実施例5と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.89mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.79V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.69であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は8.13%であった。
E-1の代わりにE-2を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.63mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.78V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.72であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は8.17%であった。
E-1の代わりにE-2を用い、アルミニウムの代わりに銀を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は15.26mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.77V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.70であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は8.20%であった。
E-1(5nm)の代わりにE-2(5nm)/LiF(0.5nm)を用い、アルミニウムの代わりに銀を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は15.36mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.78V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.71であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は8.50%であった。
E-1(5nm)の代わりにE-3(Luminescence Technology社製8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium(Liq))(2.5nm)を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.55mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.78V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.69であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.87%であった。
E-1(5nm)の代わりにE-4(Luminescence Technology社製Phenyl-dipyrenylphosphine oxide(PoPy2))(2.5nm)を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.17mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.76V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.72であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.79%であった。
E-1(5nm)の代わりにE-5(Luminescence Technology社製2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(BCP))(5nm)/LiF(0.5nm)を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.61mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.78V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.70であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.93%であった。
E-1(5nm)の代わりにE-5(5nm)/LiF(0.5nm)を用い、アルミニウムの代わりに銀を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.67mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.77V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.70であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は7.93%であった。
E-1(5nm)の代わりにE-6(5nm)/LiF(0.5nm)を用いた他は実施例7と全く同様にして面積が5mm×5mmである光起電力素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定した。短絡電流密度は14.96mA/cm2、開放電圧は0.78V、フィルファクター(FF)は0.70であり、これらの値から算出した光電変換効率は8.15%であった。
2:正極
3:有機半導体層
4:負極
5:電子供与性有機材料を有する層
6:電子受容性有機材料を有する層
Claims (9)
- Xがフッ素である請求項1に記載の共役系重合体。
- 請求項1または2に記載の共役系重合体を用いた電子供与性有機材料。
- 請求項3に記載の電子供与性有機材料および電子受容性有機材料を含む光起電力素子用材料。
- 前記電子受容性有機材料がフラーレン化合物である請求項4記載の光起電力素子用材料。
- 前記フラーレン化合物がC70誘導体を含む請求項5記載の光起電力素子用材料。
- 少なくとも正極と負極を有する光起電力素子であって、正極と負極の間に請求項4~6のいずれか記載の光起電力素子用材料を含む有機半導体層を有する光起電力素子。
- 前記負極と前記光起電力素子用材料を含む有機半導体層の間に、さらに電子輸送層を有する請求項7記載の光起電力素子。
- 前記電子輸送層がフェナントロリン誘導体を含む請求項8記載の光起電力素子。
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| CN201380047818.2A CN104640902B (zh) | 2012-09-14 | 2013-09-06 | 共轭系聚合物、使用了该共轭系聚合物的供电子性有机材料、光伏元件用材料及光伏元件 |
| US14/425,176 US9331282B2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2013-09-06 | Conjugated polymer, and electron donating organic material, material for photovoltaic device and photovoltaic device using the conjugated polymer |
| JP2013541530A JP5482973B1 (ja) | 2012-09-14 | 2013-09-06 | 共役系重合体、これを用いた電子供与性有機材料、光起電力素子用材料および光起電力素子 |
| EP13836339.5A EP2899219B1 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2013-09-06 | Conjugated polymer, and electron-donating organic material, photovoltaic element material and photovoltaic element comprising same |
| CA2880977A CA2880977C (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2013-09-06 | Conjugated polymer, and electron donating organic material, material for photovoltaic device and photovoltaic device using the conjugated polymer |
| KR1020157008251A KR101948379B1 (ko) | 2012-09-14 | 2013-09-06 | 공액계 중합체, 이것을 사용한 전자 공여성 유기 재료, 광기전력 소자용 재료 및 광기전력 소자 |
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| US (1) | US9331282B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2899219B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5482973B1 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101948379B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN104640902B (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2880977C (ja) |
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| WO2020110511A1 (ja) | 2018-11-26 | 2020-06-04 | 東レ株式会社 | 有機太陽電池モジュール、その製造方法、電子デバイス、光センサーおよび撮像デバイス |
| CN113416299A (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-09-21 | 河南科技学院 | 侧链悬挂生物碱基的有机共轭聚合物光催化剂 |
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| JP5957563B1 (ja) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-07-27 | 株式会社東芝 | ポリマーとそれを用いた太陽電池 |
| EP3347400A1 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2018-07-18 | King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology | Conjugated polymer nanoparticles, methods of using, and methods of making |
| CN105304826A (zh) * | 2015-09-23 | 2016-02-03 | 电子科技大学 | 一种基于三元低毒溶剂系统制备的反型有机太阳能电池 |
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| GB2554404A (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2018-04-04 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Solvent systems for preparation of photosensitive organic electronic devices |
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| US10290432B1 (en) * | 2018-02-13 | 2019-05-14 | Nano And Advanced Materials Institute Limited | Method for forming perovskite solar cell with printable carbon electrode |
| WO2020009506A1 (ko) * | 2018-07-04 | 2020-01-09 | 건국대학교 산학협력단 | 광안정성이 강화된 이중층 형태의 전하수송층을 포함하는 유기태양전지 및 이의 제조방법 |
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| CN111223997A (zh) * | 2018-11-26 | 2020-06-02 | Tcl集团股份有限公司 | 复合材料及其制备方法、量子点发光二极管 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104167492A (zh) * | 2014-06-25 | 2014-11-26 | 上海北京大学微电子研究院 | 一种钙钛矿电池、及其制备方法 |
| WO2019059231A1 (ja) * | 2017-09-21 | 2019-03-28 | 東レ株式会社 | 光起電力装置 |
| WO2020110511A1 (ja) | 2018-11-26 | 2020-06-04 | 東レ株式会社 | 有機太陽電池モジュール、その製造方法、電子デバイス、光センサーおよび撮像デバイス |
| CN113416299A (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-09-21 | 河南科技学院 | 侧链悬挂生物碱基的有机共轭聚合物光催化剂 |
| CN113416299B (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2023-06-09 | 河南科技学院 | 侧链悬挂生物碱基的有机共轭聚合物光催化剂 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| TWI576366B (zh) | 2017-04-01 |
| EP2899219B1 (en) | 2020-01-01 |
| TW201412812A (zh) | 2014-04-01 |
| JP5482973B1 (ja) | 2014-05-07 |
| KR20150056796A (ko) | 2015-05-27 |
| CA2880977A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
| US9331282B2 (en) | 2016-05-03 |
| CA2880977C (en) | 2020-11-03 |
| JPWO2014042090A1 (ja) | 2016-08-18 |
| CN104640902B (zh) | 2017-09-01 |
| EP2899219A4 (en) | 2016-05-25 |
| KR101948379B1 (ko) | 2019-02-14 |
| CN104640902A (zh) | 2015-05-20 |
| US20150249214A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
| EP2899219A1 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
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